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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Morally problematic situation“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Morally problematic situation"
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Moilanen, Sanna, Vanessa May, Eija Sevón, Minna Murtorinne-Lahtinen und Marja-Leena Laakso. „Displaying morally responsible motherhood: lone mothers accounting for work during non-standard hours“. Families, Relationships and Societies 9, Nr. 3 (01.11.2020): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204674319x15664893823072.
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This study examined how lone mothers rationalise their work during non-standard hours (e.g., evenings and weekends), which they perceive as problematic in terms of child wellbeing, and thereby as violating the culturally shared moral order of ‘good’ motherhood. The data comprise interviews with 16 Finnish lone mothers, analysed as accounts, with a special focus on their linguistic features. The mothers displayed morally responsible motherhood through: (1) excusing work during non-standard hours as an external demand; (2) appealing to an inability to act according to good mothering ideals; (3) using adaptive strategies to protect child wellbeing; and (4) challenging the idea of risk. Our findings indicate that the moral terrain lone mothers must navigate is shaped by the ways in which their family situation contravenes powerful ideologies around good mothering, while their efforts to resist the ensuing stigma are constrained by the need to engage in work during non-standard hours.
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RACINE, ERIC, und MATTHEW SAMPLE. „Two Problematic Foundations of Neuroethics and Pragmatist Reconstructions“. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27, Nr. 4 (10.09.2018): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180118000099.
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Abstract:Common understandings of neuroethics, that is, of its distinctive nature, are premised on two distinct sets of claims: (1) neuroscience can change views about the nature of ethics itself and neuroethics is dedicated to reaping such an understanding of ethics, and (2) neuroscience poses challenges distinct from other areas of medicine and science and neuroethics tackles those issues. Critiques have rightfully challenged both claims, stressing how the first may lead to problematic forms of reductionism whereas the second relies on debatable assumptions about the nature of bioethics specialization and development. Informed by philosophical pragmatism and our experience in neuroethics, we argue that these claims are ill founded and should give way to pragmatist reconstructions; namely, that neuroscience, much like other areas of empirical research on morality, can provide useful information about the nature of morally problematic situations, but does not need to promise radical and sweeping changes to ethics based on neuroscientism. Furthermore, the rationale for the development of neuroethics as a specialized field need not to be premised on the distinctive nature of the issues it tackles or of neurotechnologies. Rather, it can espouse an understanding of neuroethics as both a scholarly and a practical endeavor dedicated to resolving a series of problematic situations raised by neurological and psychiatric conditions.
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Mauleon, Annika Larsson, Liisa Palo-Bengtsson und Sirkka-Liisa Ekman. „Anaesthesia Care of Older Patients as Experienced by Nurse Anaesthetists“. Nursing Ethics 12, Nr. 3 (Mai 2005): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733005ne788oa.
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This article analyses problem situations in the context of anaesthesia care. It considers what it means for nurse anaesthetists to be in problematic situations in the anaesthesia care of older patients. Benner’s interpretive phenomenological approach proved useful for this purpose. Paradigm cases are used to aid the analysis of individual nurses’ experiences. Thirty narrated problematic anaesthesia care situations derived from seven interviews were studied. These show that experienced nurse anaesthetists perceive anaesthesia care as problematic and highly demanding when involving older patients. To be in problematic anaesthesia care situations means becoming morally distressed, which arises from the experience or from being prevented from acting according to one’s legal and moral duty of care. An important issue that emerged from this study was the need for an ethical forum to discuss and articulate moral issues, so that moral stress of the kind experienced by these nurse anaesthetists can be dealt with and hopefully reduced.
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Misselhorn, Catrin. „A Softwaremodule for an Ethical Elder Care Robot. Design and Implementation Abstract:“. ETHICS IN PROGRESS 10, Nr. 2 (10.10.2019): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2019.2.7.
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The development of increasingly intelligent and autonomous technologies will eventually lead to these systems having to face morally problematic situations. This is particularly true of artificial systems that are used in geriatric care environments. The goal of this article is to describe how one can approach the design of an elder care robot which is capable of moral decision-making and moral learning. A conceptual design for the development of such a system is provided and the steps that are necessary to implement it are described.
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Hall, Edward. „SKEPTICISM ABOUT UNCONSTRAINED UTOPIANISM“. Social Philosophy and Policy 33, Nr. 1-2 (2016): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052516000364.
