Dissertationen zum Thema „Morphology“

The guidelines for morphological annotation contain the layers that are necessary for understanding the structure of the words in the object language: morphological segmentation, glossing, and annotation of part-of-speech.

Akan, like any other language, has both regular and irregular complex nominals (CNs). However, previous studies of Akan nominals have been constructive in approach, mostly adhering to a strict form of the principle of compositionality and assuming that the morphological, phonological and semantic properties of CNs can be accounted for fully by tweaking those of their constituents. Consequently, CNs whose properties cannot be so accounted for are either ignored or forced into the mould of regular ones. In this study, I do three things. First, I present a detailed empirically-based assessment of attested CNs in Akan based on a dataset of 1000 CNs drawn from a variety of written sources. This shows that Akan CNs may be grouped into four; compounds, affix-derived CNs, those formed by tonal changes and “lexicalized” forms, which have the form of phrases but occur as CNs and are mostly only partially compositional. Secondly, I present a detailed discussion of the formal and semantic properties of all the attested compounds and a subset of the lexicalized nominals. Thirdly, on the basis of the latter discussion, I examine what the formation and structure of CNs reveal about the interaction between morphology and syntax and about the architecture of the grammar. The analyses show that the formation of CNs in Akan may at once involve morphological and syntactic structure in a way that renders untenable the view that morphology and syntax constitute two completely different modules of the grammar which may be assumed to interact only because the output of the former is the input to the latter. The present study provides support for the constructional view of the grammar.

A fundamental problem in biology is the reconstruction of the relatedness of all (extant) species. Traditionally, systematists employ visually recognizable characters of organisms for classification and evolutionary analysis. Recent developments in molecular and computational biology, however, lead to a whole different perspective on how to address the problem of inferring relatedness. The discovery of molecules, carrying genetic information, and the comparison of their primary structure has, in a rather short period of time, revolutionized our understanding of the phylogenetic relationship of many organisms. These novel approaches, however, turned out to bear similar problems as previous techniques. Moreover, they created new ones. Hence, taxonomists came to realize that even with this new type of data not all problematic relationships could be unambiguously resolved. The search for complementary approaches has led to the utilization of rare genomic changes and other characters which are largely independent from the primary structure of the underlying sequence(s). These “higher order” characters are thought to be evolutionary conserved in certain lineages and largely unaffected by primary sequence data-based problems, allowing for a better resolution of the Tree of Life. The central aim of this thesis is the utilization of molecular characters of higher order in connection with their consistent and comparable extraction from a given data set. Two novel methods are presented that allow such an inference. This is complemented with the search for and analysis of known and novel molecular characteristics to study the relationships among Metazoa, both intra- as well as interspecific. The first method tackles a common problem in phylogenetic analyses: the inference of reliable data set. As part of this thesis a pipeline was created for the automated annotation of metazoan mitochondrial genomes. Data thus obtained constitutes a reliable and standardized starting point for all downstream analyses, e.g. genome rearrangement studies. The second method utilizes a subclass of gaps, namely those which define an approximate split of a given data set. The definition and inference of such split-inducing indels (splids) is based on two basic principles. First, indels at the same position, i.e. sharing the same end points in two sequences, are likely homologous. Second, independent single-residue insertions and deletions tend to occur more frequently than multi-residue indels. It is shown that trees based on splids recover most of the undisputed monophyletic groups while influence of the underlying alignment algorithm is relatively small. Mitochondrial markers are a valuable tool for the understanding of small and large scale population structure. The non-coding control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) often contains a higher amount of variability compared to genes encoding proteins and non-coding RNAs. A case study on a small scale population structure investigates the control region of the European Fire-bellied Toad in order to find highly variable parts which are of potential importance to develop informative genetic markers. A particular focus is placed on the investigation of the evolutionary dynamics of the repetitive region at an inter- and intraspecific level. This includes understanding mechanisms underlying its evolution, i.e. by exploring the impact of secondary structure on slipped strand mispairing during mtDNA replication. The 7SK RNA is a key player in the regulation of polymerase II (Pol-II) transcription, interacting with at least three known proteins: It mediates the inhibition of the Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) by the HEXIM1/2 proteins, thereby repressing transcript elongation by Pol-II. A highly specific interaction with LARP7 (La-Related Protein 7), on the other hand, regulates its stability. 7SK RNA is capped at its 5’ end by a highly specific methyltransferase MePCE (Methylphosphate Capping Enzyme). Employing sequence and structure similarity it is shown that the 7SK RNA as well as its protein binding partners have a much earlier evolutionary origin than previously expected. Furthermore, this study presents a good illustration of the pitfalls of using markers of higher order for phylogenetic inference.

Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Edward Thornton, Timothy Stanton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-54). Also available online.

The derivational morphology of Munsee Delaware, an Eastern Algonquian language spoken in southwestern Ontario, is analysed and described. Chapter I presents general information about Delaware, including a summary of grammatical information necessary for the understanding of word structure. The theoretical constructs assumed are summarized. A distinction is made between primary derivation, in which suffixes are attached to roots (and affixes) to form stems; and secondary derivation, in which suffixes are attached to stems to form new stems. Inflectional affixes are attached to stems which are formed in primary or secondary derivation. Chapter II discusses verb-forming suffixes ('finals') added to roots and certain suffixes to form verb stems. Chapter III discusses verb-forming suffixes which attach to existing noun and verb stems to form verb stems (secondary derivation). Chapter IV discusses 'medials', which prototypically occur between roots and 'final' suffixes. Chapter V discusses noun-forming suffixes which are attached to roots and medials. Chapter VI discusses noun-forming suffixes which attach to existing noun and verb stems to form noun stems (secondary derivation). Chapter VII discusses bound variants of noun stems, morphological elements which occur as members of morphologically complex noun stems.

