Zeitschriftenartikel: „Mixed-use space“

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Xie, Jing. „Space Control and Emancipation: A Brief Inquiry into Zoning and Mixed-Use Spaces“. Global Studies Journal 3, Nr. 1 (2010): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/cgp/v03i01/40670.

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Holder, Sara, und Jessica Lange. „Looking and Listening: A Mixed-Methods Study of Space Use and User Satisfaction“. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 9, Nr. 3 (09.09.2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8303t.

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Abstract Objective – This study was designed to assess users' reactions to two newly re-designed spaces – one intended for quiet study and the other for group study – in the busiest library branch of a large research university. The researchers sought to answer the following questions: For which activity (group work, quiet study, and lounging or relaxing) do the users feel the space is most effective? Which furniture pieces do users prefer and for which activities? How are these spaces being used? Methods – Researchers used a mixed-methods approach for this study. Two methods – surveys and comment boards – were used to gather user feedback on preference for use of the space and users’ feelings about particular furniture types. A third method – observation – was used to determine which of the particular areas and furniture pieces occupants were using most, for which activities the furniture was most commonly used, and what types of possessions occupants most often carried with them. Results – User opinion indicated that each of the spaces assessed was most effective for the type of activity for which it was designed. Of the 80% of respondents that indicated they would use the quiet study space for quiet study, 91% indicated that the space was either "very effective" or "effective" for that purpose. The survey results also indicated that 47% of the respondents would use the group study space for that purpose. The observation data confirmed that the quiet study space was being used primarily for individual study; however, the data for the group study space showed equal levels of use for individual and group study. Users expressed a preference for traditional furniture, such as tables and desk chairs, over comfortable pieces for group work and for quiet study. One exception was a cushioned reading chair that was the preferred item for quiet study in 23% of the responses. The white boards were chosen as a preferred item for group study by 27% of respondents. The observations showed similar results for group study, with the three table types and the desk chair being used most often. The lounge chairs and couch grouping was used most often for individual study, followed by the tables and desk chairs. Conclusion – By combining user feedback gathered through surveys and comment boards with usage patterns determined via observation data, the researchers were able to answer the questions for which their assessment was designed. Results were analyzed to compare user-stated preferences with actual behaviour and were used to make future design decisions for other library spaces. Although the results of this study are institutionally specific, the methodology could be successfully applied in other library settings.

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Giancotti, Aldo, Paola Radico und Raffaella Docimo. „Mandibular pendex spring appliance for use in mixed dentition“. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, Nr. 2 (01.01.2005): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.2.2p0630474w187w12.

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Loss of space in the mandibular arch is a common occurrence due to several different causes such as caries, trauma or iatrogenic damage. This paper describes a new TMA spring used in mixed dentition for space regaining in the mandibular arch. A clinical report is presented and the advantages of the method are discussed.

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Lee, Jin-Kyoung, Chan-Ju Kim und Sang-Ho Lee. „Connections among Circulation Elements and Space Activation in Mixed-use Buildings“. Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning & design 30, Nr. 9 (30.09.2014): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_pd.2014.30.9.147.

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GENERALOVA, Elena M. „DEFINING TYPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF MIXED-USE TALL BUILDINGS“. Urban construction and architecture 8, Nr. 1 (15.03.2018): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.01.17.

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The article deals with an actual problem of fi nding techniques and methods to create a comfortable urban environment. The author emphasizes that in the existing conditions of intensive urban development greater att ention should be given to spatial concentration based on and more compact distribution of population in urban space. It is stressed that including mixed-use facilities into urban realm results in a signifi cant improvement of living environment qualitative characteristics. The author explores the world’s experience of designing tall mixed-use buildings and reveals modern trends in their construction.

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Archambault, Susan Gardner, und Alexander Justice. „Student Use of the Information Commons: An Exploration through Mixed Methods“. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 12, Nr. 4 (30.12.2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8vd45.

