Zeitschriftenartikel: „Modelling photovoltaics“

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Abu Hamed, Tareq, Nadja Adamovic, Urs Aeberhard, Diego Alonso-Alvarez, Zoe Amin-Akhlaghi, Matthias Auf der Maur, Neil Beattie et al. „Multiscale in modelling and validation for solar photovoltaics“. EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2018008.

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Photovoltaics is amongst the most important technologies for renewable energy sources, and plays a key role in the development of a society with a smaller environmental footprint. Key parameters for solar cells are their energy conversion efficiency, their operating lifetime, and the cost of the energy obtained from a photovoltaic system compared to other sources. The optimization of these aspects involves the exploitation of new materials and development of novel solar cell concepts and designs. Both theoretical modeling and characterization of such devices require a comprehensive view including all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic and industrial scale. The different length scales of the electronic and optical degrees of freedoms specifically lead to an intrinsic need for multiscale simulation, which is accentuated in many advanced photovoltaics concepts including nanostructured regions. Therefore, multiscale modeling has found particular interest in the photovoltaics community, as a tool to advance the field beyond its current limits. In this article, we review the field of multiscale techniques applied to photovoltaics, and we discuss opportunities and remaining challenges.

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Alfonso-Solar, David, Carlos Vargas-Salgado, Carlos Sánchez-Díaz und Elías Hurtado-Pérez. „Small-Scale Hybrid Photovoltaic-Biomass Systems Feasibility Analysis for Higher Education Buildings“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 21 (09.11.2020): 9300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219300.

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Applications of renewable electricity in cities are mostly limited to photovoltaics, and they need other renewable sources, batteries, and the grid to guarantee reliability. This paper proposes a hybrid system, combining biomass and photovoltaics, to supply electricity to educational buildings. This system is reliable and provides at least 50% of electricity based on renewable sources. Buildings with small (<500 kW) installed power based on renewables, mainly biomass, are usually expensive. Besides, in urban areas, photovoltaic capacity is limited due to roof availability. This paper analyzes different configurations, meeting these constraints to obtain an economically feasible solution based on photovoltaic-biomass modelling of small size hybrid systems. The technology used for biomass energy valorization is a fluidized bed gasification power plant, which has been modelled with real data obtained from experimental tests and previous research projects. Thereby, real costs and electric efficiency are included in the model. The techno-economic feasibility analysis using HOMER software with metered real load curves from an educational building has been modelled. The results of the model show that hybrid renewable systems are very feasible in the scenario of 50% of electricity contribution, however, higher contribution (>70%) implies high electricity costs.

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Gondek, E., und P. Karasiński. „High reflectance materials for photovoltaics applications: analysis and modelling“. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 24, Nr. 8 (21.03.2013): 2934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1194-2.

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Few, Sheridan, Jarvist M. Frost und Jenny Nelson. „Models of charge pair generation in organic solar cells“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, Nr. 4 (2015): 2311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03663h.

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Samiul Islam, Md, K. Sobayel, Ammar Al-Kahtani, M. A. Islam, Ghulam Muhammad, N. Amin, Md Shahiduzzaman und Md Akhtaruzzaman. „Defect Study and Modelling of SnX3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with SCAPS-1D“. Nanomaterials 11, Nr. 5 (05.05.2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051218.

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Recent achievements, based on lead (Pb) halide perovskites, have prompted comprehensive research on low-cost photovoltaics, in order to avoid the major challenges that arise in this respect: Stability and toxicity. In this study, device modelling of lead (Pb)-free perovskite solar cells has been carried out considering methyl ammonium tin bromide (CH3NH3SnBr3) as perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite structure has been justified theoretically by Goldschmidt tolerance factor and the octahedral factor. Numerical modelling tools were used to investigate the effects of amphoteric defect and interface defect states on the photovoltaic parameters of CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell. The study identifies the density of defect tolerance in the absorber layer, and that both the interfaces are 1015 cm−3, and 1014 cm−3, respectively. Furthermore, the simulation evaluates the influences of metal work function, uniform donor density in the electron transport layer and the impact of series resistance on the photovoltaic parameters of proposed n-TiO2/i-CH3NH3SnBr3/p-NiO solar cell. Considering all the optimization parameters, CH3NH3SnBr3-based perovskite solar cell exhibits the highest efficiency of 21.66% with the Voc of 0.80 V, Jsc of 31.88 mA/cm2 and Fill Factor of 84.89%. These results divulge the development of environmentally friendly methyl ammonium tin bromide perovskite solar cell.

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Schiro, Fabio, Alberto Benato, Anna Stoppato und Nicola Destro. „Improving photovoltaics efficiency by water cooling: Modelling and experimental approach“. Energy 137 (Oktober 2017): 798–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.164.

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Schmager, Raphael, Malte Langenhorst, Jonathan Lehr, Uli Lemmer, Bryce S. Richards und Ulrich W. Paetzold. „Methodology of energy yield modelling of perovskite-based multi-junction photovoltaics“. Optics Express 27, Nr. 8 (03.04.2019): A507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.00a507.

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Bednar, N., A. Caviasca, P. Sevela, N. Severino und N. Adamovic. „Modelling of flexible thin-film modules for building and product integrated photovoltaics“. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 181 (Juli 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.12.035.

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Wang, Chenguang, Guangcai Gong, Huan Su und Chuck Wah Yu. „Dimensionless and thermodynamic modelling of integrated photovoltaics–air source heat pump systems“. Solar Energy 118 (August 2015): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.04.036.