Background: The foot has to fulfil important and complex functions which are, in most regions of the world, supported by shoes. The interface of feet and footwear has often been considered with respect to comfort and function but also to negative effects of shoes. One main contribution to the improvement of footwear fit is provided by matching the shape of the shoe to the shape of the foot. However, current approaches for implementation only include static information. There is still a lack of dynamic information about foot morphology and deformation. Recent advancements in scanner technology allow capturing the foot during natural walking. These advancements and the development of a dynamic foot scanner system (DynaScan4D) are preconditions for this thesis. The research question is: How does foot morphology differ between static and dynamic situations? This question is further specified toward three hypotheses by findings and deficits of the current state of research. The examination of the three hypotheses and their contribution to the research question are topic of this thesis. Furthermore, the findings are combined with comprehensive knowledge of the literature to formulate recommendations for last and footwear construction. Methods: The three hypotheses (H1, H2, H3) are evaluated within three research articles. The first research article aims to identify the differences in dynamic foot morphology according to age, gender, and body mass (H1). The plantar dynamic foot morphology of 129 adults is recorded and analysed by two statistical methods: (1) comparison of matched groups and (2) multiple linear regression analysis. The second and third research article is dealing with differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet (H2) and their inter-individual differences (H3). For this reason, a large sample of 2554 children, aged between 6 and 16 years, is analysed. Foot measures, corresponding to last measures, are used to identify the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology (H2) by Student's t-test for paired samples. The influences of gender, age, and body mass (H3) are analysed within the whole sample by multiple linear regression analysis and within matched groups by Student's t-test for independent samples. Results: There are differences in dynamic foot morphology according to age, gender, and body mass in adults which confirm H1. In general, the differences are rather small. Furthermore, the differences must be considered in a more differentiated way, as they are not consistent regarding all plantar foot measures. H2 is confirmed as there are statistically signiffcant differences between static and dynamic foot morphology in developing feet. Theses differences are found for all foot measures. However, the magnitude of these differences varies depending on each foot measure. Relevant differences, in particular the forefoot width and midfoot girth measures as well as the angles of the forefoot, must be considered for footwear construction. Influences of gender, age, and body mass are found for the dynamic foot morphology and the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology of developing feet. Thus, H3 is verified. However, these findings are small, especially considering the high variance within each foot measure. The variables gender, age, and body mass cannot appropriately explain the variance of the differences between static and dynamic foot morphology. Thus, the customization of footwear to dynamic foot morphology can be conducted without individual adjustments to gender, age, or body mass. Conclusion: This thesis presents different aspects to answer the question of differences between static and dynamic foot morphology. The findings of this thesis are critically discussed and recommendations for improvements of dynamic fit of footwear are formulated, taking into account the current state of research as well as practical aspects. The findings of the thesis contribute to the field of fundamental research, i.e. to broaden the knowledge about three-dimensional characteristics of dynamic foot morphology. Furthermore, this thesis can help to improve the fit of footwear and thus contributes to applied research in the field of footwear science
Hintergrund: Der Fuß erfüllt wichtige und komplexe Funktionen, die in den meisten Regionen der Welt, durch Schuhe unterstützt werden. Die Berührungspunkte zwischen Schuhen und Füßen wurden im Hinblick auf komfortable und funktionelle Schuhe, aber auch hinsichtlich negativer Effekte von Schuhen, häufig betrachtet. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Passform von Schuhen liefert die Annäherung der Schuhform an die Fußform. Jedoch beschränken sich bisherige Umsetzungsansätze auf statische Informationen. Bislang fehlen umfangreiche dynamische Informationen zur Fußgestalt und Verformung. Erst aktuelle Fortschritte der Scanner-Technologie ermöglichen es, den Fuß während des natürlichen Gehens zu erfassen. Diese Fortschritte und die Entwicklung eines dynamischen Fuß-Scanner-Systems (DynaScan4D), stellen die Grundlage für diese Dissertation dar. Die Forschungsfrage ist: Wie unterscheidet sich die statische Fußgestalt von der dynamischen? Mit der Aufarbeitung von Ergebnissen und Defiziten aktueller Forschungsarbeiten wird diese Frage durch die Formulierung von drei Hypothesen weiter spezifiziert. Diese drei Hypothesen, sowie deren Beitrag zur Forschungsfrage, sind Thema dieser Dissertation. Darüber hinaus wird umfassendes Wissen aus der Literatur verwendet um Empfehlungen für die Konstruktion von Schuhen zu geben. Methoden: Die drei Hypothesen (H1, H2, H3) werden in drei wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen untersucht. Die erste Veröffentlichung zielt darauf ab, die Unterschiede zwischen der dynamischen Fußgestalt in Abhängigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse zu ermitteln (H1). Die plantare dynamische Fußgestalt von 129 Erwachsenen wird hierzu erfasst und durch zwei statistische Verfahren analysiert: (1) Vergleich von gepaarten Probandengruppen und (2) multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse. Die zweite und dritte Hypothese befassen sich mit den Unterschieden der statischen und dynamischen Fußgestalt bei heranreifenden Füßen (H2) und deren inter-individuellen Unterschieden (H3). Aus diesem Grund wird eine große Stichprobe mit 2554 Kindern im Alter zwischen 6 und 16 Jahren untersucht. Fußmaße, die den Maßen im Leistenbau entsprechen, werden verwendet um die Unterschiede zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt (H2) durch einen gepaarten Student's t-Test zu identifizieren. Der Einfluss des Geschlechtes, des Alters und der Körpermasse (H3) werden in der gesamten Stichprobe durch eine multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse und innerhalb gepaarter Probandengruppen durch Student's t-Test für unabhängige Stichproben untersucht. Ergebnisse: Es gibt Unterschiede in der dynamischen Fußgestalt von Erwachsenen, beeinflusst durch Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse, welche die Verifizierung von H1 erlauben. Im Allgemeinen sind diese Unterschiede jedoch gering. Die ermittelten Unterschiede müssen differenziert betrachtet werden, da sie nicht konsistent in Bezug auf die gesamte plantare Fußgestalt auftreten. H2 kann verifiziert werden, da es zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt von heranreifenden Kindern statistisch signifikante Unterschiede gibt. Diese Unterschiede wurden bei allen Fußmaßen gefunden, wobei das Außmaß dieser Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom jeweiligen Fußmaß variiert. Relevante Unterschiede, insbesondere Breitenmaße und Winkelmaße des Vorfußes sowie Umfangsmaße des Mittelfußes, müssen bei der Konstruktion von Schuhen berücksichtigt werden. Es zeigen sich Einflüsse von Geschlecht, Alter und Körpermasse auf die dynamische Fußgestalt sowie auf die Differenzen zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt. Somit ist H3 verifiziert. Jedoch sind diese Einflüsse gering, besonders wenn die Varianz innerhalb der Fußmaße betrachtet wird. Die Variablen Alter, Geschlecht und Körpermasse können die Varianz der Differenzen zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt nicht angemessen erklären. Damit kann die Anpassung an die dynamische Fußgestalt ohne eine Individualisierung hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht oder Körpermasse vollzogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt unterschiedliche Aspekte zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche Unterschiede zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Fußgestalt bestehen, vor. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden kritisch diskutiert und es werden, unter Berücksichtigung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes sowie praktischer Aspekte, Empfehlungen zur Optimierung der dynamischen Passform von Schuhen gegeben. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation liefern einen Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung, insbesondere durch die Erweiterung des Wissensstands der dreidimensionalen Eigenschaften der dynamischen Fußgestalt. Darüber hinaus kann diese Arbeit helfen die dynamische Passform von Schuhen zu verbessern und trägt damit zur angewandten Schuhforschung bei