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Abstract Objective – In this case study, librarians at the William H. Hannon Library at Loyola Marymount University explored user behaviour in the Information Commons, user preferences for furniture style and configuration, and how users engaged with a mix of technology, resources, and activities inside the space. Methods – The researchers used a mixed-methods case study consisting of 2,443 “direct observations,” 646 environmental scans, 248 patron surveys, and 46 whiteboard poll questions. They created visualizations of results in Tableau, with filters for zone and variable. They then carried out a follow-up furniture preferences survey with 190 respondents. Results – Independent study dominated the space usage. Users valued spaciousness, quiet, privacy, and a clean environment. Users frequently multi-tasked with additional devices as they simultaneously used the library computers, including cell phones, headphones, and laptops. The majority of students self-reported using a library computer for email and to access the campus online learning platform. They also reported reading/studying and printing as frequent activities, although these were less frequently observed. Unattended belongings were observed along with broken electrical outlets. Temperature and noise levels were highly variable. Conclusions – This methodology allowed for the exploration of space use and satisfaction and uncovered implications for the redesign of the library space. The library has already taken steps toward making improvements based on this assessment project including: removing some reference stacks in favor of additional seating space, an inventory of all electrical outlets, and the exploration of new furniture and noise control strategies.

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Mohimd, Dr Hajar Ben, Dr Hicham Benyahia, Dr Bouchra Taleb und Dr Fatima Zaoui. „Management of space in the mixed dentition: The use of lip bumper“. Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 3, Nr. 6 (30.06.2016): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2016.i06.12.

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Lee, Yeunsook, Naeun Gu und Somi An. „Residents' perception and use of green space: Results from a mixed method study in a deprived neighbourhood in Korea“. Indoor and Built Environment 26, Nr. 6 (24.07.2016): 855–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16661024.

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Variables other than the physical existence of green space can affect its health benefits, including the residents' perceptions of the green space. In this study, factors associated with residents' perceptions and use of green space, as well as, their demands for green space to promote their use of such space were examined. The study focused on a deprived area in Jeonju City, Korea and used a mixed method design that involved both quantitative and qualitative components. The quantitative data from a cross-sectional survey of 1000 residents and the qualitative data from interviews with 30 residents were obtained. The results showed that the people in poorer socio-demographic and residential situations were more dependent on local green space, and good relationships between neighbours in this low-income area led to more frequent use of green space. The most important and fundamental requirements for green space are easy accessibility and safety. Also, physical and social activities must be promoted through the use of green space. As since green space can play a significant and positive social role in deprived neighbourhoods, both the quantity and quality of such spaces should be strongly considered as part of any revitalization efforts.

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Bramiana, Chely Novia, und Ratih Widiastuti. „Implementing Mixed Land Use Rooting Jane Jacobs’ Concept of Diversity in Urban Sustainability“. MODUL 17, Nr. 1 (19.09.2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mdl.17.1.2017.27-35.

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nowadays, sustainability has become an important issue in any development project, including area development. Thishappen because the area development requires space, in this case land. As people developing land, it damages theenvironment. It means there will be less balance between built environment and natural environment. This calls forconcern in urban sustainability. One of the ways to restore the balance is to reduce as much land as possible to be builtby maximizing the space. This paper will explore the multiple space use in terms of mixed-use development in differentlevel and also assess mixed land use implementation, which include the concept of diversity in urban sustainability

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Can, Marilyn J., Cameron J. Fiss, Darin J. McNeil und Jeffery L. Larkin. „Space Use by Prairie Warblers in Regenerating Mixed-oak Forests of Central Pennsylvania“. Northeastern Naturalist 26, Nr. 4 (13.12.2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.026.0413.

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Kim, Suk-Ki, und Lee-Yong Sung. „A Study on the Planning Characteristics of Interior Space Aiming for the Exterior Space in Mixed-Use Development“. Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal 22, Nr. 3 (30.06.2013): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14774/jkiid.2013.22.3.043.

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Generalova, Elena M., Viktor P. Generalov, Anna A. Kuznetsova und Oksana N. Bobkova. „Mixed-use development in a high-rise context“. E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183301021.

