Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Multi-Contamination of soils“
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1
Medina-González, Guillermo, Yelena Medina, Enrique Muñoz und Patricio Fuentes. „Rapid and Convenient Assessment of Trace Element Contamination in Agricultural Soils through Slurry-TXRF and Ecological Indices: The Ñuble Region, Chile as a Case Study“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 12 (07.06.2023): 9190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129190.
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The study aims to evaluate the applicability of the slurry-TXRF method for estimating background contents and ecological indices in a rapid and convenient way. For this reason, the agricultural soils of the Itata Valley were used as a case study, where 48 soil samples were collected and analyzed. This rapid, minimally sample-intensive, and simultaneous multi-element quantification technique presented high accuracy but lower precision (approx. 20% RSD) compared to the classic total reflection X-ray fluorescence and flame/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry methods, which require sample digestion. Due to the analytical characteristics of Slurry-TXRF, it can be concluded that the lower precision is likely compensated for, and this method represents a valuable alternative for the rapid and efficient assessment of trace element contamination in agricultural soils. The regional median concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the Itata Valley surface soils were found to be 63.7, 9.57, 31.0, 41.1, and 0.56 mg kg−1, respectively, with corresponding upper limits of 47.6, 6.82, 17.0, 30.7, and 0.284 mg kg−1. The ecological indices, including the geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, enrichment factor, and degree of contamination, suggest moderate levels of contamination in the region.
2
McDonald, Annaclaire G., Brad R. Murray, Daniel W. Krix und Megan L. Murray. „Complex soil contamination severely impacts seed-sown crop viability in Australia“. April 2021, Nr. 15(04):2021 (10.04.2021): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.04.p2806.
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Food security is a critical issue for many global communities. Heavy metal contamination in soils present a major and ongoing ecological risk associated with human activities which may impact the viability and safety of seed-sown crops. To better understand the impacts of soil contamination by heavy metals on seed-sown crop viability, we examined germination responses of eight commercially-important fruit and vegetable crop species to copper, zinc, and lead contamination at levels likely to be found in contaminated regions in Australia. We compared the germination attributes of days to first germination, germination period, and total proportion of seeds germinated under concentration limits of heavy metals detected at degraded sites and current Australian National Environment Protection Measure thresholds for domestic soils (i.e., copper 6,000 mg kg-1, zinc 4,700 mg kg-1, lead 300 mg kg-1). The combined heavy metal treatment (i.e. all three metals) significantly inhibited germination for all edible crop species with only carrots able to germinate under complex, multi-metal-contaminated conditions. Seed viability was significantly decreased in mulberry (M. alba var. tatarica, M. nigra, and M. rubra) and lettuce (L. sativa), with lowered seed germination in all metals compared to carrot (D. carota), radish (R. sativus), tomato (S. lycopersicum) and common bean (P. vulgaris). These results indicate heavy metal contamination is a notable risk to seed-sown crop species, with multi-metal contamination events likely to be severely damaging to lettuce, tomato, radish, common bean, and mulberry crops
3
Li, Xiangdong, und Iain Thornton. „Multi-element contamination of soils and plants in old mining areas, U.K.“ Applied Geochemistry 8 (Januar 1993): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(09)80010-3.
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Abd-Elaty, Ismail, Lorenzo Pugliese, Martina Zelenakova, Peter Mesaros und Abdelaziz El Shinawi. „Simulation-Based Solutions Reducing Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Fertilizers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Case Study the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 24 (15.12.2020): 9373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249373.
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Intensive agriculture requires increasing application of fertilizers in order to sustain food production. Improper use of these substances in combination with increasing seawater intrusion results in long-term and nonpoint soil and groundwater contamination. In this work, a 3-D groundwater and solute transport numerical model was created to simulate the effect of excessive fertilizers application along the Bahr El Baqar drain system, in the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. The geotechnical properties of the soils, hydrologic parameters, and unconfined compressive strength were determined at different sites and used as input parameters for the model. Model results showed that silty clay soils are able to contain the contaminations and preserve the groundwater quality. Nevertheless, sandy soils primarily located at the beginning of the Bahr El Baqar drain allow leakage of fertilizers to the groundwater. Thus, fertilizer application should be properly managed in the top sandy layers to protect the groundwater and soil, as increasing aquifer by excess irrigation water increased the groundwater contamination in confined layers due to the high value of cumulative salt for the current situation while the unconfined zone decreased groundwater and soil contamination. A mass transport 3-D multi-species (MT3D) model was set to identify the optimal measure to tackle soil and groundwater contamination along the Bahr El-Baqar drain system. A potential increase of the abstraction rates in the study area has a positive impact in reducing the transfer of fertilizer contamination to groundwater while it has a negative impact for soil contamination. The scenario analysis further indicated that the installation of a drainage network decreases the groundwater and soil contamination. Both solutions are potentially effective for protection against nonpoint contamination along the Bahr El Baqar drain system. However, a more sustainable management approach of fertilizer application is needed to adequately protect the receptors located further downstream in the Nile Delta.
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Shayakhmetov, S. F., A. V. Merinov, O. M. Zhurba und A. N. Alekseenko. „Analysis of Distribution and Accumulation of Mobile Forms of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soils of the Urbanized Territory of Svirsk (Irkutsk Region)“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, Nr. 9 (06.09.2023): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-9-56-60.
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The analysis of heavy metals and arsenic contamination of soils of the urbanized territory of Svirsk (Irkutsk region) is presented. The features of distribution and concentration of mobile forms of elements – toxicants in soils of different functional zones of the city are revealed. It has been established that the main pollutants of the soils of Svirsk are As, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe and Cd, which have high accumulation rates. Mainly high–contrast polyelement geochemical anomalies Fe–Pb–As–Zn– Cd–Mn and Cu with extremely dangerous pollution levels are formed in the soil cover of industrial zones. The soils of a private residential area are characterized by local contrasting four–element anomalies Zn–As–Cr–Mn with a dangerous and extremely dangerous degree of pollution, multi–storey residential sector – two-element low-contrast anomalies Cr–Cu with a dangerous and moderately dangerous ecological situation.
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Bucheli, Thomas D., Elias Barmettler, Nora Bartolomé, Isabel Hilber, Karel Hornak, Reto G. Meuli, Vanessa Reininger et al. „Pesticides in Agricultural Soils: Major Findings from Various Monitoring Campaigns in Switzerland“. CHIMIA 77, Nr. 11 (29.11.2023): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.750.
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Synthetic pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture, where they are used against diseases, pests, and weeds to secure crop yield and quality. However, their intensive application has led to widespread contamination of the environment, including soils. Due to their inherent toxicity, they might pose a risk to soil health by causing harm to non-target organisms and disrupting ecosystem services in both agricultural and other exposed soils. Following the Swiss National Action Plan on the reduction of pesticide risks, Agroscope has conducted several soil monitoring studies that are briefly presented here. All of them resort to different multi-residue trace analytical approaches to simultaneously quantify up to about 150 modern pesticides by either accelerated solvent, or Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) extraction, followed by separation and detection with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. While partly still in progress, our investigations led to the following major findings this far: Multiple pesticides are commonly present in soils, with individual concentrations in agricultural soils often reaching up to a few tens of µg/kg. Pesticide occurrence and concentrations in agricultural soils primarily depend on land use, land use history and cultivated crops. Pesticides can prevail much longer than predicted by their half-lives, and were found in soils even decades after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Corresponding residual fractions can be in the order of a few percent of the originally applied amounts. We further found negative associations of pesticide residues with the abundance of beneficial soil life, underpinning their potential risk to the fertility of agricultural soils. Traces of pesticides are also detected in soils to which they were never applied, indicating contamination, e.g., via spray drift or atmospheric deposition. These results confirm the general notion of both scientists and legislators that prospective risk assessments (RA; as executed during registration and use authorization) should be confirmed and adjusted by retrospective RA (e.g., by environmental monitoring studies of currently used compounds) to jointly lead to an overall reduced environmental risk of pesticides.
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Yu, Jiaren, und Chao Zhou. „Numerical investigation on three-phase flow in unsaturated soil considering porosity effects on soil hydraulic properties“. E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 20006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338220006.
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Ground contamination by mineral oil and hydrocarbons is a serious problem worldwide. These non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) represents long-term contamination sources to the soil, groundwater, and ecological environment. In the existing numerical simulation models utilized in most simulation programs, the relation between porosity and the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils is highly simplified as nonlinear. However, the nonlinear porosity effect on soil permeability and the capillary pressures cannot be well considered in this way. In this study, a new mathematical model has been developed to incorporate porosity effects into the hydraulic properties of soils, including the retention behaviour and permeability function of NAPL and water. This model has been implemented in MATLAB using the finite difference method and verified by a centrifuge test about NAPL infiltration. Then, a series of parametric studies will be carried out to investigate the multi-phase flow under a continuously leaking NAPL source. The influence of porosity magnitude and distribution will be investigated. Special attention will be paid to the influence of porosity distribution by soil consolidation on NAPL flow, which is often ignored by the existing simulations using constant porosity values.
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Kovač, Zoran, Stanko Ružičić, Vedran Rubinić, Zoran Nakić und Marcel Sertić. „Sorption of cadmium, zinc and copper in dominant soils of the Zagreb aquifer system, Croatia“. Geologia Croatica 75, Nr. 1 (28.02.2022): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.05.