Die Morphologie der Buchlungen von Arachniden (Arachnida Lamarck, 1801 – Arthropoda, Chelicerata) wurde in der vorliegenden Dissertation einer streng vergleichenden Analyse unterzogen, welche mit Hilfe moderner Methoden eine neue Sicht auf die Phylogenie der Arachniden eröffnet. Aus dem Vergleich mit den potentiellen Schwestergruppen (Xiphosura, Eurypterida) und mit Skorpionsfossilien erweist sich der einmalige Landgang eines gemeinsamen Vorfahrens aller rezent terrestrischen Arachniden. Buchlungen-Daten von 200 rezenten + 2 fossilen Skorpionen, 16 Geißelspinnen (Amblypygi), 17 Geißelskorpionen (Thelyphonida), einem Schizomiden (Schizomida), einem ausgestorbenen Trigonotarbiden (Trigonotarbida) und der Außengruppe, den rezenten Pfeilschwanzkrebsen (Xiphosura), wurden zu einem illustrierten Katalog zusammengestellt. Die unüberschaubare Vielfalt der oft graduell variierenden Strukturen macht die eindeutige Definition der Merkmale und auftretenden Merkmalszustände notwendig. Es wurden folgende 5 Merkmale definiert: (1) die Oberflächen der Atemlamellen, (2) der Lamellenrand, (3) der posteriore Stigmenrand, (4) der anteriore Stigmenrand und (5) die Wand des Atriums. Hierbei tragen die Merkmale 1-3 mit ihrer unerwarteten Fülle innerhalb der Skorpione maßgeblich zur Aufklärung ihrer Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse bei. Ähnliches wird von den Merkmalen 4 und 5 bezogen auf die Uropygi s. lat. vermutet. Ein sechstes Merkmal (Sensillen/Poren) wurde definiert, doch nur vereinzelt erfasst. Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie diente der Erfassung der cuticulären Feinstruktur der Buchlungen. Die Struktur der Buchlungen im Gesamten wurde mittels histologischer Schnittserien und mit auf µCT basierenden 3D-Rekonstruktionen untersucht. Für die Untersuchung von Trigonotarbiden-Fossilien wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die 3D-Rekonstruktion aus Sequenzen von Mikrofotos in unterschiedlichen Fokusebenen generiert.
Strict comparative analyses of the morphology of arachnid book lungs (Arachnida Lamarck, 1801 - Arthropoda: Chelicerata) were carried out in the present doctoral thesis using modern methods, resulting in a new perspective on arachnid phylogeny. Comparisons with potential aquatic sistergroups (Xiphosura and/or Eurypterida) and fossil scorpions give rise to the hypothesis of the unique terrestrialization of ancestors, which is common for all arachnids. Data from 200 Recent + 2 extinct scorpions, 16 whip spiders (Amblypygi), 17 whip scorpions (Thely-phonida), 1 schizomid (Schizomida), 1 extinct trigonotarbid (Trigonotarbida) and 1 outgroup - horseshoe crab (Xiphosura) are assembled into an illustrated catalogue of arachnid book lungs. Following the observations of these gradually differing cuticular structures the vast variation of book-lung fine structure across Arachnida requires unequivocal definition of characters and character states. Five characters are defined, which are assigned to distinct homologous book-lung structures: (1) the surface structure of the respiratory lamellae, (2) structure of the distal edges of the lamellae, (3) the posterior edge of the spiracle, (4) the anterior edge of the spiracle and (5) the structure of the wall lining the atrial chamber. Especially the book-lung characters 1-3 contain unexpected information, which helps resolve relationships within Scorpiones to a high degree, and characters 4 and 5 are of considerable importance for Uropygi s. lat. One sixth character (sensilla/pores) is mentioned, but sporadically examined. However, cuticular book-lung fine structure is studied using SEM, the gross morphology is reassessed using histological sectioning and 3D-reconstructions based on µCT. For investigations on trigonotabid fossils a new method yielding 3D-reconstructions from stacks of subsequent focal layers was developed.

Introduction. It is known that development of tooth begins approximately on the 6th week of pre-natal life. At this stage the epithelium of an oral cavity consists of two glowed, presented by different cages. After the 6th week reproduction of some cages of a basal layer is resulted by an epithelium thickening which received the name "tooth plate" and is a prototype of enamel body. On the 8th week of the period it is possible to observe the beginning of formation of a tooth nipple which represents a congestion of connecting fabric and in the future will turn into a tooth pulp. Work purpose. The purpose of our work is studying of century change of nerves of a pulp of second teeth.

The intent of this project was to develop a method of making architecture which incorporates into its design the unique features of the site and region. The site was chosen because of its unique physical features and strong regional character. The ideas of the layering of the walls was derived from the strata of a nearby bluff. The form of the building, a series of parallel walls, was an interpretation of the natural architecture of the region and the site. The curved wall that terminates the path through the building originated as a response to the meeting of a stream and the river. Out of this project came a building design that developed from the site in an incremental way. The architectural elements respond to the site through their individual form and structure, then as a collective whole.
Master of Architecture

Anindilyakwa is the language spoken by over 1,000 Warnindilyakwa Aborigines on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. In the Australian language families, it is placed in the Groote Eylandt Family (Oates 1970:15) or the Andilyaugwan Family (Wurm 1972:117). As Yallop (1982:40) reports, Anindilyakwa and Nunggubuyu "are similiar in grammar and possibly share the distinction of being the most gramatically complex Australian languages. They are diverse in basic vocabularly, however, and are therefore allocated to separate families".

