Zeitschriftenartikel: „Morphology of stem“

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Camilleri, Maris. „Island morphology : morphology's interactions in the study of stem patterns“. Linguistica 51, Nr. 1 (31.12.2011): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.65-85.

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The paper discusses the notion of morphological complexity, with a focus on stem patterns. Stem patterns, creating stem-based inflectional classes, are morphological constructs which come about as a result of observing the patterns rendered by the stem-form alternations (or stem splits (Baerman/Corbett forthcoming)), which one extracts after the formation of word-forms within paradigms. Stem-based inflectional class formation constitutes one aspect in the analysis of non-canonical paradigms, which also include affix-based inflectional classes, syncretism, defectiveness, and overabundance Corbett 2005, 2007, 2009; Baerman, Brown and Corbett 2005; Thornton 2010). While these non-canonical instances are in themselves interesting to observe, it is even more intriguing to be able to see what interactions can arise, which at times do not seem to be the result of something exterior to morphology proper. Through data taken from Maltese verbal paradigms the phenomenon of stem-based inflectional classes will be explored, which will exhibit how internal to the paradigm there exists a complex system in itself, which is based on the distinct organisation of different conflated morphosyntactic features which come about via syncretism. These patterns should illustrate a paradigm-internal morphological phenomenon that is irrelevant to the syntax, where while morphology borders with it, there need not be any interaction at this interface. At the same time, it will also be shown how at times, the border with phonology is blurred, where while the phonology may often try to build bridges that interface with the morphological island, the island's internal forces that drive its autonomy may deem to be more superior than the phonology's strive to impose its interacting requirements, which render some interesting morphophonological mismatches as a result.

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Comba, Luca Costanzo, Luca Gagliardi, Francesco Onorato und Fabrizio Rivera. „Periprosthetic Hip Fractures around the Stem: Can the Stem Design Affect Fracture Features?“ Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, Nr. 9 (29.04.2024): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092627.

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Total hip arthroplasty is one of the most successful orthopedic surgeries; nevertheless, many of these surgeries are the causes of failure, and among them, periprosthetic fractures are one of the major causes of revision. Our study focuses on periprosthetic hip fractures with two different stem designs. The aim of the study was to analyze the obtained results, focusing on the features of periprosthetic stem fractures observed. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed periprosthetic fractures occurring between 2010 and 2023, involving Alloclassic® or CLS® uncemented femoral stems. We analyzed demographic data, proximal femur morphology, and the fracture type. Results: We identified 97 patients. Considering the proximal femur morphology, we found that there was statistically significant prevalence of Dorr A proximal femur morphology in the CLS® group and of Dorr C in the Alloclassic® group. Considering the distribution of the fracture pattern, we reported a non-statistically significant prevalence of the fracture pattern with stable stems in the CLS® group. Conclusions: The choice of the prosthetic design of the femoral stem is a crucial element when planning total hip arthroplasty. However, we found a non-statistically significant difference between the two stems considered, raising questions about the real role of stem design as a primary determinant of periprosthetic hip fractures.

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Gerber, Pascal. „Verb stem alternation in Gongduk“. Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 23, Nr. 2 (29.03.2022): 240–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00105.ger.

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Abstract This paper provides a first overview of verb stem alternation in Gongduk (eastern Bhutan, Trans-Himalayan). Verb stem alternation in Gongduk is conditioned both by morphophonology and by grammatical categories. This paper presents both the morphophonologically transparent as well as the phonologically opaque, paradigmatic stem alternation. The analysis provided in this paper identifies seven verb classes and a small number of irregular verbs. Additionally, this paper provides some diachronic observations on Gongduk verb stems and shows that different stem classes of Gongduk preserve derivational morphology (valence, direction) with cognates in other branches of the language family. Gongduk therefore provides important evidence for the historical investigation of derivational morphology and verb stem alternation in Trans-Himalayan.

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Tatevosov, Sergei G. „Event-structural morphology in Tundra Nenets“. Rhema, Nr. 3, 2018 (2018): 88–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-3-88-118.

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The paper explores semantic characteristics of verbal stems in Tundra Nenets that can take different stem-final vowels. I argue that the distribution of these vowels and interpretational effects they induce are best accounted for under an analysis that treats them as phonological signatures of different event structural configurations.

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Arjin, Chaiwat, Chanmany Souphannavong, Apinya Sartsook, Mintra Seel-audom, Supamit Mekchay und Korawan Sringarm. „Efficiency of Fresh and Fermented Banana Stem in Low Protein Diet on Nutrient Digestibility, Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Crossbred Pig ((Thai native x Meishan) x Duroc)“. Veterinary Integrative Sciences 19, Nr. 1 (28.08.2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2021.005.

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Banana stem is a common feed component for raising pigs in mountainous Southeast Asia. However, its nutritive value and digestibility are low. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of unfermented and fermented banana stems on crossbred pigs concerning nutrient digestibility, productive performance, and intestinal morphology. Initially, an in vitro ileal digestibility test was performed for the following feedstuffs: fresh banana stem (BS), fermented banana stem (FBS), concentrate (C), fresh banana stem + concentrate (BSC), and fermented banana stem + concentrate (FBSC). For the 120-day experiment, 16 crossbred pigs were divided into two groups and fed with BSC and FBSC. They were placed in individual cages and subsequently moved to metabolic cages for seven days to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Finally, all pigs were slaughtered and their small intestines were analyzed for intestinal morphology. The results show that pure fresh and fermented banana stems had low digestibility. However, their digestibility increased by 50% when mixed with concentrate. Crossbred pigs fed BSC and FBSC did not exhibit significant differences in their performance, but the intestinal morphology of the FBSC group had improved intestinal morphology, especially the villi height. In conclusion, both fresh and fermented banana stems can be recommended in a low protein diet as feed for crossbred pigs in an improved production system. This is relevant for raising pigs in mountainous areas, as it has the potential to reduce feed cost and maintain production performance.

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M. Arkadiev, Peter. „Stems in Lithuanian verbal inflection (with remarks on derivation)“. Word Structure 5, Nr. 1 (April 2012): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2012.0017.