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The article deals with an actual problem of finding techniques and methods to create a comfortable urban environment. The authors emphasize that in the existing conditions of intensive urban development greater attention should be given to spatial concentration based on and more compact distribution of population in urban space. It is stressed that including mixed-use facilities into urban realm results in a significant improvement of living environment qualitative characteristics. The paper also examines modern approaches to constructing a «compact city» for comfortable and convenient living with a mixed-use tall building development. The authors explore the world's experience of designing tall mixed-use buildings and reveal modern trends in their construction. The statistics given is based on the data analysis of a group of tall mixed-use buildings consisting of more than 400 objects, constructed in 2007-2016. The research shows functional and architectural peculiarities of this typology of tall buildings and investigates a mechanism of creating zones of mixed-use tall building development in the urban structure. In conclusion, the authors consider prospects of development and major directions of improvement of mixed-use tall building parameters for a reasonable territorial urban growth and creation of high-density and comfortable building development.

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Xiaoqing, Zhu, Sun Jiaojiao . und Fu Jiayan . „Orientation and Guiding Control of Urban Public Exhibition Space: Base on Mixed-use Function“. Journal of Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 19 (15.09.2013): 3915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.3915.3920.

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Newton, Nigel J. „A class of non-parametric statistical manifolds modelled on Sobolev space“. Information Geometry 2, Nr. 2 (25.11.2019): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41884-019-00024-z.

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AbstractWe construct a family of non-parametric (infinite-dimensional) manifolds of finite measures on $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$Rd, each containing a smoothly embedded submanifold of probability measures. The manifolds are modelled on a variety of weighted Sobolev spaces, including Hilbert–Sobolev spaces and mixed-norm spaces, and support the Fisher–Rao metric as a weak Riemannian metric. Densities are expressed in terms of a deformed exponential function having linear growth. Unusually for the Sobolev context, and as a consequence of its linear growth, this “lifts” to a nonlinear superposition (Nemytskii) operator that acts continuously on a particular class of mixed-norm model spaces, and on the fixed norm space $$W^{2,1}$$W2,1; i.e. it maps each of these spaces continuously into itself. In contrast with non-parametric exponential manifolds, the density itself belongs to the model space, and the range of the chart is the whole of this space. Some of the results make essential use of a log-Sobolev embedding theorem, which also sharpens existing results concerning the regularity of statistical divergences on the manifolds. Applications to the stochastic partial differential equations of nonlinear filtering (and hence to the Fokker–Planck equation) are outlined.

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Alstete, Jeffrey W., und Nicholas J. Beutell. „Designing learning spaces for management education: a mixed methods research approach“. Journal of Management Development 37, Nr. 2 (05.03.2018): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-08-2017-0247.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on connecting recent conceptualizations of learning space design in management education by examining interior building and classroom design. Design/methodology/approach This study used mixed methods research: external benchmarking with same industry institutions (n=5) and two surveys of students (n=131) and faculty members (n=38). Findings The process helped to envision how a business school could improve by adapting design aspects from industry peers, understanding the needs of students and faculty, and incorporating new teaching methods and instructional technologies to inform learning space solutions. Research limitations/implications The small number of external benchmarking partners may make the findings more applicable to the institutional type examined. Yet, the findings and the mixed methods research have implications for learning space design more broadly. Practical implications With the business school building boom, the external architecture of new buildings appears to garner much of the attention. However, the researchers believe that the real impact of new business schools is the centrality of interior learning space design and technology. Originality/value This paper uses a mixed methods research approach to examine learning space theory and research in relation to a particular business school’s efforts to use this knowledge to design learning spaces in a new building.

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Zhu, Xiao Qing, Chen Ling Wang und Tong Jin. „Analysis of the Professional Market Settlement Paradigm Based on Mixed-Use : A Case Study on Work-Live Community in Xiaoshan Commercial Market“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (Oktober 2012): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.81.

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The mixed-use development is the significant characteristic in every step of human settlement envelopment in Southeast China. With the carrier of local professional market, work-live community forms the mixed-use pattern. This papers expects to propose the important significance of professional market settlements development with Chinese characteristic throughout analyzing the mixed-use in professional market to set the construct and evaluation work-living complex. Xiaoshang Commercial Town will be used as a example to slove the applicability regulations to mixed-use space .

