Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Muga silk worm“

Muga silkworm is multivoltine and primarily feeds on two primary food plants Som (Persea bombycina King. syn. Machilus bombycina) and Soalu (Litsea polyantha Kost. syn. Litsea monopetala). Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis (n=15) is a semi-domesticated silk moth mentioned in literature as early 1662 BC. In its annual life cycle there are six crops of cultivated muga silk worm whose nomenclature is based on the local Assamese names of month. By virtue of the narrow ecological distribution of host food plant Antheraea assamensis is confined to only Assam and North East state of India. Empirical observations show that the population is declining due to depletion of natural habitat and lack of genetic variability among population. The wild muga silkworm which is tri or tetra voltine in nature is also found nearby forest area of human habitat in different host plant in N E state of India. A stock of wild muga silkworm collected from the nearby area of Nongpoh and Mendipathar Meghalaya. reared and maintained in muga farm and grainage activities of both wild and cultivated muga were conducted for comparative study. Details of morphology, economic characters and disease occurrence of wild and cultivated muga was studied for future improvement and breed development and also for future strategy of muga silkworm. The morphology of wild muga silkworm are little variant than cultivated muga and economic characters i.e. fecundity of wild muga was recorded 220 - 227 nos. in against the fecundity of cultivated muga observed 120-170 nos. and one gram total numbers of egg contain 120 -135 nos in wild muga in against 134 -145 nos.in cultivated muga. Average cocoon weight wild muga cocoon is ♂= 5.80 g & ♀= 6.60 g in against average cocoon weight ♂= 5.10 g & ♀= 5.54 g in cultivated muga silkworm. Average shell weight ♂= 0.51 g & ♀= 0.60 g in wild muga silkworm and average shell weight ♂= 0.43 g & ♀= 0.51 g in cultivated muga silkworm were recorded. Study revealed that the fecundity, weight of eggs, cocoon weight and shell weight are higher in wild muga silkworm than cultivated muga silkworm. Thereafter it is found that only protozoon disease was reported in wild muga silkworm and other disease i.e. Flacherie, Grasserie, Muscardine was not reported in wild muga silkworm. The mono race muga have no high yielding breed or hybrid and hence breeding programme between wild and cultivated muga may be carried out to get more heterosis, vigourity and yield enhancement.

Silk, the "Queen of Textiles" is an inseparable part of Indian culture and tradition over thousands of year. The internal high market demand makes India, the largest silk consuming country as no ritual is completed here without it, and the second largest silk producing country of the world with more than 18% to the world’s silk production. Being an agro-based industry, this sector includes both agricultural and industrial aspects and thus refers to the work started from mulberry cultivation, silk worm rearing, and obtaining silk up to the making of finished silk product. Indian climate is appropriate for the production of all the varieties of silk called Mulberry, Tasar, Muga and Eri and among these Mulberry silk is the most renowned and popular form of silk. This industry helps in shaping the economic destiny of the rural people especially for the overpopulated rural economy based country like India as it mainly depends on human power and helps in poverty alleviation whereas, being retreated from the developed countries because of the increasing labour cost. It is appropriate for both marginal and small scale land holders because of its low investment and high assured return at regular interval. In West Bengal, Silk industry plays a significant economic role by providing employment over 1.2lakhs rural families round the year (Seri States Profile, 2019). The district Murshidabad of West Bengal is well equipped in both the production and weaving of mulberry silk and so as a matter of fact the silk industry of the state mainly goes by the name of ‘Murshidabad Silk’ as the silk weaving belts are confined around this district. This paper intends to analyse the importance of silk as a remunerative cash crop of Murshidabad.

Antheraea assamensis (vernacular: ‘muga’) larvae is commercially reared on two tree species of the Lauraceae family, Persea bombycina and Litsea monopetala for its golden yellow, lustrous cocoon silk. Biochemical and molecular studies suggested that the midgut digestive enzymes and their transcripts in larvae feeding on P. bombycina differ from those found in larvae feeding on L. monopetala indicating that host plant 'choice' affects the digestive physiology of this insect. Ingestion of plant proteinase inhibitors is known to influence expression of digestive enzymes. Using reverse zymography technique trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors were detected in herbivore-induced leaves of L. monopetala and P. bombycina that could inhibit midgut proteinases of A. assamensis. Such interactions may affect proteolytic digestion in larvae reared on different host plant species. This work may have significance in quality of silk produced by muga silkworm, ultimately benefiting the silkworm rearers/industry.

