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1
Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, Hrsg. Le interazioni fra economia e ambiente biologico nell'Europa preindustriale secc. XIII-XVIII. Economic and biological interactions in pre-industrial Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-596-2.
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Pests, parasites and pathogenic agents have exerted a notable influence on the process of economic development of pre-industrial Europe, in view of their influence on the health, longevity and reproduction of human beings, plants and animals. On each occasion man has reacted to biological uncertainty with responses that were public or private, formal or informal and differed in both efficacy and cost. Success has always been partial, and dependent on experience, knowledge and the investment of economic resources. These reciprocal influences have never been allocated an appropriate or convincing place in the institutional model or those of Smith, Malthus, Ricardo or Marx, typically exploited to describe and explain the flux and reflux of the economic development of pre-industrial Europe. In these proceedings of Study Week promoted by the Fondazione Datini, the leading experts in the sector have undertaken to analyse, exemplify and discuss the precise nature of the complex interactions between economic and biological processes and agents. Adopying a stimulating, innovative and interdisciplinary approach, they appraise the degree to which such processes acted in reciprocal independence, whether there was a significant co-evolution and what prospects there are for developing explanatory models that better grasp the essentially bilateral nature of such interactions.
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Sappok, Tanja, Sabine Zepperitz und Mark Hudson. Meeting Emotional Needs in Intellectual Disability: The Developmental Approach. Hogrefe Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/00589-000.
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Using a developmental perspective, the authors offer a new, integrated model for supporting people with intellectual disability (ID). This concept builds upon recent advances in attachment-informed approaches, by drawing upon a broader understanding of the social, emotional, and cognitive competencies of people with ID, which is grounded in developmental neuroscience and psychology. The book explores in detail how challenging behaviour and mental health difficulties in people with ID arise when their basic emotional needs are not being met by those in the environment. Using individually tailored interventions, which complement existing models of care, practitioners can help to facilitate maturational processes and reduce behavior that is challenging to others. As a result, the ‘fit’ of a person within his or her individual environment can be improved. Case examples throughout the book illuminate how this approach works by targeting interventions towards the person’s stage of emotional development. This book will be of interest to a wide range of professionals working with people with ID, including: clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, occupational therapists, learning disability nurses, speech and language therapists, and teachers in special education settings, as well as parents and caregivers.
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Campbell, Colin, und Jackie Craissati. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0001.
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The UK government’s Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) strategy has provided a unique opportunity to revise the way in which health and criminal justice agencies collaborate in order to develop creative psychologically informed approaches to managing a complex group of individuals. This introduction to ‘Managing Personality Disordered Offenders: A Pathways Approach’ outlines the development and implementation of the strategy from the perspective of a consortium of mental health trusts—the London Pathways Partnership (LPP). It outlines the commissioning constraints in this particular geographical setting and details both the theoretical underpinnings and operational models used to implement the OPD pathway in community and secure settings. The chapter concludes with a review of the first four years of these services and a reappraisal of the strategic model.
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Jappelli, Tullio, und Luigi Pistaferri. Non-Standard Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0014.
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In the real world many facts appear to conflict with the assum ptions of the standard life-cycle model and its main hypotheses. The mental accounting model challenges the assumption that resources are fungible. Substantial evidence produced by psychology, laboratory experiments, and empirical studies points out that people do not make time-consistent decisions, leading to the analysis of time-inconsistent preferences and hyperbolic discounting, a model in which rational agents make time-inconsistent decisions. A third critique is that people are in fact not fully informed about financial opportunities (the equity premium, say, or the virtue of diversification). In this chapter we review the literature on financial sophistication. A final departure from the standard approach explicitly models another important fact of life, namely, that our own choices are affected by the choices of other consumers, owing to social preferences.
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French, Jeff. The case for social marketing in public health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0001.
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This chapter explores the influence of paternalistic conceptions of public health fostered by more generic state paternalism that stresses the responsibility of the state to influence health and the conditions that create it. The limitations of such an approach are reviewed. The chapter also explores the growing realization that governments and their agencies cannot deliver the significant shifts in population-level behaviour change alone, and the implications of this realization. The second half of the chapter sets out the case for a new citizen-informed model of public health practice informed by social marketing principles. The rationale and practical implications of this new citizen-focused model are explored, including the added value contribution that can be made to public health programmes and policy through the application of social marketing principles. The chapter ends with a review of why social marketing is being increasingly applied as standard practice in many parts of the world.
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Entrepreneurship In The Informal Economy Models Approaches And Prospects For Economic Development. Routledge, 2012.
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Roth, Katalin. Bioethical Issues in Integrative Geriatrics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0030.
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Many older persons use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and an integrative approach is very consistent with the holistic model of geriatric “slow medicine.” Ethical practice requires an understanding of the patient’s values and goals of care. The core ethical principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice are applied to geriatric concerns such as decision-making capacity, prognosis, and advance care planning. Informed consent requires that patients understand the goals of treatment, conventional options, and the evidence and safety of CAM therapies. Legal issues affecting CAM providers such as licensing, referrals, and malpractice are reviewed.
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Campbell, Colin, und Pamela Attwell. Intervening in secure settings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0005.
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The chapter begins by reviewing the existing evidence base for services for personality disordered offenders within secure settings, outlining approaches used both in the UK and internationally. The chapter goes on to describe the implementation of the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) strategy in secure services, setting out the commissioning context and the focus on social environments, including Psychologically Informed Planned Environments (PIPEs) and Enabling Environments. It reviews the approach chosen by the London Pathways Partnership in terms of service model (residential, day programme, and outreach) and the intensity of the interventions used. The delivery of the services is then described in detail, including the development phase; referrals and assessment; intervention; and pathway progression. The chapter reviews the progress of the services over the first four years, including what worked and what didn’t, and concludes with an outline of evaluations of the services and proposals for future developments.
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Kern, Margaret L., und Howard S. Friedman. Health Psychology. Herausgegeben von Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.2.