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Papargyri, Lamprini, Marios Theristis, Bernhard Kubicek, Thomas Krametz, Christoph Mayr, Panos Papanastasiou und George E. Georghiou. „Modelling and experimental investigations of microcracks in crystalline silicon photovoltaics: A review“. Renewable Energy 145 (Januar 2020): 2387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.138.

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Kibaara, Samuel Kariuki, D. K. Murage, P. Musau und M. J. Saulo. „Comparative Analysis of Implementation of Solar PV Systems Using the Advanced SPECA Modelling Tool and HOMER Software: Kenyan Scenario“. HighTech and Innovation Journal 1, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hij-2020-01-01-02.

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Globally, attention has majorly been focused on pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels allied to the conventional energy sources while the non-conventional energy/renewable energy sources have always been considered clean and environmentally friendly. Of the two, the non-conventional (renewable) is being preferred because it is believed to be more environmentally friendly. Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) especially Solar Photovoltaics have seen many plants being constructed to either supplement the grid or as alternatives for those far from the grid. Solar Photovoltaics plants occupy large tracts of land which would have been used for other economic activities for revenue generation such as agriculture, forestry or tourism in archaeological sites. The negative impacts slow down the application of Solar PV , but a modelling tool that can easily and quantitively assess the impacts in monetary form would accelerate the Solar PV application. The work presents a developed modelling tool that is able to assess not only the techno-economic impacts but also the environmental impacts in monetary form, for one to be able to determine the viability of a plant in a given region. The results are compared with those of HOMER software.

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Mateos-Canseco, Alejandro, Manuel Peña-Cruz, Arturo Díaz-Ponce, Jean-Luc Battaglia, Christophe Pradère und Luis Patino-Lopez. „Time-Resolved Temperature Map Prediction of Concentration Photovoltaics Systems by Means of Coupled Ray Tracing Flux Analysis and Thermal Quadrupoles Modelling“. Energies 11, Nr. 8 (07.08.2018): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082042.

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A transient 3D thermal model based on the thermal quadrupole method, coupled to ray tracing analysis, is presented. This methodology can predict transient temperature maps under any time-fluctuating irradiance flux—either synthetic or experimental—providing a useful tool for the design and parametric optimization of concentration photovoltaics systems. Analytic simulations of a concentration photovoltaics system thermal response and assessment of in-plane thermal gradients induced by fast tracking point perturbations, like those induced by wind, are provided and discussed for the first time. Computation times for time-resolved temperature maps can be as short as 9 s for a full month of system operation, with stimuli inspired by real data. Such information could pave the way for more accurate studies of cell reliability under any set of worldwide irradiance conditions.

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Dominković, Dominik, und Goran Krajačić. „District Cooling Versus Individual Cooling in Urban Energy Systems: The Impact of District Energy Share in Cities on the Optimal Storage Sizing“. Energies 12, Nr. 3 (28.01.2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030407.

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The energy transition of future urban energy systems is still the subject of an ongoing debate. District energy supply can play an important role in reducing the total socio-economic costs of energy systems and primary energy supply. Although lots of research was done on integrated modelling including district heating, there is a lack of research on integrated energy modelling including district cooling. This paper addressed the latter gap using linear continuous optimization model of the whole energy system, using Singapore for a case study. Results showed that optimal district cooling share was 30% of the total cooling energy demand for both developed scenarios, one that took into account spatial constraints for photovoltaics installation and the other one that did not. In the scenario that took into account existing spatial constraints for installations, optimal capacities of methane and thermal energy storage types were much larger than capacities of grid battery storage, battery storage in vehicles and hydrogen storage. Grid battery storage correlated with photovoltaics capacity installed in the energy system. Furthermore, it was shown that successful representation of long-term storage solutions in urban energy models reduced the total socio-economic costs of the energy system for 4.1%.

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Alam, Marzia, Mehreen Saleem Gul und Tariq Muneer. „Radiation View Factor for Building Applications: Comparison of Computation Environments“. Energies 12, Nr. 20 (10.10.2019): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203826.

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Computation of view factors is required in several building engineering applications where radiative exchange takes place between surfaces such as ground and vertical walls or ground and sloping thermal or photovoltaics collectors. In this paper, view factor computations are performed for bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) collectors based on the finite element method (FEM) using two programming languages known as Microsoft Excel-Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and Python. The aim is to determine the computer response time as well as the performance of the two languages in terms of accuracy and convergence of the numerical solution. To run the simulations in Python, an open source just-in-time (JIT) compiler called Numba was used and the same program was also run as a macro in VBA. It was observed that the simulation response time significantly decreased in Python when compared to VBA. This decrease in time was due to the increase in the total number of iterations from 400 million to 250 billion for a given case. Results demonstrated that Python was 71–180 times faster than VBA and, therefore, offers a better programming platform for the view factor analysis and modelling of bifacial solar PV where computation time is a significant modelling challenge.

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Lin, Wenye, Zhenjun Ma, Kehua Li, V. V. Tyagi und A. K. Pandey. „A dynamic simulation platform for fault modelling and characterisation of building integrated photovoltaics“. Renewable Energy 179 (Dezember 2021): 963–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.035.

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Toledo, Carlos, Ana Maria Gracia Amillo, Giorgio Bardizza, Jose Abad und Antonio Urbina. „Evaluation of Solar Radiation Transposition Models for Passive Energy Management and Building Integrated Photovoltaics“. Energies 13, Nr. 3 (06.02.2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030702.

