Dissertationen zum Thema „Moustiques – Vecteurs de maladies – Génétique“
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Fansiri, Thanyalak. „Base génétique de la compétence vectorielle d'une population naturelle d'Aedes aegypti pour les virus de la dengue“. Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSimard, Frédéric. „Variabilité génétique et flux de gènes chez les moustiques anophèles arabiensis et anophèles gambiae, vecteurs du paludisme en Afrique. Apport des loci microsatellites“. Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10147.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBayibeki, Ngano Albert. „Résistance des moustiques vs virulence du parasite : étude des interactions génétiques entre le parasite humain Plasmodium falciparum et les vecteurs Anopheles gambiae et Anopheles coluzzii en conditions naturelles“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnopheles coluzzii mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, even within a vector species, the ability of mosquitoes to carry malaria parasites varies extensively between individuals, with some mosquitoes that eliminate all parasites, and are therefore unable to transmit the disease. Polymorphism in the complement-like protein TEP1 was shown to contribute to determine mosquito susceptibility to the murine malaria parasite P. berghei (Blandin et al., 2009) as well as to the human malaria parasite P. falciparum (White et al., 2010). Still, we demonstrated that TEP1 alone could not fully explain mosquito resistance and we set up to identify additional genetic factors that determine mosquito vector competence in the Ngousso line that was recently colonised in Cameroon and whose phenotype range varies extensively when exposed to P. berghei infection. To be independent from variations in the TEP1 locus, we first selected a parental line homozygous for a single TEP1 allele, TEP1*S1, that was previously linked to mosquito susceptibility. We then created isofemale families and selected them according to their phenotype upon infection with the murine malaria parasite P. berghei over several generations to create two lines carrying either many (S1high) or few (S1low) parasites. To identify the regions of the genomes that are linked to this phenotypic difference, we performed crosses and QTL mapping. To test whether the phenotypic difference selected upon P. berghei infections was conserved for P. falciparum, we subjected our two lines to blood meals infected with natural isolates of the human parasite collected in Cameroon. Results of the selection process and field infections will be presented
Ngo, Chung Thuy. „Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Vittu, Anaïs. „Outils bioinformatiques pour l'analyse génétique de la résistance du moustique Anopheles gambiae vis-à-vis des parasites du paludisme“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ096/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring my PhD, I developed and implemented new methods and tools using the latest technologies of the Next Generation Sequencing, bioinformatics tools and the « reciprocal allele-specific RNA interference » (rasRNAi) method with the aim of identifying genetic and non-genetic factors responsible for the resistance of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to the mouse malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei. I have implemented a strategy for identifying polymorphisms in the resistant and susceptible lines to (1) select genetic markers for future genetic analysis and (2) list the polymorphicgenes. I contributed to the development of a new allele-specific dsRNA probe for the rasRNAi method by identifying how mosquitoes process the injected dsRNA by the analysis of sequenced small RNAs from the injected dsRNA. I developed a pipeline to identify the microbiota composition in susceptible and resistant lines in order to compare them
Garjito, Triwibowo Ambar. „Dynamique des principales maladies transmises par les moustiques en Indonésie“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis summarized the study of the dynamic of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia. A large number and diversity of samples were analyzed with an emphasis on operational and implementation research. This study provide an overview of the current dynamics and risk of transmission of the main mosquito-borne diseases in Indonesia, particularly japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue. Study of Anopheles species diversity is also conducted for identifying and implementing targeted and more effective malaria vector-control strategies. This Anopheles study has revealed that a better knowledge on this new species is necessary to better define its geographic distribution and role as malaria vector. The assessment of mosquito collection methods and stegomyia indices for dengue vector surveillance were also studied to support the implementation of dengue surveillance and control program in Indonesia
Bellone, Rachel. „Aspects moléculaires de l'influence de la température sur la transmission du virus du chikungunya par le moustique Aedes albopictus“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Alphavirus which has widely spread around the world in the last two decades. The virus is transmitted to human hosts by Aedes mosquitoes, including the invasive species Aedes albopictus, which has today conquered more than half of the French territory. As a vector of several viral pathogens, Ae. albopictus poses a real threat to the health authorities. The emergence of arboviruses such as CHIKV, often results from a complex combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Since mosquitoes are poikilothermic ectotherms (i.e., internal body temperature is not constant and depends on environmental temperatures), they are acutely susceptible to temperature variations. The relation between temperature and arbovirus transmission is a complex phenomenon that remains poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. The aim of our project is to better understand how temperature affects mosquito-virus interactions and influences transmission cycles. We study the molecular aspects of CHIKV, its vector Ae. albopictus and their interactions under the influence of temperature. Our results show that temperature affects CHIKV evolution as well as mosquito genetic expression and microbial composition, especially in response to infection. These data provide important information on how vector systems can be affected by temperature. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus-mosquito interactions with the environment is essential in order to prevent epidemics