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Abstract:In this essay, I critically engage with a methodological approach in contemporary political theory — unconstrained utopianism — which holds that we can only determine how we should live by first giving an account of the principles that would govern society if people were perfectly morally motivated. I provide reasons for being skeptical of this claim. To begin with I query the robustness of the principles unconstrained utopianism purportedly delivers. While the method can be understood as offering existence proofs, because we can devise other situations in which morally flawless decision making would unearth alternative sets of principles, I argue that such proofs tell us surprisingly little about how we should live in general. Drawing on this point, I contend that normative models that wish away certain phenomena that are uncontroversially central to any account of politics cannot plausibly claim to tell us how we should live in political society. I conclude by offering a more positive sketch of why avoiding this brand of utopianism might not represent a problematic capitulation to the morally nonideal and suggest that theorizing in light of certain constraints may be a precondition of good normative theorizing itself.
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Stansbury, Jason, und Bruce Barry. „Ethics Programs and the Paradox of Control“. Business Ethics Quarterly 17, Nr. 2 (April 2007): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200717229.
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ABSTRACT:We analyze corporate ethics programs as control systems, arguing that how control is exercised may have pernicious consequences and be morally problematic. In particular, the control cultivated by ethics programs may weaken employees’ ability and motivation to exercise their own moral judgment, especially in novel situations. We develop this argument first by examining how organization theorists analyze control as an instrument of management coordination, and by addressing the political implications of control. We discuss coercive and enabling control as variations that help account for the distinction between compliance-based ethics programs and values-based ethics programs. We then explore three potential drawbacks of ethics programs: the specter of indoctrination, a politicization of ethics, and an atrophy of competence. Ethics programs that rely on coercive control may undermine their own effectiveness at stemming misbehavior.
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van der Arend, Arie JG, und Corine HM Remmers-van den Hurk. „Moral Problems Among Dutch Nurses: a survey“. Nursing Ethics 6, Nr. 6 (November 1999): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309900600603.
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This article reports on a survey of the moral problems that Dutch nurses experience during their everyday practice. A questionnaire was developed, based on published literature, panel discussions, in-depth interviews and participation observations. The instrument was tested in a pilot study and proved to be useful. A total of 2122 questionnaires were sent to 91 institutions in seven different health care settings. The results showed that nurses were not experiencing important societal issues such as abortion and euthanasia as morally the most problematic, but rather situations such as verbally aggressive behaviour of colleagues towards patients, keeping silent about errors, and medical treatment given against the wishes of patients. Moral problems occurred especially when nurses experienced feelings of powerlessness with regard to the well-being of patients. Moreover, these moral problems proved to be related to institutional organization, leadership, and collaboration with colleagues and other disciplines. Nurses appeared to have a limited awareness of the moral dimensions of their practice.
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Jansen, Trine-Lise, Marit Helene Hem, Lars Johan Dambolt und Ingrid Hanssen. „Moral distress in acute psychiatric nursing: Multifaceted dilemmas and demands“. Nursing Ethics 27, Nr. 5 (20.10.2019): 1315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019877526.
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Background In this article, the sources and features of moral distress as experienced by acute psychiatric care nurses are explored. Research design A qualitative design with 16 individual in-depth interviews was chosen. Braun and Clarke’s six analytic phases were used. Ethical considerations Approval was obtained from the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Participation was confidential and voluntary. Findings Based on findings, a somewhat wider definition of moral distress is introduced where nurses experiencing being morally constrained, facing moral dilemmas or moral doubt are included. Coercive administration of medicines, coercion that might be avoided and resistance to the use of coercion are all morally stressful situations. Insufficient resources, mentally poorer patients and quicker discharges lead to superficial treatment. Few staff on evening shifts/weekends make nurses worry when follow-up of the most ill patients, often suicidal, in need of seclusion or with heightened risk of violence, must be done by untrained personnel. Provision of good care when exposed to violence is morally challenging. Feelings of inadequacy, being squeezed between ideals and clinical reality, and failing the patients create moral distress. Moral distress causes bad conscience and feelings of guilt, frustration, anger, sadness, inadequacy, mental tiredness, emotional numbness and being fragmented. Others feel emotionally ‘flat’, cold and empty, and develop high blood pressure and problems sleeping. Even so, some nurses find that moral stress hones their ethical awareness. Conclusion Moral distress in acute psychiatric care may be caused by multiple reasons and cause a variety of reactions. Multifaceted ethical dilemmas, incompatible demands and proximity to patients’ suffering make nurses exposed to moral distress. Moral distress may lead to reduced quality care, which again may lead to bad conscience and cause moral distress. It is particularly problematic if moral distress results in nurses distancing and disconnecting themselves from the patients and their inner selves.
