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Korkosz, Mariusz, Jan Prokop, Bartlomiej Pakla, Grzegorz Podskarbi, and Piotr Bogusz. "Analysis of Open-Circuit Fault in Fault-Tolerant BLDC Motors with Different Winding Configurations." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205321.
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In this study, tests were carried out on a brushless permanent magnet DC motor with different winding configurations. Three configurations were compared: star, delta and combined star–delta. A mathematical model was constructed for the motor, taking into account the different winding configurations. An analysis of the operation of the motor in the different configurations was performed, based on numerical calculations. The use of different winding configurations affects the properties of the motor. This is significant in the case of the occurrence of various fault states. Based on numerical calculations, an analysis of an open-circuit fault in one of the phases of the motor was performed. Fast Fourier Transform—FFT analysis of the artificial neutral-point voltage was used for the detection of fault states. The results were verified by tests carried out under laboratory conditions. It was shown that the winding configuration has an impact on the behaviour of the motor in the case of an open circuit in one of the phases. The classical star configuration is the worst of the possible arrangements. The most favourable in this respect is the delta configuration. In the case of the combined star–delta configuration, the consequences of the fault depend on the location of the open circuit.
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Hwang, Chang Chou, Hsing Cheng Chang, Ming Te Ho, and Cheng Tsung Liu. "Design Comparison of Fractional-Slot IPM Machine Types for an Electric Power Steering Application." Materials Science Forum 670 (December 2010): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.670.243.
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This paper deals with the design comparison of interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors with fractional-slot winding configurations for an electric power steering (EPS) application. By making comparisons of these configurations based on cogging torque, torque ripple, average torque, and efficiency, an IPM rotor configuration has been chosen for use as a prototype motor. The Taguchi parameter method coupled with the finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to achieve the desired performance requirements within a reasonable geometry. To assess the rated current and thermal behavior of the motor, the lumped circuit models are conducted.
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Pathak, Aditya, Ganesh Sethuraman, Sebastian Krapf, Aybike Ongel, and Markus Lienkamp. "Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3 (2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030056.
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The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.
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Tuononen, Ari J., and Antti Lajunen. "Modal analysis of different drivetrain configurations in electric vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 1 (2016): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316635857.
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This paper presents a modal analysis of different drivetrain configurations in electric vehicles; 1) an in – wheel motor, 2) direct drive, and 3) an electric motor with a reduction gear and a differential gear. A specific simulation model was developed to analyze the vibrations while taking into account the traction motor, possible mechanical reduction gears, and the driveshaft, as well as a Rigid Ring Model (RRM) to describe the tire. On the basis of the simulation results, the frequency responses were calculated for each drivetrain configuration and also for a non-drive, free-rolling tire. The analyzed results show interesting differences between the different drivetrain configurations. However, most of the negative aspects can be compensated for if identified in the early design phase. For instance, the frequency response of the in-wheel motor configuration indicated that the vibrations that occur might cause negative effects in terms of driving comfort and wheel speed signal noise. The direct drive configuration has an additional mode at 24 Hz, and the differential configuration at 4 Hz. It is possible that these modes would resonate strongly if some drivetrain design parameters were poorly defined.
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Hoang, Ngoc-Tan, and Hong-Sen Yan. "On the Design of In-Wheel-Hub Motor Transmission Systems with Six-Link Mechanisms for Electric Vehicles." Energies 11, no. 11 (2018): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112920.
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Nowadays, there are several electric vehicles (EV) on the market, due to the innovation of technology that promotes new components such as batteries, transmissions, and electric motors. This study proposes the design procedure for the configuration synthesis and simulation of in-wheel-hub motor transmissions with six-link mechanisms. The synthesis process shows six mechanisms with six members and eight joints, 15 new clutchless motor transmissions, and 16 new clutched motor transmissions. A novel motor transmission with the possibility of synthesized configurations is chosen as a case to analyze the working rules connected with the power flow modes and operation modes. Moreover, this design is modeled for the simulation process that generates the results of the operation mode transition and energy regulation.
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Boynov, K., J. J. H. Paulides, and E. A. Lomonova. "Comparative analysis of the SRM as an alternative to the PM motor for automotive applications." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 5 (2014): 1599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2013-0296.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present comparative analysis of several configurations of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an in-wheel drive for a heavy-duty automotive series hybrid system. The SRM motor is regarded as one of the primary candidates for possible replacement of the permanent magnet (PM) motor. Design/methodology/approach – Three SRMs of 10/8, 12/10 and 12/8 configurations have been analysed, where the last two motors had the stator lamination profile taken from the existing PM motor. The analysis is performed using magnetostatic FEM and transient modelling techniques. Findings – The maximum developed electromagnetic torque of the two analysed motors of 12/10 and 12/8 SRM configurations with the stator lamination profile taken from the existing PM motor is limited due to saturation of the stator yoke. Both motor configurations are capable to provide the specified power within the same outer dimensions due to extended speed in the field-weakening region and position independent starting torque. A redesigned stator results in substantial increase in torque developed by the machine and, consequently, ability to provide similar torque-speed performance as the existing PM motor, at cost of increased copper loss at the low-speed regime. Originality/value – The paper proposes several structures of SRMs for the in-wheel drive for a heavy-duty automotive series hybrid system converted from the present expensive PM machine, having the same power density. The “bottleneck” of the direct conversion of the PM machine into the SRM is highlighted.
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Malfait, Nicole, Douglas M. Shiller, and David J. Ostry. "Transfer of Motor Learning across Arm Configurations." Journal of Neuroscience 22, no. 22 (2002): 9656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-22-09656.2002.
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Chen, Yan-song, I.-Ming Chen, and Tyng Liu. "A design approach for multi-configuration hybrid transmission mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (2020): 2744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020924981.
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Several hybrid architectures have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles. For example, power-split architecture brings seamless operation, while parallel architecture makes the internal combustion engine directly drive the wheel. To combine the advantages of various architectures, this study aims to develop a design approach to create a transmission mechanism that has multiple configurations and uses these configurations to achieve several hybrid architectures. First, this study standardized hybrid transmission mechanisms using the Function Power Graph; this powerful and intuitive tool inspired several elements and an element layout for the new mechanisms. Then, several configurations with up to five elements were enumerated and organized into the databases. Next, the mechanisms with multiple configurations and a limited number of clutching units (clutches or brakes) were evaluated, 10 of which were identified as the best group that provided five parallel configurations, two 2-motor electric vehicle configurations, and a power-split configuration. At the end of this paper, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism was developed as a demonstration. It provides higher power and torque at the output but there is no need to use the larger internal combustion engine or motor-generators. This mechanism also enables the internal combustion engine to drive in overdrive parallel architectures to avoid the loss in energy conversion when the power-split architecture is not required. As a result, after a designer specifies the desired hybrid configurations, follows the procedure, and uses the configuration databases built in this study, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism will be created.
