Thematische Bibliographien / Molecular cation

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  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Molecular cation“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 11. Januar 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Molecular cation"

1

Matsumoto, Mitsuhiro, Shoki Nawate, Yohtaro Inoue, Katsuhiko Tsunashima und Hirohisa Yamada. „Ether-Functionalized Phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Molecular Dynamics, Ion Conformation, and Intermolecular Interaction“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, Nr. 57 (22.11.2024): 3818. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02573818mtgabs.

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Ionic liquids have many potential applications because they have non-flammability, high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and so on. Among various types of ionic liquids, quaternary-phosphonium-cation-based ionic liquids (P-ILs) have better physicochemical properties such as ionic conductivity, potential window compared with corresponding quaternary-ammonium-cation-based ionic liquids (N-ILs). Therefore, we have considered that P-ILs are better suitable for applications in electrochemical devices such as electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries than N-ILs [1]. Recently, we spectroscopically demonstrated that such higher ionic conductivity for P-ILs can be explained by weaker intermolecular interaction between anion and cation [2]. This provided us a consideration that molecular interactions are controlling factors in translational motion of ions. For deeper discussion, we focused on the ether-functionalized P-ILs displayed in the Figure 1 because ether structure in phosphonium cations enhanced ionic conductivity and investigated by pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR), Raman, and terahertz spectroscopies. Based on the PFG-NMR, we calculated transport number of each ion specie and found that transport number of P111(1O1) cation was slightly higher than that for P1113 cation. In Raman spectroscopy, we obtained enthalpy change in conformational change of anion (ΔH) and demonstrated that ΔH for P111(1O1)cation was somewhat lower than that for P1113 cation. Terahertz spectroscopy indicated the weaker intermolecular interaction of P111(1O1) cation with anion than that of P1113 cation. Despite these differences in P111X cations, such ether group effects were hardly observed in P222X cations, which would be due to the different symmetry of cation and steric hindrance. References [1] M. Matsumoto et al., (2023). Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4690007 [2] M. Matsumoto et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 126, 10490 (2022). Figure 1
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Mu, Liuhua, Yizhou Yang, Jian Liu, Wei Du, Jige Chen, Guosheng Shi und Haiping Fang. „Hydrated cation–π interactions of π-electrons with hydrated Li+, Na+, and K+ cations“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, Nr. 27 (2021): 14662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01609a.

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We give two molecular pictures of hydrated cation–π interactions: graphene sheets interact directly with K+ and Na+ cations, denoted water–cation–π, while graphene sheets interact indirectly with Li+ cation, denoted cation–water–π.
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Dočkal, Jan, Martin Lísal und Filip Moučka. „Molecular dynamics of preferential adsorption in mixed alkali–halide electrolytes at graphene electrodes“. Journal of Chemical Physics 157, Nr. 8 (28.08.2022): 084704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097425.

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Understanding the microscopic behavior of aqueous electrolyte solutions in contact with graphene and related carbon surfaces is important in electrochemical technologies, such as capacitive deionization or supercapacitors. In this work, we focus on preferential adsorption of ions in mixed alkali–halide electrolytes containing different fractions of Li+/Na+ or Li+/K+ and/or Na+/K+ cations with Cl− anions dissolved in water. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the solutions in contact with both neutral and positively and negatively charged graphene surfaces under ambient conditions, using the effectively polarizable force field. The simulations show that large ions are often intuitively attracted to oppositely charged electrodes. In contrast, the adsorption behavior of small ions tends to be counterintuitive. In mixed-cation solutions, one of the cations always supports the adsorption of the other cation, while the other cation weakens the adsorption of the first cation. In mixed-cation solutions containing large and small cations simultaneously, adsorption of the larger cations varies dramatically with the electrode charge in an intuitive way, while adsorption of the smaller cations changes oppositely, i.e., in a counterintuitive way. For (Li/K)Cl mixed-cation solutions, these effects allow the control of Li+ adsorption by varying the electrode charge, whereas, for LiCl single-salt solutions, Li+ adsorption is nearly independent of the electrode charge. We rationalize this cation–cation lever effect as a result of a competition between three driving forces: (i) direct graphene–ion interactions, (ii) the strong tendency of the solutions to saturate the network of non-covalent intermolecular bonds, and (iii) the tendency to suppress local charge accumulation in any region larger than typical interparticle distances. We analyze the driving forces in detail using a general method for intermolecular bonding based on spatial distribution functions and different contributions to the total charge density profiles. The analysis helps to predict whether an ion is more affected by each of the three driving forces, depending on the strength of the ion solvation shells and the compatibility between the contributions of the charge density profiles due to the ion and water molecules. This approach is general and can also be applied to other solutions under different thermodynamic conditions.
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Mei, Lefu, Huashang Tao, Chao He, Xuebing Xin, Libing Liao, Limei Wu und Guocheng Lv. „Cd2+Exchange for Na+and K+in the Interlayer of Montmorillonite: Experiment and Molecular Simulation“. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/925268.