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Evans, Mark. „Moral Responsibilities and the Conflicting Demands ofJus Post Bellum“. Ethics & International Affairs 23, Nr. 2 (2009): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2009.00204.x.
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Recently, strong arguments have been offered for the inclusion ofjus post bellumin just war theory. If this addition is indeed justified, it is plain that, due to the variety in types of post-conflict situation, the content ofjus post bellumwill necessarily vary. One instance when it looks as if it should become “extended” in its scope, ranging well beyond (for example) issues of “just peace terms,” is when occupation of a defeated enemy is necessary. In this situation, this article argues that an engagement byjus post bellumwith the morality of post-conflict reconstruction is unavoidable. However, the resulting extension ofjus post bellum's stipulations threatens to generate conflict with another tenet that it would surely wish to endorse with respect to “just occupation,” namely, that sovereignty or self-determination should be restored to the occupied people as soon as is reasonably possible. Hence, the action-guiding objective of the theory could become significantly problematized. The article concludes by considering whether this problem supports the claim that the addition ofjus post bellumto just war theory is actually more problematic than its supporters have realized.
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Mamleeva, Alfiya. „Literary text features as means for individual’s moral qualities formation at the Foreign Language classes in a comprehensive university“. Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, Nr. 179 (2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-40-50.
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We attempt to analyze the main features of a literary text as a means of moral qualities development in the process of a Foreign Language classes in a comprehensive university. Various moral qualities such as the ability to work in a team, flexibility, honesty, courage and tolerance, sense of justice, the desire for knowledge are highly valued on the labour market today. The potential of the “Foreign Language” discipline contains a unique combination of ideas of spiritual, moral and aesthetic education, through which students are introduced to the ideals of morality and cultural patterns. We aim to identify the essence of text interpretation concept, which includes the reflexive component, important for the development of the aforementioned personal qualities. It is shown that the literary texts contain philosophical information, examples of problematic life situations in which certain social skills, human qualities, decisions and actions are demonstrated. Various examples of life situations presented in the literary texts are deeply analyzed and interpreted by students.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Morally problematic situation"
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Jindrová, Jitka. „Vliv sociální organizace her na orientaci v jejich morální dimenzi - revize výzkumu E. Kuruczové“. Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-446482.
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The author is reviewing the research that E. Kuruczová demonstrated in her diploma thesis called The effect of social organization of games on the orientation in their moral dimension. The main goal of the diploma thesis Kuruczová developed another contribution to Piaget's theory of the development of moral reasoning of school-age children. Piaget's empirical data suggested that social organizations could influence orientation in their moral dimensions. Kuruczová found that in her 180 children from one school (aged 1st - 9th grade) the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game King of Deer Hunters (organized as a competition) performs ahead of the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game Hot Potato (organized as a collaboration). Furthermore, in the research, children of Kuruczová think about the stories of unjust play situations organized by "Mrs. Teacher". Even the youngest and unoriented did not argue the evaluation of the situation as a fair authority of the teacher - which, according to Piaget's theory, could assume the key role of the criterion of obedience of authority in the heteronomous understanding of the criteria of moral evaluation. This thesis therefore answers the question of whether it can replicate these findings. Unlike Kuruczová,...
Bücher zum Thema "Morally problematic situation"
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Mason, Elinor, und Alan T. Wilson, Hrsg. Vice, Blameworthiness, and Cultural Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0004.
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Many have assumed that widespread cultural ignorance exculpates those who are involved in otherwise morally problematic practices, such as the ancient slaveholders, 1950s sexists, or contemporary meat eaters. This chapter argues that ignorance can be culpable even in situations of widespread cultural ignorance. It argues that moral ignorance often results from the exercise of vice, and that this renders subsequent acts blameworthy, regardless of whether the ignorance happens to be widespread. The chapter develops an account of moral-epistemic vice, and argues that two families of moral-epistemic vice may be common. Vices of arrogance involve the motivation to self-aggrandizement, while vices of laziness involve the motivation for comfort. If cases of cultural ignorance involve the operation of these moral-epistemic vices, then that ignorance ought to be viewed as culpable.
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Fletcher, Guy. Dear Prudence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858263.001.0001.