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Asher, Andrew D. „Space Use in the Commons: Evaluating a Flexible Library Environment“. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 12, Nr. 2 (29.06.2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8m659.

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Abstract Objective – This article evaluates the usage and user experience of the Herman B Wells Library’s Learning Commons, a newly renovated technology and learning centre that provides services and spaces tailored to undergraduates’ academic needs at Indiana University Bloomington (IUB). Methods – A mixed-method research protocol combining time-lapse photography, unobtrusive observation, and random-sample surveys was employed to construct and visualize a representative usage and activity profile for the Learning Commons space. Results – Usage of the Learning Commons by particular student groups varied considerably from expectations based on student enrollments. In particular, business, first and second year students, and international students used the Learning Commons to a higher degree than expected, while humanities students used it to a much lower degree. While users were satisfied with the services provided and the overall atmosphere of the space, they also experienced the negative effects of insufficient space and facilities due to the space often operating at or near its capacity. Demand for collaboration rooms and computer workstations was particularly high, while additional evidence suggests that the Learning Commons furniture mix may not adequately match users’ needs. Conclusions – This study presents a unique approach to space use evaluation that enables researchers to collect and visualize representative observational data. This study demonstrates a model for quickly and reliably assessing space use for open-plan and learning-centred academic environments and for evaluating how well these learning spaces fulfill their institutional mission.

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Stanley, Calandra Q., Michele R. Dudash, Thomas B. Ryder, W. Gregory Shriver und Peter P. Marra. „Variable tropical moisture and food availability underlie mixed winter space-use strategies in a migratory songbird“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, Nr. 1955 (21.07.2021): 20211220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1220.

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Identifying environmental correlates driving space-use strategies can be critical for predicting population dynamics; however, such information can be difficult to attain for small mobile species such as migratory songbirds. We combined radio-telemetry and high-resolution GPS tracking to examine space-use strategies under different moisture gradients for wood thrush ( Hylocichla mustelina ). We explored the role moisture plays in driving food abundance and, in turn, space-use strategies at a wintering site in Belize across 3 years. Individuals occupying drier habitats experienced lower food abundance and poorer body condition. Using data from our radio-tracked study population and GPS tracking from across five breeding populations, we detected low rates of overwinter site persistence across the wood thrush wintering range. Contrary to expectations, individuals in wetter habitats were more likely to engage in permanent mid-winter relocations, up to 148 km. We suggest facultative movements are instead a condition-dependent strategy that enables wintering wood thrush to locate alternative habitat as food availability declines throughout the dry season. Increased aridity is predicted across the wintering range of wood thrush, and future research should delve deeper into understanding how moisture impacts within and between season space-use dynamics and its ultimate impact on the population dynamics of this declining species.

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Kelley, William Terry. „APPLIED USE OF MIXED MODEL VS FIXED MODEL ANALYSIS IN FIELD RESEARCH“. HortScience 29, Nr. 7 (Juli 1994): 738e—738. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.738e.

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Statistical analysis of agricultural research has traditionally been via the use of fixed model methods. However, recent advances in statistical software have made analysts through random or mixed model methods more practical. Errant or inappropriate use of statistical programs to analyze data has been a recurring problem in the reporting of agricultural research findings. Often variables are all considered to be fixed in order to facilitate analysis, when in reality some variables in field research are nearly always random. Proper selection of error terms and calculation of standard errors are also frequently done incorrectly when statistical analysts packages are not used correctly. Unbalanced data is also quite normal in field research due to unforseen circumstances that result in lost information. Most of these situations can be more early handled with a mixed model approach. In this work, a broccoli field trial involving tillage and planting dates was analyzed using the General Smear Models procedure in SAS and the General Elmer Mixed Models Procedure in GLMM. Comparison of the analyses revealed that conclusions would differ somewhat with balanced data and even more with unbalanced data. Since variance components from all random effects are used to calculate standard errors in GLMM, standard errors in the mixed model were larger, but likely more accurate Inference space was also broader and allowed prediction space to include the entire population of experimental units which were sampled in the experiment. The mixed model procedure was more efficient and thus more sensitive to differences in treatments.

