Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Motion picture authorhip“

Abstract The paper presents a mini survey of the hallmark English language motion pictures which are explicitly based on William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The selection of the six films under investigation takes into account various criteria such as aspects of chronology, culture, impact or novelty of approach. The analysis is based on four categories: genre, auteurism (authorship), reception and verisimilitude.

In the early 1940s Japan, cinematographers and critics feverishly discussed the notions of immediacy and authorship in relation to documentary practices. The status of cinematographers as the authors of the images that they shot was particularly questioned in those conversations due to the mechanical nature of the motion picture camera. This article mainly focuses on the discussions in the journal Eiga Gijutsu (Film Technology) in 1941–1942 over the notion of culture, and examines how cinematographers imagined their new roles in documentary practices in the cinema.

Canvassing a variety of types of value, this article seeks to identify the promise of moving images for fields such as medical humanities, health humanities, critical public health studies and health and culture. The use of moving images for the intended purpose of effecting health outcomes is given priority, the emphasis being on immediate instrumental value. The value in question is seen as offering a neglected reason for claiming public value for moving images. Suggestive examples of interventions relating to authorship, genre, curatorial principles, the dynamics of reception and screens and exhibition spaces are provided, the overall aim being to evoke and clarify the promise that motion pictures hold for human thriving.

The purpose of the article is to define the director's toolkit of frame design in the visual culture of the author's film. A comprehensive approach was used in the development of the topic, methods of systematization, comparison, verification, comparative and textual analysis were used. The analytical method and the method of figurative and stylistic analysis in their unity were directed to the consideration of the art history aspect of the problem. The articles and monographs of scientists who studied the peculiarities of the visual culture of screen arts were analyzed. The articles and monographs of scientists who studied the peculiarities of the visual culture of screen arts were analyzed. It has been found that the researchers are inclined to the opinion that the directors of author's films carry out experiments in the field of pictorial form. The relationship and mutual influence of photographic and audiovisual art is considered. It was found that images in screen arts are the result of collective work and have collective authorship. The features of the visual culture of the author's film are traced on the example of the films of Yuriy Illenko. It has been proven that the visual culture of an author's film directly depends on the worldview of the director. The characteristic features of an author's film are identified, the dominance of the attention of the directors-authors to the artists' specific view of the world, the creation of their own subjective picture of the world, the search for their own visual language, and the presentation of the author's screen form is substantiated. The visual culture of the author's film is analyzed and it is shown that the image, frame design is the main carrier of cinematic expressiveness. It is clarified that the system of expressive means and methods of visual culture of the author's film consists of: compositional construction of the shot; dynamics of motion of the film camera; filming angles; assembly steps; sound, light, color solutions; subject-material environment of the frame; mise-en-scеne; frame design. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the director's creativity is investigated in the context of the visual culture of frame design and became the subject of a special study for the first time; the appropriateness of using the system method in studying the features of the author's plastic film language has been proven; a comprehensive analysis was carried out and the features of frame design in the author's film work were revealed.