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As research on personality and health has moved to developing multitrait, multioutcome models, the five factor approach has shown excellent utility for understanding health, including physical and mental health, longevity, cognitive function, social competence, and productivity. Drawing on a growing arsenal of advanced statistical techniques, studies are testing complex models to explain how personality influences health. Health behaviors, social situations, physiological changes, and various indirect and moderating factors are important pathways connecting personality and health, and reciprocally influence one another. Future personality research will benefit from interdisciplinary approaches, including integrative data analyses of archival data, big data analyses, neuroscientific approaches, and lifespan epidemiology. Bringing together different types of data, innovative methods, and well-specified theories offers the potential to understand the personality–health model in ways never before imagined. Identifying pathways and key factors in turn will inform effective intervention to help more people live healthier, more productive lives.
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Riskin, Loren, und Alex Macario. Complex Systems and Approaches to Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0010.
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This chapter, “Complex Systems and Approaches to Quality Improvement,” serves as an introduction to complex systems management and current thinking in improvement science. It explains the context behind quality improvement (QI) initiatives, beginning with a discussion of the ultimate goals of this movement. It then briefly reviews the history of QI development and early leaders in the field. The universal elements of a successful QI or patient safety project are discussed, followed by the exploration of commonly encountered barriers to systems and individual improvement. The chapter also highlights the differences between QI work and traditional research study. Selected tools to examine and prevent risk are explored, including informal approaches, Deming’s model for improvement, Six Sigma, healthcare failure mode and effects analysis (HFMEA), and root cause analysis (RCA).
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Knoll, James L. Individual psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0041.
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The abandonment of the medical model in corrections almost half a century ago left a scorched earth policy in terms of rehabilitation, and in turn, psychotherapeutic efforts with inmates. Fortunately, the promise of new progress is returning. Along with the imperative of improving psychiatric treatment in corrections, mental health has brought the science of psychotherapeutic intervention back into corrections, this time reinforced by a social science evidence base. In practice, much of the psychotherapy in jails and prisons is indeed based on individual interaction. It includes crisis intervention, the more traditional approach of supportive psychotherapy, and a growing body of manual-guided therapies. This chapter discusses practical and fundamental aspects of individual psychotherapy with inmate patients, followed by an overview of evidence based paradigms for psychotherapy in corrections. Therapeutic style, strategies to minimize the risks of therapeutic nihilism, the context of the treatment setting, and the limits of confidentiality are each reviewed. While much of the evidence base supports cognitive behavioral approaches (including motivational interviewing and mindfulness, among others), the importance of maintaining competence in psychodynamically informed therapy is discussed. Of enduring importance, recognition of countertransference themes in correctional settings is also explored in this chapter.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. The Fundamental Rights Acquis: An ‘Integrative Approach’ to Interpretation—The ‘Aggregate Standards’ Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0007.
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This chapter will catalogue the multiple ways in which human rights penetrate the EU legal order and the different functions they play qua (internalised/’Europeanised’) ‘fundamental rights’, both as standards of validity and as means of interpretation of EU acts. The main preoccupation is to identify the sources of fundamental rights obligations, retrace their origin and overall significance within the EU legal system, and determine the rules relevant to their interpretation and application. The ‘integrated’ or ‘cumulative standards’ approach will be developed against this background. According to this method, the precise level of protection that Charter rights afford will be determined by reference to Articles 52 and 53 thereof, taking the ECHR, other ‘international obligations common to the Member States’ (Recital 5 CFR), and any relevant ‘autonomous requirements’ of EU law into account. Drawing on post-Lisbon case law, it will be shown how any other approach fails to ensure compliance with all relevant requirements simultaneously. This technique will inform assessments in chapters of Part II.
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Vigus, James. Continental Romanticism in Britain. Herausgegeben von David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.44.
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This chapter argues on the basis of several constellations of writers that British Romanticism, far from being Europhobic, drew strength from direct contact with Continental sources. The term ‘romantic’ itself, as contrasted with ‘classical’, gained a new inflection through the Schlegel brothers’ works. In Weimar in 1804, Henry Crabb Robinson presented lectures on German aesthetics to Germaine de Staël, whose work then popularized the notion of aesthetic autonomy in Britain, paving the way for the reception of A. W. Schlegel’s Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. Friedrich Schlegel’s Lectures on the History of Literature, meanwhile, informed a nationalist approach to literature through J. G. Lockhart’s translation. Italophile writers, by contrast, resisted this northern style of Romanticism. Not only Shelley and Leigh Hunt, but also Byron, who had contact with the Italian exile Ugo Foscolo, came to regard Dante as a model for political renovation after the Napoleonic Wars.
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Barzilay, Shira, und Abbie Cohen. Psychological Models of Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0002.
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A comprehensive model of suicidal processes and behavior is essential for the assessment of imminent risk for suicide and for the design of informed interventions. This chapter provides descriptions of the three generations of the most influential theories of suicidal behavior as well as an assessment of their strengths and limitations. First-generation models were based on clinicians’ individual experiences and, more recently, on consensus opinion and clinical judgment. Second-generation prognostic models hypothesized that suicide risk was determined by measurable long-term biological, clinical, or demographic risk factors. Third-generation models of suicidal behavior focused on dynamic risk elements, which appear later in life, change over time, and are operational immediately proximal to suicide. This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution of the theoretical approaches to the understanding of psychological processes that make suicide possible.
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Greenberg, Lyn R., Barbara J. Fidler und Michael A. Saini, Hrsg. Evidence-Informed Interventions for Court-Involved Families. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190693237.001.0001.
