Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Montréal (Canada) – Pont Victoria“

Avant la construction du pont Jacques-Cartier à la fin des années 1920, plusieurs projets de traverses du Saint-Laurent au même endroit devant Montréal ont été proposés et abandonnés, dont celui du pont Royal-Albert en 1875-1876. Bien qu’à première vue on puisse croire que l’échec de cet imposant projet qui aurait mis fin au monopole du pont Victoria tient à un manque de financement ou à un défi technique trop ambitieux pour l’époque, il n’en est rien. Avant même que puisse avoir lieu la première levée de terre, le projet du pont Royal-Albert est abandonné à cause de la vive opposition qu’il suscite. Son histoire révèle des contraintes environnementales et des jeux de pouvoir et d’influence où l’industrie ferroviaire occupe une place centrale.

PurposeAirbnb is a web-based peer-to-peer (P2P) service that enables potential hosts and guests to broker accommodations in private homes as an alternative to traditional hotels. The hospitality sector has increasingly gone smoke-free over the last decade. This study identified the availability and cost of smoking-permitted accommodations identified on Airbnb.MethodsThe study team searched for Airbnb accommodations in 12 Canadian cities across each of Canada’s 10 provinces. Searches included availability for a single person for a private room, or double occupancy for an entire home/apartment; searches were for 1-night and 1-week stays.ResultsCities across Canada, including Regina, Fredericton and Charlottetown, had no smoking-permitted accommodations available for the searches conducted. The proportion of private rooms available for one night that permitted smoking ranged from 2% in Calgary, 4% in Winnipeg and St. John’s, 10% in Halifax and Victoria, 18% in Toronto, 45% in Vancouver and 69% in Montréal. The average cost for a private room for one night in Vancouver was $128, while the cost for a private room that permits smoking was $62; however, in other markets prices were more similar.DiscussionAcross Canada, there is a wide range of smoking-permitted accommodations available through Airbnb. In some markets, smoking-permitted accommodation may be significantly less expensive than smoke-free options. As hotel chains increasingly go smoke-free, it is possible that the marketplace will respond with offerings to fulfil consumer demand. As policy makers consider how to regulate P2P services like Airbnb, public health considerations should be included.

Ground-motion time histories which are compatible with the uniform hazard spectra (UHS) provided by the new national seismic hazard maps of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) are simulated. Time histories are simulated for the following cities: Halifax, La Malbaie, Québec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Prince George, Tofino, Vancouver, and Victoria. The target UHS for the time history simulations are the GSC 5% damped horizontal-component spectra for "firm ground" (Class B) sites for an annual probability of 1/500. The Canadian Council on Earthquake Engineering is currently considering the adoption of these maps as the seismological basis for the earthquake design requirements for future editions of the National Building Code of Canada. It is therefore useful to have compatible time histories for these spectra, in order that dynamic analysis methods requiring the use of time histories can be employed. The simulated records provide a realistic representation of ground motion for the earthquake magnitudes and distances that contribute most strongly to hazard at the selected cities and probability level. For each selected city, two horizontal components are generated for a moderate earthquake nearby, and two horizontal components are generated for a larger earthquake farther away. These records match the short- and long-period ends of the target UHS, respectively. These simulations for local and regional crustal earthquakes are based on a point-source stochastic simulation procedure. For cities in British Columbia, records are also simulated for a scenario M8.5 earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone, using a stochastic finite-fault simulation model. Four different rupture scenarios are considered. The ground motions for this scenario event are not associated with a specific probability level, but current information suggests that their probability of occurrence is comparable to that of the 1/500 UHS (the probabilistic analyses performed for the national hazard maps do not explicitly include the Cascadia subduction event). Thus it would be reasonable to conduct engineering analyses for cities in British Columbia using both the simulated crustal-event motions and the simulated Cascadia-event motions for the Cascadia event. The time histories simulated for this study are available free of charge to all interested parties.Key words: compatible time-histories, seismic hazard, ground motions.