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Shen, Jianxin, Kang Wang, Dan Shi, Canfei Wang, and Mengjia Jin. "Optimal design of low-cost IPM AC motor." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 5 (2014): 1587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2013-0292.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the optimal design of a low-cost interior permanent magnet (IPM) alternating current (AC) motor. It examines the influence of the permanent magnet (PM) materials, and proposes a simple and practical method of optimizing the air-gap field to achieve sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF), and to reduce the cogging torque. Design/methodology/approach – IPM AC motors with different magnet materials and various topologies are comparatively studied. Finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the performances of these designs. Material costs and manufacture costs are both taken into account. Finally, an optimized design is prototyped and tested, validating the design considerations. Findings – In an IPM AC motor, even if the rotor outer profile is round, the air-gap field distribution can be fined, while the cogging torque can be significantly reduced, by properly shaping the stator tooth tips. Nevertheless, this technique is usually applicable to motor configurations with concentrated windings, but not to those with distributed windings. Originality/value – While using ferrite magnets for PM AC motors with a kW power, interior magnets are usually inserted in V-shaped slots, and the rotor outer profile is often shaped in order to enhance the air-gap field distribution. However, such a rotor configuration usually increases the manufacture costs, and also deteriorates the consistency of mass production. Therefore, a new motor configuration with a round rotor outer profile and shaped stator tooth tips is proposed. It can not only overcome the aforementioned problems, but also improve the motor performance.
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de Freitas, Roberto M., Atsushi Sasaki, Dimitry G. Sayenko, et al. "Selectivity and excitability of upper-limb muscle activation during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 131, no. 2 (2021): 746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00132.2021.
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We examined selectivity and excitability of motor activation in multiple upper-limb muscles during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation with different cathode and anode configurations. Hand muscles were more activated when the cathode was configured over the T1 vertebra compared with C6 and C7 locations. Higher stimulation intensities were required to activate distal hand muscles than proximal arm muscles. Finally, configuration of anode over anterior neck elicited larger responses compared with other configurations.
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Laskaris, Konstantinos, Effrosyni Theodorou, Vasilios Papanikolaou, and Antonios Kladas. "High Efficiency Permanent Magnet Wheel Motor Design for Light Electric Vehicle Applications." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.313.
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Permanent magnet synchronous machines with non-overlapping concentrated fractional-slot windings present certain improved electrical characteristics compared to full pitch windings configurations. This paper describes the design process and construction of two 10-pole permanent magnet synchronous motors, featuring full-pitch and fractional-pitch windings. The paper compares these two configurations in terms of performance and efficiency. Both motors have been designed for direct-drive applications with low speed and high efficiency capability and are intended to be used as a traction drive in an electric prototype vehicle. The proposed motors have external rotor configuration with surface mounted NdFeB magnets. The electromagnetic characteristics and performance are computed and analyzed by means of finite elements analysis. These results are finally compared with the experimental measurements on respective prototypes.
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Rogova, Olga. "Electromagnetic Motor with an Active Teeth-Slot Zone for Vibration Technologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.67.
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The paper describes finding magnetic system rational geometrical ratios for a linear cylinder electromagnetic motor with the active teeth-slot zone. Rational ratios were found with finite-elements simulation and analytical derivations with respect to motor efficiency. The rational geometrical ratios ranges have been found for the inductor active volume. The investigation results can be widely used in design of electromagnetic motors with various teeth-slot zone configurations.
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Adamski, Bartłomiej, and Krzysztof Wrobel. "Analysis of the influence of phase supply angular range on the parameters of a switched reluctance motor." ITM Web of Conferences 28 (2019): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192801035.
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The paper presents the results of studies on the impact of the angular range of phase supply on the parameters of a drive based on a switched reluctance motor. The studies were carried out for a drive with a three-phase motor supplied from a modified power supply system, enabling changes in the phase winding configuration. The paper presents the results obtained on the basis of calculations in a simulation model of the drive in the Matlab/Simulink environment for serial and parallel winding configurations.
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Mawardi, Muhamad Iqbal, Bertho Tantular, and Resa Septiani Pontoh. "PENERAPAN CONFIGURAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (CFA) UNTUK MENENTUKAN KARAKTERISTIK USER DAN NON USER MOTOR X DI KOTA CIREBON (Studi Kasus PT. XYZ)." Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 9, no. 2 (2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2017.9.2.2868.
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ABSTRACT. PT. XYZ has a role as the main dealer of motor X in West Java with marketing area in three cities: Bandung, Bekasi and Cirebon. The company survey always held every year about Brand Awareness & Image to users and non user motor X to know the characteristics of consumers. Based on the company report survey there was a decrease in the indicators of Top Of Mind Unit in Cirebon City for the user of 30.8% and for non users of 9.8%. This study aims to determine the characteristics that cause the decline of the Top Of Mind Unit based on the configuration of user characteristics and non user motor X in Cirebon City by using Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). From the results of data analysis can be seen that there are three configurations of user characteristics and non users that deviate from the base model is formed. These three configurations can be considered in determining the marketing strategy to maintain and improve the Top Of Mind Unit in Cirebon City.
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Nguyen, Cong Thanh, Paul D. Walker, Nong Zhang, and Jiageng Ruan. "Efficiency improvement of a novel dual motor powertrain for plug-in hybrid electric buses." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 7 (2020): 1869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019896888.
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Powertrain configuration plays an important role in the performance of plug-in hybrid electric buses. Current designs are the compromise between energy efficiency, dynamic ability, shifting smoothness and manufactural cost. To balance the above requirements, this research proposes a novel dual motor powertrain for plug-in hybrid electric buses. The efficiency improvement is compared to the conventional plug-in parallel hybrid electric buses with a single motor powertrain. Parameter designs of system components guarantee two configurations equivalently. To maximize the benefits of the proposed powertrain, this paper introduces an energy management strategy which coordinates enumeration method and dynamic programming to build the optimal maps of powertrain operation. The enumeration method determines the working points of power sources and gear states in all possible modes according to vehicle speed and power. The dynamic programming then selects the most suitable mode with the consideration of gear shifting and mode change in the optimal maps. Simulation results show that the dual motors work in peak efficiency region much more frequently than the single motor in different conditions. Therefore, the total energy cost of dual motor powertrain for entire driving cycles decreases significantly in comparison with the single motor powertrain, 6.5% in the LA92 and 6.7% in the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule.
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Zabunov, Svetoslav, and Garo Mardirossian. "Scales for measuring UAV micro-motor static thrust." Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 30 (2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v30.e08.
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With the advent of micro-sized unmanned helicopters and airplanes weighing under 250 g certain needs for measurement instruments and setups are emerging. The authors have identified the lack of micro-motor measurement instruments and more specifically a static thrust gauge device. For this reason, scales to measure static motor thrust was advised and further developed as a laboratory setup. The motors that are subject to testing with the described instrument are the brushed micro-sized coreless electric motors, well suited for micro-drones with total weight under 250 g. The scale is fitting different sizes of micro-motors and appropriate control of the input voltage is provided. The instrument is measuring simultaneously the applied voltage to the motor and the current it consumes, along with the static thrust the motor generates. The scale is versatile – it measures both pusher and tractor propeller configurations. Pusher propellers in micro-drones are gaining significant attention lately due to their better efficiency characteristics.