Doctor of Philosophy
Anindilyakwa is the language spoken by over 1,000 Warnindilyakwa Aborigines on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. In the Australian language families, it is placed in the Groote Eylandt Family (Oates 1970:15) or the Andilyaugwan Family (Wurm 1972:117). As Yallop (1982:40) reports, Anindilyakwa and Nunggubuyu "are similiar in grammar and possibly share the distinction of being the most gramatically complex Australian languages. They are diverse in basic vocabularly, however, and are therefore allocated to separate families".

The two extant approaches to reduplication in Distributed Morphology (DM) are: (i) the readjustment approach, where reduplication is claimed to result from a readjustment operation on some stem triggered by a (typically null) affix; and (ii) the affixation approach, where reduplication is claimed to result from the insertion of a special type of Vocabulary Item (i.e. a reduplicative affix–“reduplicant” or “Red”) which gets inserted into a syntactic node in order to discharge some morphosyntactic feature(s), but which receives its own phonological content from some other stem (i.e. its “base”) in the output. This paper argues from phonologically-conditioned allomorphy pertaining to base-dependence, as in the case of durative reduplication in Tawala, that the latter approach best accounts for a necessary distinction between “reduplicants” and “bases” as different types of morphemes which display different phonological effects, including “the emergence of the unmarked” effects, in many languages. I also defend a blended model of DM which incorporates a constraint-based Correspondence Theoretic vision of Phonological Form. In this model the syntax builds morphological structure as per standard DM assumptions, which in turn leads to local and cyclic restrictions on allomorph selection, as argued in Embick (2010). I argue contra Embick (2010), however, that the phonology must be an essential part of the grammar in order to account for surface form-oriented (or “output-centered”) prosodic morphology such as reduplication and mora affixation. In this model, the output of Morphological Structure serves as an input into PF, which I construe as Optimality Theoretic tableaux as in Correspondence Theory, thus accounting for surface-oriented phonological copying effects like base-dependence.

En fournissant en plus de l'information spatiale une mesure spectrale en fonction des longueurs d'ondes, l'imagerie hyperspectrale s'enorgueillie d'atteindre une précision bien plus importante que l'imagerie couleur. Grâce à cela, elle a été utilisée en contrôle qualité, inspection de matériaux,… Cependant, pour exploiter pleinement ce potentiel, il est important de traiter la donnée spectrale comme une mesure, d'où la nécessité de la métrologie, pour laquelle exactitude, incertitude et biais doivent être maitrisés à tous les niveaux de traitement.Face à cet objectif, nous avons choisi de développer une approche non-linéaire, basée sur la morphologie mathématique et de l'étendre au domaine spectral par le biais d'une relation d'ordre spectral basée sur les fonctions de distance. Une nouvelle fonction de distance spectrale et une nouvelle relation d'ordonnancement sont ainsi proposées. De plus, un nouvel outil d'analyse du basé sur les histogrammes de différences spectrales a été développé.Afin d'assurer la validité des opérateurs, une validation théorique rigoureuse et une évaluation métrologique ont été mises en œuvre à chaque étage de développement. Des protocoles d'évaluation de la qualité des traitements morphologiques sont proposés, exploitant des jeux de données artificielles pour la validation théorique, des ensembles de données dont certaines caractéristiques sont connues pour évaluer la robustesse et la stabilité et des jeux de données de cas réel pour prouver l'intérêt des approches en contexte applicatif. Les applications sont développées dans le contexte du patrimoine culturel pour l'analyse de peintures et pigments
Providing not only spatial information but also spectral measure as a function of wavelength, hyperspectral imaging boasts a much greater gain in accuracy than the traditional color imaging. And for this capability, hyperspectral imaging has been employed for quality control, inspection of materials in various fields. However, to fully exploit this potential, it is important to process the spectral data as a measure. This induces the need of metrology where accuracy, uncertainty, and bias are managed at every level of processing.Aiming at developing a metrological image processing framework for spectral data, we select to develop a nonlinear approach using the mathematical morphology framework and extended it to the spectral domain by means of a distance-based ordering relation. A novel spectral distance function and spectral ordering relation are proposed, in addition of a new analysis tools based on spectral differences. To ensure the validity of the spectral mathematical morphology framework, rigorous theoretical validation and metrological assessment are carried out at each development stages. So, protocols for quality assessment of spectral image processing tools are developed. These protocols consist of artificial datasets to validate completely the theoretical requirements, datasets with known characteristics to assess the robustness and stability, and datasets from real cases to proof the usefulness of the framework on applicative context. The application tasks themselves are within the cultural heritage domain, where the target images come from pigments and paintings
Hyperspektral avbildning muliggjør mye mer nøyaktige målinger enn tradisjonelle gråskala og fargebilder, gjennom både høy romlig og spektral oppløsning (funksjon av bølgelengde). På grunn av dette har hyperspektral avbildning blitt anvendt i økende grad ulike applikasjoner som kvalitetskontroll og inspeksjon av materialer. Men for å fullt ut utnytte sitt potensiale, er det viktig å være i stand til å behandle spektrale bildedata som målinger på en gyldig måte. Dette induserer behovet for metrologi, der nøyaktighet, usikkerhet og skjevhet blir adressert og kontrollert på alle nivå av bildebehandlingen.Med sikte på å utvikle et metrologisk rammeverk for spektral bildebehandling valgte vi en ikke-lineær metodikk basert på det etablerte matematisk morfologi-rammeverket. Vi har utvidet dette rammeverket til det spektrale domenet ved hjelp av en avstandsbasert sorteringsrelasjon. En ny spektral avstandsfunksjon og nye spektrale sorteringsrelasjoner ble foreslått, samt nye verktøy for spektral bildeanalyse basert på histogrammer av spektrale forskjeller.For å sikre gyldigheten av det nye spektrale rammeverket for matematisk morfologi, har vi utført en grundig teoretisk validering og metrologisk vurde-ring på hvert trinn i utviklingen. Dermed er og-så nye protokoller for kvalitetsvurdering av spektrale bildebehandlingsverktøy utviklet. Disse protokollene består av kunstige datasett for å validere de teoretiske måletekniske kravene, bildedatasett med kjente egenskaper for å vurdere robustheten og stabiliteten, og datasett fra reelle anvendelser for å bevise nytten av rammeverket i en anvendt sammenheng. De valgte anvendelsene er innenfor kulturminnefeltet, hvor de analyserte bildene er av pigmenter og malerier