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Children at the center of high conflict divorce and/or child protection cases face increased risks to both current and future health and adjustment. There is a growing research base regarding these risks and the coping abilities skills that children need for successful adjustment, but training gaps and poorly structured services continue to be serious problems. The specific characteristics of these families, and risks faced by these children, underscore the importance of treatment, psychoeducation, and other services adapted to this population and directed to minimizing risks and promoting healthy functioning, autonomy, and resilience for these children. This book provides a critical, research-informed analysis of the core factors to include when developing child-centered approaches to therapy and other family interventions, both in the formal treatment setting and promoting healthy engagement with the other systems and activities critical to children’s daily lives. The book addresses common problems, obstacles, and the backdrop of support from other professionals or the court, which may be necessary for successful intervention. An international team of renowned authors provide chapters covering a variety of service models and drawing on a wide range of relevant research and literature, addressing the legal context, central issues for treatment and other services, and specialized issues such as trauma, family violence, parent–child contact problems, and children with special needs. The book assembles in one place the best of what is known about intervention for court-involved families, along with practical guidance for using relevant research, understanding its limitations, and matching service plans to families’ needs.
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Lazarus, Philip J., Shannon Suldo und Beth Doll, Hrsg. Fostering the Emotional Well-Being of our Youth. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190918873.001.0001.
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Fostering the Emotional Well-Being of Our Youth: A School-Based Approach is an edited work that details best practices in comprehensive school mental health services based upon a dual-factor model of mental health that considers both psychological wellness and mental illness. In the introduction, the editors respond to the question: Are our students all right? Then, each of the text’s 24 chapters (five sections) describes empirically sound and practical ways that professionals can foster supportive school climates and implement evidence-based universal interventions to promote well-being and prevent and reduce mental health problems in young people. Topics include conceptualizing and framing youth mental health through a dual-factor model; building culturally responsive schools; implementing positive behavior interventions and supports; inculcating social-emotional learning within schools impacted by trauma; creating a multidisciplinary approach to foster a positive school culture and promote students’ mental health; preventing school violence and advancing school safety; cultivating student engagement and connectedness; creating resilient classrooms and schools; strengthening preschool, childcare and parenting practices; building family–school partnerships; promoting physical activity, nutrition, and sleep; teaching emotional self-regulation; promoting students’ positive emotions, character, and purpose; building a foundation for trauma-informed schools; preventing bullying; supporting highly mobile students; enfranchising socially marginalized students; preventing school failure and school dropout; providing evidence-based supports in the aftermath of a crisis; raising the emotional well-being of students with anxiety and depression; implementing state-wide practices that promote student wellness and resilience; screening for academic, behavioral, and emotional health; and accessing targeted and intensive mental health services.
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Rocker, Graeme M., Joanne Michaud-Young und Robert Horton. Caring for the patient with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0152.
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The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is high and rising. Patients and families living with advanced disease often experience biopsychosocial symptom burdens over a long trajectory, leaving them housebound when they require support the most. Current models of care, by placing a disproportionate focus on the provision of acute and facility-based services, do little to address the complex needs of those vulnerable patients and families who struggle to easily access primary care services. This chapter provides an overview of conventional COPD treatments and highlights some newer understandings and management approaches for patients living with high symptom burden despite optimized conventional treatments, including the use of opioids. It provides some concrete examples of models of care that employ interventions and holistic approaches to care that can improve patient and family outcomes. The move towards an integrated care approach to COPD will help patients and their families reach informed decisions about their care throughout the trajectory of COPD.
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Azzopardi, Leif, und Guido Zuccon. Economic Models of Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0012.
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This chapter provides a tutorial on how economics can be used to model the interaction between users and systems. Economic theory provides an intuitive and natural way to model Human-Computer Interaction which enables the prediction and explanation of user behaviour. A central tenet of the approach is the utility maximisation paradigm where it is assumed that users seek to maximise their profit/benefit subject to budget and other constraints when interacting with a system. By using such models it is possible to reason about user behaviour and make predictions about how changes to the interface or the users interactions will affect performance and behaviour. In this chapter, we describe and develop several economic models relating to how users search for information. While the examples are specific to Information Seeking and Retrieval, the techniques employed can be applied more generally to other human-computer interaction scenarios. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction and overview of how to build economic models of human-computer interaction that generate testable hypotheses regarding user behaviour which can be used to guide design and inform experimentation.
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Luke, Douglas A., Alexandra B. Morshed, Virginia R. McKay und Todd B. Combs. Systems Science Methods in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0010.
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As we have seen, numerous analysis and modeling tools that take into account the natural complexity of systems and dissemination and implementation processes are available, and the use of them is increasing over time. This chapter summarizes the characteristics, potential insights, and limitations of each modeling approach. It is important to note that modeling from a systems perspective, like all modeling approaches, requires assumptions about variables to include (or exclude), and hypothesized relationships dictate the quality of the model and the utility of the results. As such, using theory and empirical data to inform model design is paramount. Systems thinking and methods remain underutilized in dissemination and implementation despite demonstrations of the utility of incorporating systems thinking and methods into dissemination and implementation studies.
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Howlett, Jonathon R., und Murray B. Stein. Novel Prevention and Treatment Approaches to PTSD. Herausgegeben von Israel Liberzon und Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0021.
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Current therapeutic and preventive interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have important limitations in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Translational research based on animal models of fear extinction and the stress response has yielded a number of new targets for investigation in clinical studies. Novel treatment approaches include new medications, psychotherapies, and the combination of exposure-based therapies with medications to enhance fear extinction. PTSD prevention represents a major opportunity, and preventive interventions can also be informed by basic neurobiology. Despite potentially useful new therapeutic and prevention approaches, the pace of clinical studies has been slow, and the evidence for most novel interventions is sparse. Given the urgent clinical need, more resources should be directed to clinical trials to fulfill the promise of translational research for this disorder.
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Austin, Michael J., und Sarah Carnochan. Practice Research in the Human Services. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518335.001.0001.