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Contamination of soils with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) is an environmental problem. In this study, sorption of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in four soil profiles (two Fluvisols, one Gleysol, and one Cambisol), representing the dominant soils of the Zagreb aquifer system, were studied using a multi element laboratory batch test. Mathematical expressions were applied to establish the relationship between the concentration of the adsorbent in the liquid phase and the solid phaSe at equilibrium and in laboratory conditions. The study revealed that the investigated soils have a higher capacity to sorb Cu than Zn and Cd. The most significant physicochemical characteristics of soils, influencing sorption, are pH, carbonate content (minerals) and organic matter. Although all PTMs in all analyzed soils had a similar sorption capacity, the variation of sorption was higher in the siltic soils (Fluvisols) compared with the texturally finer (loamic) Gleysol and Cambisol soils, as well as in the subsoil horizons compared with the topsoils. Results indicate that sorption of PTMs is more influenced by physicochemical characteristics at different soil depths than by soil type, which is confirmed with a higher affinity for Zn and Cd bonding in the topsoil horizons. Also, it has been shown that Cd may pose more of a threat to soils and groundwater due to its toxicity and relatively high mobility in comparison with Zn and Cu.
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Zemanová, V., L. Trakal, P. Ochecová, J. Száková und D. Pavlíková. „A model experiment: competitive sorption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by three different soils“. Soil and Water Research 9, No. 3 (06.08.2014): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2013-swr.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the competitive and individual sorption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn on three natural soils: a Gleyic Fluvisol (content of Cd 30, Cu 25, Pb 2297 and Zn 3718 mg/kg), a Gleyic Cambisol (content of Cd 5, Cu 29, Pb 1158 and Zn 180 mg/kg) and a Chernozem (content of Cd 0.4, Cu 36, Pb 75 and Zn 67 mg/kg). For evaluation of the sorption and desorption, the Freundlich isotherms were used. The results of the model experiment confirmed that the sorption from single-metal solution was more effective than sorption under multi-metal conditions, due to competitive effects. In all tested soils sorption of Cd, Cu and Zn decreased with the rate of other competitive metals; the Pb sorption was not affected by other competitive metals in solutions. Moreover, during multi-metal sorption, Zn was significantly desorbed in Cambisol. In general, sorptions of Cu, Pb and Zn were greater in uncontaminated soil compared to contaminated soils. Clear trend of impact of the contamination on Cd sorption was not observed. The results showed the sorption decreasing in order Chernozem > Fluvisol > Cambisol. The sorption was the greatest in uncontaminated soil with low mobility of studied metals.
10
Hua, Yang, Hui-Yang Suna, Shi-ji Zhoua, Yang Xua, Qing Zhanga und Yan-jun Dua. „Numerical simulation of heavy metal migration in stabilized soils under multi-field coupling“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1335, Nr. 1 (01.05.2024): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1335/1/012024.
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Abstract Heavy metal contamination of soils has become a global issue. In pursuit of a reference for the management of heavy metal pollution, numerical simulations were used here to investigate the migration pattern of heavy metals in soil under multi-field coupling of rainfall, temperature, and hydraulic conductivity. Models were built using TOUGHREACT, and measured and simulated values were compared with those of existing studies to verify the accuracy of the software in simulating coupled water vapor-thermal transport and rainfall infiltration. Taking Nanjing rainfall data as an example, the transport pattern of zinc in soil under multi-field coupling was explored. Although evaporation and rainwater infiltration were found to increase with the temperature, the effects of evaporation and temperature counteracted each other, resulting in a weak influence of temperature on heavy metal transport. The hydraulic conductivity of stabilized soil was the main factor controlling zinc migration, with the saturation and heavy metal concentration clouds of soil columns tending to stabilize when the hydraulic conductivity of solidified soil was under 1 × 10-11 m/s.
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Lotz, Tom, Shoubao Su und Christian Opp. „Multi-Metal Distribution Patterns in Soils of the Sacramento River Floodplain and Their Controlling Factors“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 17 (24.08.2022): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178462.
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Metal contamination, especially in river floodplain soils, can have detrimental effects on human health. Much research has been conducted to describe the distribution patterns of metals and the factors involved in these patterns. However, most studies focus on the distribution of individual metals in soils, not on the co-occurrence of metals, and on a selection of metals associated with anthropogenic sources known to have especially severe effects; this had led to a lack of knowledge about many other metals with potentially harmful effects. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the multi-metal distribution patterns of 38 metals in the Sacramento River floodplain and find their controlling factors. We found 484 significant correlations between metal distributions. Less commonly studied metals, such as gallium, lanthanum, scandium, and vanadium, had more than 25 correlations each. In total, 13 individual metal patterns described the spatial distribution of 22 metals. Three multi-metal patterns were extracted, explaining 86.9% of the spatial variation of the individual patterns. The most important factors were the distance to specific streams due to emission and transport processes in their watersheds, and local soil properties. We conclude that multi-metal distribution patterns hold more information than individual metal patterns, contributing to the gathering of information about less commonly sampled metals and allowing more specific source identification.
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Wen, Qiqian, Linsheng Yang, Jiangping Yu, Binggan Wei und Shuhui Yin. „Sources and Risk Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Plateau Soils Predicted by Geo-Detectors“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 6 (14.03.2023): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061588.
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The ecological environment of the remote plateaus has been a challenge plaguing many countries due to global warming, increased human activities, and frequent occurrence of various heavy metal (HM) pollutants. This paper analyzes the primary factors and potential susceptible regions’ characteristics related to soil HMs (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Zn) in the southern Tibet Plateau (TP) using Geo-detectors and a set of multi-source data from remote sensing and geographic and geological information. The geoaccumulation index showed that the As pollution was the most serious. The precipitation, pH, geological age (GA), and rock type (RT) were the most critical factors affecting HMs. Additionally, soil HMs were relatively unaffected by land use and clay. Based on the risk detector, the most key impact types (range) of the predominant factors of HM’s sources were identified. For example, precipitation (100–200 mm), pH (7–7.5), DEM (>5500 m), RT (ophiolite), and GA (Ordovician) had the highest average concentration of As in each type (ranges) of the predominant factors. This work provides new data on the extent of soil HM contamination in the southern TP and predicts vulnerable areas of HM contamination, providing an important scientific basis for monitoring and managing HM in remote areas at high altitudes.
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Boev, V. M., L. V. Zelenina, L. H. Kudusova, E. A. Kryazheva und D. O. Zelenin. „Hygienic assessment of carcinogenic health risks associated with contamination of depositing media with heavy metals“. Health Risk Analysis, Nr. 1 (März 2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.1.02.
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In nature there are depositing media which are relatively stable macrosystems. Their contamination that occurs due to long-term exposure to contaminants influences population health and this is especially vital for urbanized territories with large city-forming enterprises. Our research goal was to perform hygienic assessment of carcinogenic risks for population health under exposure to heavy metals contained in depositing media. We analyzed long-term data on contents of heavy metals in such accumulating media as soils and foods collected in 2005–2018. The data were taken from the reports on social and hygienic monitoring and statistical reports provided by the Orenburg Regional Office of the Federal State Statistics Service. Carcinogenic risks were assessed in accordance with the Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04. We used data provided by the territorial section of the National Cancer Registry to analyze prevalence of oncologic diseases of the digestive organs. We performed correlation analysis to examine correlations between the analyzed factors. The total carcinogenic risk under multi-route introduction of heavy metals from such depositing media as soils and foods has turned out to be unacceptable and amounts to 1.5E-04. The total population carcinogenic risk caused by exposure to heavy metals can reach 85 additional cases of malignant neoplasms over an averaged exposure period which is equal to 70 years. Heavy metals were detected in soils, nickel, cadmium, and chromium VI included, that produced statistically authentic effects on occurrence of malignant neoplasms in the digestive organs. We established an authentic correlation between developing malignant neoplasms in the digestive organs and concentrations of arsenic in foods. We didn’t detect any heavy metals with carcinogenic properties in such accumulating media as soils and foods in concentrations deviating from hygienic standards. But still, it doesn’t mean there is no negative influence on population health, notably long-term effects and developing malignant neoplasms.
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Wang, Lian Feng, Ying Xia Bai und Shi Nan Gai. „Single-Factor and Nemerow Multi-Factor Index to Assess Heavy Metals Contamination in Soils on Railway Side of Harbin-Suifenhe Railway in Northeastern China“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (Juli 2011): 3033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3033.
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Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry were investigated in roadside surface (0-20 cm) and sub-surface (20-40 cm) arable soils along Shangzhi section of Harbin-Suifenhe railway, Heilongjiang province, northeastern China. The soil environmental quality on the base of the environmental background value criteria were evaluated respectively by single-factor pollution index (Pi) and Nemerow multi-factor pollution index (Pij) method according to the first grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China (GB15618-1995). Except for Zn, concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cd in surface soil (0-20cm) were higher than that of sub-surface soil (20-40cm). Concentrations of Zn (106~293 mg kg-1), Cu (17.9~22.4 mg kg-1), Pb (18.2~24.6 mg kg-1) and Cd (64~386 µg kg-1) were lower than the values in China National Standards Grade II. The highest Pi of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd are 2.93, 0.64, 0.70 and 1.42, respectively. The highest Pij was presented in the 50-m distance soils.The results suggested heavy metals in soils 50-meter distance from railway were higher than that of 10- and 100-meter distance.
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Marescotti, Pietro, Paola Comodi, Laura Crispini, Lara Gigli, Azzurra Zucchini und Silvia Fornasaro. „Potentially Toxic Elements in Ultramafic Soils: A Study from Metamorphic Ophiolites of the Voltri Massif (Western Alps, Italy)“. Minerals 9, Nr. 8 (20.08.2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9080502.