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Montmorillonite (Mt) has high cation exchange capacity and thus has been studied extensively for its cation exchange interactions with other cations. However, molecular simulations for the forces governing the cation exchange on Mt surfaces or in the interlayer spaces were limited. In this study, Mt with K+and Na+in the interlayer spaces was tested for its cation exchange with Cd2+in solution and the forces driving the cation exchange reaction were simulated by molecular simulations. The experimental results showed that Na+in Na + Mt was completely exchanged by Cd2+, while only 50% of K+in K + Mt was exchanged by Cd2+. A largerd-value was noticed for Na + Mt in comparison to K + Mt, suggesting that the interlayer space is more hydrated with Na+as the interlayer space cation. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed a larger energy decrease when Cd2+substitutes K+. However, the nice fit of the K+into the 12-coordinated interlayer space sites may restrict its hydration and thus reduce its interlayer space cation exchange capability by Cd2+.
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Nana Osipova, Tamar Kvernadze, Nino Burkiashvili, Leila Japaridze, Tsiala Gabelia und Eter Salukvadze. „Some molecular-sieve peculiarities of natural zeolite of Georgia“. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, Nr. 3 (30.03.2023): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.3.0388.

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Ion exchange property of fibrous zeolite scolecite of Georgian origin has been studied against mono (Li, Na, NH4, K Cs and Rb), divalent (Sr, Ba Ca, Mg) and transition (Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co and Ni) metal cations. Selectivity series of the above cations for scolecite have been compiled. The structure of scolecite, charge and sizeof the cations (both in hydrated and dehydrated state) and cation concentration in the solution (0.1N, 0.3N, 0.5N 1.0N and 1.5N) greatly influence on the ion-exchange property and selectivity order of scolecite. Dynamic Exchange Capacity (DEC) values for the studied cations on scolecite have been calculated. Kinetics of ion exchange in dynamic conditions for the above cations has been studied. Analysis of the obtained data shows that the external diffusion processes have influence on the establishment of equilibrium between the ions on the surface and in the micro porous structure of scolesite. The time of dynamic exchange equilibrium is directly proportional to the cation radios.
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Avilés-Moreno, Juan Ramón, Francisco Gámez, Giel Berden, Jonathan Martens, Jos Oomens und Bruno Martínez-Haya. „Multipodal coordination and mobility of molecular cations inside the macrocycle valinomycin“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, Nr. 35 (2020): 19725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp02996c.

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Small cations (K+, NH4+) occupy the center of the valinomycin cavity. Bulkier cations like H4PO4+ stretch the valinomycin backbone, which adopts barrel-like and funnel-like configurations, depending on the dynamically varying position of the cation.
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Büchler, P. M. „The Effect of Exchangeable Cations on the Permeability of a Bentonite to Be Used in a Stabilization Pond Liner“. Water Science and Technology 22, Nr. 6 (01.06.1990): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0047.