This study evaluated the diversity of the genus Eurydice on sandy beaches in South Africa by analysis of morphological as well as genetic data. Type specimens of the three Eurydice species currently known from South Africa, E. longicornis, E. kensleyi and E. barnardi were obtained from the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin and the Iziko Museum in Cape Town, South Africa. These specimens were studied in order to become familiar with their morphology. Eurydice individuals obtained from 30 sites spanning the South African coast, from Port Nolloth on the north-west coast to Bhanga Nek on the north-east coast were then examined. The two species E. kensleyi and E. barnardi, as well as four new morphospecies (A, B, C and D) were discriminated from these individuals by suites of morphological character types. Morphospecies A, B, C and D were therefore delimited according to the Phenetic Species Concept. None of the Eurydice individuals examined exhibited the same suite of characters as E. longicornis. Molecular sequences of two mitochondrial markers, cytochrome c oxidase 1 and 16S rRNA were analysed using both distance- and monophyly based methods. Uncorrected p-distances, a Minimum Spanning Haplotype Network and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees were investigated to determine genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the six Eurydice morphospecies. Results from the genetic analysis made it possible to delimit morphospecies A B, C and D as phylospecies A, B, C and D according to the Phylogenetic Species Concept, thereby validating the species status of four new Eurydice species, provisionally called Eurydice A, Eurydice B, Eurydice C and Eurydice D. This increases the total number of Eurydice species from South Africa to seven, of which six form part of the macrofauna of sandy beaches. The outcomes of this study represent an important step in the resolution of the taxonomy of the genus Eurydice in South Africa and enhance current knowledge of the biodiversity of sandy beach macrofauna, thus facilitating better-informed decisions on conservation policies and management to the benefit of conservation of biodiversity on sandy beaches in South Africa.

La fragmentation du catalyseur au début de la polymérisation a un effet déterminant sur la morphologie final du polymère, aussi bien sur la cinétique de polymérisation. La connaissance du comportement du catalyseur et du développement de la morphologie de la particule durant la réaction est très importante du point de vue de l’optimisation du produit et du processus. L’orientation originale de cette étude devrait donc fournir l’analyse en profondeur de l’évolution de la morphologie des particules de catalyseur/polymère avec pour but de comprendre le rapport entre la morphologie, la densité apparente et la teneur en caoutchouc dans les processus d’iPP. L’objectif concret principal était d’obtenir le contenu en caoutchouc le plus haut en gardant une morphologie appréciable. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de comprendre le rapport entre la morphologie du catalyseur, le contenu en caoutchouc et la cinétique de la réaction
The principal objective of this thesis is to elucidate how the rubber phase produced in the copolymerisation step is distributed inside growing particles of high impact polypropylene, and how the amount of rubber incorporated in the original polypropylene matrix influences the overall morphology and mechanical properties of the final product. To this end, polymer was made under different conditions, and the products were characterised and analysed in order to attempt to understand how the morphology of the isotactic polypropylene matrix changes during particle growth, how rubber flows in the porous network, and how the EPR arrives at, and pools on the surface of the particle. All of these phenomena are obviously dependent on each other, which complicates the problem. A representation which incorporates the rheological properties of the copolymer combined with the structure of the homopolymer polypropylene matrix is probably a more realistic approach to take

Cette thèse porte sur le préfixe un- en anglais contemporain. Elle vise à préciser le fonctionnement du préfixe dans deux parties du discours, les verbes et les adjectifs, et à déterminer quelle est la place de ce morphème dans l’économie de la négation et de l’opposition. Nous nous interrogeons sur l’unité du morphème à travers ces deux parties du discours, dans lequel il véhicule des instructions sémantiques différentes (il forme des termes qui sont les contraires ou les contradictoires de leur base, ainsi que des verbes réversatifs, privatifs et ablatifs). Par ailleurs, nous verrons que le préfixe ne se définit pas uniquement par ses instructions sémantiques : il partage celles-ci avec d’autres préfixes (in-, non-, de- et dis-). Notre objectif sera de déterminer quels sont les autres traits définitoires du préfixe. Nous nous pencherons sur la morphologie des lexèmes formés et nous nous interrogerons sur ce qui motive les prédilections morphologiques du préfixe. Nous nous intéresserons aussi aux champs lexicaux dont relèvent les lexèmes formés par un- car ceux-ci semblent se regrouper autour de quelques axes sémantiques privilégiés. Enfin, nous comparerons un- à d’autres types de négation. Cette étude empirique, qui repose sur des données recueillies dans des ouvrages lexicographiques ainsi que sur de vastes corpus tels que le Corpus of Contemporary American English et le British National Corpus, nous permettra de théoriser une approche morphologique qui nous paraisse convenir à l’étude des affixes dérivationnels et de mettre en valeur l’importance de l’aspect sémantique des lexèmes formés
This thesis deals with the prefix un- in contemporary English. It aims to analyse how the prefix works in two word categories, verbs and adjectives, and to determine the characteristic features of the morpheme as a means to express negation and opposition. This prefix can fulfil various roles and convey different semantic instructions; it forms lexemes that are the antonyms or the contradictories of their bases, as well as reversative, privative and ablative verbs. Un- is not solely defined by its semantic instructions: it shares them with other prefixes, such as in- and non- for adjectives, and de- and dis- in the case of verbs. The goal of this thesis is therefore to identify the defining features of the prefix. The morphology of the lexemes formed is analysed: un- tends to prefix adjectives with verbal roots, whereas the morphological constraints that apply to the un-prefixation are less numerous with verbs. This thesis attempts to determine the causes of these morphological tendencies and to study the relationship between morphology and semantics. For that purpose, it deals with the lexical fields to which those lexemes belong, as they appear to cluster around a few semantic axes. Furthermore, un- is compared with the negative adverb not and with the negative reversative, privative and ablative prefixes in-, non- dis- and de-. This empirical study, relying on data collected in lexicographical works as well as on large electronic corpora such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus, tests the validity of the approach defined in the first part for the study of derivational affixes