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Ultramafic soils are characterized by severe edaphic conditions induced by a low content of essential nutrients, an adverse Ca/Mg ratio, a low water-holding capacity, and high contents of geogenic potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in particular Cr, Ni, and Co. These metals commonly exceed the content limits set by environmental agencies and governments, representing serious environmental risks for ecosystems and human health. In alpine environments, ultramafic soils are characterized by modest thickness and poor horizon differentiation. Several studies on ultramafic soils have shown that their properties may be directly related to the characteristics of the parent rocks, but most of these studies deal with soil chemistry, metal availability, isotopic composition, and pedological characterization. The aim of this research is to investigate how much the geotectonic characteristics of ultramafic bedrocks, such as the degree of serpentinization, metamorphic imprint, and deformation, may affect the mineralogical and chemical variations of ultramafic soils, including the occurrence and potential mobility of the PTEs. Using a multiscale and multi-analytical approach, we fully characterize the properties and mineralogical composition of soil profiles with different ultramafic parent rocks, i.e., partially serpentinized peridotite, massive serpentinites, and foliated serpentinites, sampled within the Voltri Massif High Pressure–Low Temperature (HP–LT) metaophiolite (Western Alps, Italy). Our results, related to soils located at comparable latitude, altitude, landscape position, and pedological environment, outline that the degree of serpentinization, the metamorphic imprint, and the deformation history of the ultramafic parent rocks are key factors influencing soil evolution, mineralogy, and chemistry, as well as PTEs distribution and mobility. Moreover, this study shows that the high content of Cr, Ni, and Co in the studied ultramafic soils has to be considered of geogenic origin and highlights the need for new approaches and methods to obtain indications on the potential contamination of natural or anthropogenic soils.
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Tan, Lam-Van, und Thanh Tran. „Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil and Water in Pilot Scale Rice Field Treated with Sewage Sludge“. ChemEngineering 5, Nr. 4 (04.11.2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5040077.
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Widespread use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural activities poses a high risk of multi-micro metal contamination in soils and potentially causes health issues through consumption of contaminated foods. Bio-organic fertilizers from sewage sludge have been regarded as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizer for rice farming. In this study, we investigated accumulation of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) in soil, water and rice plant in three pilot-scale rice paddy fields treated with different fertilization schemes. The control field was treated with conventional chemical fertilizers while the soil of two treatment fields was mixed with biological sewage sludge obtained from a local wastewater treatment system in Vietnam at different ratios (1% and 3%). Initial results showed that heavy metals accumulated in the soil, water, and rice plant at varying levels and most of the Cu and Zn contents found in soils, water and rice products exceeded permissible Vietnamese standards (QCVN 03: 2008) and US EPA 503. Notably, the rice field whose soil was treated with sludge at 3% ratio showed a significantly lower accumulation of heavy metals in soil, water and in rice plant. However, treatment of sludge at this level seemed to cause higher heavy metal retention in soil after one harvest. Semi-quantitative risk analysis revealed that the risk of metal contamination in soil and water of the control field ranged from medium (RQ index between 0.1 and 1) to high risk (RQ index higher than 1) and that fertilization methods would also affect the level of risk to the environment.
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Khan, Kaffayatullah, Mohammed Ashfaq, Mudassir Iqbal, Mohsin Ali Khan, Muhammad Nasir Amin, Faisal I. Shalabi, Muhammad Iftikhar Faraz und Fazal E. Jalal. „Multi Expression Programming Model for Strength Prediction of Fly-Ash-Treated Alkali-Contaminated Soils“. Materials 15, Nr. 11 (06.06.2022): 4025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15114025.
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Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature.
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Pelta, Ran, und Eyal Ben-Dor. „The Potential of Multi- and HyperSpectral Air- and Spaceborne Sensors to Detect Crude Oil Hydrocarbon in Soils Long after a Contamination Event“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 23 (28.11.2019): 5151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235151.
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Crude oil contamination is hazardous to health, negatively impacts vital life sources, and causes land and ecological degradation. The basic premise of the prevalent spectroscopic analyses for detecting such contamination is that crude oil spectral features are observable in the spectrum. Such analyses, however, have failed to address instances where the expected spectral features are not visible in the spectrum. Hence, a more refined method was recently published, which accounts for such cases. This method was successfully applied to a hyperspectral image over an arid area long after a contamination event. This study aimed to determine whether that same method could be successfully applied using a variety of other operational and future instruments, both air- and spaceborne, with different spatial and spectral characteristics. To that end, a series of simulation experiments was performed, including various spectral and spatial resolutions. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the classification are reported. The results indicate that the hyperspectral information can be reduced to one-third of its original size, while maintaining high accuracy and a quality classification map. A ground sampling distance of 7.5 m seems to be the boundary of an acceptable classification outcome. The overall conclusion of this study was that the method is robust enough to perform under various spectral and spatial configurations. Therefore, it could be a promising tool to be integrated into environmental protection and resource management programs.
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Hammam, Amr A., Wagih S. Mohamed, Safa Essam-Eldeen Sayed, Dmitry E. Kucher und Elsayed Said Mohamed. „Assessment of Soil Contamination Using GIS and Multi-Variate Analysis: A Case Study in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 5 (16.05.2022): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051197.
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The issue of soil contamination is one of the most important subjects that interests decision-makers all over the world. It is also related to soil fertility and food security. The soils adjacent to the drains in Egypt suffer from increasing concentration of heavy metals, which negatively affects soil and crop quality. Precise spatial distribution maps of heavy metals are an essential key to mitigating the negative impacts on the ecosystem. Sixty random soil locations adjacent to the El-Moheet drainage were chosen on the west side of the Nile River, El-Minia governorate, Egypt. Six heavy metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn) were selected to generate their spatial pattern maps using ordinary Kriging (OK). Principal component analysis (PCA) and contamination factors (CF) were applied to evaluate soil contamination levels in the study area. The results showed that the Gaussiang model was a high fit for soil pH, and Pb, the Exponential model was fit for EC, Stable model was fit for OC, Co, Cu, and Cd. In addition, the Spherical model was fit for both Cr and Zn. The MSE values were close to zero in all selected metals, while the values of RMSSE were close to one. The results showed that the soil heavy metal concentrations were grouped into two clusters using PCA. Furthermore, three contamination degrees were obtained (moderate, considerable, and very high), with about 70.7% of the study area characterized by considerable heavy metals concentration, where the average heavy metals concentration (mg kg−1) in this degree was 91.23 ± 19.5, 29.44 ± 5.2, 53.83 ± 10.2, 1.12 ± 0.3, 36.04 ± 18.0, and 101.29 ± 35 for Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The current results reflect the mismanagement and use of low-quality water for irrigation in the study area, which increased the toxic element concentration in soil surface layers. In the end, the results of spatial distribution maps of pollutants and their degrees could support decision-makers as a basis for developing appropriate mitigation plans for heavy metals.
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Lo, Chi Yan, Andy Y. F. Leung, Wenfei Liu, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Chi Sun Poon, Man Tat Leung und Wing Hong Chung. „Probabilistic assessment of geogenic arsenic distributions for risk management in the Kwu Tung North New Development Area“. HKIE Transactions 29, Nr. 3 (30.09.2022): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v29n3thie-2021-0024.
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In the search for new sources of land supply, difficult ground or contamination issues may be encountered with potentially harmful trace elements existing in subsurface soils. On many occasions, these substances are naturally occurring and are not the result of anthropogenic contamination. This paper presents the multi-disciplinary efforts in characterising the spatial variability and evaluating the distributions of arsenic in the Kwu Tung North New Development Area (KTN NDA), and the soil stabilisation/solidification (S/S) works to further mitigate the associated health risks. Arsenic is a naturally occurring trace element that may pose a threat to human health and the ecosystem, and it is found in large variations of concentration at the KTN NDA. Based on data from over 1,300 samples obtained across the site, probabilistic estimates were made regarding the distributions of arsenic-containing soil, and soil volumes that may require S/S treatment. Through this probabilistic approach, the volume estimates are presented with various levels of confidence, and subsequent S/S treatment works can be planned in a time-efficient and cost-effective way according to the tolerable risk levels and availability of resources. Successful application of the approach at the KTN NDA demonstrates its applicability for other projects with geogenic trace elements in soil.
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Benavides, Ámbar, Braulio Romero, Iris Pérez-Almeida und Beatriz Pernía. „Evaluation of the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables from Ecuador“. Bionatura 7, Nr. 3 (15.09.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.03.58.
Annotation:
Heavy metals are toxic elements that have contaminated agricultural waters and soils due to their use in anthropic activities, generating bioaccumulation in food and biomagnification in the food chain. In this research, information was collected on the presence of heavy metals in different foods of plant origin in Ecuador, the first link in the trophic chain, to establish a baseline in the field of food toxicology. Information was extracted from the central databases, scientific journals and libraries' digital repositories, analyzing data on Cd, Hg, Pb and the metalloid As in 15 plants. According to the Mercosur standard, 14 exceeded the maximum permissible limit (LMP) of As, distinguishing the avocado (19.76 ± 1.36 mg/kg As). According to the Codex Alimentarius, 31% of the vegetables exceeded the LMP in terms of Cd; carrots (9.71 ± 8.66 mg/kg Cd) were the most contaminated. Mercury (Hg) was studied only in potatoes (0.04 mg/kg Hg), which was found to exceed the standard four times, while Pb surpassed the limits in 33% of the samples analyzed, sugarcane the vegetable with the highest concentrations of 4.32 mg/kg Pb. In conclusion, multi-metal contamination was evidenced in some vegetables, representing a risk to consumers' health and food safety. Keywords: bioremediation, contamination, food safety, heavy metals, toxicity
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Monjardin, Cris Edward F., Delia B. Senoro, Jeffersen James M. Magbanlac, Kevin Lawrence M. de Jesus, Carlito B. Tabelin und Pablito M. Natal. „Geo-Accumulation Index of Manganese in Soils Due to Flooding in Boac and Mogpog Rivers, Marinduque, Philippines with Mining Disaster Exposure“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 7 (30.03.2022): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073527.