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Philosophers have long theorized about which things make people’s lives go well, and why, and the extent to which morality and self-interest can be reconciled. By contrast, we have spent little time on meta-prudential questions, questions about prudential discourse (thought and talk about what is, e.g., good and bad for us, what contributes to well-being, and what we have prudential reason, or prudentially ought, to do). This situation is surprising. Prudential discourse is, prima facie, a normative form of discourse and cries out for further investigation of what it is like and whether it has problematic commitments. It also marks a stark contrast from moral discourse, about which there has been extensive theorizing in metaethics. This book has three broad aims. First, to explore the nature of prudential discourse. Second, to argue that prudential discourse is normative and authoritative, like moral discourse. Third, to show that prudential discourse is worthy of further, explicit, attention both due to its intrinsic interest but also for the light it can shed on the meta-normative more broadly.
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FitzPatrick, William. Cognitive Science and Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462758.003.0011.
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Can empirical work in cognitive science and moral psychology impact issues of general theoretical relevance to moral philosophy? Some think it can. They take it to underwrite debunking arguments against mainstream philosophical views. This chapter first critiques recent philosophical work by two prominent experimentalists, Joshua Greene and Shaun Nichols. The chapter argues that the cases they make for this sort of strong impact of experimental work on moral philosophy suffer from a problematic form of scientism and ultimately fail. Indeed, they fail for reasons that likely apply to other projects with similar ambitions as well. Second, the chapter clarifies the dialectical situation with respect to empirically driven attempts to debunk traditional philosophical views, which leads to a general challenge to such debunking projects going forward. It ends by suggesting a more modest and plausible role for experimental work in connection with moral philosophy that gives up the overreaching debunking ambitions.
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Patterson, Eric. Victory and the Ending of Conflicts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0007.
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Scholars and political leaders have recently grown increasingly uncomfortable with terms like victory and ‘unconditional surrender’. One reason for this becomes clear when reconsidering the concept of ‘victory’ in terms of ethics and policy in times of war. The just war tradition emphasizes limits and restraint in the conduct of war but also highlights state agency, the rule of law, and appropriate war aims in its historic tenets of right authority, just cause, and right intention. Indeed, the establishment of order and justice are legitimate war aims. Should we not also consider them exemplars, or markers, of just victory? This chapter discusses debates over how conflicts end that have made ‘victory’ problematic and evaluates how just war principles—including jus post bellum principles—help define a moral post-conflict situation that is not just peace, but may perhaps be called ‘victory’ as well.
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Snyder, Jeremy. Exploiting Hope. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197501252.001.0001.
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One often hears stories of people in terrible and seemingly intractable situations who are preyed upon by individuals offering empty promises of help. Frequently these cases are condemned as “exploiting the hope” of another. These accusations are made in a range of contexts, including human smuggling, the beauty industry, and unproven medical interventions. This concept is meant to do heavy lifting in public discourse, identifying a specific form of unethical conduct. However, it is poorly understood what is meant to be wrong by the accusation of exploiting hope, the range of activities that can accurately be captured under this concept, and what should be done about it. Thus, it is an ethical concept that is ripe for extended analysis and discussion. This book offers a close study of the concept of exploiting hope. First, it examines this concept in the abstract, including a close look at how this term is used in the popular press and individual examinations of the concepts of exploitation and hope. This theory-based section culminates in the author’s own account of what it is to exploit hope and when and why doing so is morally problematic. The second section of the book examines how hope for improved health from unproven medical interventions can be exploited. This includes exploitation of hope in the context of participants in clinical trials, purchasing unproven stem cell interventions, right to try legislation, and crowdfunding for unproven interventions.
Buchteile zum Thema "Morally problematic situation"
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Stangl, Rebecca. „Self-Cultivation and Self-Absorption“. In Neither Heroes nor Saints, 146–71. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197508459.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that self-cultivation, as a virtue, can be successfully distinguished from a morally problematic kind of self-absorption. Indeed, we need such a virtue in order to explain just those situations in which agents really should think about their own character, and not merely the goods that the traditional virtues are directed toward, when deciding what particular actions to undertake. In particular, we need such a virtue to give a plausible account of how an imperfectly virtuous agent should act when confronted with what I shall call a situation of moral risk. But while imperfectly virtuous agents confronting such a situation should think about their own character, that is not all they should think about. Introducing concerns about the character of the self at the level of explicit deliberation as the target of one virtue among others rightly captures this fact.