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Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model offers a practical approach to conducting practice research in the field of human services. This evolving form of applied research seeks to understand practice in the context of the relationships between service providers and service users, between service providers and their managers, between agency-based service providers and community advocacy and support groups, and between agency managers and policymakers. Practice research represents a form of evidence-informed practice that involves a wide array of research designs and methods, in contrast to the narrower emphasis on experimental designs that characterizes evidence-based practice. The emerging principles and practices associated with practice research highlight: (1) including multiple, diverse stakeholders, (2) maximizing and negotiating participation, (3) promoting practitioner engagement in all phases of the research process, and (4) developing new identities for participants as research-minded practitioners and practice-minded researchers. The book is designed for researchers, practitioners, service users, and students, and it focuses on concrete experiences that illustrate the processes and activities involved in a specific, locally negotiated model of practice research. The book describes multiple practice research studies across an array of fields of practice in the human services, focusing on the research questions, designs, roles and relationships that have been developed in the context of a university-agency practice research partnership. These descriptions and stories are used to construct a comprehensive, detailed picture of the research process. Based upon these descriptions, the book synthesizes a set of broader principles and guidelines for practice researchers.
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Kinyanjui, Mary Njeri. African Markets and the Utu-Ubuntu Business Model: A Perspective on Economic Informality in Nairobi. African Minds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331780.
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The persistence of indigenous African markets in the context of a hostile or neglectful business and policy environment makes them worthy of analysis. An investigation of Afrocentric business ethics is long overdue. Attempting to understand the actions and efforts of informal traders and artisans from their own points of view, and analysing how they organise and get by, allows for viable approaches to be identified to integrate them into global urban models and cultures. Using the utu-ubuntu model to understand the activities of traders and artisans in Nairobi's markets, this book explores how, despite being consistently excluded and disadvantaged, they shape urban spaces in and around the city, and contribute to its development as a whole. With immense resilience, and without discarding their own socio-cultural or economic values, informal traders and artisans have created a territorial complex that can be described as the African metropolis. African Markets and the Utu-buntu Business Model sheds light on the ethics and values that underpin the work of traders and artisans in Nairobi, as well as their resilience and positive impact on urbanisation. This book makes an important contribution to the discourse on urban economics and planning in African cities.
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Salud Universal en el Siglo XXI: 40 años de Alma-Ata”. Informe de la Comisión de Alto Nivel. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275320778.
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[Introducción]. Con motivo de los 40 años transcurridos desde la Declaración de Alma-Ata, el 11 y 12 de diciembre de 2017 la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) convocó en Quito el Foro Regional “Salud Universal en el Siglo XXI: 40 años de Alma-Ata”. Como parte de este movimiento regional la Directora de la OPS, la Dra. Carissa F. Etienne tomó la iniciativa de crear una Comisión de Alto Nivel, denominada “Salud Universal en el Siglo XXI: 40 años de Alma-Ata”, presidida por la Dra. Michelle Bachelet y el Embajador Sr. Néstor Méndez, y conformada por un grupo interdisciplinario de expertos regionales. Entre ellos había representantes de la comunidad, la academia y actores políticos, como ex ministros de salud y líderes de sindicatos y movimientos de diferentes grupos sociales. El objetivo de la Comisión fue elaborar recomendaciones para la Directora de OPS que permitieran hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud de las personas, entendido como un derecho humano fundamental, a partir del análisis de los avances y los desafíos que tienen los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El presente documento refleja el posicionamiento de la Comisión en torno a la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) y la búsqueda de soluciones para hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud, además del enfoque utilizado para orientar el debate, el análisis y las recomendaciones sobre cómo garantizar este derecho. El documento se basa en los reportes elaborados por cinco grupos temáticos: a) modelo de atención de salud, b) modelo institucional, c) modelo de financiamiento, d) salud y protección social y e) recursos humanos de salud, los cuales están disponibles como anexos a este informe. Estos grupos temáticos fueron liderados por los miembros de la Comisión, y reunieron a un gran número de expertos académicos y movimientos sociales de diferentes países de la Región. La Comisión presenta diez recomendaciones para lograr la salud para todas y todos en la Región de las Américas en el contexto del siglo XXI. [Introduction]. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Declaration of Alma-Ata, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) convened the Regional Forum “Universal Health in the 21st Century: 40 Years of Alma-Ata” on December 11-12, 2017, in Quito, Ecuador. As part of this regional movement, PAHO Director Dr. Carissa F. Etienne convened a High-Level Commission: Universal Health in the 21st Century: 40 Years of Alma-Ata, chaired by Dr. Michelle Bachelet and Ambassador Néstor Mendez, and made up of an interdisciplinary group of regional experts, including representatives from communities and academia, as well as political actors, such as former health ministers, trade union leaders, and representatives of different social movements. The objective of the Commission was to develop recommendations for the PAHO Director on how to give effect to the right to health as a fundamental human right, based on an analysis of the progress and challenges faced by health systems in the Region of the Americas. This document reflects the Commission’s position regarding primary health care (PHC), the search for solutions to ensure the right to health, and the approach taken in discussions, analysis, and recommendations on how to guarantee this right. It is based on reports prepared by the five thematic groups addressing: a) health care model, b) institutional model, c) financing model, d) health and social protection, and e) human resources for health (see annexes to the present report). The thematic groups were led by members of the Commission, bringing together a great number of academic experts and social movements from different countries in the Region. In this report, the Commission presents 10 recommendations for achieving health for all in the Region of the Americas in the 21st century.
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Kurtz, Suzanne M., und Lara J. Cooke. Learner-centred communication training. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0011.
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This chapter provides an overview of core principles and key strategies for teaching communication skills using a learner-centred approach. Goals of communication teaching are summarized. Attitudes are important to be developed as a foundation to the masterful use of skills crossing several different communication issues. Communication should focus on mutual understanding. Effective strategies for teaching communication include experiential, learner-centred small-group work that uses observation, feedback, and repeated practice. The Calgary–Cambridge Model is used as an example of a skills-based approach to teaching communication. Following on, agenda-led outcome-based analysis (ALOBA) is presented as a model to for giving feedback and facilitating experiential, learner-centred, problem-based sessions. The authors close with commentary on modelling and the informal curriculum.
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Temkin, Andrea B., Mina Yadegar, Christine Cho und Brian C. Chu. Transdiagnostic Approaches With Children. Herausgegeben von Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White und Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.48.