Annotation:
This paper presents the effects of flooding on the accumulation of manganese (Mn) in soils within proximity of the Boac and Mogpog rivers in Marinduque of The Philippines. Marinduque, an island province in the Philippines, experienced two catastrophic tailings storage facility (TSF) failures in the 1990s that released sulfide-rich tailings into the two major rivers. The Philippines experiences 21–23 typhoons every year, 11 of which pass thru Marinduque that causing inundation of floodplain areas in the province. A flood hazard map developed using LiDAR DEM was utilized for the Boac and Mogpog rivers for an accurate representation of flooding events. A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) and a Hannah multi-parameter device were used for the on-site analyses of Mn concentration and water physico-chemical properties, respectively. Spatial grid mapping with zonal statistics was employed for a comprehensive analysis of all the data collected and processed. Correlation analysis was carried out on Mn concentrations in soil and surface water, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, curve number (CN), and flood heights. The curve number indicates the runoff response characteristic of the Mogpog-Boac River basin. The results show that 40% of the total floodplain area of Boac and Mogpog were subjected to high hazards with flood heights above 1.5 m. The Mn content of soils had a statistically significant moderate positive correlation with flood height (r = 0.458) and a moderate negative correlation with pH (r = −0.438). This condition suggested that more extensive flooding promotes Mn contamination of floodplain soils in the two rivers, the source of which includes the mobilization of Mn-bearing silt, sediments, and mine drainage from the abandoned mine pits and TSFs. There is also a strong negative correlation between pH and Mn concentrations in surface water, a relationship attributed to the solubilization of Mn-bearing precipitates based on geochemical modeling results. Using Muller’s geo-accumulation index, 77.5% of the total floodplain of the two rivers was identified as “moderately contaminated” with an average Mn soil content of 3.4% by weight (34,000 mg/kg). The Mn contamination map of floodplain soils in the Mogpog and Boac rivers described in this study could guide relevant regional, national, and local government agencies in planning appropriate intervention, mitigation, remediation, and rehabilitation strategies to limit human exposure to highly contaminated areas.
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Ceci, Andrea, Veronica Spinelli, Lorenzo Massimi, Silvia Canepari und Anna Maria Persiani. „Fungi and Arsenic: Tolerance and Bioaccumulation by Soil Saprotrophic Species“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 9 (05.05.2020): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093218.
Annotation:
Increasing arsenic environmental concentrations are raising worldwide concern for its impacts on human health and ecosystem functionality. In order to cope with arsenic contamination, bioremediation using fungi can represent an efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective technological solution. Fungi can mitigate arsenic contamination through different mechanisms including bioaccumulation. In this work, four soil saprotrophic fungi Absidia spinosa, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Metarhizium marquandii, and Cephalotrichum nanum, isolated from soils with naturally high arsenic concentrations, were tested for their ability to tolerate different sodium arsenite concentrations and accumulate As in different cultural conditions. pH medium after fungal growth was measured to study pH variation and metabolic responses. Arsenic bioaccumulation and its influence on the uptake of other elements were investigated through multi-elemental analysis using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Considering the increasing interest in siderophore application for metal bioremediation, the production of siderophores and their affinity for both Fe and As were also evaluated. All species were able to tolerate and accumulate As in their biomass in all of the tested conditions and produced siderophores with different affinities for Fe and As. The results suggest that the tested fungi are attractive potential candidates for the bioremediation of As contaminated soil and worthy of further investigation.
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Pietrini, Fabrizio, Laura Passatore, Valerio Patti, Fedra Francocci, Alessandro Giovannozzi und Massimo Zacchini. „Morpho-Physiological and Metal Accumulation Responses of Hemp Plants (Cannabis Sativa L.) Grown on Soil from an Agro-Industrial Contaminated Area“. Water 11, Nr. 4 (18.04.2019): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040808.
Annotation:
Hemp is a promising plant for phytomanagement. The possibility to couple soil restoration to industrial crop cultivation makes this plant attractive for the management of contaminated sites. In this trial, Cannabis sativa L. plants were grown in a greenhouse on soils from two sites of “Valle del Sacco” (Lazio Region, Italy), a wide area contaminated by agro-industrial activities. One site was representative of moderate and diffuse metal(loid) multi-contamination, above the Italian concentration limit for agriculture (MC—moderately contaminated). The second site showed a metal(loid) content below the aforementioned limit, as a typical background level of the district (C—control). After 90 days, biometric and physiological parameters revealed satisfactory growth in both soil types. MC-grown plants showed a slight, but significant reduction in leaf area, root, and leaf biomass compared with C-grown plants. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, namely the quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the Performance Index (PIABS), confirmed the good physiological status of plants in both soils. Metal(loid) analyses revealed that As, V, and Pb accumulated only in the roots with significant differences in MC- and C-grown plants, while Zn was found in all organs. Overall, preliminary results showed a satisfactorily growth coupled with the restriction of toxic metal translocation in MC-grown hemp plants, opening perspectives for the phytomanagement of moderately contaminated areas.
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Klitzke, Sondra, Friederike Lang, Jason Kirby, Enzo Lombi und Rebecca Hamon. „Lead, antimony and arsenic in dissolved and colloidal fractions from an amended shooting-range soil as characterised by multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration and centrifugation“. Environmental Chemistry 9, Nr. 5 (2012): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12010.
Annotation:
Environmental context The size of soil colloids is – among other characteristics – crucial for the mobility of associated contaminants. We analysed the effect of liming on the size of colloids mobilised from strongly contaminated shooting-range soils using multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) for the size fractionation of dispersed soil colloids. Our results indicate the high analytical potential of MTUF and show that liming induces the aggregation of colloids, thereby decreasing the mobilisation of colloid-bound Sb and As, but increasing colloidal Pb. Abstract The size and composition of colloids are important factors controlling their relevance as carriers of metal(loid)s in soils. Liming, which is often used to reduce the effect of heavy metal contamination in soil, can alter concentrations and characteristics of colloids in soil suspension. In batch studies, we compared the influence of changing pH and cation valency on the size distribution and composition of dispersed colloids and on the concentrations of Pb, As and Sb associated with colloids and in solution following the addition of Ca(OH)2 and KOH to soil samples from a contaminated-shooting range site. Multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) and centrifugation were used for the size fractionation of colloids in aqueous suspension. An increase in soil pH resulted in an increase in colloid-associated Pb, with much higher concentrations in the KOH than in the Ca(OH)2 treated samples. In contrast colloid-associated Sb and As increased only in the KOH treated samples. Addition of the monovalent K-ion induced the dispersion of small (~9–220 nm) organo(-mineral) colloids, whereas the divalent Ca-ion suppressed their dispersion and led to the formation of larger colloids (220–1200 nm). Whereas centrifugation underestimated contaminants (i.e. Pb) associated with organic colloids (density <2.6 g cm–3) MTUF gave a distorted distribution of inorganic colloids (i.e. needle-shaped sesquioxides).
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Sarapulova, Galina. „Geochemical approach in assessing the technogenic impact on soils“. Journal of Mining Institute 243 (14.06.2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.3.388.
Annotation:
The soil assessment was carried out in the technogenically-affected area of Irkutsk Oblast with the geochemical approach as a key geoecological method using physical and chemical techniques of analysis and ecodiagnostics. Diagnostic signs of the disturbed natural properties of the soil were revealed up to a depth of 40 cm in the profile based on macro- and micromorphometric parameters. The content of heavy metals (HM) – Pb, Zn, Hg, and Cu with an excess of standards was determined, and empirical HM – pH correlations were obtained by statistical clustering of the data array. The contributions of additional factors affecting the chemical element distribution in the soil layer were investigated. Significant soil contamination with sulfates and the possibility of implementing the ion-exchange of HM andfor element immobilization were revealed. It was shown that reactions with sulfates and the influence of pH, HM exchange processes involving mobile K and P can determine the nature of the described chemical element distribution in the multi-factor-contaminated technogenic soil. However, the effectiveness of such types of interaction is different for each metal and also depends on the quantitative ratio of substances and soil characteristics, even under a minor change in pH. Two-parameter correlations of HM distribution in sulfate-contaminated soils confirmed the different degrees of involvement of chemical elements in these types of interactions. The results obtained and the identified factors are of applied significance and can be used as the basis for geoecological differentiation of the contaminated soil, as well as for determining local geochemical fields in the technogenesis zone. Areas of advanced research are related to three-dimensional modeling for a more complete study of the cause-and-effect relationships of geochemical parameters.
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Vasseur, Paule, und Marc Bonnard. „Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: A review“. Current Zoology 60, Nr. 2 (01.04.2014): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.2.255.
Annotation:
Abstract Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil invertebrates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has become an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome expression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular “omic” technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies.
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Onwukeme, Valentine Ifenna, und Victor Chukwuemeka Eze. „Identification of heavy metals source within selected active dumpsites in southeastern Nigeria“. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 36, Nr. 2 (24.05.2021): e2021008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2021008.
Annotation:
Discriminating contaminant sources is crucial for pollution control. The study aimed at identifying the source(s) of heavy metals in active dumpsite soils from selected areas in Southeastern Nigeria using statistical tools. The dumpsites were Enyimba dumpsite Aba (dumpsite-1), Okpuno-Egbu dumpsite Nnewi (dumpsite-2), Rice mill dumpsite Abakaliki (dumpsite-3) and Nekede dumpsite Owerri (dumpsite-4) in Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi and Imo State respectively. After standard sampling, elemental analysis was carried out using an energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer; Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were quantified and results showed they were present in high concentrations above control and standard values set by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) / World Health Organization (WHO). Metals investigated exhibited variable correlations among themselves suggesting potential multi-element contamination, while soil organic matter (OM) and pH displayed both significant positive and negative influence on the metal availability in the studied soils. Test of significance of the observed correlation were positive and significant (r > 0.9 at p < 0.05/0.01) for Cr/Co, Cr/Fe, Mn/Co, Co/Fe, Cu/Zn, Zn/Pb, Cu/As, Cu/Pb, Zn/As, As/Pb in dumpsite-1; in dumpsite-2, only Ni/Cu; in dumpsite-3, Fe/OM and Cd/OM while in dumpsite-4,Co/Fe, Cu/As, Cu/Pb, Zn/Cd, Ni/OM, and As/Pb. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted two to three components/groups based on square Euclidean distance and eigenvalues > 1, confirming sources to be from organic pigments in plastics, scrap metals and incinerated biodegradable wastes. This study concludes that statistical methods can provide a scientific basis for monitoring heavy metals accumulation in dumpsite soils.