Abstract Background In 2003, many hospitals in Québec, Canada experienced an increase in the incidence of healthcare-associated C. difficile infection (HA-CDI) associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This increase was associated with the dissemination of the NAP1/027 strain. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of HA-CDI in two tertiary care hospitals based in Montréal from 2003 to 2019. Methods Surveillance for HA-CDI was performed using standard definitions from 2003 to 2019 at the Montreal General Hospital (MGH) and Royal Victoria Hospital (RVH), in Montréal, Québec. C. difficile was isolated from stool specimens using standard methods. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping were performed to determine genotype. Antibiotic utilization and infection control interventions implemented over the same time period were reviewed. Results A total of 4314 cases of CDAD were identified during the study period: 2295 at the RVH and 2019 at the MGH. The incidence decreased from 29.5 to 5.9 cases per 10,000 patient-days between 2003 and 2019 at the RVH and from 23.8 to 3.9 cases per 10,000 patient-days at the MGH. Of the 124 isolates available for genotyping in 2003, 112 were NAP1 (90.3%) compared to 5 out of 53 (9.4%) in 2019. Fluoroquinolone utilization decreased from 230 to 139 DDDs per 1,000 patient-days between 2003 and 2019, whereas total antibiotic utilization increased from 1296 to 1550 DDDs per 1,000 patient-days. Infection Control interventions included empirically placing patients with diarrhea on precautions, intensified cleaning measures, formal antibiotic stewardship, introduction of a real-time PCR C. difficile test in June 2010, and a move to a facility with only single rooms at the RVH in April 2015. Incidence of HA-CDI at the RVH and MGH and antibiotic utilization between 2003 and 2019 Conclusion An important change in HA-CDI epidemiology was observed in two Canadian tertiary care hospitals based in Montréal between 2003 and 2019. There was a significant decrease in incidence of HA-CDI and a genotype shift from a predominance of NAP1 strains to non-NAP1 strains. Utilization of fluoroquinolones, to which the NAP1 strain is resistant, concurrently decreased. Infection control interventions targeting isolation, diagnosis, disinfection, and antibiotic stewardship have contributed to the major observed reduction in HA-CDI incidence. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Background & Aims. The pharmaceutical care practice represents a model of responsible pharmacist involvement in the pharmacotherapy optimization of various population groups, including the elderly, known to be at risk for drug-related problems. Romanian pharmacists could use validated pharmaceutical care experiences to confirm their role as health-care professionals.This descriptive research presents the application in two real and different environments of practice of a structured pharmaceutical care approach conceived as the basis for a medication review activity and aiming at the identification and resolution of the drug related problems in the elderly.Patients and methods. Two patients with similar degree of disease-burden complexity, receiving care in different health-care environments (The Geriatric Ward of the Royal Victoria Hospital from the McGill University Health Centre in Montréal, Québec, Canada, in November 2010, and an urban nursing-home facility in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in March 2011), were chosen for the analysis. One clinical pharmacist suggested solutions for the management of each of the active drug-related problems identified, using the systematic pharmaceutical care approach and specific published geriatric pharmacotherapy recommendations. The number of the drug-related problems identified and the degree of the care-team acceptance of the pharmacists’ solutions were noted for each patient.Results. The pharmacist found 6 active drug-related problems for the hospitalized patient (72 year-old, Chronic Disease Score 9) and 7 potential ones for the nursing-home resident (79 year-old, Chronic Disease Score 8), involving misuse, underuse and overuse of medications. Each patient had 3 geriatric syndromes at baseline. The therapy changes suggested by the pharmacist were implemented for the hospitalized patient, through collaboration with the health-care team. For the nursing home resident, the pharmacist identified the need for additional 6 medications and safety and efficacy arguments to cease 7 initial therapies, simplifying the therapeutic daily schedule (from 24 daily doses to 15).Conclusion. The pharmacist’s potential contribution to the optimization of the Romanian elderly patients’ pharmacotherapy needs further exploration, as potential drug related problems reported as characteristic for this population were easily identified. The presented structured and validated model of pharmaceutical care approach could be used to this end. Its dissemination and use could be encouraged along with the enhancement of pharmacotherapy information and care team collaboration skills.