Bouh, Abdi Khaireh Bouh. „Etude du paludisme dans les zones de faible transmission : vers la pre-élimination du paludisme à Djibouti“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania represent 50% of malaria deaths and 47% of total malaria cases. However, the decrease in the number of cases and worldwide increased control activities were encouraging news which lead the WHO to declare that malaria can be controlled and eliminated later. The recommendations of experts in the worldwide fight against malaria recommend targeting areas where elimination is possible, areas of low transmission, and hence moving towards areas more affected by malaria. This requires a precise knowledge of the malaria situation in the region. Geographical regional assemblies where malaria transmission is experiencing a significant decrease, as the Horn of Africa, and having extremely porous frontiers to the movement of human populations, therefore pathogens, must be the priority target. Thus an assessment of the level of transmission and the risk of potential recurrence, posed by the importation of new strains, was indispensable in order to achieve sustainable elimination. In this context, the Republic of Djibouti, who showed extremely low prevalence in recent years, is embarked on an attempt to pre-eliminate malaria. The aim of our study was to observe changes, over a period of 11 years (1998-2009), in the level of malaria occurrence, malaria transmission, but also the level of its potential importation from neighboring countries and finally the vectors population dynamics. These results could serve as a basis of reflection, for the health authorities of the country or international partners, to a possible adjustment of the current policy of fight against malaria
Martin, Estelle. „Les conséquences de l’infection par le virus chikungunya sur les vecteurs du genre Aedes“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066306.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacroix, Renaud. „Etude de terrain d'Aedes albopictus vecteur du Chikungunya sur l'Ile de la Réunion“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe recent epidemics of Chikungunya confirmed the potential of Ae. Albopictus as a vector. For implementation of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), Mark-Release-Recapture (MLR) experiments were conducted in La Réunion Island. A mouse baited BG-Sentinel trap shown to be efficient at trapping both males and females. Results indicates that Ae. Albopictus has a limited dispersal range, higher activity during wet season, similar survival for both sexes but higher during wet season, mates before bloodmeal during dry season and preferred heavily shaded vegetated areas. We conclude that SIT should settle close release points, a low frequency of releases, adapt to season number released and places of releases. There is still a lot of work to be done before application of SIT, experiments with sterile males will be necessary for optimisation of vector population control
Arias, Goeta Camilo. „Evolution et adaptation du virus chikungunya vis-à-vis des ses hôtes vecteurs“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066691.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArboviruses are characterized by high rates of mutation. However, it has been assumed that their evolution is constrained by requirement for alternate replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Host change would favor the emergence of new viral variants pre-existing in the viral population. Indeed, during the 2004 outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the Indian Ocean, a newly emerged epidemic variant harboring a single amino-acid substitution in the E1 glycoprotein was highly transmitted by an unusual mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus. We showed that when the original and the newly emerged epidemic variants were provided at equal titers in blood-meals, the epidemic variant was preferentially transmitted by Ae. Albopictus. Interestingly, when inoculating both variants into mosquitoes bypassing the midgut barrier, the epidemic variant was no longer selected in Ae. Albopictus. Our findings suggest that the midgut barrier plays a key role in the selection of the epidemic variant. Subsequent adaptive mutations in the CHIKV genome are likely to emerge questioning on the evolution of CHIKV. We evaluated if host alternation can limit CHIKV evolution and results in fitness trade-offs. To test this hypothesis, the newly emerging variant of CHIKV was serially or alternately passaged in mammalian or mosquito cells. After 30 passages, obtained CHIKV strains were genetically and phenotypically characterized. Our results were not in line with the general assumption stating that host alternation constrains CHIKV evolution. However, our experimental approach suggested that new amino-acid substitutions in the E2 glycoprotein could modulate the vector competence in mosquitoes
Terrien, Vincent Alliot Anne. „Les culicidés transmission vectorielle des infections et parasitoses à l'homme /“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=46631.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZmarlak, Natalia Marta. „Regulation of immune signalling in the malaria mosquito vector, Anopheles : the secreted mosquito leucine-rich repeat protein APL1C is a pathogen binding factor essential for immunity to Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnopheles mosquito is a vector of Plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria. The Anopheles leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins were described as key antagonists of Plasmodium parasites in Anopheles mosquito midgut. APL1C (Anopheles Plasmodium-responsive factor) is a representative of LRR members which specifically protects against rodent malaria parasites by stabilizing the complement-like protein TEP1. By combining cell biology with functional genomic approaches, this study shows that mosquito bloodmeal induce the presence of an extracellular layer of APL1C protein surrounding the midgut beneath of the basal lamina. Consistently with the formation of this layer, APL1C binds to the ookinetes that emerged on the basal side of the midgut. This presence occurs independently from TEP1 function, requires the contribution of the phagocytic cells and nitration pathway. In addition, APL1C defence function is not restricted to the ookinete in the midgut but it also acts against the latest Plasmodium stage, the sporozoites. APL1C inhibits salivary glands infection prevalence, and consistently, it also binds to the surface of the sporozoites in the hemocoel. However, unlike to the midgut stages, anti-sporozoites APL1C-dependent mechanism involves different partners. Moreover, RNAseq study revealed APL1C gene targets, including genes with immune-like function. These results generate novel biological insight for the function of APL1C, and probably other LRR family members, as a pathogen recognition receptor inducing immune response against pathogens that come in contact with mosquito hemolymph compartment