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In recent years, the field of clinical psychology has seen a growing movement toward the research and development of transdiagnostic treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have the potential to address numerous issues related to the development and treatment of mental disorders. Among these are the high rates of comorbidity across disorders, the increasing need for efficient protocols, and the call for treatments that can be more easily disseminated. This chapter provides a review of the current transdiagnostic treatment approaches for the treatment of youth mental disorders. Three different types of transdiagnostic protocols are examined: mechanism-based protocols, common elements treatments, and general treatment models that originated from single-disorder approaches to have broader reach. A case study illuminates how a mechanism-based approach would inform case conceptualization for a client presenting with internalizing and externalizing symptoms and how a transdiagnostic framework translates into practice.
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Sands, Danielle. Animal Writing. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439039.001.0001.
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Reading contemporary fiction and philosophy alongside each other, Animal Writingproposes a thinking of and with animals which brings together critical and affective approaches. Aspiring to a critical distancing from the sometimes claustrophobic proximity of empathy – currently the prevailing mode in Animal Studies – this book interrogates the claims made of empathy without exchanging it for the kind of abstract, disembodied reason which has long disavowed the ethical status of nonhuman life. This book is particularly interested in the stories that we tell, and are told, by beings at the edges of animal life, insects, and the possibility that the indifference, even disgust, that these creatures evoke might form the basis for an ethics which is not bounded by empathy. Across five interdisciplinary chapters, it asks: is it possible to read, write and think non-anthropocentrically? How might we develop approaches to nonhuman life which are affectively and critically informed? It contends that reframing the human in relation to the elements of itself which it denounces as inhuman can inform a renewed attentiveness to nonhuman life.
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Oulasvirta, Antti, Per Ola Kristensson, Xiaojun Bi und Andrew Howes, Hrsg. Computational Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.001.0001.
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This book presents computational interaction as an approach to explaining and enhancing the interaction between humans and information technology. Computational interaction applies abstraction, automation, and analysis to inform our understanding of the structure of interaction and also to inform the design of the software that drives new and exciting human-computer interfaces. The methods of computational interaction allow, for example, designers to identify user interfaces that are optimal against some objective criteria. They also allow software engineers to build interactive systems that adapt their behaviour to better suit individual capacities and preferences. Embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction has the potential to complement human strengths and provide methods for generating inspiring and elegant designs. Computational interaction does not exclude the messy and complicated behaviour of humans, rather it embraces it by, for example, using models that are sensitive to uncertainty and that capture subtle variations between individual users. It also promotes the idea that there are many aspects of interaction that can be augmented by algorithms. This book introduces computational interaction design to the reader by exploring a wide range of computational interaction techniques, strategies and methods. It explains how techniques such as optimisation, economic modelling, machine learning, control theory, formal methods, cognitive models and statistical language processing can be used to model interaction and design more expressive, efficient and versatile interaction.
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Mundy, Peter. A Neural Networks, Information-Processing Model of Joint Attention and Social-Cognitive Development. Herausgegeben von Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0010.
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A neural networks approach to the development of joint attention can inform the study of the nature of human social cognition, learning, and symbolic thought process. Joint attention development involves increments in the capacity to engage in simultaneous or parallel processing of information about one’s own attention and the attention of other people. Infant practice with joint attention is both a consequence and an organizer of a distributed and integrated brain network involving frontal and parietal cortical systems. In this chapter I discuss two hypotheses that stem from this model. One is that activation of this distributed network during coordinated attention enhances the depth of information processing and encoding beginning in the first year of life. I also propose that with development joint attention becomes internalized as the capacity to socially coordinate mental attention to internal representations. As this occurs the executive joint attention network makes vital contributions to the development of human social cognition and symbolic thinking.
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Chaiken, Shama, und Brittany Brizendine. Group psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0042.
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Group psychotherapy has become a standard practice in community settings, prisons, and to a lesser degree in jails. While simple process groups may still play a limited role in some settings, the field of group therapy has evolved substantially, with some significant work adapting evidence-based therapies for use in correctional settings, or designing them de novo. Logistics and support of group therapy are critical core elements for successful implementation in jails or prisons. These elements include appropriate training and supervision of group facilitators, a structured approach to patient selection and pre-group interviewing, and appropriate support for cultural and language diversity. The specifics of group member confidentiality and development of groups for patients with severe mental illness, intellectual, or learning disabilities are particularly important in this context. Some of the unique challenges of correctional settings include the need for design of treatment modalities for those in maximum security and restricted housing environments. Gender-specific and trauma-informed care are important treatment options still in evolution for the incarcerated population. Implementation of evidence-based, manual-guided treatment in corrections is challenging but achievable with adequate planning and support. Integration of the recovery model, reentry planning groups, and other special purpose groups are becoming more common. This chapter presents the range of evidence based practices and best practices in use, and discusses issues of appropriate patient selection, therapist training required, sustainability, and outcomes.
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Temperley, David. The Musical Language of Rock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.001.0001.
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A theory of the structure of rock music is presented, addressing aspects such as tonality/key, harmony, rhythm/meter, melody, phrase structure, timbre/instrumentation, form, and emotional expression. The book brings together ideas from the author’s previous articles but also contains substantial new material. Rock is defined broadly (as it often is) to include a wide range of late twentieth-century Anglo-American popular styles, including 1950s rock & roll, Motown, soul, “British invasion” rock, soft rock, heavy metal, disco, new wave, and alternative rock. The study largely employs the informal, intuitive methods of conventional music theory and analysis, but it is also informed by corpus data. An important component of the theory is a representation of pitches—the “line of fifths”—that sheds light on issues such as stylistic distinctions within rock, effects of surprise, and emotion. The theory also entails a model of expression with three dimensions, representing valence, energy, and tension; this proves to be a powerful tool for tracing shifts in expressive effect within songs. The theory features novel approaches to issues such as cadences, melodic-harmonic coordination, the handling of sectional boundaries, and the classification of formal types. The final two chapters present analyses of six songs and a broader consideration of rock in its historical and stylistic context.