Abstract Background: Asciminib (ASC) is a novel, first in class inhibitor specifically targeting the ABL myristate pocket. Phase 3 data comparing ASC to bosutinib have shown a higher rate of major molecular (MMR; 25.5% vs 13.2%) and complete cytogenetic response (40.8% vs 24.2%) at 6 months (mo) in CML patients (pts) in chronic phase (CP) who have failed at least two lines of TKI therapy with a favorable adverse event profile. ASC is available through a compassionate use program for heavily pre-treated CML pts. We share our real-world experience for the use of ASC in CML pts from this program across Canada. Methods: Data were collected on 22 CML pts treated with ASC from 2018 to 2021. Prior TKI history was recorded including: reason for failure to prior therapy, acquired mutations, prior cardiovascular (CV) events and outcome on ASC. BCR-ABL qPCR was performed every 3 mo at each institution. Achievement of MMR and molecular response of 2 log reduction (MR2) was assessed at 6/12 mo, and the most recent assessment. ASC dosing was also assessed at each time-point. Adverse events, resistance, and discontinuation of ASC were captured. Results: Median age was 68 years (range 20-92). 19 were in 1 st CP, 2 in accelerated phase (AP) and 1 in 2 nd CP. The median number of previous TKIs was 3 (range 2-5) with 17 pts (77%) failing at least 3 TKIs; 19 pts (86%) failing imatinib, 17 (77%) dasatinib, 12 (55%) nilotinib, 17 (77%) bosutinib, and 10 (45%) ponatinib. Median duration from first TKI to ASC was 94 mo (range 11-233). 17/22 (77%) pts had a history of a CV event including stroke, peripheral arterial disease, or coronary artery disease. 4 pts had a preexisting T315I mutation. Pts failed previous TKI therapy due to A) resistance or suboptimal response to TKI (n=15, 68%) and B) intolerance to previous TKI (n=7, 32%). With a median of 16 mo follow-up (range 1-34), MMR was noted in 3/17 (18%) and 3/8 (38%) pts evaluated at 6 and 12 mo, respectively. MR2 was noted in 7/17 (41%) and 4/8 pts (50%) at 6/12 mo (Table 1). The cumulative incidence of MMR considering competing events (i.e. ASC discontinuation) was 20.5% (95%CI: 6-41%) and 34.4% (13-57%) while MR2 was 43.8% (22-64%) and 49.4% (25-69%) at 6/12 mo (Fig 1). The proportion of pts in MMR increased from a baseline of 5% to 18%, 18%, 30%, and 38% at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo. Pts without T315I mutation (n=18) started with a dose of 40mg bid, while pts with T315I started at either 80mg or 120mg bid, then gradually escalated aiming to 200mg bid. 4 pts discontinued the medication due to treatment failure (n=3) or grade 4 thrombocytopenia (n=1). Of those who discontinued, 2 were in AP on initiation of ASC. Side effects included myalgias (n=4), elevated lipase (n=2) and pleural/pericardial effusions (n=2). No CV events were noted in 22 pts. There was no event of disease progression to advanced disease while on ASC therapy or acquisition of new ABL1 kinase domain mutation. The MMR and MR2 rate was lower in ponatinib pre-treated pts (n=10) compared to ponatinib naïve pts (n=12) (Table 1). The MMR and MR2 rates in pts with a T315I mutation (all 4 were ponatinib pre-treated) are at least similar or better than those without T315I. No difference in MMR or MR2 rate was noted between the 2 groups of resistance/suboptimal response vs intolerant to prior TKI therapy. In a subgroup analysis of pts with a past history of a CV event (n=17), no pt discontinued ASC due to another event after a median duration of 17 mo on ASC (range 3-34). Thus, these pts with otherwise very limited options had a reasonable response to ASC without increased risk of CV toxicity (Table 1). Conclusion: In a Canadian real-world experience of ASC use within a compassionate access program in heavily-pretreated CML pts (many with a history of prior CV event), MMR and MR2 rates were comparable to that with ASC in the published literature. No new CV events were noted during ASC therapy in the present group of patients. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Busque: Novartis: Consultancy. Leber: Jazz: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; TaiHo: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Otsuka: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Astellas: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; AMGEN: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Kaedbey: Jewish General Hospital - McGill University: Current Employment; Royal Victoria Hospital Lakeshore Hospital: Ended employment in the past 24 months; Celgene/BMS, Janssen: Honoraria; Takeda, Sanofi: Honoraria. Assouline: Johnson&Johnson: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Gilead: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Roche/Genentech: Research Funding; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec: Current Employment; Takeda: Research Funding; BeiGene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria. Kim: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol- Meier Squibb: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria.