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Trifonova, T. A., I. N. Kurochkin und Yu N. Kurbatov. „Heavy metals in soils of various functional zones of urbanized territories: assessment of the content and environmental risk“. Theoretical and Applied Ecology, Nr. 2 (26.06.2023): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2023-2-038-046.
Annotation:
In order to analyze heavy metal pollution of urbanized soils of the city of Vladimir, the selection and study of soil samples was carried out. Soil samples were analyzed for lead, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and chromium. The obtained indicators were compared with the maximum permissible concentrations and background values. The regularities between the proximity of the studied sites to industrial enterprises and the concentration of heavy metals in the soil are established. The coefficients of accumulation of heavy metals in soils have been calculated and metals that are priority pollutants with the highest accumulation coefficient have been identified. By calculating the total accumulation index of heavy metals, the territory of the city is differentiated by the degree of danger. The calculation of such indicators as: the general pollution index PLI, the indicator of potential environmental risk PERI, the Nemerow pollution index (NPI). It has been established that lead, arsenic and zinc are priority pollutants. The use of various calculated parameters of pollution allowed us to reveal a more detailed picture of the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the soils of urban landscapes under the influence of a strong anthropogenic load. Despite the differences in the calculation of the indices, a high correlation was found between the values of the total pollution index (Zc), the Nemerow pollution index (NPI) and the potential environmental risk index (PERI). The degree of soil contamination of various functional zones according to the indicator of potential environmental risk and the general pollution index PLI increases in the following series: zones of multi-storey buildings < zones of green spaces < zones of transport infrastructure < zones of low-rise buildings < industrial zones.
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Yang, Yifan, Shiyong Tao, Zhichun Dong, Jing Xu, Xiang Zhang und Guoyan Pan. „Adsorption of p-Arsanilic Acid on Iron (Hydr)oxides and Its Implications for Contamination in Soils“. Minerals 11, Nr. 2 (22.01.2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020105.
Annotation:
Because of the diversification of industries in developing cities, the phenomenon of the simultaneous contamination of various kinds of pollutants is becoming common, and the environmental process of pollutants in multi-contaminated environmental mediums has attracted attention in recent years. In this study, p-arsanilic acid (ASA), a kind of organic arsenic feed additive that contains the arsenic group in a chemical structure, is used as a typical contaminant to investigate its adsorption on iron oxides and its implication for contaminated soils. The adsorption kinetics on all solids can be fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. At the same mass dosage conditions, the adsorption amount per unit surface area on iron oxides follows the order α-FeOOH > γ-Fe2O3 > α-Fe2O3, which is significantly higher than that for actual soil, because of the lower content of iron oxides in actual soil. Lower pH conditions favor ASA adsorption, while higher pH conditions inhibit its adsorption as a result of the electrostatic repulsion and weakened hydrophobic interaction. The presence of phosphate also inhibits ASA adsorption because of the competitive effect. Correlations between the amount of ASA adsorption in actual soil and the Fe2O3 content, total phosphorus content, arsenic content, and organic matter content of actual soil are also investigated in this work, and a moderate positive correlation (R2 = 0.630), strong negative correlation (R2 = 0.734), insignificant positive correlation (R2 = 0.099), and no correlation (R2 = 0.006) are found, respectively. These findings would help evaluate the potential hazard of the usage of organic arsenic feed additives, as well as further the understanding of the geochemical processes of contaminants in complicated mediums.
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Bloem, E., M. de Gee und G. H. de Rooij. „An effective parameterization to quantify multiple solute flux breakthrough curves“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, Nr. 6 (27.06.2014): 6993–7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-6993-2014.
Annotation:
Abstract. To understand soil and groundwater contamination we study the temporal and spatial aspects of solute transport in the unsaturated zone. One monitoring instrument that captures both aspects is the multi-compartment sampler (MCS). With the MCS developed by Bloem et al. (2010) we are able to measure the downward solute fluxes in 100 compartments at the depth of installation of the MCS, with a minimal disturbance of the flow field. Over time this dataset results in 100 individual solute flux breakthrough curves (BTCs) (temporal aspect). Sorting the BTCs in descending order of solute mass gives the spatial solute distribution curve (spatial aspect). We present a method to quantitatively characterize datasets gathered with MCS (or single samplers installed at multiple locations in a field at the same depth). The method approximates the full set of breakthrough curves using only a single function with four to eight parameters, which combines both temporal and spatial effects of solute transport in soils. This is achieved by modeling the scaled solute flux density breakthrough curves (BTCF) for each compartment as the solution of a conventional one-dimensional equilibrium convection disperion equation (CDE), without modifications. We detect and parameterize any relationships between the resulting transport velocities and dispersion coefficients of the individual BTCFs. Finally the spatial aspect is parameterized using the Beta distribution. This method is based on the flux density BTCs directly, which for transport phenomena is preferred over solute concentrations. In three experiments on undisturbed soils, the resulting approximation matched the data well.
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Tripti, Adarsh Kumar, Maria Maleva, Galina Borisova und Mani Rajkumar. „Amaranthus Biochar-Based Microbial Cell Composites for Alleviation of Drought and Cadmium Stress: A Novel Bioremediation Approach“. Plants 12, Nr. 10 (13.05.2023): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101973.
Annotation:
Metal contamination coupled with aridity is a major challenge for remediation of abiotic stressed soils throughout the world. Both biochar and beneficial bacteria showed a significant effect in bioremediation; however, their conjugate study needs more exploration. Two rhizobacteria strains Serratia sp. FV34b and Pseudomonas sp. ASe42b isolated from multi-metal and drought stressed sites showed multiple plant-growth-promoting attributes (phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, and ammonia production). Both strains were able to tolerate a high concentration of Cd along with being resistant to drought (−0.05 to −0.73 MPa). The seldom studied biomass of Amaranthus caudatus L. was used for biochar preparation by pyrolyzing it at 470 °C for 160 min under limited oxygen and then using it for the preparation of biochar-based microbial cell composites (BMC)s. To check the efficiency of BMC under Cd stress (21 mg kg−1 soil) and drought, a pot-scale study was conducted using Brassica napus L. for 47 days. Both the BMC5 (Biochar + Serratia sp. FV43b) and BMC9 (Biochar + Pseudomonas sp. ASe42b) improved the seed germination, plant biometrical (shoot and root biomass, length of organs) and physiological (photosynthetic pigments, proline, malondialdehyde, and relative water content) parameters under drought (exerted until it reaches up to 50% of field capacity) and Cd-spiked soil. However, for most of them, no or few significant differences were observed for BMC9 before and after drought. Moreover, BMC9 maximized the Cd accumulation in root and meager transfer to shoot, making it a best bioformulation for sustainable bioremediation of Cd and drought stressed soils using rapeseed plant.
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Nascentes, Rejane, I. C. D. Azevedo, A. T. Matos, Maurício P. F. Fontes, Roberto F. Azevedo und Lucas M. Guimarães. „Mobility of Manganese in a Compacted Residual Gneissic Soil Under Laboratory Conditions“. Soils and Rocks 34, Nr. 3 (01.09.2011): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.343227.
Annotation:
Given the shortage of information available in the literature on transport parameters of heavy metals in Brazilian tropical soils, the mobility of manganese (Mn2+) in a residual gneissic compacted soil is studied in this work. Manganese can be found in toxic concentrations in landfill leachate, besides being one of the main contaminants from acid mine drainage. Column tests were performed in two groups of compacted soil samples to determine the manganese retardation factor. The sample groups presented slightly different soil compaction degrees and water contents. Soil samples were initially saturated by upward percolation of distilled water without applied counter pressure. A multi-species contaminant solution was then percolated through the soil columns. A different behavior of the hydraulic conductivity along time was observed between the two groups, during water as well as solution percolation. Manganese mobility was observed to be independent of soil hydraulic conductivity, k, for the range of k-values attained in this investigation, emphasizing the importance in evaluating the mobility of this metal in compacted soil barriers. Even when these barriers present low hydraulic conductivity values, this cation high mobility may cause it to reach soil layers below the compacted layer resulting in groundwater contamination.
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Akbar, Mahnoor, Ahmed M. El-Sabrout, Shadi Shokralla, Eman A. Mahmoud, Hosam O. Elansary, Fizza Akbar, Burhan ud Din et al. „Preservation and Recovery of Metal-Tolerant Fungi from Industrial Soil and Their Application to Improve Germination and Growth of Wheat“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 9 (05.05.2022): 5531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095531.
Annotation:
Heavy metals contaminate soil and adversely affect plant growth. These soils contain different fungi and bacteria which exhibit metal tolerance and work as bioremediation agents to detoxify polluted soils. In the present study, polluted soil samples were collected to estimate the contamination of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). From this contaminated soil, metal tolerant fungi were isolated and characterized. Copper and cadmium were found in a range of 190.2–300.4 mg/kg and 46.8–56.1 mg/kg, respectively. For the isolation of metal tolerant fungi, soil dilutions were made in water and inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Fungal growth was observed on PDA and successive screening resulted in the isolation of four multi-metal tolerant fungal species, including Penicillim oxalicum, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum. Sequencing of 18S rRNA genes of isolated fungi also efficiently identified them. To reveal minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), these fungi were exposed to increasing concentrations of cadmium and copper chlorides (100 to 1000 ppm) and a variable MIC range of 400 ppm to 1000 ppm was estimated. Based on tolerance index analysis, F. solani was found to be resistant at 1 mM copper, while P. oxalicum was the most tolerant species under cadmium stress. F. solani and P. oxalicum demonstrated the highest biosorption capacity of Cu and Cd, respectively. Both metals negatively affected wheat seedlings in a pot experiment, while the treatment of both F. solani and P. oxalicum positively influenced the germination and growth of wheat. Based on these observations, it could be inferred that F. solani and P. oxalicum can be used for the myco-remediation of Cu and Cd, respectively.