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Tännsjö, Torbjörn. „Some Controversial Implications of the Three Theories“. In Setting Health-Care Priorities, 54–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946883.003.0006.
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Utilitarianism, the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and prioritarianism all come with, on the face of it, plausible rationales. However, these theories are inconsistent with one another, so they cannot all be true. It is of note, also, that each of them comes with some problematic implications. In particular, according to utilitarianism there are fewer reasons to extend the life of an unhappy person than the life of a happy person. Hence it has been thought to discriminate against disability. On the maximin/leximin theory, on the other hand, those who are worst off may seem to have a morally legitimate claim on all the good things in life (they become what is here nicknamed as ‘utility thieves’). Egalitarianism implies that levelling down to a situation where everyone is on the same low level of happiness means, at least in one respect, an improvement. Moreover, egalitarianism is insensitive in relation to momentary suffering. Prioritarianism does take suffering seriously, but apart from this it shares the standard problems with utilitarianism, which is only to be expected, since it is here seen as a mere amendment to utilitarianism.
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MacIntosh, Duncan. „Fire and Forget: A Moral Defense of the Use of Autonomous Weapons Systems in War and Peace“. In Lethal Autonomous Weapons, 9–24. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546048.003.0002.
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Setting aside the military advantages offered by Autonomous Weapons Systems for a moment, international debate continues to feature the argument that the use of lethal force by “killer robots” inherently violates human dignity. The purpose of this chapter is to refute this assumption of inherent immorality and demonstrate situations in which deploying autonomous systems would be strategically, morally, and rationally appropriate. The second part of this chapter objects to the argument that the use of robots in warfare is somehow inherently offensive to human dignity. Overall, this chapter will demonstrate that, contrary to arguments made by some within civil society, moral employment of force is possible, even without proximate human decision-making. As discussions continue to swirl around autonomous weapons systems, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that fire-and-forget weapons are not morally exceptional or inherently evil. If an engagement complied with the established ethical framework, it is not inherently morally invalidated by the absence of a human at the point of violence. As this chapter argues, the decision to employ lethal force becomes problematic when a more thorough consideration would have demanded restraint. Assuming a legitimate target, therefore, the importance of the distance between human agency in the target authorization process and force delivery is separated by degrees. A morally justifiable decision to engage a target with rifle fire would not be ethically invalidated simply because the lethal force was delivered by a commander-authorized robotic carrier.
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Scholz, Sally J. „Moral Implications of the Battered Woman Syndrome“. In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 134–39. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199842786.
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The Battered Woman Syndrome, like the Cycle Theory of Violence, helps to illuminate the situation of the person victimized by domestic violence. However, it may also contribute to the violence of the battering situation. In this paper, I explore some of the implications of the Battered Woman Syndrome for domestic violence cases wherein an abused woman kills her abuser. I begin by delineating some of the circumstances of a domestic violence situation. I then discuss the particular moral issue of subjectivity or moral personhood involved in instances wherein a woman victimized by domestic violence responds by killing her batterer. Finally, I argue that the Battered Woman Syndrome and similar alternatives to or qualifications of self-defense are problematic because they strip a woman of her moral subjectivity. I conclude with a brief articulation of a proposal for reform of the criminal justice system specifically aimed at cases wherein there has been a long history of abuse or violence. This reform is unique because it does not rely on a separate standard of reasonableness particular to battered women, but arises out of consideration of the moral implications of legal proceedings involving domestic violence.
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Marion, Jean-Luc. „The World as It Runs—and as It Doesn’t“. In The Rigor of Things, übersetzt von Christina M. Gschwandtner. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823275755.003.0006.
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In this chapter Marion discusses the problematic connotations of the term “value” especially when associated with God or morality, because “value” always depends on the evaluator. He refuses the titles of “intellectual” or Catholic “philosopher” and explains why. The chapter discusses in what way our present situation is one of nihilism and how one should respond to it. Marion argues that God is not in retreat and Catholicism not in crisis. He ends with a discussion of the relationship between Christianity and Judaism and a brief evaluation of the recent papacies.
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Pavel, Carmen E. „Normative Judgment, Realism, and International Law“. In Law Beyond the State, 58–85. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543894.003.0003.