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Bonkhoff, Anna K., Flor A. Espinoza, Harshvardhan Gazula, et al. "Acute ischaemic stroke alters the brain’s preference for distinct dynamic connectivity states." Brain 143, no. 5 (2020): 1525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa101.
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Abstract Acute ischaemic stroke disturbs healthy brain organization, prompting subsequent plasticity and reorganization to compensate for the loss of specialized neural tissue and function. Static resting state functional MRI studies have already furthered our understanding of cerebral reorganization by estimating stroke-induced changes in network connectivity aggregated over the duration of several minutes. In this study, we used dynamic resting state functional MRI analyses to increase temporal resolution to seconds and explore transient configurations of motor network connectivity in acute stroke. To this end, we collected resting state functional MRI data of 31 patients with acute ischaemic stroke and 17 age-matched healthy control subjects. Stroke patients presented with moderate to severe hand motor deficits. By estimating dynamic functional connectivity within a sliding window framework, we identified three distinct connectivity configurations of motor-related networks. Motor networks were organized into three regional domains, i.e. a cortical, subcortical and cerebellar domain. The dynamic connectivity patterns of stroke patients diverged from those of healthy controls depending on the severity of the initial motor impairment. Moderately affected patients (n = 18) spent significantly more time in a weakly connected configuration that was characterized by low levels of connectivity, both locally as well as between distant regions. In contrast, severely affected patients (n = 13) showed a significant preference for transitions into a spatially segregated connectivity configuration. This configuration featured particularly high levels of local connectivity within the three regional domains as well as anti-correlated connectivity between distant networks across domains. A third connectivity configuration represented an intermediate connectivity pattern compared to the preceding two, and predominantly encompassed decreased interhemispheric connectivity between cortical motor networks independent of individual deficit severity. Alterations within this third configuration thus closely resembled previously reported ones originating from static resting state functional MRI studies post-stroke. In summary, acute ischaemic stroke not only prompted changes in connectivity between distinct networks, but it also caused characteristic changes in temporal properties of large-scale network interactions depending on the severity of the individual deficit. These findings offer new vistas on the dynamic neural mechanisms underlying acute neurological symptoms, cortical reorganization and treatment effects in stroke patients.
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Trommershauser, J. "Sensory-motor choices among configurations with variable expected gain." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (2010): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.127.
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Ramesh, A., O. Chandra Sekhar, and M. Siva Kumar. "A Novel Three Phase Multilevel Inverter with Single Dc Link For Induction Motor Drive Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 2 (2018): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp763-770.
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All industrial drives need a controlled output and it can be achieved by controlling the input supply. In this regard, the inverter circuit plays an important role in the applications of industrial drives. The industrial drives are operated at high rated power and the conventional inverters cannot be applicable for high power demands because of the large dV/dt (rate of change of voltage) and more switching losses. Therefore, multilevel inverters are introduced for high power-medium voltage applications. For all AC drives the MLIs are reliable in operation. This MLI topology also reduces the harmonics and bearings stress of a motor with low dV/dt. In most applications multilevel inverters are used because we can get more number of voltage levels. To increase the number of voltage levels, circuit needs to have more switches. But, we have to optimize the switch count and switching operations. The power level of the inverter is limited due to high currents and stress. In this paper, we proposed a new circuit topology which enables the switches to be active at different voltage levels, causes reduction of the switching losses and also increases the efficiency of the inverter. In this we have presented two configurations for an eleven level MLI for three phase induction motor drive application. In this an individual DC source is connected for each bridge circuit of each phase in one configuration and only one common DC link is used for three phases in another configuration. With this the size, cost and complexity could be decreased. In both the configurations the controlled output of the inverter is connected to the induction motor drive. The circuits are modeled using Matlab/simulink software and corresponding output waveforms are analyzed for both configurations.
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Demas, Nicholaos G., Robert A. Erck, Cinta Lorenzo-Martin, Oyelayo O. Ajayi, and George R. Fenske. "Experimental Evaluation of Oxide Nanoparticles as Friction and Wear Improvement Additives in Motor Oil." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8425782.
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The effect of two nanoparticle oxides on friction and wear was studied under laboratory test conditions using a reciprocating test machine and two test configurations. The addition of these nanoparticles in base stock oil under certain conditions reduced the coefficient of friction and improved wear, but that depended on the test configuration. Examination of the rubbed surfaces showed the pronounced formation of a tribofilm in some cases, while polishing on the surface was also observed in other cases. Contact configuration is important when oxide nanoparticles are being evaluated and the conclusions about their efficacy can be vastly different.
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Krasopoulos, Christos, Minos Beniakar, and Antonios G. Kladas. "Comparison of Three Different In-Wheel SMPM Motor Configurations Based on the Urban NEDC." Materials Science Forum 856 (May 2016): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.856.233.
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Design optimization of traction motors for light electric vehicles over an operating point is an adequate way of achieving higher overall efficiency under a standard driving scheme of the vehicle. However, this work proves that a direct comparison of similar candidates regarding efficiency values under a predetermined operating point does not yield sufficient information on the economy achieved on a specific driving pattern per candidate. This paper presents a comparative study on three similar surface mounted permanent magnet in-wheel motor configurations. On a first step, these configurations are compared in terms of efficiency and performance over one operating point. On a second step, efficiency maps of the designs under study are utilized to provide a wider picture of their efficiency attributes. On the final step, the three configurations are simulated driving a prototype light electric vehicle in the Urban part of the New European Driving Cycle and the results are discussed.
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Cavalcanti, João Zugaib, Iago Oliveira Gomes, Abrahão Fontes Baptista, Katia Nunes Sá, Marcos Almeida Matos, and Rita de Cássia Saldanha De Lucena. "Neurophysiological basis of a new electrode configuration to potentiate the tDCS: Protocols for upper limbs." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 7, no. 3 (2017): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v7i3.1559.
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) uses a direct electrical current to modulate the activity of cortical neurons. Anodal tDCS (positive pole) increases the excitability of cortical neurons, while cathodic tDCS (negative pole) reduces it. However, when applied in the peripheral nervous system the effects are the opposite of cranial application. Furthermore, when central and peripheral stimuli are used concomitantly, their effects can be summed up. This has been demonstrated by combining tDCS with other forms of sensory peripheral stimulation. We propose a new electrode configuration to potentiate the excitatory and inhibitory effects of tDCS on neuronal excitability and increase upper limb motor function. Our hypothesis is that placement of the electrodes in the primary motor cortex (M1) and the contralateral brachial plexus (BP) would promote this potentiation by central and peripheral synaptic summation. We will test our hypothesis in two proof-of-concept studies. Study 1) Secondary trial, in which we will evaluate the effects of these configurations on the neuronal excitability of healthy individuals; Study 2) A double-blind, randomized and crossover clinical trial in which we will test the stimulation with the anode in M1 and the cathode in the contralateral BP on the motor function and electrophysiological markers of individuals with cerebral palsy. The effects of the new configurations will be compared with the conventional configuration (M1 / contralateral supraorbital region). We expect that our investigations will identify a more efficient way to apply tDCS and consequently a better clinical use of this technique.