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Gubbi, Sanjay, Koustubh Sharma und Vijaya Kumara. „Every hill has its leopard: patterns of space use by leopards (Panthera pardus) in a mixed use landscape in India“. PeerJ 8 (08.10.2020): e10072. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10072.

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Understanding abundance and distribution of species is often necessary for wildlife conservation. However, elusive species such as the leopard (Panthera pardus) that have wide geographical distribution and typically low abundance pose a constant challenge to conservationists due to logistical and methodological constraints. Although leopard abundance has been estimated at the scale of protected areas or other smaller regions, reliable information describing leopard distribution over large spatial scales remains largely unavailable. Knowledge about space use by leopards within landscapes could help improve conservation management, reduce human-wildlife conflict, and also facilitate population status monitoring. We carried out occupancy surveys across c. 24,000 km2 in southern India in a landscape that consisted a mosaic of leopards’ natural habitats and highly human-dominated areas. We investigated the effects of key ecological and anthropogenic variables in determining leopard space use patterns. We addressed imperfect detections obtained using sign surveys conducted on spatially replicated transects within sampling units by modeling detection as a function of spatial auto-correlation and covariates. Our results show that the probability of site-use by leopards across the landscape varied between 0.02 (95% CI [0.01–0.09]) and 0.99 (95% CI [0.99–1.0]) across the study area. The best model (AIC weight = 0.97) showed that the probability of leopard space use was affected by the proportion of natural habitats and the presence of large wild prey in the sampling unit. Given that India is undergoing rapid modifications due to economic changes and demand for natural resources, we emphasize the need for landscape-based approach for conserving and monitoring leopards. We argue that leopards are an indicator of functional ecosystems represented by scrub, deciduous forest and rocky outcrops that do not always get prioritized for conservation, unlike densely forested habitats. Similarly, conservation of natural large wild prey, especially outside the protected area system, should assume greater importance, which could also have a positive impact on reducing human-leopard conflict.

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Hillman, Christina, Kourtney Blackburn, Kaitlyn Shamp und Chenisvel Nunez. „User-focused, User-led: Space Assessment to Transform a Small Academic Library“. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 12, Nr. 4 (30.12.2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b83x00.

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Abstract Objective – By collecting and analyzing evidence from three data points, researchers sought to understand how library spaces are used. Researchers have used results for evidence based decision making regarding physical library spaces. Methods – Undergraduate researchers, sociology faculty, and librarians used mixed-methods to triangulate findings. Seating sweeps were used to map patrons’ activities in the library. Student-led focus groups discussed patterns of library use, impressions of facilities, and library features and services. The final step included a campus survey developed from seating sweeps and focus group findings. Results – Seating sweeps showed consistent use of the library's main level Learning Commons and upper level quiet spaces; the library’s multipurpose lower level is under-utilized. Students use the main level of the library for collaborative learning, socializing, reading, and computer use. Students use the upper level for quiet study and group work in study rooms. Focus group findings found library use is task-specific. For example, a student may work with classmates on a project using the main level Learning Commons during the day, and then come back at night to use the quiet floor for test preparation. Survey responses highlighted areas in which the library is deficient. For example, respondents cited crowdedness, noise levels, and temperature concerns. Conclusion – These data offer empirical evidence for library space needs. Some data aligns with previous space studies conducted at this library: access to power outlets, lighting, noise, and an outdated environment. Evidence also supports anecdotal concerns of crowding, graduate students lacking designated study space, and the need for quiet study space away from group study space.

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Zhu, Wen Jun, und Jun Liu. „Correlation between Underground Space Intensity and Land-Use Transport Interaction“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (Mai 2012): 1790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.1790.