This article examines the first half of the autobiography of Harold Trott (1899-1961), Campus Shadows, which describes his life as a medical student at McGill University between 1918 and 1924. It is one of the most detailed memoirs by a McGill student for any period. Trott wrote about his lectures, dissecting labs, clinics, bull sessions, money problems, professors, classmates, rowdy student initiations, and life at McGill’s Strathcona Hall residence and in Montreal rooming houses. His account is augmented and verified by background from student publications and the McGill University Archives. In his first year at McGill, Trott faced poverty, despair, and a paralyzing disease, the Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl Syndrome, which he described strikingly from the patient’s viewpoint and which he survived with the help of Dr. Colin Russel and the staff of the Royal Victoria Hospital. Trott described his long, painful recovery, including two interim years at University of Western Ontario, his final two years at McGill, and how he used the lessons from his medical training in his later medical practice, advocating natural remedies such as drinking water rather than drugs and pills. Practicing in New York State, he sympathized mildly with the idea of state-funded medical care, which was being advocated in his native Canada.ResuméCet article examine la première moitié de l’autobiographie de Harold Trott (1899-1961), Campus Shadows, qui décrit sa vie à titre d’étudiant en médecine à l’Université McGill entre 1918 et 1924. Les mémoires de Trott sont parmi les œuvres les plus détaillées de ce genre qu’un étudiant de McGill de n’importe quelle époque a rédigé. Il décrit ses cours, ses laboratoires de dissection, ses cliniques, ses discussions entre hommes, ses problèmes d’argent, ses professeurs, des séances bruyantes d’initiation d’étudiants, et sa vie à la résidence Strathcona Hall de McGill et dans des chambres à louer de Montréal. Son compte-rendu est élargi et vérifié à l’aide d’information provenant de publications étudiantes et des Archives de l’Université McGill. Au cours de sa première année à McGill, Trott fut confronté à la pauvreté, au désespoir, et à une maladie paralysante, le syndrome Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl, qu’il a décrit vivement du point de vue du patient et qu’il a survécu avec l’aide du docteur Colin Russel et du personnel de l’Hôpital Royal Victoria. Trott décrit sa longue et douloureuse guérison, incluant deux années intérimaires à l’University of Western Ontario, ses deux dernières années à McGill, et raconte comment il a par la suite utilisé les leçons de sa formation médicale dans sa pratique médicale, préférant les remèdes naturels comme la consommation d’eau plutôt que les drogues et les pilules. Pratiquant dans l’état de New York, il avait une certaine sympathie envers l’idée des soins médicaux financés par l’état, dont on faisait la promotion à cette époque dans son Canada natal.

Abstract This research note addresses the ongoing debate over the existence of a “Canadian” International Relations (IR) by interrogating the university setting, the professoriate and important institutions of IR in the Canadian context. We not only contribute an update to the data but also enrol a larger number of Canadian universities and a wider sample of journals and conferences. Our analysis is structured around three existing groupings of institutions: the three most “Americanized” departments (the BMT)—University of British Columbia, McGill University and University of Toronto; the four most “critical” departments (the Four Nodes)—McMaster University, University of Ottawa, University of Victoria and York University; and the four largest French-language institutions (the FLIs)—Université de Montréal, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université Laval and Université de Sherbrooke. The characteristic openness often taken to define IR in Canada is more often found at the Four Nodes, the FLIs or unclassified schools than at the BMT schools, which are not only more Americanized in training but also isolated from other Canadian institutions.