The recent proliferation of the video shorts on the Internet may provide a glimpse of the future of production and distribution of motion pictures. One such short, Lazy Sunday, was produced by cast members of the long-running network television program Saturday Night Live. Cast member Andy Samberg had come to the attention of network producers when they saw several comedy sketches he produced and starred in on the Internet. The popularity of Samberg’s original online-distributed videos did not occur strictly as the result of the virus-like linking and e-mailing distribution pattern that is quickly becoming more common. Rather, these videos achieved exposure on Channel101.com, a Website that functions as a forum and distribution outlet for short video makers. Channel 101 is an interesting example of a hybrid mode of production and distribution of motion pictures, borrowing elements of a film festival and a Website to showcase five-minute videos created by members of the general public. It is the brainchild of two freelance television writers, Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab. There are two key components to Channel 101: a monthly competitive screening of short videos held in Los Angeles and a Website that features downloadable short videos as well as a forum for discussing the creation and content of those videos. When a short video is submitted to Channel 101 by a member of the general public, the selection committee will reject it immediately or pick it up as a “pilot.” If chosen as a pilot, it is then screened in front of a live audience of roughly 300 at Cinespace, a screening room-cum-bar in Los Angeles. The members of the audience are shown ten videos, five pilots and five ongoing series, and are asked to vote for their five favourites. At this point, the audience can elect to reject the pilot, thereby “cancelling” the show. If the audience decides that the video is one of the best five of the ten, the show is “renewed,” and the creators of the video make a new episode for the next month’s screening, resulting in a video series with ongoing characters. These shows are referred to as “prime time” shows and their creators are referred to as “Prime Timers.” These Prime Timers become the selection committee that screens initial submissions. The inception of Channel 101 in the spring of 2003 coincided with the rapid proliferation of broadband Internet access that has made downloading short video clips possible for a growing number of people. The popularity of the site, as well as the rhetoric used by Channel 101’s creators in forums, articles, and other elements of the Website’s discourse, indicate a demand for media that is not a product of the increasingly consolidated media production and distribution infrastructure. It is gaining popularity at a time when two popular modes of regulated production and distribution of motion pictures—film and television—have developed massive infrastructures and standardised labour that, by virtue of their size, are resistant to rapid change. The Channel 101 enterprise presents an alternative arrangement of creators, distributors, and audience members by shortening the time period that any single individual may occupy any of these roles and by increasing the accountability of the creators and distributors to the audience. As a result, the short videos produced and distributed by Channel 101 are products of a creative community, rather than creations of individuals with discrete artistic sensibilities. The creators of Channel 101 claim their unique mode of production and distribution of serialised entertainment constitutes an improvement on the network television system because it prevents creative control from residing in an individual or a small group of individuals for a sustained period of time. However, upon closer examination, it may have much more in common with the television mode of production and distribution than the haphazard home-video quality of viral videos, as well as the ephemeral paths they take to reach viewers online. In this analysis, I aim to discover the ways in which Channel 101 actually differs from that traditional television model and the ways in which it duplicates the consolidation of creative power that exists in the corporate creation and distribution of serialised entertainment. If one examines the aesthetics of the videos on the site, one finds that they are as homogeneous as those of any cable or network television prime time line-up, if not more so. This is not the result of a single, powerful individual controlling the content of the enterprise, but rather a product of a unique power structure that encourages a consistent tone, style, and content by promoting collective authorship. Though the occupiers of the creative roles may change, the individuals who occupy those positions are all equally obliged to indulge the relatively stable and homogeneous desires of the entire community. In “Unconventional Programs on Commercial Television,” Joseph Turow makes connections between personnel shifts at the network executive level and changes in the content and style of programming. By accounting for the implicit social aspect of production and distribution, including friendships and working relationships, Turow sheds light on processes that have an impact on programming but may not necessarily show up in official documentation of the producer/distributor’s day to day affairs (Turow 126). While the programs Turow studied exhibited properties that set them apart from most network television fare, they were often produced or written by members of a single social network. There was an internal implicit norm that members of this creative community adhered to. This “web of relationships” reduced the risk for network executives and producers by guaranteeing some regularity in the product (Turow 126). Even in a system where there is no financial risk to creators or gatekeepers, such as the Channel 101 system, which is vehemently not-for-profit, the need for programming that is both unconventional yet predictable in terms of its perceived quality persists. Social networks have always been a part of the tightly knit community of television writers and producers. The rise of social networking sites on the Internet has made these connections visible, and arguably increased the size of such networks, as well as the speed with which they change. As much as the variations in visibility, size and rate of change of the social connections impact the end product, its worth keeping in mind that Channel 101, like so many online entertainment collectives, draws together groups of people who have pre-established social bonds from the offline world. Several of the video makers who contribute to Channel 101 have worked in the television industry. The importance of existing social networks to the collaborative creative process cannot be overestimated. Message boards play an integral role in conveying what shows are popular with the Channel 101 audience, as well as providing a way for video makers to organise collaborations. In these ways, Channel 101 is as much a social enterprise as it as an entertainment enterprise. As more and more structural functionalist analyses of the culture industry reveal its increasingly Byzantine inner workings, the romantic twentieth-century notion of the individual author appears to be not long for this world. Collective authorship may well be the paradigm for studying a society in which Internet use is constantly gaining ground on more traditional forms of recreation such as film and television. However, something is misleading about the term “collective authorship.” The term implies that members of this creative collective contribute equally to the finished product, when this is rarely, if ever, the case. Similarly, there may be the temptation to believe that a collective author is less likely to be out of touch with the desires of the audience than an individual who stubbornly follows his or her muse, oblivious to the preferences of others. In truth, collective authorship, as a practice or an analytical approach, may merely paper over unequal levels of creative power within the cultural production scheme. By scrutinizing creative communities such as Channel 101 from a structural functionalist standpoint, we may move towards a more nuanced view of the collective author. References Channel 101. 25 Nov. 2005 http://www.channel101.com/>. DiMaggio, Paul, and Paul Hirsch. “Production Organizations in the Arts.” American Behavioral Scientist 19.7/8 (1976): 735-752. Lin, Nan. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge UP, 2001. Turow, Joseph. “Unconventional Programs on Commercial Television: An Organizational Perspective.” Mass Communication in Context. Ed. Charles D. Whitney and Ettema James. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982. 107-129. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Panek, Elliot. "Creative Communities after Television: The Collective Authorship of Channel 101." M/C Journal 9.2 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0605/12-panek.php>. APA Style Panek, E. (May 2006) "Creative Communities after Television: The Collective Authorship of Channel 101," M/C Journal, 9(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0605/12-panek.php>.

This project contains a literature review, a discussion, and an original feature length screenplay. The review of literature examines the various structuralist-inspired theories of narratology and the three-act structure method of screenplay construction.