Lequime, Sébastian. „Interactions flavivirus-moustiques : diversité et transmission“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066081.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlaviviruses are RNA virus among which some are arboviruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, like mosquitoes. The interaction with mosquitoes is key in the biology of flaviviruses because it influences their genetic diversity and transmission. However, some aspects however are still poorly understood. At the heart of the work presented in this dissertation, strategies based on ‘big data’, both by taking advantage of modern technologies and by compiling older literature, highlighted new aspects of the complex relationships between flaviviruses and mosquitoes. While exploring Anopheles mosquito genomes, we identified and characterized endogenous viral elements of flaviviral origin in Anopheles sinensis and An. minimus, which supports the existence of flaviviruses infecting Anopheles mosquitoes and highlights new aspected of their diversity. Besides, we explored, by deep sequencing, the fine-tuned interaction between genotypes of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the intra-host diversity of dengue virus 1. Our results showed a strong effect of genetic drift during initial infection, reducing the relative importance of natural selection, and a modulation of the intra-host viral genetic diversity by the mosquito genotype. Finally, we assembled the litterature on arbovirus vertical transmission in the mosquito vector, i.e. from an infected female to her offspring, in order to identify underlying technical and biological predictors. Our results increase our understanding of this transmission mode and the strategies employed by arboviruses to persist in their environment
Delaye, Christelle. „Structuration génétique de populations de tiques (Ixodes ricinus) vecteurs de micropathogènes“. Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20159.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleManeerat, Somsakun. „Modélisation à base d'agents des risques vectoriels en milieux urbains: exemple d'Aedes aegypti, vecteur de la dengue, à Delhi (Inde)“. Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUEL014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to fight against the transmission of dengue, signifiant resources were allocated to the process of restricting the propagation of their main vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Research on this mosquito's living areas is thus necessary to characterize more precisely the areas that need to be monitored and treated. An alternative to fiels surveys consists of evaluating the characteristics of these living areas through spatialized models. In this context, a generic simulation model of mosquito Aedes aegypti (MOMA) is developed using the Agent-Based Model (ABM) coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). MOMA integrates a vast set of biological and behavioural knowledge about the mosquito in a simulation environment based on the needs and constraints specific to Aedes aegypti. The construction of this model involves a multidisciplinary collaboration particulary in entomology, computer science, geography, and mathematics. The validation and exploration of MOMA focus on the effects of local heterogeneous urban landscape on the mosquito cohort's flight distance and proliferation. The virtual experiments were carried out using survey data from urban neighbourhoods in Delhi (India). MOMA was able to identify the characteristics of the areas at risk of high mosquito concentrations. Prelminary results show that climatic factors are complementary of spatial ones. The land cover classes and their space structure play a vital role in the production of vectors. Barriers, such as walls limit the mosquito dispersal distance. Besides the ubiquity of blood and breeding sites are mosquito sedentary factors
Orlandi-Pradines, Eve. „Exposition de voyageurs à la transmission de plasmodium falciparum et aux moustiques vecteurs en afrique inter-tropicale“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20693.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBlandin, Stéphanie. „Functional analysis of thioester-containing proteins in immune responses of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/BLANDIN_Stephanie_2004.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePradel, Jennifer. „Etude des populations culicidiennes, vectrices potentielles d'arbovirus dans un contexte de changements environnementaux et climatiques, en Rhône-Alpes“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10197.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVector-borne diseases are emerging throughout the world since about fifty years. Environrnental and climatic changes may notably impact on vectors as well as on the diseases they transmit, ~ particular in unscathed areas. Within this context, the thesis deals with mosquitoes putative vectors of arboviruses in the Rhône-Alpes region and focuses on the way to study the impacts of environrnental changes (in a broad sense) on potential vectors. After introducing the definitions of a vector and the impacts of environrnental changes on vector borne diseases, mosquito species of the Rhône-Alpes region were listed and a synthesis oftheir biology detailed. Then, a method is proposed in order to organize into hierarchy species most important to study, based on their "vector potential" toward main European arboviruses and considering their abundance. A conceptual framework was then developed to study the impacts of en"ironrnental changes on these species. The bioecological classification of mosquito species allowed first defining classes of sanitary interest then, the environrnental entities favorable to mosquito development we called "functional units". An integrated model of classes dynamic inside their habitats was the proposed. Eventually, this work leads to applied research and the proposition of the settlement of an entomological observatory as well as the integration of entomological surveillance into regional and national surveillance networks