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Incident solar radiation modelling has become of vital importance not only in architectural design considerations, but also in the estimation of the energy production of photovoltaic systems. This is particularly true in the case of buildings with integrated photovoltaics (PV) systems having a wide range of orientations and inclinations defined by the skin of the building. Since solar radiation data at the plane of interest is hardly ever available, this study presents the analysis of two of the most representative transposition models used to obtain the in-plane irradiance using as input data the global and diffuse irradiation on the horizontal plane, which can be obtained by satellite-based models or ground measurements. Both transposition models are validated with experimental measurements taken in Murcia (southeast of Spain) and datasets provided by the photovoltaic geographical information system (PVGIS) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for vertical surfaces facing the four cardinal points. For the validation, the mean bias deviation, root mean square error and forecasted skill were used as indicators. Results show that the error rate decreases slightly for clear days. Better results are also obtained by dismissing data with low solar elevation angles so as to avoid shadowing effects from the surroundings in the early and late hours of the day, which affects mainly the performance of the transposition models for west and east surfaces. The results highlight the potential of equator-facing façades in winter time when the received irradiation can be twice as much as the one collected by the horizontal plane. It is also noteworthy that the operating conditions of all façades are mainly low irradiance and medium temperature at these locations.

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Khordehgah, N., A. Żabnieńska-Góra und H. Jouhara. „Analytical modelling of a photovoltaics-thermal technology combined with thermal and electrical storage systems“. Renewable Energy 165 (März 2021): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.058.

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Gan, Guohui, und Saffa B. Riffat. „CFD modelling of air flow and thermal performance of an atrium integrated with photovoltaics“. Building and Environment 39, Nr. 7 (Juli 2004): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.027.

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Schregle, Roland, Christian Renken und Stephen Wittkopf. „Spatio-Temporal Visualisation of Reflections from Building Integrated Photovoltaics“. Buildings 8, Nr. 8 (03.08.2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080101.

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With the increasing adoption of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), concerns arise about potential glare. While recommended criteria to assess glare exist, it is challenging to apply these in the spatial and temporal domains and communicate the complex data to planning authorities and clients. This paper presents a new computational workflow using annual daylight simulation, material modelling using bi-directional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) and image-based postprocessing to obtain 3-dimensional renderings of cumulative annual irradiance and glare duration on the built environment. The annual daylight simulation considers relevant sun positions in high temporal resolution (15-min timesteps) and measured BSDFs to model different PV materials. The postprocessing includes a relative irradiance visualisation comparing the impact of a proposed PV proportional to a reference material. It also includes a new spatio-temporal workflow to assess the glare duration based on recommended thresholds. This workflow is demonstrated with a case study of a proposed PV roof for a church, assessing the glare potential of two different PV materials. The visualisations indicate glare durations well below the thresholds with satinated PVs, and in noncritical zones outside observer positions with standard PVs. Thus the proposed PV roof does not cause any disturbing glare.

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Mitchell, Bernhard, Juergen W. Weber, Mattias Juhl, Daniel Macdonald und Thorsten Trupke. „Photoluminescence Imaging of Silicon Bricks“. Solid State Phenomena 205-206 (Oktober 2013): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.205-206.118.

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Photoluminescence imaging techniques have recently been extended to silicon bricks for early production quality control and electronic characterisation in photovoltaics and microelectronics. This contribution reviews the state of the art of this new method which is fundamentally based on spectral luminescence analyses. We present highly resolved bulk lifetime images that can be rapidly extracted from the side faces of directionally solidified or Czochralski grown silicon bricks. It is discussed how detailed physical modelling and experimental verification give good confidence of the best practice measurement errors. It is also demonstrated that bulk lifetime imaging can further be used for doping and interstitial iron concentration imaging. Additionally, we show that full spectrum measurements allow verification of the luminescence modelling and are, when fitted to the theory, another accurate method of extracting the absolute bulk lifetime.

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Jayaram, Ms Kruthi. „Simulation Based Three Phase Single Stage Grid connected Inverter Using Solar Photovoltaics“. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, Nr. 05 (26.05.2021): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05190.

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Since ages, the best alternative for fossil fuel generation is found from Renewable energy sources. One among them is the Solar energy which can produce solar power. Solar power can be taught as “Solar Electricity” and is the most practical, cleanest forms of Renewa-ble Energy. Solar Power Systems otherwise called as PV systems can be of various types like off-grid and on-grid systems. This paper, focuses on Grid connected solar electric system. The paper aims at modelling high performance Three Phase Single Stage Grid Connected Inverter. So as to achieve maximum output from the photovoltaic array, MPPT Tracking is connected. The conversion from DC output of photovoltaic array is done to AC so that it is fed into the grid, a IGBT based inverter is used which converts from DC to AC power. A Simulation model is developed in MATLAB Simulink and results are presented in the paper.

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Krishna, Yathin, Shashikantha Karinka, Mohd Faizal Fauzan und Prashanth Pai Manihalla. „An Experimental and Mathematical investigation of optimal tilt angle and effects of reflectors on PV energy production“. MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503020.