This PhD consists of three screenplays adapted from my novels and an exegesis which explores the involvement and influences producers have had on the eventual screenplay outcomes. In developing a first draft of original screenplays writers often work alone and without critical feedback, development assistance or encouragement from third parties. The writing process can continue in this way for some time, through many drafts, until the writer either abandons the project or finds some development assistance either from government film support agencies, producers, or both. At that stage, the writer enters a new creative process which involves collaboration, negotiation, and a series of artistic and institutional expectations which will no longer be theirs alone. In the situation where a producer options an existing creative work, such as a novel, and commences an adaptation project, this scriptwriting collaborative process will start much earlier. This is usually the case when a producer options a novel and employs a scriptwriter to create a film version of that story. The scriptwriter must attempt to meet the aesthetic requirements of the material at hand, yet also meet the film expectations that exist in the producer's mind - who, in his or her imagination, will already have cast, filmed and screened the film adaptation on a mental canvas. Where the screenplay adaptor is also the creator of the original material, a series of questions are raised which affect the rights of the original writer to maintain some control over their material balanced against the rights of the producer (the material's new "proprietor") to tell the story in whichever way he or she thinks is best. This exploration is balanced by studying practitioner accounts of the novel to film adaptation process, and by considering the critical literature on the subject. The exegesis argues that when a producer takes ownership of a novel's screen rights, he or she can have a marked affect on the screenplay adaptation process. The reinterpretation of that material for the screen can be more closely aligned to the producer-proprietor's expectations than those of the original creator or the screenwriter employed to write the novel to film adaptation.

This thesis comprises two parts: a creative component consisting of a first-draft script for a feature film, -followed by an exegesis. The intention with the creative component was to work within parameters that would hopefully be appealing to the local film-making industry. Thus, the script is for a low-budget feature that is set in Perth and makes use of a character-driven narrative, The exegesis comprises a theoretical analysis of the 'Life After Man' screenplay, placing it within the context of an examination of multiple protagonist film structure, with particular reference to the development of character.

This thesis centres upon variously detailed analyses of the early fictional films of director Martin Scorsese, ranging from the student short film What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This? (1963) to the big-budget production New York, New York (1977). Through this, the thesis seeks to enact an intervention in the debate surrounding film authorship. Informed by a broadly poststructuralist position, the thesis recasts authorship as a discourse that exists in a particular, mutually inflecting relation with a text's other constituting elements. While the analysis of specific films traces the stylistic and thematic consistencies that inform Scorsese's authorial discourse, the latter's specific articulations are read in relation to the texts' institutional, industrial, and historical determination. That the texts studied were made within a variety of filmmaking practices - student production, exploitation cinema, independent filmmaking, major studio finance and distribution - enables consideration of authorship within different contexts of production. Crossing this, the thesis charts the genesis, institutional appropriation, and consequent rejection of New Hollywood Cinema, a phase of filmmaking of which Scorsese's early work is paradigmatic. The thesis is organized on a chapter per film or production situation basis. The introduction outlines its theoretical underpinning. The conclusion briefly contextualizes the films which Scorsese has directed since New York, New York. The thesis concludes that authorial analysis remains a valid critical practice, but also one which needs to be located in relation to other determining factors.

Work in Progress - the Writing of Short Changed is the account of the script writing process I developed and followed in the writing of the first draft of the Low Budget feature film, Short Changed. It is a process that was developed by a combination of guidance, mentorship, research, experiment and talking with and listening to other writers during the 1998 Pacific Film and Television Commission's New Writer's Workshop. Short Changed was written over a six month period. During the previous year I had intermittently researched and pondered on the knowledge of an event that had invaded my mind. In the process of writing Short Changed, I have learnt much about the craft of screen writing and I have developed an approach which I intend to use in the writing of future screenplays. There are many ways to write a screenplay. My goal as a writer was to find the way that worked for me; to find the process that created a screenplay that embodied the hallmarks of both creativity and craft. As an accomplished writer of expository prose, I was searching for the key that would unlock the door to the world of writing creative fiction. This document is a reflective account of my creative writing process. It includes the exploration and actualization of the complex and intricate workings of the mind.

Abstract Chapter 1 considers the role of authors in silent-era motion-picture production. It traces the transformations in authorship effected by such encounters and as it shifted out of the study, into the studio, and onto the screen. It argues that it was less the author’s craft that came so to appeal to the studios than their reputation and the cultural capital that accrued to literary authorship, something the studios sought to exploit. To that end, they began to market authors in the same way they came to market their stars. This chapter traces these transformations via a consideration of the careers of Jack London and Gertrude Atherton, among other popular authors, as well as Samuel Goldwyn’s Eminent Authors Inc.

Abstract Chapter 2 considers the encounters of race film—all-Black-cast films largely produced and consumed by African Americans—and early twentieth-century Black literature, two fields only very rarely brought into conversation, although, as this chapter finds, there were significant exchanges between the two media and industries. It discovers it was motion pictures that provided Black authors as diverse as Oscar Micheaux, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Wallace Thurman a means to navigate the gnarly terrain of Black authorship across the early decades of the twentieth century, caught as it seemed to be between the demands and expectations of literary and vernacular forms.