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Lewis, Sarah A., Peter R. Robichaud, Andrew T. Hudak, Eva K. Strand, Jan U. H. Eitel und Robert E. Brown. „Evaluating the Persistence of Post-Wildfire Ash: A Multi-Platform Spatiotemporal Analysis“. Fire 4, Nr. 4 (09.10.2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040068.
Annotation:
As wildland fires amplify in size in many regions in the western USA, land and water managers are increasingly concerned about the deleterious effects on drinking water supplies. Consequences of severe wildfires include disturbed soils and areas of thick ash cover, which raises the concern of the risk of water contamination via ash. The persistence of ash cover and depth were monitored for up to 90 days post-fire at nearly 100 plots distributed between two wildfires in Idaho and Washington, USA. Our goal was to determine the most ‘cost’ effective, operational method of mapping post-wildfire ash cover in terms of financial, data volume, time, and processing costs. Field measurements were coupled with multi-platform satellite and aerial imagery collected during the same time span. The image types spanned the spatial resolution of 30 m to sub-meter (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, WorldView-2, and a drone), while the spectral resolution spanned visible through SWIR (short-wave infrared) bands, and they were all collected at various time scales. We that found several common vegetation and post-fire spectral indices were correlated with ash cover (r = 0.6–0.85); however, the blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI) with monthly Sentinel-2 imagery was especially well-suited for monitoring the change in ash cover during its ephemeral period. A map of the ash cover can be used to estimate the ash load, which can then be used as an input into a hydrologic model predicting ash transport and fate, helping to ultimately improve our ability to predict impacts on downstream water resources.
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Shi, Xinyu, und Xiujun Guo. „A review of the effects of typical biogeochemical and hydrogeological features on the natural attenuation of soil petroleum contaminants“. Frontiers of Engineering and Scientific Research 2, Nr. 2 (21.05.2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/fesr.2.2.1.2024.
Annotation:
Oil spills in soil can form source areas of contamination that are ecologically hazardous in the long term. The natural process by which the concentration, toxicity and mobility of petroleum contaminants in soil decrease under the combined effects of biochemistry and other aspects without human interference is called natural attenuation. This paper provides a systematic review of the natural attenuation characteristics of petroleum contaminants in soil and its research tools, focusing on the typical biogeochemical and hydrogeological characteristics of the site, and describes the influence of both on the natural attenuation process of contaminants in soil and its mechanism. It also clarifies the influence of petroleum properties, sediment types, organic matter changes, photo-oxidation reactions and microorganisms on the natural attenuation of the source area, and summarises the relevant indicators that can characterise the natural attenuation of petroleum contamination in the source area; at the same time, it outlines the various types of prediction methods of natural attenuation processes, and points out the focus and difficulties of the multidisciplinary fusion of the research directions and the multi-data drive, and finally puts forward a proposal for the study of natural attenuation of petroleum in soils. Finally, the research on the natural attenuation of soil oil pollution source area is proposed. Overall, due to the complexity of organic matter, mineral and microbial components, and the inhomogeneity of hydrogeological conditions, the study of the influence of the intrinsic properties of the site on the natural attenuation of pollutants needs to be further strengthened, and this paper focuses on the identification of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the natural attenuation of pollutants, and the deepening of the understanding of the interaction mechanisms between typical biogeochemical and hydrogeological conditions of the site and the pollutants.
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Gikas, Petros, Ezio Ranieri, Dimitrios Sougioultzis, Maria Farazaki und George Tchobanoglous. „Alternative collection systems for decentralized wastewater management: an overview and case study of the vacuum collection system in Eretria town, Greece“. Water Practice and Technology 12, Nr. 3 (01.08.2017): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.050.
Annotation:
In small and rural communities, the installation cost of conventional gravity-flow collection systems is often very expensive due to the presence of rocky terrain, high water table, unstable soils, extremely flat terrain, which may impose substantial difficulties in construction. Pressure, vacuum and septic tank effluent gravity collection systems are among the alternatives sewers used most commonly. As these systems are designed to be watertight, design allowances for infiltration and inflow are not required. Moreover, exfiltration does not occur in these systems, thus eliminating the risk for soil or underground water contamination. The installation cost of the alternative wastewater collection systems is often significantly lower by as much as 20–50%, compared to conventional gravity-flow collection systems. In general, alternative collection systems are suitable for communities of 10,000 people or less. In this paper, alternative wastewater collection systems are described and their benefits, costs and drawbacks are compared to conventional gravity-flow collection systems. Eretria, a relatively flat littoral town in Greece, with many shallow archaeological ruins has been selected to illustrate the optimal selection of a sewer system. Using multi-criteria analysis, the vacuum sewer system has been selected as being the most advantageous, both in terms of financial and technical considerations.
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Al Souki, Karim Suhail, Clarisse Liné, Jiří Moravec, Francis Douay und Bertrand Pourrut. „Response of Three Miscanthus × giganteus Cultivars to Toxic Elements Stress: Part 2, Comparison between Two Growing Seasons“. Plants 11, Nr. 7 (30.03.2022): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070945.
Annotation:
The positive impact on restoring soil functionality, decreasing toxic elements (TE) bioaccessibility, and enhancing soil physicochemical and biological parameters established a consensus on considering a Miscanthus × giganteus convenient species for phytomanaging wide TE contaminated areas. Nevertheless, information about the plant’s mode of reaction to elevated soil multi-TE concentrations is still scarce. For the sake of investigating the miscanthus response to stressful TE concentrations, an ex-situ pot experiment was initiated for 18 months, with three miscanthus cultivars referred to as B, U, and A planted in soils with gradient Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations. A non-contaminated control soil was introduced as well, and plants were cultivated within. Results revealed that the long exposure to increasing soil TE concentrations caused the number of tillers per plant to decline and the TE concentrations in the leaves to boost progressively with the soil contamination. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were negatively affected as well. However, the phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins, along with the antioxidant enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase elevated progressively with the TE concentration and exposure duration. Conclusively, miscanthus plants demonstrated an intensified and synchronized antioxidative activity against the TE concentration.
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Cao, Yini, Liangqian Yu, Ning Dang, Lixiang Sun, Pingxuan Zhang, Jiwu Cao und Guangcai Chen. „Dendroremediation Potential of Six Quercus Species to Polluted Soil in Historic Copper Mining Sites“. Forests 14, Nr. 1 (29.12.2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010062.
Annotation:
Green remediation of severely contaminated soils around mining sites can be achieved using suitable woody plants such as Quercus species, but their phytoremediation potential has not been well evaluated yet. Six Quercus species, which were popular in ecological restoration and landscape application in east China, were selected and evaluated for their phytoremediation potential of metal polluted soil using a pot experiment that lasted for 150 d. The results suggested that Quercus species exhibited high tolerance to multi-metal contamination of Cu (9839 mg·kg−1), Cd (8.5 mg·kg−1), and Zn (562 mg·kg−1) with a tolerance index (TI) ranging from 0.52 to 1.21. Three Quercus (Q. pagoda, Q. acutissima, and Q. nuttallii) showed relatively higher tolerance with TIs of 1.08, 1.09, and 1.21, respectively. Above-ground tissues accounted for most of the total biomass in T1 (mixture of clean and polluted soil, 50%) and T2 (100% polluted soil) treatments for most species. The Cu contents in plant tissues were in the order of root > leaf > stem, whereas Zn exhibited the order of leaf > stem > root, and Cd showed divergent mobility within the Quercus species. All the Quercus species exhibited higher capacity for Zn phytoextraction with translocation factor (TF) over 1 and Cu/Cd phytostabilization with TFs lower than 1. The analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight model indicated that Q. virginiana and Q. acutissima were two excellent species with evident phytoremediation capacity of Cu, Cd, and Zn co-contaminated soil. Taken together, Quercus species showed great potential for phytoremediation of soils severely polluted by Cu, Cd, and Zn around historic mining sites. Application of Quercus species is a green remediation option with low-maintenance cost and prospective economic benefit for phytomanagement of historic mining sites.
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Szmagliński, Jacek, Nicole Nawrot, Ksenia Pazdro, Jolanta Walkusz-Miotk und Ewa Wojciechowska. „The fate and contamination of trace metals in soils exposed to a railroad used by Diesel Multiple Units: Assessment of the railroad contribution with multi-tool source tracking“. Science of The Total Environment 798 (Dezember 2021): 149300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149300.
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Gberikon, Grace Mwuese, Fredrick Ityolumun Iyoula und Smart Tersagh Ichor. „Effect of Bitter Leaves Extract on Bacteria Isolated from Soils of Some Mechanic and non-Mechanic Sites in Makurdi Metropolis“. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, Nr. 1 (26.03.2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i1.23302.