Ribault, Sébastien. „Thérapie génique des maladies cardiovasculaires Ciblage transcriptionnel des vecteurs de transfert de gènes“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMulatier, Margaux. „Interactions entre l’état physiologique du moustique et le mode d’action des répulsifs chez les vecteurs de pathogènes“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMosquito-borne diseases are a permanent public health threat. The main way to protect populations against infectious bites relies on the use of insecticides, but their efficacy is threatened by the spread of resistance mechanisms among vector populations. In this context, repellents are a promising tool for reducing both mosquito nuisance and infection risk. Among them, DEET (N, N-diéthyl-3-méthylbenzamide) has proven great efficacy both in laboratory and field experiments. Despite this, repellents, are still used from an empirical way and their mode of action remains poorly understood. The aim of the present project was to: i) participate to the evaluation of the potential of integration of the DEET repellent in mosquito control, ii) measure the impact of mosquito physiological parameters of epidemiological relevance such as experience, age and infection, on the efficacy of repellents and insecticides, and iii) quantify the impact of repellents and insecticides on mosquito life-history traits. Experiments were performed on Anopheles gambiae and Aedes albopictus, vectors of the malaria parasite and of arboviruses such as dengue, respectively. Our results allowed to demonstrate that mosquito physiological state influences the efficacy of control tools; first, after successfully obtaining a blood meal in contact with permethrin, mosquitoes carrying kdr mutation are no longer inhibited by this compound at the subsequent exposure, at the recommended dose for net impregnation and under our experimental design. On the contrary, a first blood meal obtained in presence of DEET does not affect its efficacy at the following exposure. Then, DEET appeared to be more efficient against old mosquitoes that against younger ones, and results are consistent in the two species, independently of the insecticide resistance status. Besides, efficacy of DEET and deltamethrin is not modified when mosquitoes are infected with Plasmodium falciparum. However, an increased mortality was observed in anopheles when infected with transmissible stages (i.e. sporozoites), independently of chemical exposure, which suggest a cost of infection and seems to be “replicate-dependent”. Finally, DEET produces a long-term impact on mosquito fecundity and fertility, which is not observed with permethrin under our protocol. These results give insights to redefine the priorities in mosquito control programs, in order to specifically targeting mosquitoes that are the most susceptible to transmit pathogens. These observations also underline the need for considering both mosquito physiological state and the long-term impact of repellents and insecticides during the evaluation of control tools
Adam, Fanny. „Recherche dans la biodiversité de Polynésie française de substances naturelles végétales, répulsives et attractives de moustiques vecteurs de maladies tropicales“. Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFilariasis and dengue dever are two mosquito-borne diseases threatening french Polynesia. The potential vectors for transmission of these illnesses are Aedes aegypti (L. ), the Yellow Fever mosquito, and Ae. Polynesiensis Marks. A research subject was undertaken with die ultimate goal of development of improved insect repellents and lures for insect traps. This goal is made more urgent by the threat of mosquito-borne diseases. Several natural products from terrestrial plants of french Polynesia were evaluated as spatial repellents against Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes using a triple cage-dual port olfactometer and as topical repellents using a "cloth patch assay" test with DEET as the positive control. In addition, the attraction of Ae. Aegypti to L-lactic acid combined with the natural sample extracts were evaluated using die dual-port olfactometer. A total of 26 plant species have been collected, and these have yielded 7 essential oils and 22 crude methanolic extracts. The fine chemical compositions of some repellent essential oils were determined by Gas chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Bioassays were performed with Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes at the US. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). This mosquito is the commonly accepted standard species for laboratory bioassays. The results of these tests allowed to put in an obvious place 4 essential oils in not negligible repellent potential with special focus on one essential oil with potential application for the market. The methanol crude extracts didn’t give any convincing results; nevertheless, additional studies should be carried out on these extracts
Rozen-Gagnon, Kathryn. „Chikungunya virus nonstructural proteins regulate replication fidelity and pathogenicity in vivo“. Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077199.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArboviruses cycle through both vertebrates and invertebrates, which requires them to adapt to disparate hosts while maintaining genetic integrity during genome replication. To study the genetic mechanisms and determinants of these processes, we use chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging human pathogen transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. We isolated novel mutators with decreased replication fidelity and higher mutation frequencies, allowing us to examine the fitness of error-prone arbovirus variants. Although CHIKV mutators displayed no major replication defects in mammalian cell culture, they were attenuated in vivo. Unexpectedly, mutator phenotypes were suppressed in mosquito cells and the variants exhibited significant defects in RNA synthesis. Consequently, these replication defects resulted in strong selection for reversion during inection of mosquitoes. Since residue 483 is conserved among alphaviruses, we examined the analogous mutations in Sindbis virus (SINV), which also reduced polymerase fidelity and generated replication defects in mosquito cells. However, replication defects were mosquito cell-specific and were not observed in Drosophila S2 cells, allowing us to evaluate the potential attenuation of mutators in insect models where pressure for reversion was absent. Indeed, the SINV mutator variant was attenuated in fruit flies. These findings confirm that residue 483 is a determinant regulating alphavirus polymerase fidelity and demonstrate proof of principle that arboviruses can be attenuated in mammalian and insect hosts by reducing fidelity