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The organophilic nature of bentonites exchanged with quaternary ammonium cations is used in sanitary engineering for the adsorption of organic pollutants. This paper deals with five different quaternary ammonium cations: tetramethylammonium, trimethylstearylammonium (C18), dimethylbenzyllaurylammonium (C12), trimethylpalmitylammonium (C16) and dimethyldistearylammonium. A Brazilian bentonite was treated with the above cations and the adsorption of vinasse organics was measured through the total organic carbon present in solution. The results show that tetramethylammonium cation is the most effective of those tested to make sodium bentonite more organophilic and the behaviour follows a Freundlich isotherm. If the isotherms are plotted in milliequivalents of the cation over the weight of the sodium bentonite the present experiments did not show an appreciable difference in the quantity adsorbed. Therefore, if cost is a determining factor, low molecular weight cations should be chosen. The modified bentonites were characterized by the X-ray diffraction patterns. For high molecular weight cations the interlamelar spacing is close to 18 Å but for tetramethylammonium it is 13.5 Å. In any case the replacement of sodium by a quaternary ammonium cation increases the capacity of the clay to adsorb organic molecules.
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Arnold, Donald R., Xinyao Du und Jing Chen. „The effect of meta- or para-cyano substitution on the reactivity of the radical cations of arylalkenes and alkanes. Radical ions in photochemistry, Part 34“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, Nr. 3 (01.03.1995): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-042.

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The effect of electron-withdrawing substituents, meta- or para-cyano, on the reactivity of the radical cation of arylalkenes and alkanes has been determined. The radical cations were generated by single electron transfer (set) to an electron-accepting photosensitizer. Three reactions were studied: (i) the addition of nucleophile to the radical cation of arylalkenes, (ii) cleavage of the benzylic carbon–carbon bond of the radical cation of arylalkanes; and (iii) the deprotonation of the benzylic carbon–hydrogen bond of the radical cation of arylalkanes. The radical cations of 4-(1-phenylethenyl)benzonitrile (1b), 3-(1-phenylethenyl)benzonitrile (1c), 4-(2-methoxy-1-phenylethyl)benzonitrile (2b), 3-(2-methoxy-1-phenylethyl)benzonitrile (2c), cis- and trans-5-cyano-2-methoxy-1-phenylindane (6b-cis and -trans), and 6-cyano-3-phenylindene (7b) were generated, by single electron transfer to the lowest excited singlet state of 1,4-dicyanobenzene (3), in acetonitrile–methanol. The radical cations of 1b, 1c, and 7b react with methanol to yield the anti-Markovnikov adducts (2b, 2c, and 6b-cis and 6b-trans). The radical cations of 2b, 2c, and 6b-trans cleave at the benzylic carbon–carbon bond to give products derived from the radical and carbocation fragments. The radical cation of 6b-cis deprotonates from the benzylic position with subsequent formation of the diastereomer, 6b-trans. This behaviour can be explained/predicted on the basis of the proposed mechanisms for these reactions. Molecular orbital calculations (AM1) support the conclusions. Keywords: photosensitized, electron transfer, radical ions, radicals, molecular orbital calculations (AM1).
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Haaland, P., und A. Rahbee. „The molecular silane cation“. Chemical Physics Letters 114, Nr. 5-6 (März 1985): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(85)85144-7.

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van Beijnen, A. J. M., R. J. M. Nolte, J. W. Zwikker und W. Drenth. „A molecular cation channel“. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 101, Nr. 11 (02.09.2010): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19821011108.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Molecular cation"

1

Chauhan, Seema. „Molecular physiology of intestinal organic cation transport“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246636.

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Bleasby, Kelly. „The molecular physiology of renal organic cation transport“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437555.

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Connorton, James. „Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of plant cation exchangers“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/molecular-and-phenotypic-characterisation-of-plant-cation-exchangers(8f464803-46a3-44ae-99db-22703a6fbcbe).html.