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The performance of the solar photovoltaic panels relies on its direction and tilt angle with respect to the horizontal to obtain better conversion efficiency. The tilt angle of the PV panel needs to be in proper location and position to obtain maximum power output from photovoltaics. The optimum tilt angle is generally calculated based on global, diffused, and direct radiation on the horizontal surface. This study focuses on the concept of the optimal tilt angle that improves the performance of the PV panel. The paper discusses the MATLAB mathematical modelling and experimental validation conducted at Nitte, India to determine the optimal tilt angle of PV panels of the region for maximum solar radiation. The investigation also includes the effect of three different types of reflectors on the PV panel for the obtained optimal tilt angle. The experimental results show that to get the optimum power output, the tilt angle needs to be changed every month. Hence monthly optimal tilt must be chosen for optimum power output. The results showed a PV panel with a focused mirror reflector produced higher power output compared to aluminum and stainless-steel reflectors.

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Mohammad, Asaad, Ramon Zamora und Tek Tjing Lie. „Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Distribution Network: A Review of PV Based Electric Vehicle Modelling“. Energies 13, Nr. 17 (02.09.2020): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174541.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of a prominent solution for the sustainability issues needing dire attention like global warming, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conversely, EVs are shown to emit higher emissions (measured from source to tailpipe) for the fossil fuel-based countries, which necessitates renewable energy sources (RES) for maximizing EV benefits. EVs can also act as a storage system, to mitigate the challenges associated with RES and to provide the grid with ancillary services, such as voltage regulation, frequency regulation, spinning reserve, etc. For extracting maximum benefits from EVs and minimizing the associated impact on the distribution network, modelling optimal integration of EVs in the network is required. This paper focuses on reviewing the state-of-the-art literature on the modelling of grid-connected EV-PV (photovoltaics) system. Further, the paper evaluates the uncertainty modelling methods associated with various parameters related to the grid-connected EV-PV system. Finally, the review is concluded with a summary of potential research directions in this area. The paper presents an evaluation of different modelling components of grid-connected EV-PV system to facilitate readers in modelling such system for researching EV-PV integration in the distribution network.

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Domjan, Suzana, Sašo Medved, Boštjan Černe und Ciril Arkar. „Fast Modelling of nZEB Metrics of Office Buildings Built with Advanced Glass and BIPV Facade Structures“. Energies 12, Nr. 16 (20.08.2019): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163194.

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The planning process of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), as defined in Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), requires that designers check their solutions at all stages of planning. In the initial design phase, methods and tools for which only basic design knowledge of the modelling of energy efficiency indicators is required are often sufficient. With the introduction of fast modelling techniques, designers’ work can be simplified. A method and software for the fast modelling of nZEB energy efficiency indicators of buildings constructed with advanced multi-layer glass and building integrated photovoltaics facade (BIPV) structures are presented. The computer tool for fast modelling combines (i) upgraded national certificated software for energy performance of buildings (EPB) evaluation, which is used for performing auto-repeating numerical calculations based on the design of experiments (DOE) and (ii) software for the determination of multiple linear regression models and the presentation of results. The case studies made for different buildings and climate conditions show the variety of options offered by the developed fast modelling approach. It can be seen that buildings with a large proportion of advanced glassed facade and even all-glass buildings can fulfil nZEB requirements via the on-site production of electricity with BIPV facade structures.

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Friesecke, Gero, und Michael Kniely. „New Optimal Control Problems in Density Functional Theory Motivated by Photovoltaics“. Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 17, Nr. 3 (Januar 2019): 926–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/18m1207272.

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Hassan, Husna A., und M. L. Inche Ibrahim. „Comparison between the use of uniform and non-uniform light absorption profiles in modelling organic photovoltaics“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1489 (März 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1489/1/012019.

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Athienitis, Andreas K., Giovanni Barone, Annamaria Buonomano und Adolfo Palombo. „Assessing active and passive effects of façade building integrated photovoltaics/thermal systems: Dynamic modelling and simulation“. Applied Energy 209 (Januar 2018): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.039.

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Spiliotis, Konstantinos, Juliana E. Gonçalves, Dirk Saelens, Kris Baert und Johan Driesen. „Electrical system architectures for building-integrated photovoltaics: A comparative analysis using a modelling framework in Modelica“. Applied Energy 261 (März 2020): 114247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114247.

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Castellanos, J. G., M. Walker, D. Poggio, M. Pourkashanian und W. Nimmo. „Modelling an off-grid integrated renewable energy system for rural electrification in India using photovoltaics and anaerobic digestion“. Renewable Energy 74 (Februar 2015): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.08.055.

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Sammut, Stephen, und Patrick Attard. „Mathematical Modelling of Heat Transfer Physics in Sea and Air deployed PV Systems“. MCAST Journal of Applied Research & Practice 3, Nr. 2 (12.12.2019): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4387.

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The sea provides a vast area which can be harnessed as a platform on which to install energy-harvesting technology. This is especially relevant for a small country such as Malta with a very small landmass when compared to the vast area of the surrounding sea. Photovoltaics (PV) also become more inefficient as they heat up. When PV panels are deployed in the sun, the temperature tends to increase and the PVs become more inefficient. This is especially so in the summer months when the ambient temperatures are at their highest levels. Sea temperature in summer is lower than the air temperature. Hence deploying the PVs in the sea can contribute to keep the panel temperature lower, thereby improving its efficiency. The subject of this paper was the study of the cooling effect of the sea on the PV material. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of PV panels deployed on land and in sea (both in submerged and surface modes) was undertaken. FEA software ANSYS was used to conduct the analysis. The FEA conducted took into consideration the physics of heat transfer through the radiation, conduction, and convection mechanisms. The conclusions of the analysis conducted demonstrated that a PV panel submerged 10 cm below the sea surface achieved the lowest temperatures of the three cases studied.