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This paper deals with the three stems traditionally postulated in the description of Lithuanian verbal inflection, viz. the Present stem, the Past stem and the Infinitive stem. These stems play a major role in the subgrouping of verbs into inflectional classes. The status of each of the stems as ‘morphomic’ or ‘inflectional’ is assessed in the light of data from both inflectional and derivational morphology. It is argued on the basis of intricate prosodic and morphophonological data that the Infinitive stem is indeed necessary for an adequate description of the Lithuanian verbal system, and also that a separate Past Passive Participle stem relevant for deverbal derivation can be postulated.

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Pakerys, Jurgis. „Verbal morphology in the Database of New Borrowings into Lithuanian“. Taikomoji kalbotyra, Nr. 3 (02.03.2015): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17480.

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The Database of New Borrowings into Lithuanian lists 129 verbs which were either directly borrowed or derived from the borrowed nominal and adjectival stems. In terms of morphosyntactic adaptation, two suffixes, viz. uo ti and in ti, are used as indirect insertion strategy devices (Wohlgemuth 2009: 94 ff.). The suffix uo ti is the most productive verbalizer in modern Lithuanian and is predominantly used to integrate the so called internationalisms in the standard language, while in ti is the main factitive/causative affix and is employed in the non standard language domain to accommodate the verbal borrowings coming mostly from English. In very many cases, verbs, nouns and some adjectives sharing the same stem were borrowed and I argue that a synchronic derivational link between them can be recognized in Lithuanian, no matter what the derivational history of these words in the donor language was. If a borrowed verb has a suffix, but no corresponding noun or adjective is found in the current usage, the suffix can be interpreted as a device of morpho-syntactic adaptation only. Compared to uo ti and in ti, other suffixes are only rarely attested in the database, but they clearly reflect productive types of verb formation, namely, the denominal similatives in au ti and the deadjectival inchoatives in ė ti. The data on prefixal and reflexive derivatives is too scarce to note any definite trends. As far as inflectional productivity is concerned, in ti and uo ti definitely play a major role in enriching the classes characterized by the present stem affixes of the a-type and the past stems affixes of the o-type. The inflexion of verbs in uo ti is also affected by morpho-phonological alternation of the suffix to resolve hiatus, viz. the infinitive stem has /uo/ (no hiatus), the present stem is augmented by the palatal glide /j/ ( uoj ), while in the past stem, /uo/ is replaced by /av/ (i.e. uo ti, uoj a, av o).

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Marusch, Tina, Lena Ann Jäger, Frank Burchert und Lyndsey Nickels. „Verb morphology in speakers with agrammatic aphasia“. Mental Lexicon 12, Nr. 3 (31.12.2017): 373–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.17006.mar.

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Abstract This paper reports an investigation of the production of verb morphology in English speakers with agrammatic aphasia. Our main goal was to test four accounts of the processing of (ir-)regularity by quantifying regularity using affix type and the presence or absence of stem changes. Production accuracy of regular, mixed and two types of irregular past participles (irregular 1, irregular 2) was tested in English using a sentence completion task with a group of five speakers with agrammatic aphasia. The results showed significant effects on production accuracy of whether the verb required a stem change and of time reference frame but no effect of affix type: past participles that required stem changes (mixed and irregular 2 past participles) were more difficult to produce than past participles that did not change their stem (regular and irregular 1 past participles). Moreover, the production of present continuous forms was more accurate compared to past participle forms. These results suggest that a categorical conception of regular versus irregular is over-simplified, as accuracy was best predicted by stem change rather than by regularity. This is a finding most consistent with the Stem-based Assembly model. The results of this study have implications for the design and selection of stimuli in future experiments: Experimental stimuli need to be controlled for stem changes and affix type rather than assuming that irregular verbs are homogeneous.

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Rightor, E. G., E. I. Garcia-Meitin und D. W. Liou. „Investigation of CPE/PVC morphology via STEM“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 932–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106727.

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Microscopic characterization of the phase morphology of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) modified with chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is vital to understanding the blend physical properties. A 2-3 week CPE selective staining technique, developed by Fleischner et al., has been the mainstay for recent TEM investigations of CPE/PVC. Several researchers employing this method have reported a network structure of CPE surrounding primary PVC particles.Rapid electron beam-induced dehydrochlorination of chlorinated polymers prohibits TEM examination of unstained sections. Chemical changes resulting from such dehydrochlorination of polymers was addressed recently by Vesely and Finch. In this study we investigated unstained thin sections, obtained at ambient temperature with a diamond knife, by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on a JEOL 2000 FX.As the STEM micrographs show (Figs. 1-3), sufficient contrast was available to distinguish CPE (light phase) from the PVC matrix (dark). Differences in initial chlorine concentration and rates of beam-induced mass loss most likely account for the contrast between phases.

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Weryszko-Chmielewska, Elżbieta. „Anatomical and morphological copper provision indexes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)“. Acta Agrobotanica 46, Nr. 1 (2013): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1993.008.

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The morphology and anatomy of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) stems under conditions of copper deficiency were investigated. Copper was supplied at 0, 5 and 125 mg per Mitscherlich pot. The lignification of tissues in plants from field experiments (0; 5; 10; 20 mg Cu/ha) was also studied. Significant changes in stem and leaf morphology and anatomy were found along inhibition of inflorescence and flower development. The anthers produces sterile and deformed pollen grains. The diminished stability of stems was caused by the following anatomical changes: considerable reduction of steam diameter and culm wall thickness and decreased numbers and dimensions of sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells and layers. In addition, the size of vascular bundles and the diameter of xylem vessels were decreased and the sclerenchyma sheath around the vascular bundles was reduced. The epidermis and sclerenchyma cells had thinner walls. The absence of lignification of cells walls was observed most frequently in the peripheral tissues (epidermis, sclerenchyma and parenchyma). It was demonstrated that it was possible to histochemically determine the degree of stem lignification in the early phases of wheat development.