In this work a novel pneumatic artificial muscle is fabricated using golden muga silk and silicon rubber. It is assumed that the muscle force is a quadratic function of pressure. Here a single degree of freedom system is considered where a mass is supported by a spring-damper-and pneumatically actuated muscle. While the spring-mass damper is a passive system, the addition of pneumatic muscle makes the system active. The dynamic analysis of this system is carried out by developing the equation of motion which contains multi-frequency excitations with both forced and parametric excitations. Using method of multiple scales the reduced equations are developed for simple and principal parametric resonance conditions. The time response obtained using method of multiple scales have been compared with those obtained by solving the original equation of motion numerically. Using both time response and phase portraits, variation of few systems parameters have been carried out. This work may find application in developing wearable device and robotic device for rehabilitation purpose.

Silk fibres from silkworm cocoons have lower strength than spider silk and have received less attention as a source of high-performance fibres. In this work, we have used an innovative procedure to eliminate the flaws gradually of a single fibre specimen by retesting the unbroken portion of the fibre, after each fracture test. This was done multiple times so that the final test may provide the intrinsic fibre strength. During each retest, the fibre specimen began to yield once the failure load of the preceding test was exceeded. For each fibre specimen, a composite curve was constructed from multiple tests. The composite curves and analysis show that strengths of mass-produced Muga and Eri cocoon silk fibres increased from 446 to 618 MPa and from 337 to 452 MPa, respectively. Similarly, their toughness increased from 84 to 136 MJ m −3 and from 61 to 104 MJ m −3 , respectively. Composite plots produced significantly less inter-specimen variations compared to values from single tests. The fibres with reduced flaws as a result of retests in the tested section have a tensile strength and toughness comparable to naturally spun dragline spider silk with a reported strength of 574 MPa and toughness of 91–158 MJ m −3 , which is used as a benchmark for developing high-performance fibres. This retesting approach is likely to provide useful insights into discrete flaw distributions and intrinsic mechanical properties of other fatigue-resistant materials.

One of the most economic exploitation, widely cultivated, and financially viable non-mulberry silkworms is the eri silkworm (Philosamia ricini). The feeds that eri silkworms consume have a significant impact on their yield and silk production. A study was conducted to assess the growth characteristics of the eco races of the eri silkworm in the circumstances of western region of Tamil Nadu. The Central Muga and Eri Research Institute in Jorhat, Assam provided the eco races of eri silkworm. Three replications of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were used to set up the treatments. By feeding worms with castor leaves in the cellular rearing method, the growth characteristics of eco races of eri silkworm, specifically the larval parameter and cocoon parameter, were examined. Among the eco races of eri silkworm in comparison with standard F1 hybrid, the eco race Jonai recorded the maximum growth attributes such as larval weight (7.09 g), cocoon weight (3.93 g), shell weight (0.66 g), shell ratio, ERR (16.78 %) which was on par with F1 hybrid followed by Khanapara and Titabar. The least was observed in Barpathar and Adogiri. This study reveals that among ten eco races of eri silkworm, the eco race Jonai recorded performed well in western zone condition of Tamil Nadu and it can be commercially reared in alternative to Commercial F1 breed.

Deficiency chronic energy is the condition those where pregnant women experience food shortages that occur as a year (Chronis). To be marking by size LILA <23,5 cm. Overall for survey results Riskesdas in 2017 and Riskesdas in 2013 that is 21,6% increased to be 24.2%, while Riskesdas Riau Province in 2013 that’s showing the risk prevalence KEK of Bengkalis Regency that is (66, 4%). The purpose of this study to knows the connection of knowledge about nutrition, energy intake, abstinence, education, parity and age. Is it associated with chronic energy deficiency (KEK) Pregnant Women in the Work Area of ​​Lububuk Muda Public Health Center Siak Kecil District Bengkalis Regency in 2017. Analytical quantitative research type with Cross Sectional design, sample number of 117 pregnant mother. Measuring instrument using questioner, KEK is measured using Upper Arm Ribbon and Recall Energy intake 2x24 hours measured using Nury Suvey program. Data analysis was performed univariat, bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression). The results showed that there was a causal relationship between parity with happening on KEK to pregnant mother of POR: 9,937 (CI 95 % :4,206-23,481). To the manager of KIA program collaborate with cross sectors to move the family planning program by re-sosializing to get an ideal number of families.