Annotation:
Effect of bitter leaves extract on bacteria isolated from soils of some mechanic and non- mechanic site in Makurdi metropolis was investigated. Forty (40) soil samples (20g each) were collected at the depth of 8-10cm from different mechanic shops in Makurdi metropolis (New garage, Kanshio and North bank) and soil from non-mechanic site. Fresh leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) were purchased at Wadata market and identified at the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Agriculture (FUAM). Serial dilution and pour plate technique was used for microbial analysis. Bacteria present were identified using cultural, morphological and biochemical techniques. Ethanol and methanol solvents were used to extract the bioactive constituents. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were carried out on the bioactive components in the bitter leaves extracts. Susceptibility pattern of isolates were determined using Agar well diffusion assays. The genera Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia were the predominant petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Analysis from phytochemical screening showed that compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavanoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins were present. Alkaloids in the bitter leaves extract was more in quantity and quality as compared to other phytochemical components. Zones of inhibition of the plant extracts ranged between 20.00± 0.89mm - 32.78± 1.72mm for Methanol and 21.00± 2.37mm - 31.22± 2.05mm for Ethanol at 100mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both solvents ranged between 23.83± 3.23m/l and 50.00± 0.00m/l.The MBC values ranged from 50.00± 0.00mg/l to 100.00± 0.00 mg/l. Bacteria from the control site which had no hydrocarbon products contamination were more susceptible than those from the mechanic sites. Results from findings have shown that Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) has potentials to be used as an alternative source of antibacterial agents in the ever increasing menace of Multi-Drug Resistance.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 81-87
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Perrier, E. M. A., N. R. A. Bird und T. B. Rieutord. „Percolation properties of 3-D multiscale pore networks: how connectivity controls soil filtration processes“. Biogeosciences Discussions 7, Nr. 2 (27.04.2010): 2997–3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-2997-2010.
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Abstract. Quantifying the connectivity of pore networks is a key issue not only for modelling fluid flow and solute transport in porous media but also for assessing the ability of soil ecosystems to filter bacteria, viruses and any type of living microorganisms as well inert particles which pose a contamination risk. Straining is the main mechanical component of filtration processes: it is due to size effects, when a given soil retains a conveyed entity larger than the pores through which it is attempting to pass. We postulate that the range of sizes of entities which can be trapped inside soils has to be associated with the large range of scales involved in natural soil structures and that information on the pore size distribution has to be complemented by information on a Critical Filtration Size (CFS) delimiting the transition between percolating and non percolating regimes in multiscale pore networks. We show that the mass fractal dimensions which are classically used in soil science to quantify scaling laws in observed pore size distributions can also be used to build 3-D multiscale models of pore networks exhibiting such a critical transition. We extend to the 3-D case a new theoretical approach recently developed to address the connectivity of 2-D fractal networks (Bird and Perrier, 2009). Theoretical arguments based on renormalisation functions provide insight into multi-scale connectivity and a first estimation of CFS. Numerical experiments on 3-D prefractal media confirm the qualitative theory. These results open the way towards a new methodology to estimate soil filtration efficiency from the construction of soil structural models to be calibrated on available multiscale data.
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Perrier, E. M. A., N. R. A. Bird und T. B. Rieutord. „Percolation properties of 3-D multiscale pore networks: how connectivity controls soil filtration processes“. Biogeosciences 7, Nr. 10 (18.10.2010): 3177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3177-2010.
Annotation:
Abstract. Quantifying the connectivity of pore networks is a key issue not only for modelling fluid flow and solute transport in porous media but also for assessing the ability of soil ecosystems to filter bacteria, viruses and any type of living microorganisms as well inert particles which pose a contamination risk. Straining is the main mechanical component of filtration processes: it is due to size effects, when a given soil retains a conveyed entity larger than the pores through which it is attempting to pass. We postulate that the range of sizes of entities which can be trapped inside soils has to be associated with the large range of scales involved in natural soil structures and that information on the pore size distribution has to be complemented by information on a critical filtration size (CFS) delimiting the transition between percolating and non percolating regimes in multiscale pore networks. We show that the mass fractal dimensions which are classically used in soil science to quantify scaling laws in observed pore size distributions can also be used to build 3-D multiscale models of pore networks exhibiting such a critical transition. We extend to the 3-D case a new theoretical approach recently developed to address the connectivity of 2-D fractal networks (Bird and Perrier, 2009). Theoretical arguments based on renormalisation functions provide insight into multi-scale connectivity and a first estimation of CFS. Numerical experiments on 3-D prefractal media confirm the qualitative theory. These results open the way towards a new methodology to estimate soil filtration efficiency from the construction of soil structural models to be calibrated on available multiscale data.
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Liu, Song, Bi, Zhao, Xi und Su. „Occurrence, Distribution and Risk Assessment of Mercury in Multimedia of Soil-Dust-Plants in Shanghai, China“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 17 (21.08.2019): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173028.
Annotation:
The urban environment is a complex ecosystem influenced by strong human disturbances in multi-environmental media, so it is necessary to analyze urban environmental pollutants through the comprehensive analysis of different media. Soil, road dust, foliar dust, and camphor leaves from 32 sample sites in Shanghai were collected for the analysis of mercury contamination in soil–road dust–leaves–foliar dust systems. Mercury concentrations in surface soils in Shanghai were the highest, followed by road dust, foliar dust, and leaves, successively. The spatial distribution of mercury in the four environmental media presented different distribution patterns. Except for the significant correlation between mercury concentrations in road dust and mercury concentrations in leaves (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), there was no significant correlation between the other groups in the four media. Besides this, there was no significant correlation between mercury concentrations and land types. The LUR (Land use regression) model was used to assess the impact of urbanization factors on mercury distribution in the environment. The results showed that soil mercury was affected by factories and residential areas. Foliar dust mercury was affected by road density and power plants. Leaf mercury was affected by power plants and road dust mercury was affected by public service areas. The highest average HI (Hazard index) value of mercury in Shanghai was found in road dust, followed by surface soil and foliar dust. The HI values for children were much higher than those for adults. However, the HI values of mercury exposure in all sampling sites were less than one, suggesting a lower health risk level. The microscopic mechanism of mercury in different environmental media was suggested to be studied further in order to learn the quantitative effects of urbanization factors on mercury concentrations.
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Belanović Simić, Snežana, Predrag Miljković, Aleksandar Baumgertel, Sara Lukić, Janko Ljubičić und Dragan Čakmak. „Environmental and Health Risk Assessment Due to Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil near Former Antimony Mine in Western Serbia“. Land 12, Nr. 2 (06.02.2023): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020421.
Annotation:
Background: Anthropogenic activities have clearly affected the environment, with irreversible and destructive consequences. Mining activities have a significant negative impact, primarily on soil, and then on human health. The negative impact of the first mining activities is represented even today in the soils of those localities. Research shows that, for different types of mines, the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are high, especially in antimony, multi-metal and lead–zinc mines, which have adverse effects on the environment and then on human health and the economy. A large flood in 2014 in Western Serbia resulted in the breaking of the dam of the processed antimony ore dump of the former antimony mine, causing toxic tailings to spill and pollute the downstream area. Due to this accident, tailings material flooded the area downstream of the dump, and severely affected the local agriculture and population. Methods: Potentially toxic elements content, pollution indices and health indices were determined in soil samples from the flooded area, using referenced methodologies. The sources and routes of pollutants and risks were determined and quantified using statistical principal component analysis, positive matrix factorisation, and a Monte Carlo simulation. Results: The main source of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn in the upper part of the study area was the tailing material. Based on the pollution indices, about 72% of the studied samples show a high risk of contamination and are mainly distributed immediately downstream of the tailings dump that was spilled due to heavy rainfall. Conclusions: Although the content of the PTEs is high, there is no non-carcinogenic risk for any PTEs except As, for which a threshold risk was determined. There is no carcinogenic risk in the study area.
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Zha, Yan, Lin Zhao, Tianxin Niu, Erkui Yue, Xianbo Wang und Jiang Shi. „Multi-Target Element-Based Screening of Maize Varieties with Low Accumulation of Heavy Metals (HMs) and Metalloids: Uptake, Transport, and Health Risks“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 6 (26.05.2023): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061123.
Annotation:
Mitigating heavy metals (HMs) contamination and ensuring the safe production of crops is of paramount importance for sustainable agriculture development. The purpose of the current field plot study was to select maize varieties with low HMs and metalloids in their edible parts but high accumulation in other parts. The cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) contents of 11 maize varieties were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and the plant growth and bioconcentration factors (BFs) were examined. Furthermore, the average daily intake (ADDi) of HMs in maize grains was calculated to assess the associated health risks. The results revealed that the growth of variety TZ23 was minimally impacted HMs and metalloids. The grains of all of the tested maize varieties contained Cr, As, and Pb contents in accordance with National Food Safety Standards (NFSSs, GB2762-2017, ≤0.1 mg·kg−1), while the Cd concentration in grains of varieties QJN1, LSCR, and JN20 were 0.084 mg·kg−1, 0.094 mg·kg−1, and 0.077 mg·kg−1, respectively, in accordance with NFSSs. The translocation factor (TF) of As, Pb and Cr in the grains of 11 maize varieties were found to be less than 1. However, the TF of grain Cd in varieties LYN9, JYN9, and QJN3 exceeded 1. For varieties HNY21, TZ23, and LYN9, the TF of Cd, As, Pb, and Cr in the stems/leaves was less than 1. Cluster analysis revealed that the grains of variety HNY21 had the lowest accumulation capacity of all four HMs. Importantly, the variety JN20 exhibited a high accumulation capacity for Pb and a low capacity for As, while both varieties SKN11 and QJN3 had high accumulation capacities for Cd and low capacities for As. Health risk (HR) indices of the different age groups displayed an overall trend of children > elderly > young adult. Among the HMs and metalloids, Cd and Cr pose the greatest health risks of maize intake. Variety QJN3 posed a significant HR due to chronic toxicity. This study provides a scientific basis for multi-element pollution control and screening of maize varieties suitable for cultivation in mining areas and the remediation of HMs-contaminated soils.
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Meraklı, Nuriye, und Abdulrezzak Memon. „Expression of heavy metal ATPases (HMA1 and HMA3) in Brassica nigra and B. juncea grown at different Cu levels“. Botanica Serbica 47, Nr. 2 (2023): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2302309m.