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Won, Yulim, Areum Kim, Donggyu Lee, Wooseok Yang, Kyoohee Woo, Sunho Jeong und Jooho Moon. „Annealing-free fabrication of highly oxidation-resistive copper nanowire composite conductors for photovoltaics“. NPG Asia Materials 6, Nr. 6 (Juni 2014): e105-e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/am.2014.36.

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Tregambi, Claudio, Piero Bareschino, Erasmo Mancusi, Francesco Pepe, Fabio Montagnaro, Roberto Solimene und Piero Salatino. „Modelling of a concentrated solar power – photovoltaics hybrid plant for carbon dioxide capture and utilization via calcium looping and methanation“. Energy Conversion and Management 230 (Februar 2021): 113792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113792.

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Leach, Matthew, Chris Mullen, Jacquetta Lee, Bartosz Soltowski, Neal Wade, Stuart Galloway, William Coley, Shafiqa Keddar, Nigel Scott und Simon Batchelor. „Modelling the Costs and Benefits of Modern Energy Cooking Services—Methods and Case Studies“. Energies 14, Nr. 12 (08.06.2021): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123371.

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Globally, 2.8 billion people still cook with biomass, resulting in health, environmental, and social challenges; electric cooking is a key option for a transition to modern energy cooking services. However, electric cooking is assumed to be too expensive, grids can be unreliable and the connection capacity of mini-grids and solar home systems is widely assumed to be insufficient. Developments in higher performance and lower cost batteries and solar photovoltaics can help, but they raise questions of affordability and environmental impacts. The range of issues is wide, and existing studies do not capture them coherently. A new suite of models is outlined that represents the technical, economic, human, and environmental benefits and impacts of delivering electric cooking services, with a life-cycle perspective. This paper represents the first time this diverse range of approaches has been brought together. The paper illustrates their use through combined application to case studies for transitions of households from traditional fuels to electric cooking: for urban grid-connected households in Zambia; for mini-grid connected households in Tanzania; and for off-grid households in Kenya. The results show that electric cooking can be cost-effective, and they demonstrate overall reductions in human and ecological impacts but point out potential impact ‘hotspots’. The network analysis shows that electric cooking can be accommodated to a significant extent on existing grids, due partly to diversity effects in the nature and timing of cooking practices.

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Selvakkumaran, Sujeetha, und Erik Ahlgren. „Model-Based Exploration of Co-Creation Efforts: The Case of Solar Photovoltaics (PV) in Skåne, Sweden“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 11 (26.10.2018): 3905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113905.

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Co-creation in the societal sphere is becoming important in many parts of the world. However, empirical analysis of co-creation in local energy transitions has been understudied. This paper aims to contribute to the field of local energy transitions by integrating a model-based approach with the municipal co-creation efforts in a local energy transition setting. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, with both quantitative and qualitative methods underpinning the approach. A System Dynamics (SD) model is built to analyse the feedback loops created by the co-creation efforts of the municipalities in Skåne, Sweden to increase the uptake of household solar photovoltaics. Simultaneously, the model is conceptualized and built in coordination with the municipality actors, and qualitative validation provided by them. An iterative process is implemented, consisting of three steps: interaction with the municipality actors (MAs), developing the causal relationships between the model variables and model development. The suggestions and discussions with the MAs were very useful in understanding the social factors and processes which help in the diffusion of a technologically innovative product, such as solar PV. The MAs said that they found the explanation of the modelling variables useful in undertaking the co-creation efforts.

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Aeberhard, Urs. „The nonequilibrium Green’s function picture of inelastic processes in nanostructure photovoltaics“. Journal of Computational Electronics 15, Nr. 4 (11.08.2016): 1219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-016-0877-3.

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Nuss, Philip. „Losses and environmental aspects of a byproduct metal: tellurium“. Environmental Chemistry 16, Nr. 4 (2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18282.

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Environmental contextStudies involving modelling are increasingly being performed to better understand how technology-critical elements such as tellurium are transported and accumulated in man-made technological systems. The resulting ‘anthropogenic cycles’ provide estimates of current and anticipated future material releases to the environment, and their associated environmental implications. This information complements data on natural cycles in which the subsequent transport and fate of tellurium in the environment can be examined. AbstractGlobal demand for tellurium has greatly increased owing to its use in solar photovoltaics. Elevated levels of tellurium in the environment are now observed. Quantifying the losses from human usage into the environment requires a life-cycle wide examination of the anthropogenic tellurium cycle (in analogy to natural element cycles). Reviewing the current literature shows that tellurium losses to the environment might occur predominantly as mine tailings, in gas and dust and slag during processing, manufacturing losses, and in-use dissipation (situation in around 2010). Large amounts of cadmium telluride will become available by 2040 as photovoltaic modules currently in-use reach their end-of-life. This requires proper end-of-life management approaches to avoid dissipation to the environment. Because tellurium occurs together with other toxic metals, e.g. in the anode slime collected during copper production, examining the life-cycle wide environmental implication of tellurium production requires consideration of the various substances present in the feedstock as well as the energy and material requirements during production. Understanding the flows and stock dynamics of tellurium in the anthroposphere can inform environmental chemistry about current and future tellurium releases to the environment, and help to manage the element more wisely.

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Wang, Ben, Xiuhua Fu, Shigeng Song, Hin Chu, Desmond Gibson, Cheng Li, Yongjing Shi und Zhentao Wu. „Simulation and Optimization of Film Thickness Uniformity in Physical Vapor Deposition“. Coatings 8, Nr. 9 (16.09.2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8090325.