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A strand of thought within international relations realism claims that international law, understood as the dense network of multilateral and bilateral treaties, customary law, and institutions tasked with interpreting and applying them, cannot have meaningfully legal authority. This chapter traces the genealogy of the realist take on international law to a problematic use of the rational choice model for state behavior. Namely, realists derive skeptical positions about the authority and value of international law by using the rational choice model applied to states prescriptively rather than merely descriptively. With parsimonious assumptions about instrumental rationality, preferences, and choice situations, realists have put the model to good use to explain state action in the context of international politics. But they go much further, by taking the rational actor model to articulate an implicit moral ideal for states.
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Nili, Shmuel. „Integrity, Self-Absorption, and Clean Hands“. In Integrity, Personal, and Political, 74–100. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859635.003.0004.
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Political realities often mean that familiar moral constraints—against lying, manipulating, coercing, and the like—cannot be upheld without serious consequences for a very large number of vulnerable people. It is commonly argued that, under these ubiquitous political circumstances, putting much weight on non-consequentialist integrity reasons amounts to a self-absorbed preoccupation with “clean hands.” This chapter presents an elaborate response to this self-absorption charge, pivoting on two key claims. First, the familiar equation of “integrity” with “clean hands” is misleading: there are important cases where integrity might be compatible with “dirty hands,” and may even actively push agents to dirty their hands. Second, setting up our policy dilemma as a binary choice between “dirtying our hands” and imposing grave costs on many vulnerable people is often problematic. More often than not, such a binary presentation of the policy situation is misleading and self-serving.
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Moreau, Sophia. „A Question of Inequality“. In Faces of Inequality, 1–38. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927301.003.0001.
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Chapter One, “A Question of Inequality,” argues that complaints of wrongful discrimination are best understood as claims that one has been treated as the inferior of others, rather than as their equal. It then introduces the question that the book will answer: When we disadvantage some people relative to others on the basis of certain traits, when and why do we wrong them by failing to treat them as the equals of others? The author discusses monist theories of why discrimination wrongs people—that is, theories that trace the wrongness of discrimination to some single feature in all cases—and argues that such theories are problematic, and that we need to look instead for a pluralist theory. The author discusses a number of challenges facing pluralist theories, and explains how the theory elaborated in this book will address these challenges. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion of the relevance of the law to our moral thought about why discrimination is wrong, and a discussion of the importance of using real examples with real claimants. The author argues that particularly because the different wrongs involved in wrongful discrimination depend on the background social context, hypothetical examples that have no background social context will not help us assess what is wrongful about wrongful discrimination. Moreover, hypothetical examples risk leaving in place misunderstandings about the groups that have historically faced wrongful discrimination and who have not been given a voice. If we are to understand the situation of these groups, we need to try to take their perspective and learn from their actual experiences.
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„Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations“. In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, herausgegeben von Fred Whoriskey. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch50.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Atlantic salmon <em>Salmo salar </em>in North America is much depleted. Present population abundance may be only about 4% of that at the time of European colonization, and almost all populations in the southern third of North America are at risk of biological extinction. Anthropogenic and natural factors have contributed to this situation. This paper reviews the biology of Atlantic salmon, documents current population status and management in North America, and identifies challenges to restoration. Atlantic salmon migrate from home rivers within the USA or Canada to ocean feeding areas in waters off the coast of Greenland where they mix with conspecifics from Europe. Exploitation during this migration and in interceptory fisheries in home waters posed a severe challenge to conservation of spawning populations. To address the impacts of the Greenland fishery, the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), an international body with members from all Atlantic salmon producing countries, was established to set fishing quotas in the Atlantic Ocean and to pressure governments not respecting the quotas. In Canada, coastal commercial fisheries were also phased out to favor the more lucrative recreational angling industry. To provide incentives for reductions in commercial harvests, at least one wild salmon conservation organization initially supported salmon farming, which could provide commercial markets with a cheap source of fresh salmon. The phenomenal success of this industry helped shut down the interceptory commercial fisheries; however, its potential impacts on wild Atlantic salmon were not anticipated and some remain problematic. At present, adult salmon returns in North America remain near historic lows, and below conservation requirements. However, some rivers are producing surpluses, recreational fishing continues, and the key management goal is rebuilding North American returns. Live-release angling has been employed in many jurisdictions where harvest fisheries would pose conservation risks. While the practice has helped address the risks, a debate has been incited about the morality of angling should fish feel pain and show “awareness.” With traditional fisheries management options failing to bring relief, rebounds in wild Atlantic salmon populations will depend on upturns in marine survival, ecosystem repairs, restoration of lost salmon production potential, and innovative interventions.