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Shunmugam, Sugathini, Nur Syamilah Rosli, Sugumaran Manickam, Nur Fatihah Mohd Yusoff, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen und Parameswari Namasivayam. „Morphology and Anatomy of Leaf, Stem and Petiole of Luvunga crassifolia Tanaka (Rutaceae)“. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, Nr. 6 (31.12.2021): 818–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n6.2405.

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Luvunga crassifolia is an underutilized plant in the Citrus family. Other than brief morphological descriptions, there are no published reports on other identification features of this plant. Thus, the current study was aimed to investigate macroscopic and microscopic diagnostic features of L. crassifolia leaves, stems, and petioles. Macroscopic characterization, optimization of histological procedure, and histochemical analyses of differential stains were carried out on the leaves, stems, and petioles of L. crassifolia. The histological method was optimized by modifying the following parameters: number of fixation days, dehydration duration with degraded series of ethanol or butanol, clearing duration, and infiltration duration. After infiltration, embedding and sectioning of the tissues were performed. Histochemical analyses were carried out using differential stains to identify the cellular components in leaf, stem and, petiole tissue sections. This study showed that L. crassifolia leaves are amphistomatic. Pellucid dots were observed on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Secretory cavities, xylem, phloem, and pericyclic fibers were found in the cross-sections of leaf, stem, and petiole. Calcium oxalates were present in the leaf and stem sections, while trichomes were detected in stem and petiole sections. The information obtained from this study will be helpful for the identification and future taxonomic-related studies of this plant species.

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Wilder, George J. „Morphology and symmetry of the vegetative parts of Smilax auriculata (Smilacaceae)“. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 14, Nr. 1 (15.07.2020): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v14.i1.899.

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Smilax auriculata produces a subterranean rhizome system and an aerial vegetative branching system. Three intergrading types of stems (types 1, 2, and 3) compose the aerial branching system; these types are identified primarily according to prickle concentration, but also differ from one another in additional ways. Type-3 stems are determinate and either proleptic or precocious. Between growing seasons a foliage leaf of a type-3 stem may subtend either a solitary vegetative bud (or an expanded vegetative branch) or an inflorescence superposed over a vegetative bud (or expanded vegetative branch). Occasionally, an inflorescence terminates a type-3 stem. Whereas, rhizomes exhibit solely scale leaves, the aerial vegetative branching system manifests scale leaves, transitional leaves, and foliage leaves. On many type-3 stems the foliage leaves become oriented skyward, by bending of their leaf sheaths and petioles. The aerial vegetative branching system manifests bilateral symmetry and mirror-image symmetry. The inflorescence is a pedunculate umbel. The peduncle culminates in a torus which bears a peripheral whorl of bracts, centripetally situated bracteoles, and pedicellate flowers. Type-1 stems exhibit numerous prickles, which vary from unbranched to branched and from solitary to basally connate in rows.

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BLEVINS, JAMES P. „Word-based morphology“. Journal of Linguistics 42, Nr. 3 (13.10.2006): 531–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706004191.

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This paper examines two contrasting perspectives on morphological analysis, and considers inflectional patterns that bear on the choice between these alternatives. On what is termed an ABSTRACTIVE perspective, surface word forms are regarded as basic morphotactic units of a grammatical system, with roots, stems and exponents treated as abstractions over a lexicon of word forms. This traditional standpoint is contrasted with the more CONSTRUCTIVE perspective of post-Bloomfieldian models, in which surface word forms are ‘built’ from sub-word units. Part of the interest of this contrast is that it cuts across conventional divisions of morphological models. Thus, realization-based models are morphosyntactically ‘word-based’ in the sense that they regard words as the minimal meaningful units of a grammatical system. Yet morphotactically, these models tend to adopt a constructive ‘root-based’ or ‘stem-based’ perspective. An examination of some form-class patterns in Saami, Estonian and Georgian highlights advantages of an abstractive model, and suggests that these advantages derive from the fact that sets of words often predict other word forms and determine a morphotactic analysis of their parts, whereas sets of sub-word units are of limited predictive value and typically do not provide enough information to recover word forms.

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Li, Yinghao, Junlin Zheng, Qi Wu, Wenhua Lin, Xingmei Gong, Yinglong Chen, Taotao Chen, Kadambot H. M. Siddique und Daocai Chi. „Zeolite alleviates potassium deficiency and improves lodging-related stem morphological characteristics and grain yield in rice“. Crop and Pasture Science 72, Nr. 6 (2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21017.

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Zeolite is an abundant potassium (K)-rich silicate mineral that could increase K supply to plants. Potassium deficiency causes lodging problems and yield reductions in paddy fields in China. However, it is unknown whether zeolite amendments alleviate K deficiency or enhance lodging-related stem morphology characteristics in rice. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of zeolite amendment (0, 5 and 10 t ha–1) and K application (0, 30 and 60 kg ha–1) on rice grain yield, stem morphology, and K nutrient status in soil and plant tissues. In both years zeolite and K application, alone or in combination, significantly increased grain yield, mainly through increased number of panicles per plant with zeolite application and number of spikelets per panicle with K application. In the top 30 cm soil layer, zeolite amendment increased cation exchange capacity by up to 31% and available K by up to 38%. Zeolite or K application alone significantly increased stem, leaf and panicle K concentrations. Zeolite promoted K allocation to rice stems, and improved stem morphology associated with lodging index. In both years, zeolite or K application alone increased stem diameter, dry weight linear density and the breaking resistance moment by up to 7.0%, 8.3% and 16%, respectively, and decreased the stem lodging index by up to 6.7%. In summary, zeolite is an alternative source of K fertiliser and can alleviate K deficiency in paddy fields in China and elsewhere.

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Rutishauser, Rolf. „Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology“. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, Nr. 9 (01.09.1995): 1305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-142.