Cottis, Solène. „Viral manipulation and vectorial specificity mediated by interaction with the G3BP protein, Rasputin in Anopheles mosquitoes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS437.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of many arboviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus. In contrast Anopheles gambiae transmit the parasite Plasmodium, causative agent of malaria. The response of Anopheles mosquitoes to pathogens has been studied mainly for Plasmodium due to the clinical importance of malaria. The only known arbovirus for which Anopheles is the primary vector is o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV). It is not understood why Anopheles apparently do not display more vectorial potential for arboviruses, particularly because the presence of a virome and transmission of ONNV suggests a potential risk for Anopheles to become a more prominent arbovirus vector in the future. Antiviral response in Anopheles has primarily been studied using ONNV, although only relatively few reports have been published on the subject. The mosquito orthologs of Ras-GAP SH3 domain binding proteins (G3BP), called Rasputin, has been studied in mammals but barely examined in mosquitoes where Rasputin was shown to act as a proviral factor in Aedes, but the proviral molecular mechanism is not understood yet. The first objective of this thesis is to assess the role of Rasputin during ONNV infection in Anopheles mosquitoes and to determine the mechanism mediated by Rasputin. We hypothesis that Rasputin may interact with host antiviral immunity. By using a combination of genomic, cellular, and biochemical methods, I provide evidence that Rasputin is proviral because of the viral manipulation of Rasputin to modulate antiviral immune signaling pathways. These results indicate, for the first time, that Rasputin is required for viral hijacking as a physical target of the viral non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) of ONNV. The second part of my thesis project focused on vectorial specificity in mosquitoes by using the comparison of two closely related alphaviruses, ONNV and CHIKV, as an experimental model. ONNV and CHIKV display many similarities in their biology and pathology, with the major difference being their use of vector species (Anopheles and Aedes, respectively). Previous evidence suggested that nsP3 could be a determinant of vectorial specificity between those two viruses, and here we hypothesize that the role of the interaction between Rasputin and nsP3 of the two different viruses and mosquitoes has a role in vector specificity. By using genomic and cellular methods, I highlighted that Rasputin also acts as a proviral factor for CHIKV in an Anopheles cellular model. Moreover, we found that the match between Anopheles or Aedes Rasputin and the nsP3 of each virus is an important determinant of the cell-specific viral infection. Thus, the interaction between Rasputin and nsP3 of CHIKV and ONNV at least in part influences vectorial specificity for these alphaviruses. Finally, I studied the role of a new host factor involved in ONNV infection of Anopheles encoded by the gene AGAP000570. I characterized the proviral role of this extracellular factor during ONNV infection through a possible paracrine-like mechanism. I also assess the relationship between this secreted factor and Rasputin during viral infection and revealed that those two proteins could act in the same functional pathway. These results generate novel biological insight for the proviral function of Rasputin in manipulating antiviral immune pathways in mosquitoes that could be extended to the role of G3BP in mammals
Lequime, Sébastian. „Interactions flavivirus-moustiques : diversité et transmission“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066081/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlaviviruses are RNA virus among which some are arboviruses transmitted between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, like mosquitoes. The interaction with mosquitoes is key in the biology of flaviviruses because it influences their genetic diversity and transmission. However, some aspects however are still poorly understood. At the heart of the work presented in this dissertation, strategies based on ‘big data’, both by taking advantage of modern technologies and by compiling older literature, highlighted new aspects of the complex relationships between flaviviruses and mosquitoes. While exploring Anopheles mosquito genomes, we identified and characterized endogenous viral elements of flaviviral origin in Anopheles sinensis and An. minimus, which supports the existence of flaviviruses infecting Anopheles mosquitoes and highlights new aspected of their diversity. Besides, we explored, by deep sequencing, the fine-tuned interaction between genotypes of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the intra-host diversity of dengue virus 1. Our results showed a strong effect of genetic drift during initial infection, reducing the relative importance of natural selection, and a modulation of the intra-host viral genetic diversity by the mosquito genotype. Finally, we assembled the litterature on arbovirus vertical transmission in the mosquito vector, i.e. from an infected female to her offspring, in order to identify underlying technical and biological predictors. Our results increase our understanding of this transmission mode and the strategies employed by arboviruses to persist in their environment
Moiroux, Nicolas. „Modélisation du risque d'exposition aux moustiques vecteurs de Plasmodium spp. dans un contexte de lutte anti-vectorielle“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuque, Sandra. „Thérapie génique des maladies du motoneurone à l'aide de vecteurs dérivés des AAV“. Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMotor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are incurable degenerative disorders characterised by the selective loss of motor neurons (MNs) localised in the motor cortex, the brainstem and/or the spinal cord. To date, there is no treatment for these disorders because of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which hindered the crossing of the therapeutic molecules from the circulation flow to the central nervous System (CNS) parenchyma. New therapeutic strategies, based on gene transfer using viral vectors have thus been developed. This study aimed to evaluate new strategies for increasing the efficiency of MNs transduction using AAV vectors. The fîrst approach bypasses the problem of the BBB by injecting the viral vectors directly into brain areas at the origin of the descending spinal pathways. The injection of AAV vectors expressing therapeutic transgenes into these specific brain structures could indeed lead to the production and traffîcking of therapeutic proteins through descending pathways to the spinal cord by anterograde axonal transport mechanisms. The subsequent secretion of these proteins could thus influence the survival and the activity of the spinal cord MNs. The second approach is based on the systemic administration of a new serotype and genome AAV vectors, the self-complementary AAV9 vector. We identifîed the remarkable ability of AAV9 vectors to transduce cells of the CNS, including MNs, after a single intravenous injection in adult mice. This gene transfer strategy represents an efficient and non-invasive procedure to reach the CNS. This result raises thus great hopes for the treatment of MN disease and other neurological disorders