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The cation exchanger (CAX) proteins are an important six-membered family of Arabidopsis antiporters thought to provide metal tolerance and to be key components in resetting cytosolic Ca2+ levels following a signalling event. CAX1 and CAX3 in particular have been implicated in this role and are thought to functionally associate although the expression profiles of the two genes are distinct to shoot and root tissue respectively under most circumstances. Here the CAX1-CAX3 interaction is confirmed through in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation and shown to localise to the tonoplast. Furthermore the site of the interaction is partially mapped to an N-terminal region distinct from the previously-identified N-terminal regulatory region through studies of the molecular behaviour of split-protein constructs. The co-localisation of CAX1 and CAX3 is confirmed through fluorescent-protein tagged recombinant protein analysis and preliminary data suggesting an additional, nuclear location for CAX1 is presented. An 11-transmembrane domain model is given for the membrane topology of CAX1 based on combination of experimental analysis through partial proteolysis of tagged recombinant proteins and computer-based analysis. In addition the physiological significance of CAX1, CAX2 and CAX3 is examined through the analysis of single and double knockout mutant plants and a CAX1-overexpressor plant in response to metal stress. Previously unknown phenotypes with regard to metal sensitivities, germination profiles and stress-induced membrane permeability characteristics are identified and discussed. These studies are interpreted with a view to further establishing the relationship between the structure and regulation of the CAX proteins and their function.
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Britton, Mathew. „Isolating the gain in the nitrogen molecular cation“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41238.

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The nitrogen molecular cation is a promising gain medium for the air laser, which could be a powerful tool for remote sensing applications. After nearly a decade of international scientific effort, there are still questions about the gain mechanisms. This thesis explores gain in the nitrogen molecular ion using an experimental configuration that isolates the generation of gain from uncontrolled effects. We use a narrow nitrogen gas jet in vacuum to minimize propagation distance and a probe pulse to measure gain. We first test the role of inelastic scattering during electron recollision as a mechanism to populate the excited state, and we find that it has a small contribution. Then, we measure gain dynamics by varying the probe delay. We measure short- and long-term gain in different conditions. The long-term gain is consistent with the decay of population inversion due to collisions between electrons and ions in the plasma. The decay is modulated due to rotational wave packets in the states of the ion. Rotational coherence decays on the same timescale as the gain due to the incoherent mixing of states. We then introduce an additional non-ionizing pulse that interacts with the ion after ionization. The additional pulse changes the experiment to pump-probe spectroscopy on the ion itself. It can manipulate the rotational wave packets. It can also halt or redirect the emission following the probe pulse by coupling the ground lasing state with a middle state. In both cases, it controls the characteristics of gain and emission at a distance. These interactions highlight the role of the middle state, which is an essential ingredient for gain. Short-term gain appears at low pump intensity when the pump or control pulses overlap the probe pulse. It is consistent with wave mixing due to Raman gain in a V-system.
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Galamba, Joseph. „Model of the One-Dimensional Molecular Hydrogen Cation“. Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1337904721.

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Ryan, Jennifer Susan. „Molecular signaling pathways regulating cation channels in ocular epithelial cells“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/NQ49289.pdf.

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Hernandez-Alvarado, Edgardo Manuel. „Synthesis Of Porphyrin Containing Molecular Dyads For Radical-Cation Generation“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338955.

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The overall efficiency of photovoltaics is dictated by processes occurring within it. These processes include exciton formation, diffusion, dissociation and charge collection. This dissertation will focus around the fundamental issue of charge collection. In organic photovoltaics (OPVs) the rate of charge injection is dominated by the interaction between dissimilar materials, usually organic compound interacting with inorganic ones. In order to improve this rate of injection and, by direct consequence the efficiency of this process, fundamental knowledge of this organic-inorganic interface must be gained. In this work the focus will reside solely on creating molecules capable of probing the interface between the indium tin oxide (ITO) and the donor layer. At this interface, the usual charge transfer being transferred is the hole. Chapters 2 and 3 detail the synthesis and photophysical characterization of porphyrin-perylene diimide (Por-PDI) and porphyrin-fullerene (Por-C₆₀) molecular dyads. The idea behind these moieties is that covalent attachment of these species to ITO should lead to a robust ohmic contact. Since these molecular dyads are capable of producing charge-separated states after photoexcitation, they should have the capacity to produce a radical-cation in close proximity to the ITO. This will translate to a capacity for probing the dynamics of the hole injection at this interface. Studies performed demonstrate that in fact these dyads are capable of producing a charge-separated state upon photo-excitation. The lifetimes of these states were determine to be 35 ps and 3 ns for the Por-PDI and Por-C₆₀ respectively. Chapter 4 takes a different turn. It is focused on the application and extension of a solvent-free synthesis of metallated phthalocyanines (Pcs). Shown in chapter 4 is the synthesis of a series of metallated Pcs using various transition metals and group 3 elements. Photophysical and electrochemical investigation of these materials shows that they have near-infrared absorption and relative high HOMO levels making them potential candidates for OPV applications. In addition, they displayed non-linear optical behavior due to their highly polarizable pi-systems and the presence of axial susbtituents. Finally Chapter 5 describes the synthesis and characterization of porphyrin possessing rigid linkers. This chapter also shows the further directions in which the various ideas presented in this work could be driven.
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Valenanzo, Loredana. „Calculation of fully non-adiabatic properties of the hydrogen molecular cation and its isotopomers“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274534.