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Pietrosimone, Brian G., Noelle M. Selkow, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Joseph M. Hart, and Susan A. Saliba. "Electrode Type and Placement Configuration for Quadriceps Activation Evaluation." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 6 (2011): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.6.621.
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Context: The ability to accurately estimate quadriceps voluntary activation is an important tool for assessing neuromuscular function after a variety of knee injuries. Different techniques have been used to assess quadriceps volitional activation, including various stimulating electrode types and electrode configurations, yet the optimal electrode types and configurations for depolarizing motor units in the attempt to assess muscle activation are unknown. Objective: To determine whether stimulating electrode type and configuration affect quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) and percentage-of-activation measurements in healthy participants. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients and Other Participants: Twenty participants (13 men, 7 women; age = 26 ± 5.3 years, height = 173.85 ± 7.3 cm, mass = 77.37 ± 16 kg) volunteered. Intervention(s): All participants performed 4 counter-balanced muscle activation tests incorporating 2 different electrode types (self-adhesive, carbon-impregnated) and 2 electrode configurations (vastus, rectus). Main Outcome Measure(s): Quadriceps activation was calculated with the CAR and percentage-of-activation equations, which were derived from superimposed burst and resting torque measurements. Results: No differences were found between conditions for CAR and percentage-of-activation measurements, whereas resting twitch torque was higher in the rectus configuration for both self-adhesive (216 ± 66.98 Nm) and carbon-impregnated (209.1 ± 68.22 Nm) electrodes than in the vastus configuration (209.5 ± 65.5 Nm and 204 ± 62.7 Nm, respectively) for these electrode types (F1,19 = 4.87, P = .04). In addition, resting twitch torque was greater for both electrode configurations with self-adhesive electrodes than with carbon-impregnated electrodes (F1,19 = 9.33, P = .007). Bland-Altman plots revealed acceptable mean differences for agreement between electrode type and configuration for CAR and percentage of activation, but limits of agreement were wide. Conclusions: Although these electrode configurations and types might not necessarily be able to be used interchangeably, differences in electrode type and configuration did not seem to affect CAR and percentage-of-activation outcome measures.
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Morales-Morales, Josefa, Miguel A. Rivera-Cruz, Pedro Cruz-Alcantar, Horacio Bautista Santos, Ilse Cervantes-Camacho, and Vladimir A. Reyes Herrera. "Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Multiple Converter Configuration." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031074.
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The use of electric vehicles and their various configurations is seen as a major alternative in efforts towards reducing pollutant emissions from motor vehicles that continue to use fossil fuels. Electric transport technology presents more efficient means of energy conversion in vehicles: electric (EV), hybrid (VH), and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles. For example, the energy storage system in the latter can be made up of ultracapacitors (UCs), batteries (Bs), and fuel cells. This work focuses on HEVs powered by batteries and ultracapacitors. In particular, the multiple converter configuration (C-CM) for the HEV powertrain system is analyzed using electric models of the vehicle powertrain components. To analyze the multiple converter configuration, parameters of a vehicle taken from the literature and the electrical model of the configuration were developed. With the above, the proposed configuration was evaluated before driving cycles (CITY II and ECE) and the configuration performance was compared with respect to other configurations. In the C-CM model, limitations in the choice of the number of Bs and UCs were observed in the powertrain depending on the maximum power of both energy sources and vehicle load demand. The results show that more energy is extracted from the batteries in the ECE cycle than in the CITY taking into account that the batteries are used as the main power source. C-CM results compared to other configurations show that energy extracted from batteries in the CITY is the same across all configurations. While energy consumption is lower in the ECE, C-CM results were not very significant compared to other configurations. However, the C-MC has the advantage of having better power flow control due to having two converters, thus improving HEV safety.
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Lemay, Michel A., and Warren M. Grill. "Modularity of Motor Output Evoked By Intraspinal Microstimulation in Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (2004): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00235.2003.
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We studied the forces produced at the cat's hindpaw by microstimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral lumbar spinal cord in spinal intact α-chloralose anesthetized ( n = 3) or decerebrate ( n = 3) animals. Isometric force and EMG responses were measured at 9-12 limb configurations, with the paw attached to a force transducer and with the hip and femur fixed. The active forces elicited at different limb configurations were summarized as force fields representing the sagittal plane component of the forces produced at the paw throughout the workspace. The forces varied in amplitude over time but the orientations were stable, and the pattern of an active force field was invariant through time. The active force fields divided into four distinct types, and a few of the fields showed convergence to an equilibrium point. The fields were generally produced by coactivation of the hindlimb muscles. In addition, some of the fields were consistent with known spinal reflexes and the stimulation sites producing them were in laminae where the interneurons associated with those reflexes are known to be located. Muscle activation produced by intraspinal stimulation, as assessed by intramuscular EMG activity, was modified with limb configuration, suggesting that the responses were not fixed, but were modified by position-dependent sensory feedback. The force responses may represent basic outputs of the spinal circuitry and may be related to similar spinal primitives found in the frog and rat.
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Zhao, Wenliang, Cong Liu, Yujing Li, Xue Fan, and Xiuhe Wang. "Design and analysis of a high-performance surface inset permanent magnet motor with asymmetrical rotor." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (2020): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209324.
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This paper presents a novel design strategy for surface inset permanent magnet (SIPM) motors to suppress torque pulsations and maintain the high output torque by integrating the magnet skewing and asymmetrical rotor configurations. The magnet skewing is implemented within one magnet pole pitch to reduce cogging torque by avoiding excessive torque degradation, and the asymmetrical rotor is designed to improve the utilization of the torque components, thus to compensate the decreased torque due to the magnet skewing. To highlight the advantages of the proposed motor, a conventional SIPM motor is adopted for performance comparison with the aid of the finite element method. As a result, the proposed SIPM motor highly reduced the cogging torque (−79.7%) and torque ripple (−54.7%) while maintaining a high average torque when compared to the conventional SIPM motor.
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Tomita, Yosuke, Anatol G. Feldman, and Mindy F. Levin. "Referent control and motor equivalence of reaching from standing." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (2017): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00292.2016.