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Leaves and stems of flowering plants have been widely accepted as clearly distinguishable structural categories. Evolution, however, can blur the stem–leaf (axis–appendage) distinction. Compound leaves with apical growth and three-dimensional branching may be seen as developmental mosaics sharing some growth processes with leafy stems (shoots). To cope with fuzzy boundaries between structural categories, fuzzy morphology is proposed as a complementary way of looking at higher plant architecture. Fuzzy morphology treats structural categories (e.g., leaves and stems) as concepts with fuzzy (not sharp) boundaries. The developmental morphology of compound leaves is described comparing Apium repens (Apiaceae) with less typical angiosperms ("misfits") of the rheophyte family Podostemaceae, especially Marathrum rubrum, Mourera fluviatilis, and Tristicha trifaria. In some taxa within the Podostemaceae, typical leaf characteristics may be replaced by new properties, e.g., 90° switch of symmetry plane of the leaf primordium with production of pinnae or lobes along the adaxial and abaxial margin in Marathrum rubrum and Mourera fluviatilis. In Tristicha trifaria, compound photosynthetic appendages (called ramuli) combine developmental characters of typical leaves and typical stems. Thus, they may be called leaf-stem intermediates. Fuzziness of structural categories such as leaf and stem is especially obvious in Podostemaceae, which can be seen as the result of saltational evolution. The structural categories of typical flowering plants are transcended in the Podostemaceae because of developmental changes, resulting in organs with unique combinations of features. Key words: leaf development, developmental mosaic, Apium, Marathrum, Mourera, Tristicha.

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Cetnarowska, Bożena. „The Interaction of Nominalisation and Compounding in Polish: On the Analysis of Listonosz ‘Mail Carrier’ and Korkociąg ‘Corkscrew’ in Construction Morphology“. Roczniki Humanistyczne 71, Nr. 11s (27.07.2023): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh237111-4s.

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This paper compares two analyses of interfixal-paradigmatic formations in Polish, such as listonosz ‘mail carrier’ and korkociąg ‘corkscrew’. They are often interpreted as exocentric compounds consisting of a noun stem and a verb stem connected by a linking vowel, i.e. as [N+LV+V]N formations (Kurzowa; Booij, “Morphology”). The proposal defended here is the treatment of such lexemes as [N+LV+[V]N]N compounds, in which the right-hand verb stems are assumed to undergo conversion into nouns. Semantic arguments are presented in support of such an assumption. Moreover, differences are emphasised between properties of the interfixal-paradigmatic formations in question and features of exocentric compounds in which the verb stem stands in the initial position, e.g. moczymorda ‘drunkard’. The analysis adopted here in the framework of Construction Morphology involves the simultaneous application of two morphological operations, namely compounding and nominalisation (i.e. verb-to-noun conversion), in the formation of interfixal-paradigmatic lexemes. Such an assumption allows for the explanation of the phenomenon of “embedded productivity” (Booij, Construction Morphology).

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LAHAUSSOIS, Aimee, und Aimée LAHAUSSOIS. „The Thulung Raiverbal system:Anaccount of verb stem alternation *“. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 40, Nr. 2 (2011): 189–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602811x00024.

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Thulung Rai, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of Eastern Nepal, has complex verbal morphology, with verb endings encoding agent and patient person and number in transitive scenarios. In addition to this, a large number of verbs alternate between several stems, and the stem selection criteria are initially elusive. Inspired by work by Boyd Michailovsky, who proposes morphophonological accounts for the verb stem alternation in related Dumi Rai, I propose an analysis of the Thulung verbal system and its verb stem alternation.

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이금화. „Synchronic morphology for verb stem of Uiju dialect“. Korean Language and Literature ll, Nr. 171 (Juni 2015): 109–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17291/kolali.2015..171.003.

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Sattler, Rolf, und Rolf Rutishauser. „Fundamentals of Plant Morphology and Plant Evo-Devo (Evolutionary Developmental Morphology)“. Plants 12, Nr. 1 (26.12.2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010118.

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Morphological concepts are used in plant evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) and other disciplines of plant biology, and therefore plant morphology is relevant to all of these disciplines. Many plant biologists still rely on classical morphology, according to which there are only three mutually exclusive organ categories in vascular plants such as flowering plants: root, stem (caulome), and leaf (phyllome). Continuum morphology recognizes a continuum between these organ categories. Instead of Aristotelian identity and either/or logic, it is based on fuzzy logic, according to which membership in a category is a matter of degree. Hence, an organ in flowering plants may be a root, stem, or leaf to some degree. Homology then also becomes a matter of degree. Process morphology supersedes structure/process dualism. Hence, structures do not have processes, they are processes, which means they are process combinations. These process combinations may change during ontogeny and phylogeny. Although classical morphology on the one hand and continuum and process morphology on the other use different kinds of logic, they can be considered complementary and thus together they present a more inclusive picture of the diversity of plant form than any one of the three alone. However, continuum and process morphology are more comprehensive than classical morphology. Insights gained from continuum and process morphology can inspire research in plant morphology and plant evo-devo, especially MorphoEvoDevo.

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Kara, Nimet. „Karabuğday (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)’da Morfolojik Varyabilite“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, Nr. 9 (12.09.2017): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i9.1057-1060.1296.

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Maturity in buckwheat begins successively from bottom stems to up and the flowers, green and mature grains are present on the plants in harvest period. Therefore, there isn’t homogeny a ripening, and yield decreases. This study was conducted to investigate effect of plant morphology (main stem-branch, middle-branches and sub-branches) on change of the yield and its mineral nutrient contents in buckwheat. The field experiments were arranged according to a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2014 and 2015 years in Isparta ecological conditions and using Aktaş buckwheat cultivar. The grain yield in main stem-branch, middle-branches and sub-branches and contribution at yield of these of buckwheat were statistically significant in the both years. According to plant morphology, the highest grain yield in per plant 1.548 and 1.579 g/plant, respectively, and the highest contribution to per plant yield 40.72% and 38.61%, respectively, were determined in sub-branches. The lowest values were obtained from main stem-branch. It could be advised that the optimal harvest time full matured (brown seeds) of the seeds on the lower and middle lateral branches the highest contributed on yield in buckwheat. The mineral nutrition contents varied according to plant morphology, and the highest values, except for K and Mn, were determined in the main stem-branch.