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Scharf, Sebastian. „Identi cation of novel molecular factors involved in individual stress vulnerability“. Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-150881.

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Ilie, Alina. „Molecular characterization of the organellar-type alkali cation/proton exchanger NHE6“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96826.

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Mammalian alkali cation/proton exchangers, more commonly known as sodium/proton exchangers (NHEs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate an electroneutral exchange of Na+ (or K+) and protons across cellular membranes, thereby regulating intracellular pH and volume homeostasis. Eleven different isoforms have been identified, which differ in their tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. The organellar-type NHE6 isoform is widely distributed in tissues, but is enriched in brain, heart, and muscle. In order to elucidate the native distribution of NHE6 and to identify some of the mechanisms underlying its trafficking and function, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was generated. Utilizing this antibody in polarized human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, endogenous NHE6 was detected in transferrin receptor-containing vesicles in the soma and neurite processes. In mouse hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, NHE6 was detected within the soma, as well as dendritic shafts and spines of CA1 pyramidal cells. Ultrastructural analysis of mouse hippocampus and cortex revealed the presence of NHE6 positive signals predominantly in dendrites, occasionally adjacent to postsynaptic densities, and to a minor extent in some presynaptic terminals. N-glycosylation of proteins is involved in different aspects of protein function, such as folding, trafficking, stability and activity. To identify the glycosylation site(s) and their potential role in NHE6 function, mutagenesis analysis in combination with different biochemical assays and confocal microscopy were used. Our results revealed that asparagine 128 is the sole target for the N-glycosylation of the transporter. Furthermore, glycosylation was involved in promoting efficient export of the exchanger to the cell surface and for optimal transport activity within recycling endosomes.The NHEs have been shown to be regulated in part through the interaction of the cytosolic C-terminal domain with numerous interacting partners, depending on the isoform. In order to identify novel interacting proteins involved in the regulation of NHE6, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human brain cDNA library was conducted using the C-tail of NHE6 as bait. Two of the clones identified encoded the receptor for activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding protein involved in numerous protein interactions and biological functions. Direct interaction of these two proteins was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of RACK1 by siRNA resulted in increased total cellular expression and cell surface abundance of NHE6.Recently mutations in NHE6 have been linked to X-linked mental retardation, with a phenotype closely resembling that of Angelman syndrome. One of the mutations resulted in deletion of two residues (Glu255/Ser256) in the predicted transmembrane domain seven. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotype observed, we generated epitope-tagged variants of NHE6 bearing the deletion and showed that they display deficient processing and maturation, as well as markedly reduced stability in cells. Furthermore, the mutant protein is mislocalized in cells and targeted to an ill-defined acidic compartment. Preliminary results show that depletion of NHE6 in neurons resulted in decreased dendritic branching and disappearance of dendritic spines. We propose that the mutant protein is non-functional; thereby vesicular trafficking is impaired, resulting in deficient dendritic spine growth and maintenance.