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Jeffcote, Nikki, und Jackie Craissati. Treatment and management of personality-disordered offenders in the community. Herausgegeben von Alec Buchanan und Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0008.
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This chapter describes the research and clinical evidence on which recent developments in services for personality disordered offenders have been based, and it offers practical guidance for both mental health and criminal justice practitioners. Drawing on 20 years of experience working with this group in community settings, the chapter highlights the need to adapt traditional assessment and treatment approaches if the historical tendency to exclude these individuals from services is to be overcome. Integrating psychologically informed management and social-inclusion approaches into models of community service provision allows psychological wellbeing and effective risk management to be addressed in an effective and defensible way.
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Sizemore, Michelle. Future Passing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627539.003.0007.
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The conclusion proposes an alternative to historicism informed by the growing body of work in nineteenth-century American time studies. New approaches need to explore temporalities and temporal frameworks different from the standard linear chronology employed in historicist criticism. Drawing on Catharine Sedgwick’s The Linwoods, the conclusion advances one such temporal framework (future-passing) and a complementary mode of reading (anticipatory reading) as directions for historicist revisionism. Both future-passing and anticipatory reading emerge from the genre of historical romance, offering possibilities for genre study, and more ambitiously, for literary history.
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Meisel, Alan. Legal Issues in Death and Dying. Herausgegeben von Stuart J. Youngner und Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.6.
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This article examines the legal issues surrounding death and dying, emphasizing how clinical practice with respect to end-of-life decisions has been shaped by rights and autonomy. It shows how state and federal court decisions, beginning with the Karen Ann Quinlan case in 1975, led to the emergence of a consensus about the legality of withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment. It considers three important court cases in 1972 involving “informed consent” to medical treatment, followed by other cases such as those involving Quinlan in 1975 and Nancy Cruzan in 1990. It then considers two modes of analyzing the propriety of end-of-life decisions that arose mostly from judicial opinions: the “state interests” approach and the “categorical” approach. It also discusses the explanations offered by the courts as to why foregoing life-sustaining medical treatment does not result in legal culpability for physicians, including causation, intent, right to refuse treatment, and palliative care.
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Judge, Abigail M., und Robin M. Deutsch, Hrsg. Overcoming Parent-Child Contact Problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190235208.001.0001.
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This book focuses on family-based interventions for the continuum of parent–child problems, including affinity, alignment, justified rejection, alienation, and hybrid cases. Reintegration therapy is often recommended for families with these dynamics, but relatively limited clinical writing and virtually no program evaluation data exist to inform the selection of interventions. This book helps fill this gap. In Part I, the authors review a range of topics related to this specialized area of practice: assessment and clinical decision-making, the state of research evidence for outpatient treatment, and special clinical topics such as the management of countertransference among professional teams and the use of experiential therapies to overcome treatment resistance. Part II highlights one whole-family, psychoeducational approach to parent–child contact problems known as the Overcoming Barriers approach. Founders of this program and affiliated clinicians explicate components of this model in chapters on its therapeutic milieu; psychoeducational groups for rejected parents, favored parents, and children; and coparenting and parent–child interventions. The translation of model components to outpatient practice is also discussed, and program evaluation data are presented. Authors emphasize the evolving nature of this one approach, including areas of overlap with other family interventions, and highlight lessons learned from this innovative program.
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Weinel, Jonathan. Shamanic Diffusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671181.003.0006.
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This chapter explores how electroacoustic music takes the listener on a journey through unreal, imaginary, or hallucinatory sound-worlds. The chapter commences with a general explanation of electroacoustic music, and how it may allow illusory representations of real and unreal sounds and spaces. Following this, various compositions of electroacoustic music are discussed, which are explicitly based on altered states of consciousness such as dreams, shamanic visions, and hallucinations. It is proposed that the typical listening experience of these compositions can be characterized as introspective or meditative in form. The analysis of these works is also used to inform a conceptual model, which defines possible approaches for sound design related to altered states of consciousness according to several dimensions. In particular, this model considers approaches through which sound may either ‘represent’ or ‘induce’ altered states of consciousness—functions that are considered as distinct, yet related.
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Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley und Fiona P. Gaughran. Physical Health and Schizophrenia (Oxford Psychiatry Library). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.001.0001.
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The association between mental health and physical health forms the core of this book. While it is recognized that serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia carry a reduced life expectancy, it is often assumed that suicide is the main cause of this disparity. But in actuality, suicide accounts for no more than a third of the early mortality associated with schizophrenia: the vast majority is due to cardiovascular factors. This book seeks to put this stark fact in context, detailing the extent of cardiovascular risk, sharing information regarding reasons for this excess, and outlining approved approaches for screening for and treatment of such risk factors in people with schizophrenia. As such, this book seeks to inform those caring for people with schizophrenia of these parameters and suggests ways in which they may be addressed, using a holistic model which embraces shared decision-making and which is compatible with the recovery framework. It provides guidance regarding monitoring as well as information about focused interventions that can help ameliorate risk. It also addresses those physical health factors apart from cardiovascular, that add to the burden of ill health amongst people with schizophrenia: pulmonary health, bone health, sexual health, and cancer risk are just some of these. In addition, the book provides patient and carer information material that can be used to try to ensure that all involved have a truly informed role in decision-making about their treatment and that both psychiatric and physical health issues are taken seriously.
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d'Hubert, Thibaut. Lyric Poetry and Deśī Aesthetics in Eastern South Asia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860332.003.0008.
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In Chapter 7, I turn to eastern South Asia more specifically and study the way courtly lyrics and Sanskrit musicological literature contributed to the formation of a supraregional vernacular poetics. I argue that the spread of both Indo-Afghan romances and vernacular connoisseurship in lyrical arts eventually converged in the Bengali Muslim literature of Arakan in the seventeenth century. Such a comparative approach to seemingly disconnected traditions is not merely meant to solve a historical puzzle, but rather it should highlight the epistemological framework that allowed those trends to come into being and invite us to read poetical and theoretical works with a better knowledge of the literary canons and conceptual realms that informed their creation. It is also an attempt to trace the fate of regional courtly cultures during a period predominantly associated with the spread of Mughal courtly models.