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Yamamoto, Fukuju, Tsutomu Sakata und Kazuhiko Terazawa. „Growth, Morphology, Stem Anatomy, and Ethylene Production in Flooded Alnus Japonica Seedlings“. IAWA Journal 16, Nr. 1 (1995): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001388.

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Flooding of soil of potted, 24-month-old Alnus japonica seedlings for 24 days altered growth, morphology, stem anatomy, and ethylene production. This species exhibited high adaptability to soil flooding by forming adventitious roots that grew through hypertrophied lenticels. Aerenchyma tissues were observed in the bark of the adventitious roots. Flooding slightly reduced height growth and greatly stimulated diameter growth of submerged portions of stems in comparison with unflooded seedlings. Diameter growth in flooded seedlings was largely due to increases in both the number and size of wood fibres produeed during the flooding period. Flooding did not affect biomass increment of leaves and stems but reduced the total dry weight increment of the root system even though abundant adventitious roots had formed. Ethylene production in the submerged portions of stems was greatly increased by flooding. Morphological and anatomical responses of Alnus japonica seedlings to flooding are discussed.

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Gilman, Edward, und Jason Grabosky. „Branch Union Morphology Affects Decay Following Pruning“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, Nr. 2 (01.03.2006): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.010.

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Branch diameter relative to the trunk diameter (aspect ratio) affected the extent of discolored and decayed wood in the trunk of seedling-propagated red maple (Acer rubrum L.) after branch removal. More discoloration resulted from removing codominant stems than removing branches that were small compared to the trunk. Removing limbs that originated from lateral buds resulted in the same amount of discoloration and decay as removing suppressed limbs that were once the leader. This result provides indirect evidence that a small codominant stem suppressed by pruning techniques designed to slow its growth rate can result in a branch protection zone at the union. There was no relation between the presence of a bark inclusion and decay 4 years after making pruning cuts.

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Mensah, Eyo Offiong. „ON EFIK PREFIXING MORPHOLOGY“. Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 3 (16.09.2010): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v3i0.31.

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Prefixation is a grammatical devise that involves the attachment of a bound morpheme to the left of a root element or stem. It functions to signal certain grammatical relationships involving categories like tense, negation, person, number, and aspect. It can also trigger off the creation of new words from existing ones. The focus of this paper is to analyse the forms and structure of Efik prefixes in relation to the different phonological and morphosyntactic operations they can signal in the language. The paper also examines the various word formation strategies involving prefixation in the language. The basic assumption, however, is that the structure of Efik prefixes vary according to agreement, and is determined by the principle of vowel harmony. The study discovers that Efik prefixes have systematic and rule-governed structures and that certain conditions, such as the phonology of the stem, the stem’s lexical category and the semantic value of prefixes stipulate their position. We wish to interpret the following abbreviations in order to facilitate our analyses: Adv(erb), Asp(ect), Aux(illiary), Conj(unction), Fut(ure tense), Mod(ality), Neg(ation), N(oun), NP (Noun Phrase), Pres(ent tense), PT(Past tense), Pro(noun), Pfx (Prefix) SC (Subject Concord), Spec(ifier), Tn (tense) and V(erb).

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MÜLLER, STEFAN. „Solving the bracketing paradox: an analysis of the morphology of German particle verbs“. Journal of Linguistics 39, Nr. 2 (Juli 2003): 275–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002032.

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Inflectional affixes are sensitive to morphological properties of the stems of the verbs they attach to. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that the inflectional material is combined with both the verbal stem of simplex verbs and the verbal stem of particle verbs. It has been argued that this leads to a bracketing paradox in the case of particle verbs since the semantic contribution of the inflectional information scopes over the complete particle verb. I will discuss nominalizations and adjective derivation, which are also problematic because of various bracketing paradoxes. I will suggest a solution to these paradoxes that assumes that inflectional and derivational prefixes and suffixes always attach to a form of a stem that already contains the information about a possible particle, but without containing a phonological realization of the particle. As is motivated by syntactic properties of particle verbs, the particle is treated as a dependent of the verb. The particle is combined with its head after inflection and derivation. With such an approach no special mechanisms for the analysis of particle verbs are necessary.

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Harrington, T. C., J. Steimel, F. Workneh und X. B. Yang. „Molecular Identification of Fungi Associated with Vascular Discoloration of Soybean in the North Central United States“. Plant Disease 84, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.83.

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Brown stem rot is a common but poorly understood vascular wilt disease of soybean. In order to more clearly delimit the causal agent (Phialophora gregata) and distinguish it from other morphologically similar fungi from discolored soybean stems, fungi were isolated on a semi-selective medium from discolored and non-discolored soybean stems collected at random across Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. A total of 11 fungi were commonly isolated and characterized based on colony morphology and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA operon. Phomopsis longicolla was the most frequently isolated fungus, but it was isolated more commonly from lightly discolored or non-discolored stems than from discolored stems. Phialophora gregata was the next most frequently isolated fungus and was isolated more commonly from discolored stems and more commonly in 1996 than in 1995, which had a warm growing season and relatively little brown stem rot. In inoculation experiments, only P. gregata was capable of causing the vascular discoloration and leaf symptoms typical of brown stem rot; none of the seven isolates could be considered non-defoliating. Two other fungi, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Gliocladium roseum, were similar in colony morphology to Phialophora gregata but were not pathogenic to soybean, and these may be the same species as those referred to by earlier workers as Acremonium spp. or the non-defoliating form of P. gregata.

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HARRIS, ALICE C., und JAN TERJE FAARLUND. „Trapped morphology“. Journal of Linguistics 42, Nr. 2 (05.06.2006): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706003902.