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Urban planning for vertical space use must consider underground space form and intensity. But little researches and investigations about it have been done. Planners have little knowledge about quantitative mechanism of underground space developing and evolution. Advanced countries developed experienced data of underground space distribution. Modern statistical analysis method provides an efficient tool for this kind of quantitative and empirical research of spatial correlation. This paper selected some of the major characteristic indexes of land-use transport interaction and induces spatial statistical model to analyze the correlation between intensity of underground space use and the indexes of land-use transport interaction in central four districts of Tokyo City. Results show that the intensity of underground space use has positive and stable quantitative correlations with land use function (LT), land price (LP) and floor area ratio (FAR), especially significant in commercial and mixed land-use areas. The influencing factors of land-use transport interaction could be used as external indexes for forecasting the intensity and spatial distribution of underground space in urban central areas.

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Ivanov, Vladimir M., Anton M. Krivtsov, Sergey V. Strelkov, Nikolay V. Kalakutskiy, Andrey I. Yaremenko, Marina Yu Petropavlovskaya, Maria N. Portnova, Olga V. Lukina und Andrey P. Litvinov. „Intraoperative Use of Mixed Reality Technology in Median Neck and Branchial Cyst Excision“. Future Internet 13, Nr. 8 (18.08.2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13080214.

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The paper considers the possibilities, prospects, and drawbacks of the mixed reality (MR) technology application using mixed reality smartglasses Microsoft HoloLens 2. The main challenge was to find and develop an approach that would allow surgeons to conduct operations using mixed reality on a large scale, reducing the preparation time required for the procedure and without having to create custom solutions for each patient. Research was conducted in three clinical cases: two median neck and one branchial cyst excisions. In each case, we applied a unique approach of hologram positioning in space based on mixed reality markers. As a result, we listed a series of positive and negative aspects related to MR surgery, along with proposed solutions for using MR in surgery on a daily basis.

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Nakajima, Hiroshi, Mari Fujikawa, Hideki Mori, Hiroaki Kan, Shutaro Ueda, Hiroko Kosugi, Naohisa Anabuki et al. „Single event effect characterization of the mixed-signal ASIC developed for CCD camera in space use“. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 731 (Dezember 2013): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.05.146.

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Ryckewaert, Michael, Jan Zaman und Sarah De Boeck. „Variable Arrangements Between Residential and Productive Activities: Conceiving Mixed-Use for Urban Development in Brussels“. Urban Planning 6, Nr. 3 (23.09.2021): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4274.

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Mixing productive economic activities with housing is a hot topic in academic and policy discourses on the redevelopment of large cities today. Mixed-use is proposed to reduce adverse effects of modernist planning such as single-use zoning, traffic congestion, and loss of quality in public space. Moreover, productive city discourses plead for the re-integration of industry and manufacturing in the urban tissue. Often, historical examples of successful mixed-use in urban areas serve as a guiding image, with vertical symbiosis appearing as the holy grail of the live-work mix-discourse. This article examines three recent live-work mix projects developed by a public real estate agency in Brussels. We investigate how different spatial layouts shape the links between productive, residential, and other land uses and how potential conflicts between residents and economic actors are mediated. We develop a theoretical framework based on earlier conceptualisations of mixed-use development to analyse the spatial and functional relationships within the projects. We situate them within the housing and productive city policies in Brussels. From this analysis, we conclude that mixed-use should be understood by considering spatial and functional relationships at various scales and by studying the actual spatial layout of shared spaces, logistics and nuisance mitigation. Mixed-use is highly contextual, depending on the characteristics of the area as well as policy goals. The vertical symbiosis between different land uses is but one example of valid mixed-use strategies along with good neighbourship, overlap, and tolerance. As such, future commercial and industrial areas will occur in various degrees of mixity in our cities.

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Archibald, Mandy M., und Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. „Poetry and Mixed Methods Research“. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches 12, Nr. 2 (31.08.2020): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29034/ijmra.v12n2editorial3.