Over the years, phonologists working in the generative framework have encountered a number of persistent problems in their descriptions of Japanese phonology. Several of these problems concern phonological rules that sometimes do and sometimes do not apply in seemingly identical phonological environments. Many of the proposed analyses achieve observational adequacy, but, nonetheless, are intuitively dissatisfying. The first of two such problems involves the desiderative suffix -ta and the homophonous perfective inflection -ta, both of which attach to verb roots. When the verb root is vowel-final, the derivations are straightforward. (1) (a) tabe + ta + i → tabe-ta-i 'want to eat' mi + ta + i → mi-ta-i 'want to see' (b) tabe + ta → tabe-ta 'ate' mi + ta → mi-ta 'see (past)' Derivations are not so straightforward when the verb root is consonant-final. In such cases an intervening i is inserted between the root and the desiderative suffix, but not between the root and the perfective inflection. (2) (a) tat + ta + i → tat-i-ta-i 'want to stand' kat + ta + i → kat-i-ta-i 'want to win' (b) tat + ta → tat-ta 'stood' kat + ta → kat-ta 'won' McCawley (1968) is not specific in how he accounts for this differential it appears that he favours the adoption of a morphological rule such as (3) (from Koo, 1974). (3) ∅ → i / C]v__+tai Koo (1974) has attempted to reanalyze the desiderative suffix as -ita, but, since there is no evidence of W cluster simplification in the language, he is left with the even more difficult problem of deleting the initial i of the suffix following vowel-final verb roots. (4) tabe + ita + i → tabe-ta-i 'want to eat' mi + ita + i → mi-ta-i 'want to see' Maeda (1979) has chosen a boundary solution, positing that t-initial inflections are joined to verb roots by morpheme boundaries (+), while other suffixes such as the desiderative suffix are joined by a stronger boundary (:). By making the i insertion rule sensitive to boundaries of level :, the correct outputs can be derived. This solution, though, is unsatisfactory since the assignment of boundaries is not independently motivated. A second difficulty encountered by McCawley (1968) and others involves a high vowel syncopation rule that deletes the final i or u of Sino-Japanese monomorphemes when the initial consonant of a following Sino-Japanese monomorpheme is voiceless. (5) iti + too → it-too 'first class' roku + ka → rok-ka 'sixth lesson' However, a morpheme- or word-final high vowel at the boundary between a Sino-Japanese compound and a Sino-Japanese monomorpheme does not delete under those conditions insertion of i in these phonological identical environments, but (6) zi-ryoku 'magnetism' (X-Y) zi-ryoku + kei → zi-ryoku-kei 'magnetometer' (X-Y-Z) hai-tatu 'delivery' (Y-Z) betu + hai-tatu → betu-hai-tatu 'special delivery' (X-Y-Z) McCawley accounts for this pattern by invoking internal boundaries of different strengths: + and #. (7) iti + too roku + ka zi + ryoku # kei betu # hai + tatu He claims, then, that high vowel syncopation is sensitive to boundaries of strength + and is, therefore, blocked from applying to the u of zi + ryoku # kei. His analysis is correct, but his assignment of boundary strengths is rather arbitrary. Analyses such as the two above which appeal to boundary strength hierarchies have often been intuitively dissatisfying because of a lack of independent motivation. The relatively recent theory of lexical morphology and phonology as formulated by Kiparsky (1982) is ideally suited for this type of problem. One of the theory's most compelling attributes is that phonological processes may be put into a much broader context that includes morphological processes as well. This more integrated approach is often able to fit formerly isolated facts into a network of related facts to provide compelling independent motivation for diverse processes. The purpose of this thesis, then, is to fit i insertion, high vowel syncopation, and other Japanese phonological processes into the lexical phonology network to see exactly how they are related to each other and to the morphological phenomena of the language.
Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate

The thesis has as its goal the extension of current approaches in the description of natural languages, based on logics of partial information, to the area of morphology. I review work in a number of areas which may inform the study of morphology. I define a system for the representation of lexical and morphological information similar in descriptive aims to the system of Word and Paradigm (WP) morphology developed by Matthews, although somewhat different in technical details. I show that this system has a simple mathematical structure and indicate how it is related to current proposals in the field of feature value logics for linguistic description. The descriptive use of the system is demonstrated by an analysis of verbal paradigms from Latin. The attested shortcomings of WP are reanalysed in the light of the formalization developed above, and I show that, contrary to previous claims, the structures developed for the formalization of WP may be both adequate for describing the morphology of non-inflecting languages and concise in so doing. These assertions are supported by sample analyses of the morphology of Turkish, taken as an exemplary agglutinating language, and of Semitic.