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Optimization of thin film uniformity is an important aspect for large-area coatings, particularly for optical coatings where error tolerances can be of the order of nanometers. Physical vapor deposition is a widely used technique for producing thin films. Applications include anti-reflection coatings, photovoltaics etc. This paper reviews the methods and simulations used for improving thin film uniformity in physical vapor deposition (both evaporation and sputtering), covering characteristic aspects of emission from material sources, projection/mask effects on film thickness distribution, as well as geometric and rotational influences from apparatus configurations. Following the review, a new program for modelling and simulating thin film uniformity for physical vapor deposition was developed using MathCAD. Results from the program were then compared with both known theoretical analytical equations of thickness distribution and experimental data, and found to be in good agreement. A mask for optimizing thin film thickness distribution designed using the program was shown to improve thickness uniformity from ±4% to ±0.56%.

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Alasali, Feras, Husam Foudeh, Esraa Mousa Ali, Khaled Nusair und William Holderbaum. „Forecasting and Modelling the Uncertainty of Low Voltage Network Demand and the Effect of Renewable Energy Sources“. Energies 14, Nr. 8 (12.04.2021): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082151.

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More and more households are using renewable energy sources, and this will continue as the world moves towards a clean energy future and new patterns in demands for electricity. This creates significant novel challenges for Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) such as volatile net demand behavior and predicting Low Voltage (LV) demand. There is a lack of understanding of modern LV networks’ demand and renewable energy sources behavior. This article starts with an investigation into the unique characteristics of householder demand behavior in Jordan, connected to Photovoltaics (PV) systems. Previous studies have focused mostly on forecasting LV level demand without considering renewable energy sources, disaggregation demand and the weather conditions at the LV level. In this study, we provide detailed LV demand analysis and a variety of forecasting methods in terms of a probabilistic, new optimization learning algorithm called the Golden Ratio Optimization Method (GROM) for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for rolling and point forecasting. Short-term forecasting models have been designed and developed to generate future scenarios for different disaggregation demand levels from households, small cities, net demands and PV system output. The results show that the volatile behavior of LV networks connected to the PV system creates substantial forecasting challenges. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the ANN-GROM model improved by 41.2% for household demand forecast compared to the traditional ANN model.

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Asfour, Omar. „Solar and Shading Potential of Different Configurations of Building Integrated Photovoltaics Used as Shading Devices Considering Hot Climatic Conditions“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (23.11.2018): 4373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124373.

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This study investigates the use of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) as shading devices in hot climates, with reference to the conditions of Saudi Arabia. It used parametric numerical modelling to critically appraise the potential of eight design configurations in this regard, including vertical and horizontal shading devices with different inclination angles. The study assumed that the examined shading devices could be entirely horizontal or vertical on the three exposed facades, which is common practice in architecture. The study found that the examined configurations offered different solar and shading potentials. However, the case of horizontal BIPV shading devices with a 45° tilt angle received the highest amount of annual total insolation (104 kWh/m2) and offered effective window shading of 96% of the total window area on average in summer. The study concluded that, unlike the common recommendation of avoiding horizontal shading devices on eastern and western facades, it is possible in countries characterised with high solar altitudes such as Saudi Arabia to use them effectively to generate electricity and provide the required window shading.

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Fichera, Alberto, Alessandro Pluchino und Rosaria Volpe. „Modelling Energy Distribution in Residential Areas: A Case Study Including Energy Storage Systems in Catania, Southern Italy“. Energies 13, Nr. 14 (19.07.2020): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143715.

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Complexity is a widely acknowledged feature of urban areas. Among the different levels to which this definition applies, the energy sector is one of the most representative of this way of conceiving cities. An evidence of this complexity can be detected in the growing impact of prosumers. Prosumers produce energy to meet their own demands, distribute it directly to neighbors and, eventually, store the energy neither consumed nor distributed. The modelling of distribution networks is a challenging task that requires ad hoc models to simulate the mutual energy exchanges occurring among prosumers. To serve at this scope, this paper proposes an agent-based model aiming at determining which operating conditions enhance the energy distribution among prosumers and diminish the supply from traditional power plants. An application of the model within a residential territory is then presented and simulations are conducted under two scenarios: the first investigating the distribution among prosumers equipped with photovoltaics (PV) systems, the second integrating energy storage systems to PV panels. Both scenarios are studied at varying the installed PV capacity within the territory, the allowed distance of connection among prosumers, as well as the rate of utilization of the links of the network. Results from the simulated case study reveal that the energy distribution among prosumers can be enhanced by providing short-range links for the electricity exchange. Similar advantages can be achieved by integrating storage systems to PV, along with a significant reduction in the electricity requested to the centralized grid.

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González Gallero, Francisco Javier, Ismael Rodríguez Maestre, Hassan Hemida und Pascual Álvarez Gómez. „Practical approaches to assess thermal performance of a finned heat sink prototype for low concentration photovoltaics (LCPV) systems: Analytical correlations vs CFD modelling“. Applied Thermal Engineering 156 (Juni 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.086.

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Rosenstiel, Andreas, Nathalie Monnerie, Jürgen Dersch, Martin Roeb, Robert Pitz-Paal und Christian Sattler. „Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Powered by PV/CSP Hybrid Power Plants: A Modelling Approach for Cost Optimal System Design“. Energies 14, Nr. 12 (10.06.2021): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123437.