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We argue that there is a diachronic process, distinct from phonological erosion, that results in the loss of inflectional morphology that is trapped when a clitic attaches to a host, becoming an affix. This is supported with attested examples from Mainland Scandinavian, Georgian, Spanish, and Greek, as well as shallow, well-accepted reconstructions from Slavic and Georgian. It is further supported by new reconstructions from Zoque (Mixe-Zoquean) and Andi (Northeast Caucasian). For example, in Old Norse the postposed article is a clitic, and there is a case ending between the noun stem and the article: hest-s=in-s ‘the horse (gen)’. The first s is trapped morphology, and it is subsequently lost: hest-en-s. Similarly, in pre-Georgian, the postposed article traps the ergative case marker, *-n: *k'ac-n=ma-n ‘the man (erg)’; it is subsequently lost: k'ac-man. We argue that the loss of trapped morphology is not sound change or another phonological process, but a morphological process.

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Martins, Aline Redondo, Norbert Pütz, Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre, Sônia Maria de Stefano Piedade und Beatriz Appezzato da Glória. „Seed germination and seedling morphology of Smilax polyantha (Smilacaceae)“. Biota Neotropica 11, Nr. 2 (Juni 2011): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000200003.

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Brazilians have been using the underground organs of Smilax species in alternative medicine since the 19th century because of their anti-rheumatic qualities. However, even nowadays, these species are explored only by extractivism. Studies on seed germination and development of these organs could be useful to preserve these plants. After germination, seedling development of Smilax polyantha was analyzed to understand underground stem formation. Furthermore, to analyze the ontogenesis of the underground system, seedlings aged from one to twelve months were sectioned. One of the most striking features of this species is the presence of two stem branching systems. The plumule gives rise to the first stem branching system with negative geotropism. Its first underground axillary bud sprouted into the other caulinar axis with positive geotropism. The horizontal growth and the subsequent thickening of this underground organ depended on the development of axillary buds from basal nodes of the previous branches. The cotyledonary bud did not play a role in the underground formation, as previously described in the literature for this genus, but the buds of the basal cataphylls built the second stem branching system. In this study we discuss the terminology and suggest calling this second stem branching system a rhizophore.

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Febriyanti, Febriyanti, Novri Youla Kandowangko und Jusna Ahmad. „Identification Morphology of Bamboo, and Traditional Use in Gorontalo“. Jurnal Biodjati 8, Nr. 2 (28.11.2023): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v8i2.29714.

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Bamboo is a versatile plant that has many benefits in the lives of the people of Gorontalo. This research aims to provide taxonomic information on bamboo species in Gorontalo Province, including variations in morphological characters and phenetic relationships of bamboo, as well as information on the traditional use of bamboo. The method used in this research is exploration and interviews. Exploration was carried out to collect information on bamboo taxonomy, while interviews were conducted to find out the use of bamboo by the Gorontalo Community. The research data obtained was then analyzed descriptively to describe and interpret data on morphological variations, phenetic relationships and traditional benefits of the various types of bamboo obtained. Based on the research results, it was obtained that 13 types of bamboo are distributed in Gorontalo which show the unique morphological variations of the varieties which are divided into four genera, namely the genus Gigantochloa has distinctive morphological characteristics on the waxy surface of the stem, the Bambusa genus with characteristic shiny, smooth stems, the Dendrocalamus genus has the largest diameter and stem wall thickness, the genus Schizostachyum has the same morphological characteristics of stem segments and branch lengths. Based on the analysis of phenetic relationships, two main clusters were formed with a similarity value of 61.2%. In terms of traditional uses, it was recorded in this research that most bamboo is used as building construction materials, food sources, traditional medicine, materials for traditional ceremonies, handicrafts, and ornamental plants, as a tool designedto help people's livelihoods and ecological functions. This research also provides the first record of the morphological characteristics and use of each type of bamboo in Gorontalo which can be used for future bamboo breeding and conservation projects.

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G, VELU, und GOPALAKRISHNAN S. „VARIETAL VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH OF GROUNDNUT“. Madras Agricultural Journal 74, March (1987): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02163.

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Morphological characteristics determining plant form associated with "source" quantum, distribution of dry matter and growth analysis of plant were examined in detail as time trend phenomena. Leaf weight, number and area are distinct for each habit of growth of which leaf weight alone is significantly positively correlated with pod yield even as total dry matter production, when all the varieties are pooled irrespective of habit. But at habit level, the significant positive association is not sustained by virtue of smallness of population size and the extent of heterogeneity of varieties. Depletion of dry matter from leaf rather then stem during development symbo- lishes bunch, depletion from leaf but much more from stem marks out semi-spreading and an accumulation of dry matter in leaf but large depletion from stem chara- cterises spreading and the yield ranking is linked to the quantum of depletion Growth analysis comprising NAR, RGR, CGR and LAI are considered and the im portance of LAI has become conspicuous having a control over CGR.

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Li, Wenchao. „A Distributed Morphology-Based Study on Verb Derivation in Japanese“. International Journal of Linguistics 9, Nr. 5 (05.09.2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i5.11769.

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This study uncovers Japanese verb derivation based upon the approach ‘distributed morphology’, conveying three ways of deriving a transitive (vt) or an intransitive verb (vi) in Japanese: (a) derived from the same adjective stem; (b) adding a morpheme that indicates vt or vi properties to a stem; and (c) verbalising a loanword or a Japanese-originated lexicon. In terms of deriving vt and vi from the same adjective stem, there is a semantic compositionality between the stem and the later added morphemes. Syntactically, the category of the derived vt and vi is established after the merger. In the second method of verb derivation, four pairs of vt/vi morphemes are confirmed: ‘-ø- (-u)’; ‘-e-’/ ‘-ar-’; ‘-ø-(-u)’ / ‘-e-’; ‘-ø-(-u)’; ‘-os-(-osu)’; ‘-as-(-asu)’ / ‘-i-’; ‘-as-(-asu)’; ‘-s- (-su)’ / ‘-e-’. Furthermore, three verbalisers, ‘る’, ‘する’ and aspect ‘ってる’, participate in the third type of verbalisation and, most essentially, the category of the base is not limited to nouns, but extends to mimetics and phrases. A proposal to treat these variations is put forward: the syntactic category of Japanese vt and vi are not predetermined. Verb derivation is a completely syntactic operation. The derivations, however, split into two paths: the process by which vt and vi derive from the same adjective stem is a case of ‘word-derivation’, and the process by which a verb is derived by adding a morpheme that indicates vt or vi properties to a stem and verbalising a loanword or a Japanese-originated lexicon is a manipulation of ‘root-derivation’.