In this dissertation project comparative morphological studies on the nervous system, mandible structure and sensory equipment of Decapoda and Peracarida are presented and interpreted with regard to the evolution of the taxa. This is a cumulative dissertation and the results were obtained in several separate publications. Both larval and adult characters as well as the ontogeny of certain features were included and analysed using various sets of imaging techniques ranging from conventional light microscopy to ultrastructure research with transmission electron microscopy. Attention was focused on the description and development of previously unexplored sets of characters which can be included in a reconstruction of crustacean phylogeny. The adult nervous system in Decapoda has been extensively studied for a long time and shows very specific taxon generic adaptations. In the present thesis now also the larval nervous system was comparatively investigated in its entirety for the first time. By use of computer assisted 3D reconstruction general and species specific features were analysed and basic elements were described, including the segmental ganglia and their neuropils as well as the segmental nerves. The larval nervous system is in a transitory stage to the adult organization, already showing well differentiated basic elements. Likewise the phase-specific structure reflects adaptations to larval life. The studied species respectively represent one of the three decapod main lineages, i.e. Caridea, Anomura and Brachyura. Against this background variations in the differentiation of 3certain ganglia can best be explained with shifts in the timing of morphogenetic events, i.e. heterochrony. The studies on heterochrony as motors of evolution are another core topic of this project. Along with the latter study also the morphology and finestructure of decapod mandibles during larval development was investigated, based on two closely related species, showing different feeding modes in the zoea I. Thus, it could be tested whether the mandible structure in early larval stages only depends on feeding modes or an evolutionary ground pattern is recognizable even in species with non-feeding zoea I. In case of a comparison of mandibles, restricted only to the features of the zoea I, adaptations to food preferences may obscure taxon- specific features. In detailed inspection, however, it could be shown that even in species with non- feeding zoea I apomorph basic features of the related taxon can be recognized. This supports the hypothesis of the presence of phylogenetic relevant character sets in larval mandible morphology. The monophyly of the Mandibulata is manly based on hypotheses defending the homology of the mandibles in Myriapoda, Hexapoda and Crustacea, nevertheless, knowledge on sensory structures located on the gnathal lobe is astonishingly limited, even less is known about their ultrastructure. The development of this complex of characteristics represents a further aim of this project. For this purpose the ultrastructure of the mandibular gnathal lobe of the zoea I of a rockpool prawn was analysed. Besides external structure and location and an analysis of the modality specific structures, special attention was paid to the features of the lacinia mobilis. In total a number of seven different types of sensilla, innervated by four different types of dendrites, could be described and compared, including (1) mechanoreceptive hair-sensilla and (2) putative contact-chemo-receptors, as well as (3) sensilla without external structures and (4) sensilla associated with inflexible spines. The results reveal new insights into the functional morphology of larval decapod mandibles and constitute a significant character complex including fine- and ultrastructural features. Following-up the character complex was completed by investigations of respective features of a peracarid representative. The results also present an overview of the sensory elements of the mandible as well as a detailed analysis of the lacinia mobilis based on their ultrastructure and features related to ecdysis. By comparison it can be shown, that the lacinia mobilis on the right mandible in Peracarida and also the respective structure in Decapoda are mechanosensitive sensilla. In conclusion the hypothesis of a possible homology of the latter structures gains further support. Concerning the structures on the left mandible a differentiated consideration is necessary. No unambiguous conclusions can be made and it remains to be resolved if the lacinia mobilis on the left mandible is a derived sensillum or a compound structure equipped with multiple sensilla. With the application of many different state-of-the-art technics and the overall discussion of the results an important contribution to eumalacostracan phylogeny, maybe even crustacean phylogeny, could be made. Character sets comprising different levels of organization of the arthropod body could be established. Primarily phylogenetic relevant signal in the basic elements of the larval nervous system and the mandibles in Decapoda could be presented. Furthermore, highly complex and detailed character sets of the mandible ultrastructure were developed, revealing a comprehensive presentation of the sensory capacities of eumalacostracan mandibles and by comparison already allowed conclusions about the homology of the lacinia mobilis. Thus, also the phylogenetic position of the respective taxa can be confirmed.

Facial recognition methodologies, widely used today in everything from automatic passport controls at airports to unlocking devices on mobile phones, has developed greatly in recent years. The methodologies vary from feature based landmark comparisons in 2D and 3D, utilising Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to surface-based Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (ICP) analysis and a wide variety of techniques in between. The aim of all facial recognition software (FCS) is to find or match a target face with a reference face of a known individual from an existing database. FCS, however, faces many challenges including temporal variations due to development/ageing and variations in facial expression. To determine any quantifiable heritability of facial morphology using this resource, one has to look for faces with enough demonstrable similarities to predict a possible genetic link, instead of the ordinary matching of the same individual’s face in different instances. With the exception of identical twins, this means the introduction of many more variables into the equation of how to relate faces to each other. Variation due to both developmental and degenerative aging becomes a much greater issue than in previous matching situations, especially when comparing parents with children. Additionally, sexual dimorphism is encountered with cross gender relationships, for example, between mothers and sons. Non-inherited variables are also encountered such as BMI, facial disfigurement and the effects of dental work and tooth loss. For this study a Trimmed Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (TrICP) was applied to three-dimensional surfaces scans, created using a white light scanner and Flexscan 3D, of the faces of 41 families consisting of 139 individuals. The TrICP algorithm produced 7176 Mesh-to-mesh Values (MMV) for each of seven sections of the face (Whole face, Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Eyes-Nose, Eyes-Nose-Mouth, and Eyes-Nose- Mouth-Chin). Receiver Operated Characteristic (ROC) analysis was then conducted for each of the seven sections of the face within 11 predetermined categories of relationship, in order to assess the utility of the method for predicting familial relationships (sensitivity/specificity). Additionally, the MMVs of three single features, (eyes, nose and mouth) were combined to form four combination areas which were analysed within the same 11 relationship categories. Overall the relationship between sisters showed the most similarity across all areas of the face with the clear exception of the mouth. Where female to female comparison was conducted the mouth consistently negatively affected the results. The father-daughter relationship showed the least similarity overall and was only significant for three of the 11 portions of the face. In general, the combination of three single features achieved greater accuracy as shown by Areas Under the Curve (AUC) than all other portions of the face and single features were less predictive than the face as a whole.