Background: Circulating CD28- T-cells have been found to be higher in patients with acute coronary syndromes, suggesting a role for these cells in plaque instability. However, the association between circulating CD28- T-cells and carotid plaque instability as assessed by histology/immunohistochemistry has not been investigated. Methods/Results: 40 patients referred for carotid endarterectomy were recruited pre-operatively at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Canada. A blood sample was obtained pre-operatively. Flow cytometry was performed on whole blood using a CD3, CD4, CD28 antibody cocktail (eBioscience, San Diego, United States) and a BD Bioscience (Mississauga, Canada) flow cytometer. Data was acquired as percentage of CD4+CD28- T-cells. The carotid plaque specimen was obtained from the operating room, fixed, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, and sections of 4μm were obtained from the site of maximum stenosis. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with anti-CD3 (lymphocytes), anti-CD68 (macrophages/foam cells), and von Willebrand Factor (vWF, neovessels, all antibodies from Dako, Burlington, Canada). A vascular pathologist classified the plaques according to American Heart Association (AHA) classifications and graded CD3, CD68, and vWF staining on a semi-quantitative scale. Patients with more advanced lesions (AHA type 5 or 6) had a greater percentage of circulating CD4+CD28- T-cells [2.9% (2.7-5.7)] compared to patients with lower classifications [1.6% (1.0-4.2), P<0.05]. Furthermore, patients with plaques that had ≥10 new vessels per section (feature of plaque instability) had a median of 4.5% [2.8-8.0] CD4+CD28- T-cells whereas patients with <10 new vessels per section had only 2.3% [0.8-5.0] (P<0.05). There were no significant differences when patients were separated according to high/low plaque lymphocytes/macrophages. Conclusion: We have shown that circulating CD28- T-cells are found in greater amounts in patients who have more advanced/unstable carotid plaques as assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. This may point to a role for CD28- T-cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Further studies are currently being carried out to confirm these results.

L’imposant pont Victoria, long d’environ trois kilomètres, est le premier pont à avoir enjambé le St Laurent. Construit à Montréal entre 1853 et 1859, il est d’une importance cruciale pour le projet ferroviaire du Grand Tronc (GT), dont l’ambition est de relier le Canada Est et le Canada Ouest aux ports maritimes de l’Atlantique et ainsi à l’Europe. Une firme de célèbres entrepreneurs britanniques, Peto, Brassey, Jackson et Betts, est en charge de la construction de la section la plus importante du GT ainsi que du pont Victoria, conçu par l’éminent Robert Stephenson et son assistant Alexander Ross, l’ingénieur en chef du GT au Canada. Il s’agit d’un pont tubulaire dont la construction, achevée deux ans en avance malgré des difficultés financières et diverses épreuves, emploie parfois plus de 3000 ouvriers. Cette thèse contribue à la discussion sur le rôle du Canada dans l'histoire impériale, mais aussi à l'histoire de la circulation des hommes et des savoirs dans un contexte d'industrialisation croissante et de développement mondial du génie civil britannique. Elle étudie les relations entre employeurs et ouvriers sur le chantier et soutient que le pont Victoria est une étude de cas permettant d'analyser le paternalisme et le développement du capitalisme industriel et du travail salarié dans le Canada du XIXe siècle, avec une attention particulière portée à l'analyse du risque et des accidents
The impressive, three kilometres Victoria Bridge across the St Lawrence River, built 1853-1859 in Montreal, was crucially important to the ambitious Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) project designed to better connect Canada East and Canada West to one another, to Atlantic seaports, and thus to Europe. A partnership of famous British contractors, Peto, Brassey, Jackson, and Betts, built the most important section of the GTR and the Victoria Bridge, designed by the eminent Robert Stephenson with his assistant Alexander Ross, the GTR’s engineer-in-chief in Canada. Construction of this massive bridge of tubular design, finished two years ahead of schedule despite financial difficulties and hardships of various natures, at times required the employment of 3000 or more workers. This dissertation contributes to the discussion on the role of Canada in imperial history, but also to the history of the circulation of men and knowledge in a context of rising industrialism and worldwide development of British civil engineering. It analyses the labour relations on the worksite, and argues that the Victoria Bridge is a case study to analyse paternalism and the development of industrial capitalism and wage employment in nineteenth-century Canada, with a particular focus on the analysis of risk and accidents

Abstract: This chapter describes Fisher’s reintroduction to civilian life. His refresher course was in Montreal, Canada, at the Royal Victoria Hospital and the Montreal Neurological Institute, also called the “Neuro.” The history of the Neuro and its principal figure, Dr. Wilder Penfield, are also described. Academic medicine and research were well established in Montreal by the mid-20th century. The two fields and disciplines that were to be the cornerstone of Fisher’s later career, pathology and neurology, were among the centerpieces of medicine in Montreal at the time Fisher began his retraining in 1945. It was during these early post-war years that Fisher was introduced to and became interested in neurology.