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Nuratika, Sikin, Nilam Cahaya Fitri Yanti und Ester Mayer. „Levels of Affixation in the Acquisition of English Morphology: A Review of Selected Paper“. REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 1, Nr. 2 (31.08.2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v1i2.2888.

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In considering word formation in language development, there appear to be two central issues which can broadly be characterized as questions relating to (i) productivity, and (ii) constraints. This paper reviews one of the renowned articles which involving the theory of level-ordering that has three levels within the lexicon, children, recognize high-frequency words than low-frequency words written by Peter Gordon (1989), entitled "Levels of Affixation in the Acquisition of English Morphology." This study has three untimed lexical-decision experiments which were carried out with 5- through 9-year-olds of native speakers of English and found general support for a systematic relation between productivity and level assignment. The aim of this paper is to make sure the readers would understand what the article's researcher try to explain about the word-formation such as stem, the stem which add affixes of Level 1, stem which adds affixes of Level 2, and stem which add affixes of Level 3. Moreover, this article's references are accurate (valid) and well-argued. This article is highly recommended for word formation in language development because the researcher stated that children might have a significant part in this process. Therefore, this paper seen the word-formation will be rich in language development depends on how often people actively create words, for example, by combining stems and affixes in much the same way that they generate sentences.

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Zhu, Wenkui, Hongkun Liu, Bo Zhou, Meizhou Ding, Bing Wang und Bin Liu. „Nondestructive Detection of Stem Content in Tobacco Strips Using X-Ray Imaging Analysis“. Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 31, Nr. 3 (01.11.2022): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2022-0015.

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Summary For tobacco strips used in cigarette production, the stem content is an important quality index to assess the impurity level of the cut leaves. The presented work developed a nondestructive detection method of stems in cut leaf agricultural products by the low energy X-ray imaging. The algorithm of stem image processing and weight calculation principle was established, and then a machine vision system with X-ray imaging and image analysis was set up to verify the quantitative detection method. The results showed that the relative error of the detection method ranged from −3.64% to 2.76%. The determination of stems with a different morphology, such as the thick stem, were also realized based on the image analysis. The accuracy of determining thick stem and long stem was 94.67% and 99.33%, respectively. The developed method is superior to the current ISO detection method of tobacco stem in leaves under the same testing conditions in terms of accuracy and efficiency, which could be applied as an effective online detection method to monitor the quality of processed leaf for cigarette production.

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Chirkova, Katia, und Skalbzang Tshering. „Verb stem alternations in Pingwu Baima“. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 46, Nr. 2 (09.11.2023): 165–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.22016.chi.

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Abstract This paper focuses on stem alternations in Pingwu Baima (Tibetic). It examines a larger corpus of data than the corpora in previous works and systematically relates alternating verbs to classical WT paradigms. Our data reveal a relatively high number of alternating verbs in Baima, with verbs with two stems constituting the absolute majority of all alternating verbs. A systematic comparison of alternating verbs to classical WT paradigms confirms that stem alternations in Baima regularly reflect OT verb morphology. Such a comparison also reveals a clear tendency toward elimination in Baima of a separate imperative stem of classical paradigms. This tendency toward elimination of the imperative stem has not been commonly reported in modern Tibetic languages. An examination of Baima verb stem alternation in the context of its neighboring Tibetic and non-Tibetic varieties suggests language contact as a possible trigger for this development.

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Pardo, Jason D., Bryan J. Small und Adam K. Huttenlocker. „Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 27 (19.06.2017): E5389—E5395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706752114.

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The origin of the limbless caecilians remains a lasting question in vertebrate evolution. Molecular phylogenies and morphology support that caecilians are the sister taxon of batrachians (frogs and salamanders), from which they diverged no later than the early Permian. Although recent efforts have discovered new, early members of the batrachian lineage, the record of pre-Cretaceous caecilians is limited to a single species, Eocaecilia micropodia. The position of Eocaecilia within tetrapod phylogeny is controversial, as it already acquired the specialized morphology that characterizes modern caecilians by the Jurassic. Here, we report on a small amphibian from the Upper Triassic of Colorado, United States, with a mélange of caecilian synapomorphies and general lissamphibian plesiomorphies. We evaluated its relationships by designing an inclusive phylogenetic analysis that broadly incorporates definitive members of the modern lissamphibian orders and a diversity of extinct temnospondyl amphibians, including stereospondyls. Our results place the taxon confidently within lissamphibians but demonstrate that the diversity of Permian and Triassic stereospondyls also falls within this group. This hypothesis of caecilian origins closes a substantial morphologic and temporal gap and explains the appeal of morphology-based polyphyly hypotheses for the origins of Lissamphibia while reconciling molecular support for the group’s monophyly. Stem caecilian morphology reveals a previously unrecognized stepwise acquisition of typical caecilian cranial apomorphies during the Triassic. A major implication is that many Paleozoic total group lissamphibians (i.e., higher temnospondyls, including the stereospondyl subclade) fall within crown Lissamphibia, which must have originated before 315 million years ago.

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Ottesen, Michael A., Ryan A. Larson, Christopher J. Stubbs und Douglas D. Cook. „A parameterised model of maize stem cross-sectional morphology“. Biosystems Engineering 218 (Juni 2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2022.03.010.

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Ottesen, Michael A., Ryan A. Larson, Christopher J. Stubbs und Douglas D. Cook. „A parameterised model of maize stem cross-sectional morphology“. Biosystems Engineering 218 (Juni 2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2022.03.010.

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Bjøru. „The Morphology of the G-Stem Imperative in Semitic“. Journal of the American Oriental Society 141, Nr. 2 (2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.2.0329.