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Global trade of green hydrogen will probably become a vital factor in reaching climate neutrality. The sunbelt of the Earth has a great potential for large-scale hydrogen production. One promising pathway to solar hydrogen is to use economically priced electricity from photovoltaics (PV) for electrochemical water splitting. However, storing electricity with batteries is still expensive and without storage only a small operating capacity of electrolyser systems can be reached. Combining PV with concentrated solar power (CSP) and thermal energy storage (TES) seems a good pathway to reach more electrolyser full load hours and thereby lower levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH). This work introduces an energy system model for finding cost-optimal designs of such PV/CSP hybrid hydrogen production plants based on a global optimization algorithm. The model includes an operational strategy which improves the interplay between PV and CSP part, allowing also to store PV surplus electricity as heat. An exemplary study for stand-alone hydrogen production with an alkaline electrolyser (AEL) system is carried out. Three different locations with different solar resources are considered, regarding the total installed costs (TIC) to obtain realistic LCOH values. The study shows that a combination of PV and CSP is an auspicious concept for large-scale solar hydrogen production, leading to lower costs than using one of the technologies on its own. For today’s PV and CSP costs, minimum levelized costs of hydrogen of 4.04 USD/kg were determined for a plant located in Ouarzazate (Morocco). Considering the foreseen decrease in PV and CSP costs until 2030, cuts the LCOH to 3.09 USD/kg while still a combination of PV and CSP is the most economic system.

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Sarmiento, Luis, Thorsten Burandt, Konstantin Löffler und Pao-Yu Oei. „Analyzing Scenarios for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in the Mexican Energy System—An Application of the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD)“. Energies 12, Nr. 17 (25.08.2019): 3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173270.

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This paper uses numerical techno-economic modelling to analyse the effect of current national renewable targets and climate goals on the cost and structural composition of the Mexican energy system. For this, we construct a scenario base analysis to compare current policies with two alternative states of the world—one without climate policies and one attaining full decarbonization. Furthermore, an additional iterative routine allows us to estimate the cost-optimal share of renewable technologies in the energy sector and the effect that deviating from this share has on total discounted system costs, emissions and the structure of the energy mix. In general, model results exhibit three key insights—(1) A marked dependence of the energy system on photovoltaics and natural gas; (2) The 2050 cost-optimal share of renewables for the production of electricity, transportation and industrial heating is respectively 75%, 90% and 5%; and (3) As national renewable targets for the power sector are lower than the cost-optimal share of renewables, equivalent to the shares in an scenario without climate policies and completely disconnected from national climate goals, these should be modified.

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Schrittwieser, Stefan, Michael J. Haslinger, Tina Mitteramskogler, Michael Mühlberger, Astrit Shoshi, Hubert Brückl, Martin Bauch, Theodoros Dimopoulos, Barbara Schmid und Joerg Schotter. „Multifunctional Nanostructures and Nanopocket Particles Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography“. Nanomaterials 9, Nr. 12 (16.12.2019): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121790.

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Nanostructured surfaces and nanoparticles are already widely employed in many different fields of research, and there is an ever-growing demand for reliable, reproducible and scalable nanofabrication methods. This is especially valid for multifunctional nanomaterials with physical properties that are tailored for specific applications. Here, we report on the fabrication of two types of nanomaterials. Specifically, we present surfaces comprising a highly uniform array of elliptical pillars as well as nanoparticles with the shape of nanopockets, possessing nano-cavities. The structures are fabricated by nanoimprint lithography, physical and wet-chemical etching and sputter deposition of thin films of various materials to achieve a multifunctional nanomaterial with defined optical and magnetic properties. We show that the nanopockets can be transferred to solution, yielding a nanoparticle dispersion. All fabrication steps are carefully characterized by microscopic and optical methods. Additionally, we show optical simulation results that are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained data. Thus, this versatile method allows to fabricate nanomaterials with specific tailor-made physical properties that can be designed by modelling prior to the actual fabrication process. Finally, we discuss possible application areas of these nanomaterials, which range from biology and medicine to electronics, photovoltaics and photocatalysis.

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Alipour, Mohammad, Rodney A. Stewart und Oz Sahin. „Beyond the Diffusion of Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems at Scale: Allegorising the Battery Energy Storage Adoption Behaviour“. Energies 14, Nr. 16 (16.08.2021): 5015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165015.

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Understanding the residential adoption decision of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is central to the implementation of successful intervention policies. However, when the residential solar photovoltaics (PV) becomes a widely accepted technology across a society, accurately modelling the behaviour shows a higher degree of complexity. In this vein, the uptake pathway of BESS and PV coupled with BESS (PV–BESS) would predictably exhibit similar attitudinal traits to that of PV consumption. This notion implies that the antecedent PV decision can be regarded as the past behaviour of the BESS adopter by creating attitudinal implications. The PV use status also yields a higher degree of heterogeneity through the emergence of four new household groups and the inherent imbalances in the involvement of the interwoven financial, technical, sociodemographic, and psychological predictors. This perspective employs the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) to allegorise a decision-making model of BESS and PV–BESS adoption behaviour in a mature PV market (Australia). It argues that the particularised background factors will likely shape the individual’s attitudes and perceived norms for intention, and showcases affordability and the use of PV as the two control components that dictate the final decision.

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Chaithanakulwat, Arckarakit. „Simulation of Power Transmission from Photovoltaics into a Single-Phase Grid System Using Eleven-Level Cascade Multilevel Inverter“. International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) 13, Nr. 2 (30.04.2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v13i2.17020.