Ahui, Gabriel. „Caractérisation des espaces à risque de paludisme à M'bahiakro, Côte d'Ivoire“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36451.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlamant, Frédéric. „Utilisation de vecteurs dérivés du virus de l'érythroblastose aviaire (AEV) pour le transfert de gène chez les embryons de poulet“. Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtieh, Thérèse. „Développement du système universel de génétique inverse pour les arboviruses applicable dans les cellules mammifères et moustiques“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0659/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReverse genetics, the genetic manipulation of RNA viruses to create a wild-type or modified virus, has led to important advances in our understanding of viral gene function and interaction with host cells. Since arboviruses the most threatening viruses to human and animal are RNA viruses, thus reverse genetics is an extremely powerful technique with important application for the protection from these viruses and to control their spread.Hitherto, most reverse genetics systems focused exclusively on mammalian cells. However, arbovirus transmission is between a mammalian host and invertebrate vector.Herein, we present ISA (Infectious-Subgenomic-Amplicons) as a universal reverse genetic method that proved it applicability to rescue infectious single stranded positive RNA viruses on mammalian and mosquito cells.Thereby, ISA is an adequate method to study the arbovirus life cycle in mosquito vector and mammalian host. Thus, providing information about the global arbovirus circulation to provide further technique that protect mammalian from their infection and inhibit vector to transmit the virus
Pocquet, Nicolas. „Résistances aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs en territoires insulaires“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInsecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field
Thébaud, Gaël. „Etude du développement spatio-temporel d'une maladie transmise par vecteur en intégrant modélisation statistique et expérimentation : cas de l'ESFY (European stone fruit yellows)“. Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEmerging and re-emerging diseases can give rise to serious economical - and even social - crises. Improving the knowledge that allows coping with such diseases is an immediate stake in this field of research. An approach to this issue is proposed and applied to European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), a disease of Prunus trees that re-emerges in Europe. This disease is responsible for an incurable decline, mainly on apricot and Japanese plum. It is caused by a phytoplasma ('Candida/us Phytoplasma prunorum') specifically transmitted by Cacopsylla pruni on the persistent mode. Wc analysed the risk factors and the processes of ESFY epidemics through integrating several approaches: a statistical model at a regional scale for analysing the factors correlated to ESFY prevalence, experiments on the cycle of the vector and on the potential infectivity of its different stages, and hypothesis tests based on the location of diseased trees. The statistical approaches highlight the major impact on disease dynamics of the cultivar/rootstock combination. The experiments demonstrate that C. Prumi is a univoltine vector whose young stages acquire the phytoplasma, multiply it, and then conserve it during their summering and overwintering on conifers (alternative hosts). In the most probable scenario arising from the comparison of the different approaches, the reimmigrants infected since the year before would be the only efficient vectors of ESFY in apricot orchards, where they would land at random and independently; then, they would often perform several short-distance primary inoculations: therefore, this disease would be monocyclic in apricot orchards. This scenario was incorporated into a simulation model at the orchard scale, which, in the future, will unable estimating the parameters linked to the local behaviour of the vector
Haack, Lucie. „Génétique et dynamique des populations de pucerons vecteurs de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge en culture de maïs. Effet d'un traitement à l'imidaclopride“. Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFintz, Matthieu Raphaël. „Moustiques et gouvernement du paludisme en Afrique : de la conservation de la nature à l'organisation du marché des biens de lutte“. Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMalaria collective prevention in Africa has gradually shifted from engineering of the infected person's natural environment into the management of her economic environment. Bednets, spraying and insecticide treated bednets are the working object of malaria control from which we narrow this shift. By following the inscription of these three prevention technologies into large-scale experiments, this thesis tries to stress upon how to issue of their generalization to a population brings about social differenciation between " savages " and " civilized " people on one hand and between " poor " and " developed " people on other hand. Deliberations about the comparative cost of mosquito control (loss of immunity ) and coverage practices (in the course of action) then emerge as two types of situations during which this differentiation is revealed