Les échangeurs de Na+/H+ (NHEs) sont des protéines transmembranaires qui catalysent l'échange électroneutre de Na+ (ou K+) et de protons à travers les membranes cellulaires, régulant ainsi le pH intracellulaire et l'homéostasie du volume cellulaire. Jusqu'à présent, on été identifié onze isoformes, qui diffèrent dans leur distribution tissulaire, localisation subcellulaire, et leur fonction. L'isoforme NHE6 est largement distribué dans les tissus, mais il est plus exprimé dans le cerveau, le cœur et les muscles.Afin de déterminer la distribution native du NHE6 et d'identifier certains des mécanismes sous-jacents de son trafic et de sa fonction, on a crée un anticorps polyclonal. En utilisant celui-ci pour le marquage des cellules polarisées SH-SY5Y de neuroblastome, le NHE6 endogène a été détecté dans des vésicules contenant le récepteur de la transferrine, dans le corps cellulaire (soma) et au niveau des neurites. Dans des cultures cellulaires de l'hippocampe, le NHE6 a été détecté dans le soma et dans les dendrites ainsi que dans les épines des cellules pyramidales CA1 L'analyse ultrastructurale de l'hippocampe et du cortex de souris a révélé la présence des signaux positifs de NHE6 principalement dans les dendrites, parfois à côté de la région post-synaptique hyperdense, et dans une moindre mesure dans certaines terminaisons présynaptiques.La N-glycosylation des protéines est impliquée dans de différents aspects de la fonction des protéines, comme le pliage, le trafic, la stabilité et l'activité. Pour identifier les sites de glycosylation et leur rôle potentiel dans la fonction de NHE6, ont a utilisé la mutagenèse, en combinaison avec différents dosages biochimiques et la microscopie confocale. Nos résultats ont révélé que l'asparagine 128 est la seule cible de la N-glycosylation du transporteur. En outre, nous avons démontré que la glycosylation est nécessaire pour l'exportation efficace de l'échangeur à la surface cellulaire, ainsi que pour une l'activité optimal dans les endosomes de recyclage.Afin d'identifier des nouvelles protéines impliquées dans la régulation de NHE6, nous avons utilisé un système de double-hybride de levure. On a dentifiés deux clones qui codent le récepteur de la protéine kinase C (RACK1), une protéine d'échafaudage impliquée dans les interactions entre protéines. L'interaction directe de ces deux protéines a été confirmée in vitro et in vivo. L'utilisation de siRNA contre RACK1 conduit à une augmentation de l'expression cellulaire et de la densité sur la surface cellulaire du NHE6.Récemment, des mutations dans NHE6 ont été liées à un syndrome ressemblant à celui du syndrome d'Angelman. Une de ces mutations conduit a la suppression de deux résidus (Glu255/Ser256) dans le domaine sept transmembranaire. Pour étudier les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents au phénotype observé, nous avons généré des variantes de NHE6 portant la suppression, qui on montré une maturation inadéquate, ainsi qu'une stabilité réduite dans les cellules. En outre, la protéine mutante est mal-localisée dans les cellules et se trouve dans un compartiment acide mal défini. Des résultats préliminaires montrent que l'utilisation de siRNA contre NHE6 entraine une baisse de ramification dendritique, ainsi que la disparition d'épines dendritiques dans des neurones. Nous proposons que la protéine mutante n'est pas fonctionnelle, et que le trafic vésiculaire intracellulaire est altéré, ce qui peut entraîner une déficience dans le développement de dendrites.
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Bücher zum Thema "Molecular cation"

1

H, Nies Dietrich, und Silver S, Hrsg. Molecular microbiology of heavy metals. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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Oppermann, Malte. Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 via Optimised Molecular Alignment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05338-7.

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Crane, Christopher George. Polytopic macrocyclic receptor molecules for coordinating alkali and transition metal cations. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Crowe, Declan Brendan. Macrocyclic host molecules designed to selectively bind and transport ammonium and primary ammonium guest cations. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Silver, Simon, und Dietrich H. Nies. Molecular Microbiology of Heavy Metals. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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Silver, Simon, und Dietrich H. Nies. Molecular Microbiology of Heavy Metals. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2010.

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Oppermann, Malte. Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 via Optimised Molecular Alignment. Springer, 2016.