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Motor actions may result from central changes in the referent body configuration, defined as the body posture at which muscles begin to be activated or deactivated. The actual body configuration deviates from the referent configuration, particularly because of body inertia and environmental forces. Within these constraints, the system tends to minimize the difference between these configurations. For pointing movement, this strategy can be expressed as the tendency to minimize the difference between the referent trajectory (RT) and actual trajectory (QT) of the effector (hand). This process may underlie motor equivalent behavior that maintains the pointing trajectory regardless of the number of body segments involved. We tested the hypothesis that the minimization process is used to produce pointing in standing subjects. With eyes closed, 10 subjects reached from a standing position to a remembered target located beyond arm length. In randomly chosen trials, hip flexion was unexpectedly prevented, forcing subjects to take a step during pointing to prevent falling. The task was repeated when subjects were instructed to intentionally take a step during pointing. In most cases, reaching accuracy and trajectory curvature were preserved due to adaptive condition-specific changes in interjoint coordination. Results suggest that referent control and the minimization process associated with it may underlie motor equivalence in pointing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor actions may result from minimization of the deflection of the actual body configuration from the centrally specified referent body configuration, in the limits of neuromuscular and environmental constraints. The minimization process may maintain reaching trajectory and accuracy regardless of the number of body segments involved (motor equivalence), as confirmed in this study of reaching from standing in young healthy individuals. Results suggest that the referent control process may underlie motor equivalence in reaching.
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Meng, Lingsheng, Yuanji Zou, Yudi Qin, and Zhichao Hou. "A new electric wheel and optimization on its suspension parameters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (2020): 2759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020921736.
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Hub-driven technology with its many advantages has become a potential transformation technology in the automotive industry. In order to inhibit the negative effects of the in-wheel motor, a new electric wheel configuration was presented with two-stage suspensions, and optimization was conducted for the suspension parameters. With the specially introduced flexible transmission elements and motor suspension, the electric wheel is capable of achieving power transmission and vertical vibration isolation simultaneously. A quarter-vehicle model was established, and vehicle performance-related indices were defined to evaluate the applicability of the new electric wheel. An optimization problem was then constructed for suspension parameters, where constraint conditions were derived according to vehicle dynamics. The optimal solution was sought by a genetic algorithm, aiming at utilizing the full potential of the configuration. Simulations were carried out taking the optimal suspension parameters into account, and comparison was made with vehicles equipped with other electric wheel configurations in terms of these performance indices. The results show that the proposed electric wheel reduces motor vibration, and increases wheel dynamic load and vehicle body acceleration.
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Mattos, D. J. S., M. L. Latash, E. Park, J. Kuhl, and J. P. Scholz. "Unpredictable elbow joint perturbation during reaching results in multijoint motor equivalence." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (2011): 1424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00163.2011.
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Motor equivalence expresses the idea that movement components reorganize in the face of perturbations to preserve the value of important performance variables, such as the hand's position in reaching. A formal method is introduced to evaluate this concept quantitatively: changes in joint configuration due to unpredictable elbow perturbation lead to a smaller change in performance variables than expected given the magnitude of joint configuration change. This study investigated whether motor equivalence was present during the entire movement trajectory and how magnitude of motor equivalence was affected by constraints imposed by two different target types. Subjects pointed to spherical and cylindrical targets both with and without an elbow joint perturbation produced by a low- or high-stiffness elastic band. Subjects' view of their arm was blocked in the initial position, and the perturbation condition was randomized to avoid prediction of the perturbation or its magnitude. A modification of the uncontrolled manifold method variance analysis was used to investigate how changes in joint configuration on perturbed vs. nonperturbed trials (joint deviation vector) affected the hand's position or orientation. Evidence for motor equivalence induced by the perturbation was present from the reach onset and increased with the strength of the perturbation after 40% of the reach, becoming more prominent as the reach progressed. Hand orientation was stabilized more strongly by motor equivalent changes in joint configuration than was three-dimensional position regardless of the target condition. Results are consistent with a recent model of neural control that allows for flexible patterns of joint coordination while resisting joint configuration deviations in directions that affect salient performance variables. The observations also fit a general scheme of synergic control with referent configurations defined across different levels of the motor hierarchy.
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Zieleźnicki, Jan, Adam Grzybowski, and Janusz Błaszczyk. "Comparison Of Selected Characteristics Of Brushless DC Motors For Optoelectronic Sensors Positioning." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 36, no. 1 (2015): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2015-0022.
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Abstract Thanks to their advantageous properties such as higher durability, reliability and wide scope of speed achievable with a given load, brushless DC motors are often used in Line-of-Sight stabilization systems of the optoelectronic aircraft gimbals. Since there are many sub-types and configurations of such motors, choosing the optimal structure is not a trivial issue. This paper presents the selection process of a motor with properties that would make it ideal for use in an optoelectronic gimbal drive.
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Patsios, Charalampos, Minos E. Beniakar, Antonios G. Kladas, and John Prousalidis. "A Simple and Efficient Parametric Design Approach for Marine Electrical Machines." Materials Science Forum 792 (August 2014): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.792.367.
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In this paper a parametric design procedure of electrical machines used in naval propulsion systems is developed. The algorithm uses a series of design characteristics i.e. the type of the machine, the winding configuration and key geometrical properties, as parameters and is implemented on MATLAB® script allowing for a straightforward incorporation with other development tools. Using the proposed algorithm, two of the most common machine configurations involved in marine electrical propulsion systems i.e. the Induction Motor and the Synchronous Permanent Magnet Motor, are designed and 2D finite element modeling and analysis is performed. MATLAB® is used to interact with the FEMM software package through ActiveX framework, allowing for a detailed calculation of the electromagnetic properties of the machines examined.
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Haggard, Patrick, Chris Miall, and John Stein. "Twisted pairs: Does the motor system really care about joint configurations?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 4 (1995): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040838.
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AbstractExtrapersonal frames of reference for aimed movements are representationally convenient. They may, however, carry associated costs when the movement is executed in terms of the complex coordination of multiple joints they require. Studies that have measured both fingertip and joint paths suggest the motor systems may seek a compromise between simplicity of extrapersonal spatial representation and computational simplicity of multi-joint execution.
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Rajesh, V. R., and T. K. Biju. "Effect of Geometrical Parameters on the Performance of Linear Motor for a Stirling Cooler." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 04 (2017): 1750031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517500316.
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Stirling coolers are becoming more popular in the area of remote sensing and space applications because of their inherent characteristics, viz., long life, high reliability, less weight, etc. In order to have a good onboard performance, the selection of the compressor drive system is crucial. The current development is to replace the conventional crank-driven compressor with a linear motor-driven compressor. Linear motors are simple devices in which axial forces are generated by current flowing in a magnetic field. This paper explores the possibility of employing various combinations of components and their materials for the design of linear drive system. The analysis includes material selection, electromagnetic design and comparison of different configurations in order to meet the stringent operating requirements of the cooler. The compactness of the Stirling cooler is influenced by the available permanent magnet dimensions, the coil winding and the shape of the outer core. Various material combinations were simulated and compared before finalizing the motor geometry. The effect of an increase in magnet height on the flux density of the air gap was studied and the magnetic saturation levels of the inner and outer core were analyzed. The influence of radial air gap on the thrust force was compared for the different configurations. The present study helps in choosing a linear motor with appropriate materials and geometry in the development of a Stirling cooler.