Mathematical morphology was first applied to binary images and readily extended to grey-level images. In extending mathematical morphology to colour it is difficult to define a suitable unambiguous ordering. We present two complete ordering schemes based on colour difference and similarity ordering for colour morphology. A novel colour difference formula is first introduced. This colour difference formula is based on colour extrema derived from a simple physical model of image formation and avoids the more arbitrary mathematical and perceptual definitions previously reported. Moreover, we define similarity criteria as the basis for mathematical morphology that can be used with flat and non-flat structuring elements. The proposed orderings meet the properties of mathematical morphology, and provide a harmonised approach for binary, grey-level and colour morphology. A comparison of ordering schemes for dilation, erosion, opening, closing and filtering operator shows the colour difference-based ordering presented here to be at least as good as other ordering schemes and better than some of the well principled, previously reported methods in not generating artefacts and reducing image noise. Additionally, the development of a similarity-based ordering to perform morphological gradient and Hit-or-Miss transforms for colour images is presented.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), June 1990.
"April 1990."
At scale lengths less than 100 km or so, statistical descriptions of seafloor morphology can be usefully employed to characterize processes which form and reshape abyssal hills, including ridge crest volcanism, off-axis tectonics and volcanism, mass wasting, sedimentation, and post-depositional transport. The objectives of this thesis are threefold: (1) to identify stochastic parameterizations of small-scale topography that are geologically useful, (2) to implement procedures for estimating these parameters from multibeam and side-scan sonar surveys that take into account the finite precision, resolution, and sampling of real data sets, and (3) to apply these techniques to the study of marine geological problems. The seafloor is initially modeled as a stationary, zero-mean, Gaussian random field completely specified by its two-point covariance function. An anisotropic two-point covariance function is introduced that has five free parameters describing the amplitude, orientation, characteristic width and length, and Hausdorff (fractal) dimension of seafloor topography. The general forward problem is then formulated relating this model to the statistics of an ideal multibeam echo sounder, in particular the along-track auto-covariance functions of individual beams and the cross-covariance functions between beams of arbitrary separation. Using these second moments as data functionals, we then pose the inverse problem of estimating the seafloor parameters from realistic, noisy data sets with finite sampling and beamwidth, and we solve this inverse problem by an iterative, linearized, least squares method. Resolution of this algorithm is tested against ship variables such as length of data, the orientation of ship track with respect to topographic grain, and the beamwidth. This analysis is conducted by inverting sets of synthetic data with known statistics. The mean and standard deviation of the inverted parameters can be directly compared with the input parameters and the standard errors output from the inversion. The experiments conducted in this study show that the rms seafloor height can be estimated to within -15% and anisotropic orientation to within ~5* (for a strong lineation) using very short track lengths (down to 3 characteristic lengths, or -10 to 100 km), and characteristic lengths of seafloor topography can be estimated to within -25% using fairly short track lengths (down to 5 or 6 characteristic lengths, or 10's of km to -200 kin). The number of characteristic lengths sampled by a ship track, and hence the accuracy of the estimation, is maximized when the ship track runs perpendicular to abyssal hill lineation. Using the assumed beamwidth, the measured noise values, and the seafloor parameters recovered from the inversion, Sea Beam "synthetics" are generated whose statistical character can be directly compared with raw Sea Beam data. However, these comparisons are spatially limited in the athwart ship direction. A recent SeaMARC II survey along the flanks and crest of the East Pacific Rise between 130 and 15* N included sufficient off-axis topography to permit a comparison of a complete 2-D synthetic topographic field with a region of abyssal-hill terrain that has close to 100% data coverage. Synthetic data is compared to both Sea Beam swaths and SeaMARC II survey data. These comparisons generally indicate that we are successful in characterizing the second order properties of the seafloor. They also indicate the directions we will need to take to improve our modeling, including generalization of the second-order model and characterization of higher moments. The inversion procedure is applied to a data set of 64 near-ridge Sea Beam swaths to characterize near ridge abyssal hill morphology and its relationship to ridge properties. Much of the data (27 swaths) comes from cruises to the Pacific-Cocos spreading section of the East Pacific Rise between 9* and 15* N. These data provide very good abyssal hill coverage of this well-mapped and studied ridge section and form the basis of a regional analysis of the correlation between ridge morphology and stochastic abyssal hill parameters. This regional analysis suggests a strong relationship between magma supply and the character of abyssal hills. We also have data from near the Rivera (9) and Nazca (7) spreading sections of the East Pacific Rise, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (18), and the Indian- African Ridge (3). Though spotty, this constitutes a good initial data set for the analysis of correlations among covariance parameters and between parameters and ridge characteristics, especially spreading rate. A working hypothesis is introduced to explain the observations within a geological framework. This hypothesis contends 1) that the maximum size of abyssal hills is related to the lithosphere's ability to elastically support the load, 2) that fissuring and horst and graben formation dominate abyssal hill formation at fast spreading ridges, and 3) that volcanic edifice formation, modified by faulting driven by lithospheric necking, dominates abyssal hill formation at slow spreading ridges. To quantify abyssal hill characteristics such as vertical and lateral asymmetry and "peakiness" we must appeal to higher statistical moments than order two. A mathematical framework is introduced for the study of higher moments of a topographic field. This framework is built upon the concept that lower-order moment provide the groundwork for studying the higher-order moments. A simple 1-D parameterized model is proposed for moments up to order 4. This model includes two parameters for the third moment, describing vertical and lateral asymmetries, and one for the fourth moment, which describes the peakiness of topography. Initial methods are developed for estimating these parameters from bathymetric profiles. Results from the near ridge data set are presented and interpreted with regard to abyssal hill forming processes.
by John Anson Goff.
Ph.D.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60).
by Ioannis Kymissis.
M.Eng.

Urban morphology has been a longstanding field of interest for geographers but without adequate focus on its economic significance. From an economic perspective, urban morphology appears to be a fundamental determinant of house prices since morphology influences accessibility. This PhD thesis investigates the question of how the housing market values urban morphology. Specifically, it investigates people’s revealed preferences for street patterns. The research looks at two distinct types of housing market, one in the UK and the other in China, exploring both static and dynamic relationships between urban morphology and house price. A network analysis method known as space syntax is employed to quantify urban morphology features by computing systemic spatial accessibility indices from a model of a city’s street network. Three research questions are empirically tested. Firstly, does urban configuration influence property value, measured at either individual or aggregate (census output area) level, using the Cardiff housing market as a case study? The second empirical study investigates whether urban configurational features can be used to better delineate housing submarkets. Cardiff is again used as the case study. Thirdly, the research aims to find out how continuous change to the urban street network influences house price volatility at a micro-level. Data from Nanjing, China,is used to investigate this dynamic relationship. The results show that urban morphology does, in fact, have a statistically significant impact on housing price in these two distinctly different housing markets. I find that urban network morphology features can have both positive and negative impacts on housing price. By measuring different types of connectivity in a street network it is possible to identify which parts of the network are likely to have negative accessibility premiums (locations likely to be congested) and which parts are likely to have positive premiums (locations highly connected to destination opportunities). In the China case study, I find that this relationship holds dynamically as well as statically, showing evidence that price change is correlated with some aspects of network change.