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Oppermann, Malte. Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 Via Optimised Molecular Alignment. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 via Optimised Molecular Alignment. Springer, 2014.

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(Editor), Mathieu Cellier, und Philippe Gros (Editor), Hrsg. The Nramp Family (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit). Springer, 2004.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Molecular cation"

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Fambrough, Douglas M., und Giuseppe Inesi. „Cation Transport ATPases“. In Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport Disorders, 223–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1143-0_12.

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Flockerzi, Veit, und Andreas Beck. „Non-selective Cation Channels“. In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_104-1.

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Flockerzi, Veit, und Andreas Beck. „Non-selective Cation Channels“. In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1149–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_104.

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Koeppe, Roger E., Sigrid E. Schmutzer und Olaf S. Andersen. „Gramicidin Channels as Cation Nanotubes“. In Molecular- and Nano-Tubes, 11–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9443-1_2.

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Wang, Yuan-Liang, Francesco Faiola und Ernest Martinez. „Purifi cation of Multiprotein Histone Acetyltransferase Complexes“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 427–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-376-9_28.

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Shiotani, Masaru, und Anders Lund. „Deuterium Labelling Studies of Cation Radicals“. In Topics in Molecular Organization and Engineering, 151–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3750-8_6.

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Gomes, Aldrin V., Keita Harada und James D. Potter. „Cation Signaling in Striated Muscle Contraction“. In Molecular Control Mechanisms in Striated Muscle Contraction, 163–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9926-9_5.

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Lohrig, Katharina, Albert Sickmann und Urs Lewandrowski. „Strong Cation Exchange Chromatography for Analysis of Sialylated Glycopeptides“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 299–308. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-148-2_20.

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Jin, Takashi, Akio Nakano, Iwao Suzuki, Shigeru Watanabe, George W. Gokel, Ernesto Abel, Stephen L. Dewall et al. „Tris(Macrocycles) as Models for Transmembrane, Cation-Conducting Channels“. In Molecular Recognition and Inclusion, 19–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5288-4_3.

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Chan, King C., und Haleem J. Issaq. „Fractionation of Peptides by Strong Cation-Exchange Liquid Chromatography“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 311–15. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-360-2_23.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Molecular cation"

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Shishkov, Toma, und Emil Dimitrov. „SOIL PROPERTIES OF CHROMIC LUVISOLS FROM KREMIKOVTSI AREA IN SOFIA MUNICIPALITY“. In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 197–204. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.24.

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The result of the survey carried out on the territory of the Sofia-city municipality is presented, in relation to the application of the Program for the protection, sustainable use and restoration of soils as a limited and non-renewable natural resource. The obtained data on the Chomic Luvisols nearby the area of Kremikovtsi debate the basic physical and chemical soil characteristics. The priority task on the soil protection in the region aimed at the sustainable development, restoration and improvement of the soil resource. To fulfill this aim, samples from soil profile and additional sites from arable land were analyzed for texture, content and composition of organic matter, cation exchange capacity, soil bulk and soil particle density, soil moisture content at field sampling, porosity. The intrinsic peculiarity of organic substances is identified and the specific relationship within different fractions of extractable organic carbon. Humic acids are low molecular and with predominance of aliphatic over aromatic moieties in their molecules. The soil is affected by initial acidification but no evidence of destructive process of the soil adsorption complex, as the latter is characterized by high degree of saturation with bases. Chromic Luvisols are less vulnerable to erosion because, despite the low organic matter content, the colloidal clay content is significant.
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Iacob, F. „ELECTRON-MOLECULAR CATION COLLISIONS IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE“. In VI Conference on Active Galactic Nuclei and ravitational Lensing. Astronomical Observatory Belgrade, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade 38, Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69646/aob24007.