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Cheng, Ming, Rui Wu Cao, Wei Hua, and Xin Wang. "A New Linear Double Salient Permanent Magnet Motor with Complementary Winding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.115.
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In this paper, two novel structures of linear double salient permanent magnet (LDSPM) motor having magnets and armature windings in primary are proposed and compared. Firstly, the design principles of both motors are presented. Then, for a fair comparison, two motors are designed based on the same primary dimensions including the slot area, teeth number, pole pitch, permanent magnet volumes and coils number per phase, while the stator pole pitch and the primary structure are different. Finally, the configurations and static characteristics of both motors are critically compared based on finite element (FE) analysis. The results indicate that the proposed topology can avoid the asymmetry of back-EMF waveforms and reduce cogging force and thrust force ripple. Also, the proposed primary permanent magnet linear motors are suitable for the longer stator application such as urban rail transit (URT).
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Grebenikov, V. V., R. V. Gamaliia, and S. A. Dadychyn. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC SYSTEMS OF PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS FOR TRAM." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no. 5 (2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.05.027.
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A numerical study of eight configurations of magnetic systems of electric motors with permanent magnets for driving a tram was carried out. The permanent magnet electric motor can be used as a high-speed electric drive to replace the existing DC electric drive of a tram, and as a low-speed gearless electric drive of a new generation tram. The most promising configurations of magnetic systems of electric motors with permanent magnets for tram drive have been determined. By varying the geometrical and winding parameters of each of the investigated models of electric motors, the mechanical characteristics are determined, at which the given torque and power are achieved in the entire range of the rotor speed. Also, a thermal calculation was performed taking into account the urban driving cycle of high-speed electric motors with air cooling by a fan and low-speed ones in liquid cooling mode. The calculation of the characteristics of the investigated electric motors was carried out in the Simcentre MotorSolve software package. References 13, figures 8, tables 3.
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Elhomdy, Esmail, Zheng Liu, and Guofeng Li. "Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of a 72/48 Switched Reluctance Motor for Low-Speed Direct-Drive Mining Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132722.
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In the process of electric motor design, it is essential to predict and provide an accurate thermal and mechanical model. The aim of this research is to improve the thermal and mechanical performance—which is implemented into a 72/48 switched reluctance motor (SRM) with 75 kW—of a low-speed direct-drive mining system (pulverizer). Thermal analysis of the SRM requires a deep understanding of the coolant behavior and the thermal mechanism in the motor. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out in order to precisely visualize and estimate fluid state and temperature distribution inside the motor. Several different coolant configurations were carried out, with the purpose of determining an appropriate one for uniform temperature distribution in the SRM. The natural frequencies are presented with the developed finite element mechanical, structural model. To adapt in the mining application, the cooling jacket configurations with 17 channels and the shaft with spoke was found to be optimal for the SRM, which may raise the natural frequency and reduce the weight and temperature of the motor. The simulations results showed a good agreement with experimental results regarding temperature distribution within the motor.
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Srinivasan, S., S. Manikandan, D. Govindaswamy, and K. Ravichandran. "A Modulation Technique for Sensorless Control of Switched Reluctance Motor." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 3 (2019): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.14409.
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The switched reluctance motor (SRM) uniquely bears several merits with respect to other motor configurations. Especially, the construction of the rotor is simple in the sense that it neither contains copper not contains permanent magnets. Because of this construction, likelihood of rotor’s failure is less than the other motor configurations. This makes this motor more suitable for harsh environments. On the flip side, this motor cannot directly operate with AC or DC power source and needs electronic commutation. For commutation, the information on instantaneous orientation of the rotor is essential. Since inclusion of appropriate sensor adds to the cost and complexity of the system, sensor-less commutation of SRM gained interest among the researchers and has been studied extensively in literature. The techniques for sensorless control of SRM can be broadly classified into Active phase and Idle phase techniques. Idle phase techniques are generally believed to be not suitable for high speed operation beause of tail current in a phase, i.e., because of inductive nature of the phase, it takes time for flow of current to stop. This paper proposes a novel idle phase technique that is conducive for high speed operation of switched reluctance motor.
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Asef, Pedram, Ramon Bargallo, Andrew Lapthorn, Davide Tavernini, Lingyun Shao, and Aldo Sorniotti. "Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051418.
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This study investigates the influence of the buried magnet arrangement on the efficiency and drivability performance provided by an on-board interior permanent magnet synchronous machine for a four-wheel-drive electric car with two single-speed on-board powertrains. The relevant motor characteristics, including flux-linkage, inductance, electromagnetic torque, iron loss, total loss, and efficiency, are analyzed for a set of six permanent magnet configurations suitable for the specific machine, which is controlled through maximum-torque-per-ampere and maximum-torque-per-voltage strategies. Moreover, the impact of each magnet arrangement is analyzed in connection with the energy consumption along four driving cycles, as well as the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance of the considered vehicle. The simulation results identify the most promising rotor solutions, and show that: (i) the appropriate selection of the rotor configuration is especially important for the driving cycles with substantial high-speed sections; (ii) the magnet arrangement has a major impact on the maximum motor torque below the base speed, and thus on the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance; and (iii) the configurations that excel in energy efficiency are among the worst in terms of drivability, and vice versa, i.e., at the vehicle level, the rotor arrangement selection is a trade-off between energy efficiency and longitudinal vehicle dynamics.
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Ngo and Hsieh. "Performance Analysis of Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Limited Amount of Permanent Magnet." Energies 12, no. 18 (2019): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183504.
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This paper analyzes the performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) equipped with a limited amount of a permanent magnet (PM). This is conventionally implemented by inserting PMs in rotor flux barriers, and this is often called the PM-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM). However, common PMa-SynRMs could be vulnerable to irreversible demagnetization. Therefore, motor performance and PM demagnetization should be simultaneously considered, and this would require the PM to be properly arranged. In this paper, various rotor configurations are carefully studied and compared in order to maximize the motor performance, avoid irreversible demagnetization and achieve higher PM utilization. Moreover, the field weakening capability is investigated and improved by regulating armature excitation. A particular rotor type with flux intensification was found to possess higher PM utilization, lower demagnetization possibility with fairly high performance. Thus, suitable rotor configurations are recommended for certain applications.
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Yan, Hao, Hongbo Wang, Peng Chen, et al. "Configuration Design of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot with a Generalized Shoulder Joint." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052080.