Taconet, Paul. „Fouille de données spatio-temporelles pour l’étude du risque de transmission résiduelle du paludisme à échelle paysagère en milieu rural ouest-africain“. Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe fight against malaria transmission is currently stalling. To reinvigorate progress, we must shift from a universal approach of prevention to a targeted one, adapted to the local transmission risk profile. Such strategy requires to characterise, understand, and predict the risk of transmission of malaria at fine spatial and temporal scales, i.e. scales suitable for local decision-making. In this thesis, we have attempted to explain and evaluate the spatial and temporal predictability of several entomological indicators of transmission risk at a landscape scale in rural West Africa (in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire) : presence, abundance of anopheles, physiological and behavioral resistance to insecticides. We used heterogeneous, spatio-temporal, multi-source and multi-scale entomological and environmental data, and data mining methods (among others, based on interpretable machine learning techniques), in a holistic-inductive approach to scientific knowledge generation. Our results showed strong spatio-temporal heterogeneities in vector abundances at the village scale, and relative homogeneities in the prevalence of vector resistances. Based on the associations captured by the statistical models, we made numerous hypotheses on the environmental determinants (climatic, landscape, socio-cultural, etc.) of the various entomological indicators studied ; in other words, on the impact of environmental conditions on the vectors' life traits. Our models were able to acurately forecast vector abundances at the village scale several weeks ahead, which was not the case for the prevalence of insecticide resistance. At the end of this work, we make proposals for the improvement of (i) current vector control methods, (ii) the use of (geo)data science and data engineering in general, and statistical modelling in particular, for malaria research and control, and (iii) tools for the surveillance and prevention of malaria transmission risk at the loca l scale in rural West Africa
Corbel, Vincent. „Interactions entre insecticides sur "Anopheles gambiae" giles et "Culex quinquefasciatus" say et impact sur l'évolution de la résistance“. Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20076.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZein, Eddine Rima. „Bulinus sp : épidémiologie moléculaire, structure génétique et phylogénie dans trois pays africains : interactions avec le genre Schistosoma“. Limoges, 2014. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/8dcf63c5-a273-45ac-91f8-269876ee126a/blobholder:0/2014LIMO330C.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Bulinus genus acts as intermediate hosts for larval development of the parasite belonging to Schistosoma group (Digenea, Platyhelminthes). Despite their importance in the transmission of these parasites, the evolutionary history of this genus is still not very clear. Development of management plans to control these parasites transmission requires a deeper understanding of the past events that have affected the population diversity and distribution of Bulinus species. The objective of this study was to learn more about the population structure and phylogeny of several Bulinus species originating from different African countries using three types of molecular markers: the partial mitochondrial gene Cox1, the nuclear ribosomal gene (ITS, 18S and 28S), and six microsatellites loci. Concerning the phylogeography of this genus, high levels of genetic diversity were detected in the seven studied species, with clear segregation between individuals and the presence of many haplotypes, even within same species from the same locality. Our results showed lower diversity within B. Truncatus populations in North Africa (Egypt) compared to individuals from Sub-Saharan Africa, which may suggest that B. Truncatus may have colonized Egypt from Sub-Saharan Africa. About the genetic structure of B. Truncatus, high rate of heterozygosity, and strong genetic structure were noted in Egyptian populations of B. Truncatus. This structure is reflected by the existence of four distinct clusters characterized by relatively low gene flew rate between subpopulations. Our work allowed better understanding of phylogeny and genetic structure of this genus. These informations can be used to develop new approach for controlling the parasite transmission
Goulu, Mathilde. „Développement d’une nouvelle stratégie de protection chimique contre les moustiques vecteurs de maladies : utilisation d’une association répulsif/insecticide afin d’optimiser l’efficacité du traitement tout en réduisant les doses utilisées“. Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleToday, most of the textiles used to limit contact with mosquitoes are impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides having both insecticidal and repellent activities. However, the development of resistance in mosquito populations reduces their efficacy. The new strategy proposed against mosquito-transmitted diseases is based on the potential synergy observed with the combination of two different compounds with insecticidal and repellent effects. In this context, the effects of two repellents DEET and IR3535 have been studied on neurosecretory cells isolated from the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta Americana. Using calcium imaging, both DEET and IR3535 induce a dose-dependent complex elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. Specific pharmacological tools have allowed to characterize the different targets together with the molecular events involved in the repellent-induced calcium rise. From these results, it has been possible to identify IR3535 as the most suitable compound to be used in association with the insecticide neonicotinoid, thiacloprid. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique adapted on isolated insect neurons, the synergistic effect of the IR3535/thiacloprid mixture has been observed on the thiacloprid-induced current and the most efficient ratio between repellent and insecticide has also been determined. In addition, cone tests performed on in vivo mosquitoes confirm this synergistic effect, demonstrating that IR3535/thiacloprid mixture could bean alternative strategy in the management of chemical use against resistant mosquitoes