The Increase in environtmentally friendly design products especially in fashion created by designers, artist and craftsmen in their work due to global trends and high demand for sustainable design products. Itajime shibori tie dyeing is one of the shape-resist techniques in textile design which usually using natural dyes in its application. The purpose of this research is to describe the process and to analyze the experimental result of natural dyeing and pattern from the combination of indigofera and tunjung extract on cotton silk fabrics with itajime shibori tie dyeing technique. The method used in this research is an experiment on different treatments to determine the after effect from tunjung and indigofera extract dipping which observed as the process of making new variation of dyed tie cloth with itajime shibori technique to obtain color change and pattern formation data using visual observations from soaking cloth in a tunjung solution overnight then in indigofera extract for 15 minutes in 3 stages (every 5 minutes) after that cloth ready for the final dyeing treatments which alternated between tunjung solution and indigofera extract for 1 stage of dipping (1) indigo-tunjung, (2) tunjung-indigo, (3) tunjung-indigo-tunjung, (4) tunjung-indigo-indigo, (5) tunjung-indigo-tunjung-indigo, (6) tunjung-indigo-indigo-tunjung dan (7) tunjung-indigo-tunjung-indigo-tunjung, the process shows there is an effect of color diggerences in stages of cloth dyeing between tunjung solution and indigofere extract from the fabric color from ivory white to light brown and the pattern color which change from dark blue to brownish green on the surface of cotton silk fabric which have the most dipping stage and ended it with tunjung.Keywords: indigofera, itajime, shibori, sustainable, tunjung. AbstrakProduk desain khususnya produk fesyen yang ramah lingkungan semakin marak diusung oleh desainer, seniman dan pengerajin dalam rancangannya karena pengaruh tren global dan juga peminat akan produk sustainable design yang sudah semakin tinggi. Kain celup ikat itajime shibori merupakan salah satu teknik penahan bentuk (shape-resist technique) dalam olah reka tekstil yang biasanya mempergunakan pewana alami dalam pengaplikasiannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan proses dan menganalisis hasil eksperimen pewarnaan dan pemberian motif alami dari perpaduan ekstrak indigofera dengan larutan tunjung terhadap kain katun sutera dengan teknik celup ikat itajime shibori. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah eksperimen terhadap perlakuan yang berbeda untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari efek pencelupan larutan tunjung dan ekstrak indigofera yang diamati sebagai proses pembuatan ragam hias kain celup ikat dengan teknik itajime shibori untuk mendapatkan unsur perubahan warna dan pembentukan motif sebagai komponen data penelitian yang diamati menggunakan pengamatan visual dari hasil perendaman kain dalam larutan tunjung semalaman dengan durasi pencelupan pada ekstrak indigofera selama 15 menit dalam 3 tahapan celup setiap 5 menit yang setelahnya dilakukan perlakuan celup secara bergantian antara larutan tunjung dan ekstrak indigofera selama 1 tahapan celup yaitu (1) indigo-tunjung, (2) tunjung-indigo, (3) tunjung-indigo-tunjung, (4) tunjung-indigo-indigo, (5) tunjung-indigo-tunjung-indigo, (6) tunjung-indigo-indigo-tunjung dan (7) tunjung-indigo-tunjung-indigo-tunjung yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh perbedaan warna dalam tahapan celup larutan tunjung dan ekstrak indigofera mulai dari warna kain berwarna putih gading hingga cokelat muda dan warna motif biru tua menjadi hijau kecoklatan terhadap kain katun sutera pada proses pencelupan yang paling banyak dan diakhiri dengan larutan tunjung.Kata Kunci: berkelanjutan, indigofera, itajime, shibori, tunjung. 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