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For stroke patients with upper limb motor dysfunction, rehabilitation training with the help of rehabilitation robots is a social development trend. Existing upper limb rehabilitation robots have difficulty fully fitting the complex motion of the human shoulder joint and have poor human–robot compatibility. In this paper, based on the anatomical structure of the human upper limb, an equivalent mechanism model of the human upper limb is established. The configuration synthesis of the upper limb rehabilitation mechanism was carried out, a variety of shoulder joint man–machine closed-chain Θs and shoulder elbow human–machine closed-chain Θse configuration combinations were synthesized, and the configuration model with compatibility and reduced moment conduction attenuation was selected from them. Two configurations, 2Pa1P3Ra and 5Ra1P, are proposed for the generalized shoulder joint mechanism of the robot. The closed-chain kinematic models of the two configurations are established, and the velocity Jacobian matrix is obtained. Motion performance analysis, condition reciprocal analysis and operability ellipsoid analysis of different configuration design schemes were carried out in different operation planes. The results show that in the normal upper limb posture of the human body, the 5Ra1P configuration of the shoulder joint has better kinematic performance. Finally, on this basis, an upper limb rehabilitation robot prototype with good human–computer compatibility is developed, and its moving space was verified.
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Franceschi, Alessandro, Nicolò Cavina, Riccardo Parenti, Maurizio Reggiani, and Enrico Corti. "Energy Management Optimization of a Dual Motor Lithium Ion Capacitors-Based Hybrid Super Sport Car." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020885.
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Nowadays, hybrid electric vehicles represent one of the main solutions for the reduction of greenhouse gases in the automotive sector. Alongside the reduction of CO2, hybrid electric vehicles serve as a strong alternative on drivability and performance to conventional internal combustion engine-based vehicles. Vehicles exist with various missions; super sport cars usually aim to reach peak performance and to guarantee a great driving experience to the driver, but great attention must also be paid to fuel consumption. According to the vehicle mission, hybrid electric vehicles can differ in the powertrain configuration and the choice of the energy storage system. Manufacturers have recently started to work on Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LiC) -based hybrid vehicles. This paper discusses the usage of a control-oriented vehicle and powertrain model to analyze the performance of a dual motor LiC-based hybrid V12 vehicle by Automobili Lamborghini. P3–P4 and P2–P4 parallel hybrid configurations have been selected and compared since they allow to fully exploit the potential of the LiC storage system characterized by high power. The validated model has been used to develop control strategies aimed at fuel economy and CO2 reduction, and in particular, both Rule Based Strategies (RBS) and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (ECMS) are presented in the paper. A critical comparison between the various powertrain configurations is carried out, keeping into account the peculiarities of the LiC technology and evaluating the performance of the different control approaches.
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Liu, Xiang, Mian Li, and Min Xu. "A new anti-skid control method for electric vehicles using the motor torque and the wheel acceleration with experimental verification." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 3 (2016): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016639444.
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Driving electric vehicles by electric motors can result in many unique advantages for dynamic control of electric vehicles. With the superior fast and accurate torque control performance of electric motors, electric vehicles, in particular, can achieve higher levels of safety and handling performance. A simple, effective and efficient anti-skid control method specified for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper by considering the real-world resistance factors. This method is developed on the basis of sensing and regulating a newly defined parameter, namely the ratio of the drive motor torque to the angular acceleration of the wheels, both of which can be easily obtained for electric motors. The monotonic relationship between the slip ratio and the ratio of the drive motor torque to the angular acceleration of the wheels is proved under both acceleration conditions and deceleration conditions, by considering the real-world resistance factors. The simulations and the experimental results show that the ratio of the drive motor torque to the angular acceleration of the wheels can be efficiently used, instead of the slip ratio, in anti-skid control. The results indicate that electric vehicles can achieve high-performance vehicle motion control with more flexible and simplified configurations by using in-wheel electric motors.
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Yoshida, Eiichi, Satoshi Murata, Akiya Kamimura, Kohji Tomita, Haruhisa Kurokawa, and Shigeru Kokaji. "Evolutionary Motion Synthesis for a Modular Robot Using Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 15, no. 2 (2003): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2003.p0227.
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An evolutionary motion synthesis method using genetic algorithm (GA) is presented for self-reconfigurable modular robot M-TRAN designed to realize various robotic motions and three-dimensional structures. The proposed method is characterized by its capacity to derive feasible solutions for complex synthesis problem of M-TRAN through natural genetic representation. For this purpose, the behavior of the robot is described using a motion sequence including both the dynamic motions and configuration changes of the robot. It is a series of segments each of which can specify simultaneous motor actuations and selfreconfiguration by connection/disconnection, starting from a given initial configuration. This simple description can be straightforwardly encoded into genetic representation to which genetic operations can be applied in a natural manner. We adopt traveling distance achieved by the evolved motion as the fitness function of GA. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we have conducted simulations of evolutionary motion synthesis for certain initial configurations. Consequently, we confirm various adaptive motions are acquired according to different initial configurations and fitness functions. We also verify the physical feasibility of the evolved motions through experiments using hardware module M-TRAN II.
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Hernando, Miguel, Virgilio Gómez, Alberto Brunete, and Ernesto Gambao. "CFD Modelling and Optimization Procedure of an Adhesive System for a Modular Climbing Robot." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041117.
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Adhesion systems are very important in robots for infrastructure inspection (especially in vertical walls). They present the challenge of optimizing the ratio vacuum/power consumption in battery-powered robots. In this paper, a CFD (computer fluid dynamics) modelling and optimization process of a robot adhesion system is carried out to determine the best performing configuration in terms of vacuum and power consumption. Analytical and numerical models were developed to predict the behaviour of the system for different configurations. The models were validated, using test rig measurements, by calibrating an arbitrary defined inlet height that simulates the leakage flow. Then, different geometric parameters were varied to determine the best performing configuration based on the vacuum/power consumption ratio value. The model presented in the paper was capable of predicting the behaviour of the system for different configurations, with a margin of error of 15% for the vacuum prediction and 25% for the motor power calculation. Finally, the model was used to optimize parameters of the system, like the number of blades of the impeller. The adhesion system was conceived for the modular autonomous climbing legged robot ROMERIN.
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Magnard, Justine, Gilles Berrut, Catherine Couturier, Thomas Cattagni, Christophe Cornu, and Thibault Deschamps. "Perceptual Inhibition Is Not a Specific Component of the Sensory Integration Process Necessary for a Rapid Voluntary Step Initiation in Healthy Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz060.
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Abstract Objectives We investigated whether performing step initiation during a proprioceptive perturbation would require greater perceptual or motor inhibitory control in older adults. Method Fifty-two healthy adults (young: n = 26, mean age 22.5 years vs. older: n = 26, mean age 70.1 years) performed a stepping reaction time task, with different inhibition requirements (i.e., perceptual vs. motor inhibitory conflict), with two proprioceptive configurations: with and without application of Achilles tendon vibrations. Results Beyond a systematically greater stepping reaction time in older adults (p < .01), no difference was found between the perceptual versus motor inhibitory conflict resolution, regardless of age and proprioceptive configuration. Furthermore, slower reaction time was observed for young participants in the presence of Achilles tendon vibrations unlike older adults, who showed the same reactive stepping performance with or without vibrations (p < .05). Discussion These findings show that perceptual inhibition cannot be considered as specifically involved in the central processing of proprioceptive signals, at least not in active older adults. Rather than motor system malfunctioning or a reduced amount of proprioceptive afference, we propose that cortical-proprioceptive processing in older adults remains as effective as in young adults, regardless of the high attentional requirements for step responses.