Annotation:
Metal pollution is a major environmental problem which affects agriculture and human health. Turkey has significant Cu mining areas in Diyarbak?r and its surrounding areas (Southeast Anatolia). Several crop plants cultivated in these areas are irrigated with water from the Tigris, and most agricultural lands are contaminated with Cu. Brassica nigra and B. juncea are well-known metal accumulator plant species which can hyperaccumulate metals, including copper, in their shoots. The purpose of this study is to evaluate their potential for the phytoremediation of Cu from these contaminated areas as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective means of reducing Cu-contamination. In this research, B. nigra and B. juncea plants were grown in soil at different Cu concentrations (0 to 1000 ?M) and showed no toxicity symptoms while accumulating a significant amount of metal in their leaves. In the leaves of both species, the Cu content increased significantly with the increase in the Cu level in the media. HMA1 (Heavy Metal ATPase 1) in the leaves of both plant species gradually increased with increased Cu levels until 50 ?M, then its expression slowly decreased with the further increase in Cu levels. The expression of HMA3 also increased with an increase in Cu in the leaves of both plant species. However, its expression pattern differed from that of HMA1. Our data showed that an increase in Cu levels in the leaves triggers the expression of both genes, suggesting that they play an active role in Cu detoxification. We propose that these plant species could be used for the decontamination of Cu from polluted soils. These data also indicate that Cu accumulation and tolerance in both plant species is probably a multi-genetic response, possibly involving several other transporter genes in the stress signal pathway. Hence, we also explored the expression of the other metal transporters, such as other HMAs (HMAs 5-8), Nramps (e.g., Nramp3), COPT proteins, and some Cu chaperons in these plant species.
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Wechuli, Simiyu, Daniel Munga und Risper Magwa. „Determination of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Effluents from Lubricants Manufacturing and Associated Contamination of Oysters (Crassostrea cucullata) and Soil near Discharge Points in Mombasa, Kenya“. Journal of Chemistry 2, Nr. 1 (25.11.2023): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jchem.1663.
Annotation:
Purpose: Available reports on heavy metal contamination along the Kenyan coastal zone focused on concentration levels in marine and coastal waters, sediments and biota, with indications of potential sources. However, information on contribution of specific sources to the heavy metal load into the marine and coastal environment is scanty or unavailable. Thus, this study addressed the need to assess specific potential sources and their contribution to heavy metal contamination. The generated data can be applied for monitoring discharge loads of heavy metals from lubricant manufacturing processes into the environment, its level of contamination to the environment and the potential risk to man through food chain.
Materials and Methods: Concentrations of selected heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Hg in effluents filtrates, residues (SPM), Oysters (Crassostrea cucullata) and soil samples were determined using ICP-OES. The procedures of the analytical methods and instruments used were validated with analysis of a multi-element certified reference material (CRM IAEA-452) for the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg in the effluent samples and standard reference material (SRM 1566b) from National institute standards and technology for the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg in the marine bivalve tissues. Physico – chemical parameters Temperature, PH, Conductivity, Dissolved oxygen and Total organic carbon were also determined in the effluent samples. Sampling was done in the year 2021 and 2022. Effluent samples were collected from OLA energy Kenya limited, VIVO energy Kenya limited and TOTAL energy Kenya limited. Oyster samples and soil sediment samples were collected from Makupa creek. Data analysis was carried out using (SPSS) for Windows (Version 16) and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level. The difference in mean concentrations of heavy metals within and between groups were considered significant at P˂0.05. The interrelationships of heavy metals contamination in the samples were determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. It was considered significant at P value ˂0.05.
Findings: This study showed presence of heavy metals that varied in concentrations in effluents samples, soils samples and Oyster samples. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the effluents filtrates ranged as follows Pb = 0.0038±0.0004 mg/l – 0.0025 ± 0.003 mg/l, Cu = 0.0054±0.0038 mg/l – 0.0019±0.0002 mg/l, Cr = 0.0071±0.0021mg/l – 0.0045±0.0022 mg/l, Cd = 0.0041±0.0026 mg/l – 0.0013±0.0001 mg/l and Hg = 0.0063±0.0018 mg/l – 0.0026±0.0004 mg/l. The range of values for the mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the Oysters showed that Pb = 0.0227±0.0091mg/kg – 0.019 ± 0.006 mg/kg, Cu = 0.0618±0.0171mg/kg – 0.0601±0.0168 mg/kg, Cr = 0.0265 ± 0.0277 mg/kg – 0.0152 ± 0.0009 mg/kg, Cd = 0.0464±0.0282 mg/kg – 0.0273 ± 0.0117 mg/kg and Hg = 0.0264±0.0158 mg/kg – 0.025±0.0080 mg/kg. The range of values for the mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil samples showed that Pb = 0.0523 ± 0.0189 mg/kg – 0.0447±0.0181 mg/kg, Cu = 0.3010 ± 0.0282 mg/kg – 0.2437 ± 0.2690 mg/kg, Cr = 0.6564 ± 0.1468 mg/kg – 0.5862 ± 0.3073 mg/kg, Cd = 0.5434 ± 0.2207 mg/kg – 0.3506±0.2157 mg/kg and Hg = 0.2679 ± 0.1923 mg/kg – 0.2366±0.1584 mg/kg. The range values for the Physico-chemical parameters in the effluent samples were PH = 7.31±0.198 – 6.53±0.459, Temperature = 27.53±0.378oC – 23.3±0.2oC, Dissolved oxygen = 6.81±0.191mg/l – 3.11±0.242 mg/l, conductivity = 2740.0±901.041 uS/cm – 1523.33±55.075 uS/cm, Total organic carbon = 15.18±1.2750 mg/l – 0.92±0.1026 mg/l. Concentrations of heavy metals were at safe limits set by WHO, US – EPA and NEMA (2017) except Hg in soil samples was slightly above permissible limits. Concentration of mercury was lower in effluent filtrates and effluents residues samples than in soil and Oysters samples.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study recommends that frequent inspection be carried out on wastes emanating from industries, at its disposal sites and in living organisms at the vicinity of the wastes disposal sites. Industrialists should adopt best practices of wastes disposal and management to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment. Public education and awareness should be carried out to enlighten the residents about the impacts on health upon interaction with the polluted environment and feeding on organisms that reside in such contaminated environments.
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Coelho, Inês, Ekaterina Epova, Julien Barre, Isabel Castanheira und Olivier F. X. Donard. „Mineral and Isotopic Characterization of Wines From the Douro Demarcated Region“. Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (Juni 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.006.
Annotation:
Abstract Objectives In the 1960s, the French paradox launched the debate around the benefits of wine consumption. Since then several epidemiological studies have evidenced its potential protective cardiovascular effects. Wine's characteristics are highly dependent on the terroir. This study aims to characterize the profile of 11 minerals and micronutrients (K, Na, Ca, Fe, P, Mg, Mn, Se, Cu, Cr, and Zn) and the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio, and evaluate suitable tracers of authenticity for the Douro Demarcated Region. It will identify the parameters influenced by processing methods or environmental contamination and the ones common to the region, and fundamentally dependent on the soils and climate. Methods The sampling plan comprehended the collection of 15 Port wines and 15 Douro wines. All sample preparation occurred in cleanroom facilities, reagents were of high purity and Ultra-pure water grade I was used. Samples were mineralized using closed vessel microwave digestion. For isotopic analysis, a further purification step was required using Sr-selective resin Eichron®. Minerals and micronutrients were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and isotope ratios by multi collector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS). ANOVA was applied to evaluate significant differences between the two types of wine. Results Results are within the maximum levels established by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), when applicable. k was the most abundant element in both types of wine with values ranging from 399 ± 7 to 1458 ± 7 mg/L. Se was the least abundant one presenting levels between the limit of quantification (2.5 μg/L) and 6.2 ± 0.2 μg/L. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two types of wine regarding six elements, namely Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Se. Conclusions Six elements were identified as potential markers for the wines under study. Since all vineyards under study are grown in the same type of geological formation, the soil should not be responsible for these differences. Instead, they may result from agricultural practices, the winemaking process, or the aging of the wines. Funding Sources This work was completed under the METROFOOD-PP project frame and received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 871083.
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BELENKOV, V. A. I., und YU A. LAPTINA. „INFLUENCE OF THE SEEDING RATE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUDAN GRASS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DRY-STEPPE ZONE OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION“. Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, Nr. 3 (2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-3-55-65.
Annotation:
To increase the livestock productivity, it is important to increase feed production, while expanding the areas under drought-resistant multi-grained crops that have high feed values and productivity, as well as the ability to grow quickly after mowing. One crop oа this kind is Sudan grass. But, despite all its advantages, its yield in the conditions of the Volgograd region remains at a low level, so it is necessary to improve the technology of its cultivation. The paper reflects the results of the five-year research on the ways to increase the yield of green mass of Sudan grass by determining the optimal seeding rate. The experiments were carried out on chestnut soils in the conditions of JSC “Agrofirma “Vostok” of the Nikolaevsk district of the Volgograd region. Three seeding rates were studied: 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mln germinable seeds per hectare. The object of research was the Yulia variety. The highest percentage of field germination in all years of research was observed in the variant with a seeding rate of 1.0 million/ha – 85.3%. At the same time, the reverse dynamics was observed in the contamination of the Sudan grass crops, and when the crops were thickened, a decrease in the number and weight of weeds was observed. The largest part of the Sudan grass crop is formed in the first mowing and ranges from 60.3% at a seeding rate of 1.0 million tons of germinable seeds/ha to 63.3% at the 1.5 mln tons of germinable seeds/ha of total productivity. The study of the influence of different seeding rates on the productivity of Sudan grass showed the advantage of a seeding rate of 1.5 mln tons of germinable seeds/ha. This option ensured an increase compared to a seeding rate of 2.0 mln germinating seeds/ha in total for three mowing of 4.3 t/ha at a seeding rate of 1.0 million. An increase in the seeding rate to 2.0 million germinable seeds/ha reduced the yield by 2.2 t/ha as compared with a normative rate of 1.5 mln germinable seeds/ha.