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In the interstellar medium, highly excited states of molecules can form a state of matter called Rydberg Matter. Mainly, they are formed by the promotion of an electron from the lower layers of the molecule to the highly excited ones. However, these can also be formed by temporarily capturing an electron in high energy orbitals following its collisions with cations. This paper focuses on the latter, the collisional approach, which is more suitable for explaining these highly excited states that can be found in this environment. It should be mentioned that in this environment cations are abundant and the probability of collision with electrons is high generating with high rates these highly excited states of the neutral called Rydberg states. It is found that low-energy electrons, such as those in the interstellar medium, generate these neutral capture states much more frequently. These results provide a quantitative description of Rydberg matter, which by its properties is a good candidate for dark matter. As a case study the molecular cation NS+ is considered as a target for obtaining strongly excited states of neutral NS after collisions with low energy electrons.
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Islam, Saiful. „Structural Distortion and Molecular Cation Dynamics in Mixed-Cation Perovskites“. In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2018. València: Fundació Scito, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.fallmeeting.2018.227.

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Batchelor, Anna, Michael Duncan und Joshua Marks. „INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF TITANIUM CATION ACETYLENE COMPLEXES: CATION-π COMPLEXES VS REACTED STRUCTURES“. In 2021 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2021.rd04.

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Tzeng, Wen-Bih, Shen-Yuan Tzeng und Wei-Chih Peng. „VIBRONIC AND CATION SPECTROSCOPY OF 3,5-DIFLUOROPHENOL“. In 71st International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2016.mh06.

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Crandall, Parker, Otto Dopfer, Marko Förstel und David Müller. „OPTICAL SPECTRUM OF THE ADAMANTANE RADICAL CATION“. In 2021 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2021.rm11.

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Gorbachev, Vladimir, Peter Chen, Larisa Miloglyadova und Alexandra Tsybizova. „CAN LONDON DISPERSION OVERRIDE CATION- π INTERACTIONS?“ In 2022 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2022.wi03.

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Batchelor, Anna, Michael Duncan, Timothy Ward und Joshua Marks. „INFRARED PHOTODISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY OF PLATINUM-CATION ACETYLENE COMPLEXES“. In 2022 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2022.mj11.

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Crandall, Parker, Otto Dopfer, Marko Förstel und Robert Radloff. „THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM OF THE DIAMANTANE RADICAL CATION“. In 2022 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2022.rn09.

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Batchelor, Anna, und Michael Duncan. „INFRARED PHOTODISSOCIATION SPECTROSCOPY OF COBALT CATION ACETYLENE COMPLEXES“. In 2023 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2023.7216.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Molecular cation"

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Sessa, Guido, und Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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Zwier, Timothy. M+(M=Ca, Ba) Cations Bound to Molecular Cavities: A New Strategy for Incorporating Molecular Quantum States into Quantum Information. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2430253.

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McManis, George E., Alexander Gochev, Roger M. Nielson und Michael J. Weaver. Solvent Effects on Intervalence Electron-Transfer Energies for Biferrocene Cations: Comparisons with Molecular Models of Solvent Reorganization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada210263.

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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin und William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, Februar 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Morris, John B. Chemically modified polymeric resins for separation of cations, organic acids, and small polar moleculea by high performance liquid chromatography. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10116711.

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Perce, Virgil, Myongsoo Lee und Dimitris Tomazos. Molecular Engineering of Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Living Cationic Polymerization. 21. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(3-((4-Cyano-4'- Biphenyl)oxy)propyl Vinyl Ether) Macromonomers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, März 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248305.

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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran und A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.

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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
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Percec, V., Q. Zheng und M. Lee. Molecular Engineering of Liquid Crystal Polymers by Living Polymerization. 13. Synthesis and Living Cationic Polymerization of 4-((S(-)-2- Methyl-1-Butyl)Oxycarbonyl)-4'-(omega-Oxyalkyl-1-Vinyl Ether)Biphenyl with Undecanyl and Hexyl Alkyl Groups. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235791.

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Percec, Virgil, Myongsoo Lee und C. Ackerman. Molecular Engineering of Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Living Polymerization. 9. Living Cationic Polymerization of 5-((4-Cyano-4'-Biphenyl) oxy)pentyl Vinyl Ethers and 7-((4-Cyano-4'-Biphenyl)oxy)heptyl Vinyl Ether, and the Mesomorphic Behavior of the Resulting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Oktober 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229769.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir und Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, Juni 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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