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del Cañizo, Carlos, Ana Belén Cristóbal, Luisa Barbosa, Gema Revuelta, Sabine Haas, Marta Victoria und Martin Brocklehurst. „Promoting citizen science in the energy sector: Generation Solar, an open database of small-scale solar photovoltaic installations“. Open Research Europe 1 (24.03.2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13069.1.

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Citizen science is becoming an effective approach in building a new relationship between science and society, in which the desire of citizens to participate actively in knowledge production meets the needs of researchers. A citizen science initiative dealing with the development of photovoltaics (PV) is presented. To generate a “responsible” initiative, the research question has been designed collectively from the beginning, involving diverse actors in order to encourage creativity while addressing their interests and concerns. The result has been called Generation Solar. It aims at co-creating an open database of PV installations including their technical characteristics, and an online map for visualizing them. The initiative responds to a clear scientific demand; an important drawback for researchers working on energy modelling and predictions of production lays precisely in the lack of information about these installations’ locations and characteristics. The initiative invites citizens, companies and public institutions with a PV installation to collaborate by providing such data. Data will follow the format of Open Power System Data in order to be fully exploitable by the scientific community and society. The success of the initiative will rely on the capacity to mobilize citizens and register the largest possible number of installations worldwide.

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del Cañizo, Carlos, Ana Belén Cristóbal, Luisa Barbosa, Gema Revuelta, Sabine Haas, Marta Victoria und Martin Brocklehurst. „Promoting citizen science in the energy sector: Generation Solar, an open database of small-scale solar photovoltaic installations“. Open Research Europe 1 (21.05.2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13069.2.

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Citizen science is becoming an effective approach in building a new relationship between science and society, in which the desire of citizens to participate actively in knowledge production meets the needs of researchers. A citizen science initiative dealing with the development of photovoltaics (PV) is presented. To generate a “responsible” initiative, the research question has been designed collectively from the beginning, involving diverse actors in order to encourage creativity while addressing their interests and concerns. The result has been called Generation Solar. It aims at co-creating an open database of PV installations including their technical characteristics, and an online map for visualizing them. The initiative responds to a clear scientific demand; an important drawback for researchers working on energy modelling and predictions of production lays precisely in the lack of information about these installations’ locations and characteristics. The initiative invites citizens, companies and public institutions with a PV installation to collaborate by providing such data. Data will follow the format of Open Power System Data in order to be fully exploitable by the scientific community and society. The success of the initiative will rely on the capacity to mobilize citizens and register the largest possible number of installations worldwide.

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Ahangharnejhad, Ramez H., Zhaoning Song, Adam B. Phillips, Suneth C. Watthage, Zahrah S. Almutawah, Dhurba R. Sapkota, Prakash Koirala, Robert W. Collins, Yanfa Yan und Michael J. Heben. „Optical design of perovskite solar cells for applications in monolithic tandem configuration with CuInSe2 bottom cells“. MRS Advances 3, Nr. 52 (2018): 3111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.464.

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Abstract:Monolithic integrated thin film tandem solar cells consisting of a high bandgap perovskite top cell and a low bandgap thin film bottom cell are expected to reach higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with lower manufacturing cost and environmental impacts than the market-dominant crystalline silicon photovoltaics. There have been several demonstrations of 4-terminal and 2-terminal perovskite tandem devices with CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) or CuInSe2 (CIS) and, similar to the other tandem structures, the optimization of this device relies on optimal choice for the perovskite bandgap and thickness. Therefore, further advancement will be enabled by tuning the perovskite absorber to maximize the photocurrent limited by the current match condition. Here, we systematically study the optical absorption and transmission of perovskite thin films with varying absorber band gap. Based on these results, we model the photocurrent generations in both perovskite and CIS subcells and estimate the performances of projected tandem devices by considering the ideally functioning perovskite and CIS device. Our results show that for perovskite layers with 500 nm thickness the optimal bandgap is around 1.6 eV. With these configurations, PCEs above 20% could be achieved by monolithically integrated perovskite/CIS tandem solar cells. Also by modelling the absorption at every layer we calculate the quantum efficiency at each subcell in addition to tracking optical losses.

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Al-Janahi, Saoud A., Omar Ellabban und Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. „A Novel BIPV Reconfiguration Algorithm for Maximum Power Generation under Partial Shading“. Energies 13, Nr. 17 (31.08.2020): 4470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174470.

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The feasibility of electricity production via solar energy in the Middle East is high due to the enormous value of solar radiation. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are systems used to utilise the unused spaces that can be installed on the façade or roof by replacing the building’s main element. However, the main problem associated with electricity production by BIPV is partial shading on the roof, which can produce multiple hot spots and disturbances to the system if the insolation values within the whole BIPV array vary. Partial shading, in this case, is observed due to the complexly shaped roof. This paper studies the partial shading effect on one of Qatar’s most recent projects (metro stations), and models the Education City station, which is a major station. The rooftop is complex, and it has many wavy shapes that can affect the BIPV system’s performance. The station is modelled using building-information modelling (BIM) software, wherein all of the station’s models are gathered and linked using BIM software to illustrate the BIPV and indicate the solar insolation distribution on the rooftop by simulating the station’s rooftop. The system is optimised for maximum yield to determine the optimal configuration and number of modules for each string using a genetic algorithm. The outcomes from the algorithm are based on clustering the solar insolation values and then applying a genetic algorithm optimisation to indicate the optimum BIPV array layout for maximum yield.

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