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Manzone, Joseph X., Saba Taravati, Heather F. Neyedli, and Timothy N. Welsh. "Choices in a key press decision-making task are more optimal after gaining both aiming and reward experience." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (2020): 2197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940620.
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When presented with two different target–penalty configurations of similar maximum expected gain (MEG), participants prefer aiming to configurations with more advantageous spatial, rather than more advantageous gain parameters—perhaps due to the motor system’s inherent prioritisation of spatial information during movements with high accuracy demands such as aiming. To test this hypothesis, participants in the present studies chose between target–penalty configurations via key presses to reduce the importance of spatial parameters of the response and performance-related feedback. Configurations varied in spatial (target–penalty region overlap) and gain parameters (negative penalty values) and could have similar or different MEG. Choices were made without prior aiming experience (Experiment 1), after aiming experience provided information of movement variability (Experiment 2), or after aiming experience provided information of movement variability and outcome feedback (Experiment 3). Overall, configurations with advantageous spatial or gain parameters were chosen equally (Both-Similar condition) in all experiments. However, average behaviour at the group level was not reflective of the behaviour of most individual participants with three subgroups emerging: those with a value preference, distance preference, or no preference. In Experiments 1 and 2, these individual differences cannot be explained by MEG differences between configurations or participants’ movement variability, but these variables predicted choice behaviour in Experiment 3. Further in the Both-Different condition, participants only selected the larger MEG configuration at a level above chance when both variability and outcome information were given prior to the key press task (Experiment 3). In sum, the data indicate that prioritisation of spatial information did not emerge at the group level when performing key presses and more optimal behaviour emerged when information regarding movement variability and outcome feedback were given.
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Goldring, Sidney, Gary W. Harding, and Erik M. Gregorie. "Distinctive electrophysiological characteristics of functionally discrete brain areas: a tenable approach to functional localization." Journal of Neurosurgery 80, no. 4 (1994): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1994.80.4.0701.
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✓ The direct cortical response (DCR), an electrical potential recorded in the immediate vicinity of a surface cortical stimulus, shows a configuration in the primary sensory areas of animals that is different from the one observed in association cortex. This suggested the possibility that systematic study of the DCR in the human brain might reveal a profile of configurations in which the form of the response provides functional information about the gyri being tested. Studies were carried out in subhuman primates and in patients undergoing surgery for tumors, occult vascular malformations, and epilepsy. In the animals, DCR's from somatosensory, motor, and association cortex are distinguishable; however, there are no differences in configuration between motor and premotor responses, or between association responses from prefrontal and parietal cortex. In patients with epilepsy due to nonspace-occupying pathology, the responses did not show distinguishing features. In contrast, in the patients with tumors or occult vascular malformations, DCR's from somatosensory, motor, and premotor cortex could be readily distinguished from each other. Responses along the mid and posterior sylvian fissure of the dominant hemisphere also had distinctive features, but more data are needed before the significance of this finding with respect to language function can be assessed. The accumulating results suggest that analysis of DCR's may prove to be a useful method for functional localization in individuals with focal space-taking pathology.
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Kelson, Denean M., Sunwook Kim, Maury A. Nussbaum, and Divya Srinivasan. "Effects of Passive Upper-Extremity Exoskeleton Use on Motor Performance in a Precision Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 1084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631437.
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Upper-extremity exoskeletons (UEXO) are promising interventions for reducing the physical demands of work performed with arms elevated (e.g., overhead work). In this study, we investigated the effects of passive UEXO use on motor performance and physical demands in a repetitive precision overhead task. Eleven participants completed repetitive tapping of targets in both vertically-aligned (targets above/below shoulder level) and horizontally-aligned (targets at shoulder level) configurations, using two UEXOs (Levitate AirframeTM and Eksobionics EksoVestTM) and in a no-device (control) condition. Median levels of muscle activity in the upper trapezius and anterior deltoid muscles decreased using both UEXOs compared to the control. However, the two UEXOs caused distinct effects on end-point precision. End-point precision was similar between devices in the horizontal configuration, but using the EksoVest significantly decreased precision in the vertically-aligned task. These results indicate that task performance may be device-specific, and should be considered when using industrial exoskeletons in diverse tasks.
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Li, Tonghui, Bin Xie, Zhen Li, and Jiakun Li. "Design and Optimization of a Dual-Input Coupling Powertrain System: A Case Study for Electric Tractors." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051608.
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In this study, a dual-input coupling powertrain system (DICPS) was proposed to improve the energy utilization efficiency of pure electric tractors (PETs). The working principles of the DICPS under different modes were analyzed and dynamic models were established. To study the influence of changing key parameters in the DICPS on the economic performance of PETs, a parameter-matching design method was proposed and the feasible region of the design parameters was determined according to the tractor’s dynamic performance. In addition, we put forward an energy management strategy (EMS) based on the optimal system efficiency and a dual-motor-driven electric tractor (DMET) model was built in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results revealed that different parameter configurations of DICPS will lead to significant changes in overall efficiency, with a maximum difference of 6.6% (under a rotary tillage cycle). We found that the optimal parameter configuration for the DMET under two typical working conditions was PDR = 0.5, k = 1.6. Compared with the single-motor powertrain system (SMPS), the DICPS with the optimal configuration of key parameters can significantly improve overall efficiency by about 9.8% (under a plowing cycle).
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Dieltiens, Sien, Frederik Debrouwere, Marc Juwet, and Eric Demeester. "Practical Application of the Whipple and Carvallo Stability Model on Modern Bicycles with Pedal Assistance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (2020): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165672.
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Increasingly more people cycle with electrically-powered pedal assistance. The reduced pedalling effort attracts physically challenged people and seniors, who have a higher risk of falling. Since electric bicycles are heavier and the centre of masses are located higher, accidents happen easily. This study analyses the influence of the addition of a battery and motor unit on the stability behaviour of common bicycles for women. Based on market research, seven typical bicycle configurations are determined. Geometrics, mass values, and cycling postures are measured, and the theoretical stability behaviour is determined analytically based on the stability model of Whipple and Carvallo. The research shows that bicycles without pedal assistance have a smaller self-stable and semi-stable range than most electric bicycles. The electric bicycle with a motor implemented in the front wheel perform best, as the extra weight of the motor enhances the gyroscopic self-stabilization of the front wheel. Furthermore, a battery in the lower mid-tube is preferred over one in the luggage rack as it lowers the center of mass of the rear frame assembly. Knowledge about the optimal configuration to maximize the stability will enhance the cycling comfort and minimize the chance of accidents.