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Laver, Michael, und Ernest Sergenti. In Conclusion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0012.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book started with the twin premises that understanding multiparty competition is a core concern for everyone interested in representative democracy and that multiparty competition should be understood as an evolving dynamic system, not a stationary state. Given these premises, it investigated the dynamics of multiparty competition using computational agent-based modeling, a new technology that is ideally suited to providing systematic answers to the types of question we want to ask. This allows the modeling of decision making by party leaders, in what is clearly an analytically intractable setting, in terms of the informal rules of thumb that might be used by real human beings, rather than the formally provable best response strategies used by traditional formal theorists. Whether people use the dynamic model of multiparty competition or some better model of this vital but complex political process, there is no doubt that the computational approach deployed in this book offers vast potential to ask and answer interesting and important questions.
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Brazil, Kevin. Art’s Swindle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824459.003.0004.
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In a 1992 interview W. G. Sebald remarked that ‘I myself work like a painter who has to consider how big to make the frame. The painter’s craft has always fascinated me’. This chapter traces what Sebald understood by working like a painter in fiction, arguing that he used painting as a counterpoint to explore the limitations of the photographs used throughout what he called his ‘semi-documentary prose fictions’—and the limitations of photography as a model of historical memory. It moves from a discussion of visual aesthetics in Sebald’s unpublished PhD on Döblin and his often overlooked art criticism to argue that Sebald conceptualized the photograph as a visual readymade, and that this modernist approach to photography informs the treatment of historical memory in The Emigrants and Austerlitz.
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Price, Bronwen. ‘Finding the Genuine Light of Nature’. Herausgegeben von Andrew Hiscock und Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.37.
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This chapter explores four significant figures: Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Henry More and Anne Conway, each of whom represents an important and distinct aspect of the relationship between religion and science in the early modern period. It considers diverse approaches to questions such as whether matter is connected to spirit and the extent to which the workings and causes of physical phenomena are separate from those of metaphysical design and purpose, thus demonstrating the ways in which theological and scientific concerns are frequently intertwined during this period. However, this chapter examines not only competing modes of thought, but also the interconnections between them. It shows how theories about the relationship between religion and science arose out of a self-conscious response to other voices and were informed by exchange of ideas and open-ended debate.
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Esser, Frank, und Barbara Pfetsch. 19. Political communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0021.
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This chapter examines the dimensions of the political communication system. It first explains the rationale for a comparative study of political communication before discussing relevant models of relationship between media and political institutions as well as differences in political communication cultures among media and political elites. It then reviews findings on country-specific reporting styles in political news coverage and evaluates divergent approaches in government communication and election communication. On the side of the citizens, the chapter explores cross-national differences in the consumption of political news, along with the positive contribution of public service broadcasters for informed and enlightened citizenship. Finally, it looks at political information flows, comparing message production by political actors, political message production by media actors, usage patterns of political information, and effects of political communication.
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Laver, Michael, und Ernest Sergenti. Modeling Multiparty Competition. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0001.
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This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the need for a new approach to modeling party competition. It then makes a case for the use of agent-based modeling to study multiparty competition in an evolving dynamic party system, given the analytical intractability of the decision-making environment, and the resulting need for real politicians to rely on informal decision rules. Agent-based models (ABMs) are “bottom-up” models that typically assume settings with a fairly large number of autonomous decision-making agents. Each agent uses some well-specified decision rule to choose actions, and there may be considerable diversity in the decision rules used by different agents. Given the analytical intractability of the decision-making environment, the decision rules that are specified and investigated in ABMs are typically based on adaptive learning rather than forward-looking strategic analysis, and agents are assumed to have bounded rather than perfect rationality. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Kwame Harrison, Anthony. Writing Up Research Findings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371785.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 considers the different sensibilities that inform current conventions of ethnographic authorship. The author juxtaposes the “renegade practices” of contemporary ethnographic writing with the more disciplined traditions of standard research reporting. The rest of the chapter elaborates on the ethnographic writing process through two orienting frameworks. The first, organizational approach, emphasizes a need to communicate research results with a measure of empirical precision. This includes discussions of how to develop and organize themes, select useful illustrations, and decide on requisite background and theoretical information. The second, evocative approach, prioritizes the authorial role in communicating meaning and sentiment through effective use of voice, rhythms, textures, and imagination. The author argues that good ethnographic writing must find a productive balance between these competing dispositions. Ultimately ethnography is presented as an adverbial mode of writing that animates social life by describing not only what takes place but also how it occurs.
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McDaid, David. Economic modelling for global mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0015.
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This chapter sets out the case for making use of economic modelling techniques to help inform decisions on effective and cost-effective actions for global mental health. Models potentially can be used to augment information obtained from controlled trials, for instance to look at the potential cost-effectiveness of actions over time periods beyond trial duration, to help adapt evidence obtained in one context to likely scenarios in other settings where infrastructure, costs, and current treatment options may be very different, or to help identify priority areas for research. The strengths and limitations of different modelling approaches are discussed and examples of how they have been used to inform policy making highlighted. The chapter ends by setting out key steps that should be taken when both planning and presenting the findings from a modelling study.
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Tribble, Evelyn. Skill. Herausgegeben von Henry S. Turner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641352.013.9.
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This chapter examines early modern theatricality through the lens of skill. It seeks to reclaim a positive account of the skill and expertise of early modern players, arguing that attention to skill has the potential to reorganize the categories through which we view the early modern theatre. It considers how feats of skill inform our understanding of specific plays by describing an ‘ecological’ model of theatrical skill. It contends that theatre must be relocated onto a continuum with other occasional public games and entertainments, all of which required special combinations of physical, verbal, and cognitive abilities. By attending to the traces, gaps, and fissures in playtexts that open a space for embodied performance practices, the chapter shows that the theatrical experience can be apprehended and evaluated in ways that are quite different from those of much twentieth-century criticism and that require a more complex cognitive and environmental approach to the theatrical event.