Mieulet, Elise. „La prolifération de moustiques vecteurs sur le littoral méditerranéen et dans les départements français d’Amérique : enjeux environnementaux et sanitaires“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn France,the human-mosquito relationship and the mosquito control policies show differentiated stories and features from one territory to another.Thus,if in FDA mosquitoes never ceased being epidemic factors,however,on the Mediterranean coast until recently they no longer represented a Health risk.Indeed,in the FDA,since their implementation,mosquito control campaigns have always been conducted for a sanitary purpose through vector control campaigns.Meanwhile,in metropolitan France,aiming to reduce the nuisance,these policies were initially implemented to ensure the inhabitants comfort.But,starting from 2004,following the durable installation of the Asian tiger mosquito on the French Mediterranean coastline and the progressive widening of its distribution area,the context evolves and,from now on,the metropolitan France is potentially exposed to health risks hitherto circumscribed to tropical areas.Mobilising the theoretical frameworks of environmental,health and risks sociologies,and based on a corpus gathering qualitative (311 interviews and direct observations) and quantitative data (1415 questionnaires),this PhD analyses the recombining of the relationship between environmental and health challenges in light of the vector mosquitoes proliferation.It initially focuses on the place and status of the insect within the different populations.Then, the socio-economic factors influencing the individual vulnerability of exposure to the insect are studied.The third part is devoted to the expectations and requests of the inhabitants regarding the public management of the mosquitoes’ proliferation.Finally, a diachronic analysis centered on the Alps-Maritimes region is developed
Njan, Nloga Alexandre Michel. „Bioécologie et rôle vecteur du paludisme d'"Anopheles moucheti" à Ebogo au Caméroun“. Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20226.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemarchand, Patricia. „Thérapie génique des maladies respiratoires : Transfert de gènes par voie vasculaire à l'aide de vecteurs adénoviraux“. Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD01.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNoir, Sandra. „Diversité des gènes de résistance au sein du génome des caféiers (Coffea L. ). Analyse génétique de la résistance au nématode à galles, Meloidogyne exigua, chez C. Arabica“. Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20184.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVan, Munster Manuela. „Caractérisation biologique et moléculaire de virus infectant les pucerons et évaluation de leur potentiel comme biopesticides“. Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoutareaud, Amaya. „Transmission de Spiroplasma citri par la cicadelle Circulifer haematoceps : implication de la protéine SC76 : "solute binding protein" d'un ABC transporteur : étude d'une lignée de Spiroplasma citri affectée dans sa transmission“. Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20993.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVial, Laurence. „Éco-épidémiologie de la borréliose à tiques à "Borrelia crocidurae" en Afrique de l'Ouest“. Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20131.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCimerman, Agnès. „Analyse comparée de séquences génomiques partielles du phytoplasme du stolbur (PO) obtenus par hybridation soustractive suppressive : caracterisation des gènes ribF et stol1H10 codant la riboflavine kinase et une protéine hypothétique de surface absents du génome de "candidatus phytoplasma asteris" (OY-M)“. Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21295.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhytoplasmas are phloem-restricted bacterial plant pathogens unvailable in culture. A modified Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) method allowed to isolate a nearly pure stolbur phytoplasma DNA from infected Catharanthus roseus periwinkle plants. Comparative analysis of 181 stolbur phytoplasma genetic loci (113 kbp) indicated that the G+C content of the stolbur phytoplasma genome should be about 26 %. Among 217 protein coding sequences, 83 % were homologous to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' (OY-M) genes. Two genes encoding proteins homologous to a mycoplasma surface protein and riboflavin kinase but absent in 'Ca. P. Asteris' were fully characterized. The stol-1H10 gene encodes a 59 kDa protein harbouring a putative signal peptide and a C-terminal transmembrane domain which should allow the matured 1H10 protein to be exposed at the phytoplasma surface. Such genes could play a role in the adaptation of stolbur phytoplasma to a specific family of insect vector
Czeher, Cyrille. „Distribution nationale de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Niger : effets sur les anophèles vecteurs“. Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581836.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarret, Céline. „Babesia canis : caractérisation d'antigènes parasitaires solublespotentiellement impliqués dans l'immunoprotection induite chez le chien et analyse moléculaire du polymorphisme génétique des sous-espèces“. Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON13507.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOlayat, Sophie. „Utilisation de vecteurs rétroviraux aviaires pour l'étude de l'implication de gènes dans la resistance des oiseaux aux maladies viro-induites“. Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR3309.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVega, Rua Anubis. „Émergence du virus chikungunya en Amérique et en Europe“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066197.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChikungunya virus (CHIKV), transmitted mainly by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is a major public health problem. Since 2004, CHIKV epidemics have been reported in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean Islands, and Europe. Only the Americas seemed spared despite high densities of mosquitoes and multiple introductions of the virus to the continent by travelers returning from countries where CHIKV was circulating. We have assessed the risk of CHIKV emergence in the Americas by evaluating the vector competence of 35 local populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus infected with different strains of CHIKV. These populations were shown to be susceptible to CHIKV infection, highlighting the predominant role of salivary glands as a "filter" of transmission. Genotyping of Ae. albopictus from the Americas using microsatellites allowed the identification of a genetic cluster of populations characterized by a low transmission of CHIKV strains of the East-Central-South-African genotype. In October 2013, Asian strains of CHIKV began circulating in the Caribbean. Thus, we evaluated the susceptibility of 11 populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to the Asian CHIKV genotype and showed that the two species were sufficiently competent to ensure dissemination of the virus throughout the continent. Furthermore, we showed that Ae. albopictus was likely to facilitate the spread of CHIKV to Europe. However, the vector competence of French Ae. albopictus to the Asian CHIKV genotype was negatively affected by temperatures lower than those usually found in tropical countries