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Wan, Leo Q., Sylvia M. Kang, George Eng, Warren L. Grayson, Xin L. Lu, Bo Huo, Jeffrey Gimble, X. Edward Guo, Van C. Mow und Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic. „Geometric control of human stem cell morphology and differentiation“. Integrative Biology 2, Nr. 7-8 (2010): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ib00016g.

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Murata, Jin. „Diversity in the Stem Morphology of Arisaema (Araceae)1)“. Plant Species Biology 2, Nr. 1-2 (Juni 1987): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1987.tb00032.x.

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Harper, Tony, und Guillermo W. Rougier. „Petrosal morphology and cochlear function in Mesozoic stem therians“. PLOS ONE 14, Nr. 8 (14.08.2019): e0209457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209457.

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Arslan, Elif, Meryem Hatip Koc, Ozge Uysal, Begum Dikecoglu, Ahmet E. Topal, Ruslan Garifullin, Alper D. Ozkan et al. „Supramolecular Peptide Nanofiber Morphology Affects Mechanotransduction of Stem Cells“. Biomacromolecules 18, Nr. 10 (12.09.2017): 3114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00773.

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Yang, Yingjun, Xinlong Wang, Xiaohong Hu, Naoki Kawazoe, Yingnan Yang und Guoping Chen. „Influence of Cell Morphology on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transfection“. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, Nr. 2 (20.12.2018): 1932–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20490.

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DONOVAN, STEPHEN K. „Functional morphology of synarthrial articulations in the crinoid stem“. Lethaia 21, Nr. 2 (April 1988): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb00807.x.

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DONOVAN, STEPHEN K. „Functional morphology of synarthrial articulations in the crinoid stem“. Lethaia 21, Nr. 2 (09.10.2007): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb02067.x.

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Marion, A. M. W., J. Thiele, H. M. Kvasnicka und J. G. Tweel. „Morphology of the bone marrow after stem cell transplantation“. Histopathology 48, Nr. 4 (März 2006): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02332.x.

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Tsimbouri, Penelope, Nikolaj Gadegaard, Karl Burgess, Kate White, Paul Reynolds, Pawel Herzyk, Richard Oreffo und Matthew J. Dalby. „Nanotopographical Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Morphology and Phenotype“. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 115, Nr. 2 (13.12.2013): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24673.

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Altesor, A., und E. Ezcurra. „Functional morphology and evolution of stem succulence in cacti“. Journal of Arid Environments 53, Nr. 4 (April 2003): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1059.

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Oktaviani, Indah, Ayu Octavia Tanjung Putri und Mesita Dwi Pebina. „Deskripsi Morfologi Penyakit pada Batang Buah Naga (Hylocereus sp.) dan Pengendaliannya Menggunakan Pestisida Nabati dari Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus)“. Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, Nr. 2 (30.12.2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v10i2.6125.

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Dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) is a plant introduced from America and started to be cultivated in several areas in Indonesia. The high consumer demand is one reason to increase dragon fruit production. However, during the growth period, dragon fruit plant stems are at high risk for disease. This study aims to describe the stem morphology of dragon fruit plants that are attacked by disease and to determine the effect of vegetable pesticides from Lemongrass Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) in the cultivation area of the Lampung Province Agricultural Training Center (BPP). The research was divided into two stages, namely field observations using survey methods, and testing the application of vegetable pesticides on diseased plants. Observations made in the first stage included: stem morphological symptoms, disease attack frequency (FS), and disease attack intensity (IS). Observations on stem morphology showed that there were eight types of disease with different symptoms and causes, with an attack frequency of up to 100%. The highest percentage of disease attack intensity was caused by anthracnose (56.7%), and the lowest was brown rot (13.4%). Disease control trials using botanical pesticides were carried out on three diseases that attack almost all individual dragon fruit plants, namely: anthracnose, mosaic, and stem rot. The results showed a decrease in attack intensity on stem rot, mosaic, and anthracnose after four weeks of pesticide spraying.

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Sasek, Thomas W., und Boyd R. Strain. „Effects of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on the Growth and Morphology of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)“. Weed Science 36, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500074415.

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Kudzu (Pueraria lobataOhwi # PUELO) was grown from seeds in controlled-environment chambers at 350, 675, or 1000μl·1−1CO2. Biomass and leaf area production, morphological characteristics, and growth analysis components were determined at 14, 24, 45, and 60 days after emergence. At 60 days, plants grown at 1000μl·1−1CO2had 51% more biomass, 58% longer stems, and 50% more branches than plants grown at 350μl·1−1CO2. Plants grown at 675μl·1−1CO2were intermediate. Growth analysis components indicated that CO2enrichment increased growth by compounding effects due to increased net assimilation rates and increased leaf area duration. Relative growth rates were not significantly affected. The large CO2-induced increase in stem height versus stem diameter is in marked contrast to previously reported responses of woody erect growth forms. Possible ecological implications for competitive abilities are discussed.

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Vijūnas, Aurelijus. „Vedic nouns of the rétas- ‘stream; semen’ type and several related problems of Indo-European morphology“. Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 9, Nr. 1 (01.01.2008): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2008.1.3723.

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National Kaohsiung Normal UniversityThe present article is dedicated to the historical analysis of the formant -t- appearing in the Sanskrit neuter s-stem nouns srótas- ‘stream’, rétas- ‘stream; (male) semen’, and †vétas- ‘reed; stick’, as well as the structure and derivation of these nouns. Already Hermann Hirt already proposed that the formant -t- in these nouns was related to the Indo-European t-stems, but alternative interpretations have been put forward as well. Among the existing theories regarding the origin of the formant -t- in these s-stems, Hirt’s theory appears to be the most plausible. A different interpretation regarding the structure and development of their root is proposed in this article, however. Hirt claimed that the normal grade of the root in these nouns was inherited from Indo-European, but an analysis of data suggests that late Indo-European t-stems built to roots of this structure must have had zero grade. The attested full grade must have been introduced only when the reformed roots *srut-, *rit- and *wit- (← **R-t-) were secondarily re-used to build new s-stem nouns.

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Morphology of stem“

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