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Hepokoski, James. A Sonata Theory Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536810.001.0001.
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A Sonata Theory Handbook is a step-by-step, seminar-like introduction to Sonata Theory, a new approach to the study and interpretation of sonata form. The book updates and advances the outline of the method first presented in Hepokoski and Darcy’s 2006 Elements of Sonata Theory. It blends explanations of the theory’s general principles—dialogic form, expositional action zones, trajectories toward generically normative cadences, rotation theory, the five sonata types, the special case of the minor-mode sonata, and more—with illustrations of them in practice through close, extended analyses of eight individual movements by Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, and Brahms. Central to the method is the merging of historically informed, technical analysis with the concerns of hermeneutic interpretation. The book features an inclusive engagement with recent developments in form theory, schema theory, and other related studies since 2006, including some of the language and insights of cognitive research into music perception and the more generalized concerns of conceptual metaphor theory. It ultimately builds to reflections on sonata form in the romantic era: the flexible applicability of Sonata Theory to mid- and late-nineteenth-century works.
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Dobson, James E. Critical Digital Humanities. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042270.001.0001.
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This book seeks to develop an answer to the major question arising from the adoption of sophisticated data-science approaches within humanities research: are existing humanities methods compatible with computational thinking? Data-based and algorithmically powered methods present both new opportunities and new complications for humanists. This book takes as its founding assumption that the exploration and investigation of texts and data with sophisticated computational tools can serve the interpretative goals of humanists. At the same time, it assumes that these approaches cannot and will not obsolete other existing interpretive frameworks. Research involving computational methods, the book argues, should be subject to humanistic modes that deal with questions of power and infrastructure directed toward the field’s assumptions and practices. Arguing for a methodologically and ideologically self-aware critical digital humanities, the author contextualizes the digital humanities within the larger neo-liberalizing shifts of the contemporary university in order to resituate the field within a theoretically informed tradition of humanistic inquiry. Bringing the resources of critical theory to bear on computational methods enables humanists to construct an array of compelling and possible humanistic interpretations from multiple dimensions—from the ideological biases informing many commonly used algorithms to the complications of a historicist text mining, from examining the range of feature selection for sentiment analysis to the fantasies of human subjectless analysis activated by machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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Bauer, William I. Music Learning Today. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503706.001.0001.
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Grounded in a research-based, conceptual model called Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK), the essential premise of Music Learning Today: Digital Pedagogy for Creating, Performing, and Responding to Music is that music educators and their students can benefit through use of technology as a tool to support learning in the three musical processes—creating, performing, and responding to music. Insights on how technology can be used to advantage in both traditional and emerging learning environments are provided, and research-based pedagogical approaches that align technologies with specific curricular outcomes are described. Importantly, the book advocates that the decision on whether or not to utilize technology for learning, and the specific technology that might be best suited for a particular learning context, should begin with a consideration of curricular outcomes (music subject matter). This is in sharp contrast to most other books on music technology that are technocentric, organized around specific software applications and hardware. The book also recognizes that knowing how to effectively use the technological tools to maximize learning (pedagogy) is a crucial aspect of the teaching-learning process. Drawing on the research and promising practices literature in music education and related fields, pedagogical approaches that are aligned with curricular outcomes and specific technologies are suggested. It is not a “how to” book per se, but rather a text informed by the latest research, theories of learning, and documented best practices, with the goal of helping teachers develop the ability to understand the dynamics of effectively using technology for music learning.
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Morrow, James D. The Interaction of Theory and Data. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.334.
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Theory shapes how data is collected and analyzed in at least three ways. Theoretical concepts inform how we collect data because data attempt to capture and reflect those concepts. Theory provides testable hypotheses that direct our research. Theory also helps us draw conclusions from the results of empirical research. Meanwhile, research using quantitative methods seeks to be rigorous and reproducible. Mathematical models develop the logic of a theory carefully, while statistical methods help us judge whether the evidence matches the expectations of our theories. Quantitative scholars tend to specialize in one approach or the other. The interaction of theory and data for them thus concerns how models and statistical analysis draw on and respond to one another. In the abstract, they work together seamlessly to advance scientific understanding. In practice, however, there are many places and ways this abstract process can stumble. These difficulties are not unique to rigorous methods; they confront any attempt to reconcile causal arguments with reality. Rigorous methods help by making the issues clear and forcing us to confront them. Furthermore, these methods do not ensure arguments or empirical judgments are correct; they only make it easier for us to agree among ourselves when they do.
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Quick, Laura. Dress, Adornment, and the Body in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856818.001.0001.
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Dress, Adornment and the Body in the Hebrew Bible is the first monograph to treat dress and adornment in biblical literature in the English language. Beyond merely filling a gap in scholarship, the book moves beyond a description of these aspects of ancient life to encompass notions of interpersonal relationships and personhood that underpin practices of dress and adornment. I explore the ramifications of body adornment in the biblical world, informed by a methodologically plural approach incorporating material culture alongside philology, textual exegesis, comparative evidence, and sociological models. Drawing upon and synthesizing insights from material culture and texts from across the eastern Mediterranean, I reconstruct the social meanings attached to the dressed body in biblical texts. I show how body adornment can deepen our understanding of attitudes towards the self in the ancient world. In my reconstruction of ancient performances of the self, the body serves as the observed centre in which complex ideologies of identity, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and social status are articulated. The adornment of the body is thus an effective means of non-verbal communication, but one which at the same time is controlled by and dictated through normative social values. Exploring dress, adornment, and the body can therefore open up hitherto unexplored perspectives on these social values in the ancient world, an essential missing piece in understanding the social and cultural world which shaped the Hebrew Bible.