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Integration—or the meaningful bringing together of different data sets, sampling strategies, research designs, analytic procedures, inferences, or the like—is considered by many to be the hallmark characteristic of mixed methods research. Poetry, with its innate capacity for leveraging human creativity, and like arts-based research more generally, which can provide holistic and complexity-based perspectives through various approaches to data collection, analysis, and representation, can offer something of interest to dialogue on integration in mixed methods research. Therefore, in this editorial, we discuss and promote the use of poetry in mixed methods research. We contend that the complexities and mean-making parallelisms between poetry and mixed methods research render them relevant partners in a quest to complete the hermeneutic circle whose origin represents experiences, phenomena, information, and/or the like. We advance the notion that including poetic representation facilitates the mixed methods research process as a dynamic, iterative, interactive, synergistic, integrative, holistic, embodied, creative, artistic, and transformational meaning-making process that opens up a new epistemological, theoretical, and methodological space. We refer to this as the fourth space, where the quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, and poetic research traditions intersect to enable different and deeper levels of meaning making to occur. We end our editorial with a poetic representation driven by a word count analysis of our editorial and that synthesizes our thoughts regarding the intersection of poetry and mixed methods research within this fourth space—a representation that we have entitled, “Dear Article.”

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Fuchs, Philippe, Fawzi Nashashibi und Didier Maman. „Assistance for Telepresence by Stereovision-Based Augmented Reality and Interactivity in 3D Space“. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2002): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474602320935856.

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In this paper, we describe some use of mixed reality as a new assistance for performing teleoperation tasks in remote scenes. We will start by a brief classification of augmented reality. This paper then describes the principle of our mixed reality system in teleoperation. It tackles the problem of scene registration using a man–machine cooperative and multisensory vision system. The system provides the operator with powerful sensorial feedback as well as appropriate tools to build (and update automatically) the geometric model of the perceived scene. We describe a new interactive approach combining image analysis and mixed reality techniques for assisted 3D geometric and semantic modeling. At the end of this paper, we describe applications in nuclear plants with results in 3D positioning.

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Mariya, Sri. „ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KOTA BUKITTINGGI“. JURNAL GEOGRAFI 5, Nr. 2 (31.10.2016): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/geografi/vol5-iss2/32.

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Bukitinggi city is the most populous city in West Sumatra, experiencing an increase in population from year to year, the limitations of urban space that causes pressure on urban space. Such as the occurrence of land conversion for the physical construction of the city, such as: settlement, trade and services, and others. Based on this research, the aim of this study is to obtain information, discuss and analyze (1) population growth of Bukittinggi City in 2000-2010, (2) to identify land use change of Bukitinggi city in 2000-2010, and (3) to identify the characteristics of change Land use due to population growth and how the utilization of Bukitinggi City space. The type of research used is descriptive research with secondary data analysis method with the support of Geographic Information System (GIS). The data used are population data of Bukittinggi City 10 years (2000-2010), Land Use Map of Bukit Tinggi City (2000 and 2010), and Map of RTRW Kota Bukitinggi 2010 as final analysis. The results showed that: (1) the population growth of Bukittinggi City in 2000-2010 was 0.02 or 2% which indicated an increase in population. The dominant factor that affects is migration (residents coming). The most populous urban village is Sapiran 12orang / km2 which is the center of TNI and Polri dormitory, while the urban village is Puhun Pintu Kabun with density of 2 person / km2, (2) land use change in settlement, rice field, mixed or moorland, Services. The largest expansion occurred from mixed or cultivated gardens of 1.75 km2. Other changes occurred in the settlement of 0.06 km2 and trade and services 0.14 km2. (3) Characteristics of land use change due to population growth in relation to spatial use dominated by mixed or mooring farms into 6.89% (174.6 ha) settlements, rice fields became 0.25% (6.4 ha) settlements, and rice fields became Mixed garden 0.55% (14 ha). Linkages to the use of space is the study of green space: Park City, Village Pintu Kabun and Bukit Apit there is development of settlements as the development of the area towards the north which needs to be done policy priorities.

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Anthun, Kirsti S., Ruca Elisa Katrin Maass, Siren Hope, Geir Arild Espnes, Ruth Bell, Matluba Khan und Monica Lillefjell. „Addressing Inequity: Evaluation of an Intervention to Improve Accessibility and Quality of a Green Space“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 24 (10.12.2019): 5015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245015.

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Green space areas offer several benefits that support our physical, psychological, and social health. However, the level of engagement with green space areas may not be the same across population groups. Using a mixed-method research design, we investigated the use of a green space area and whether and how the area was beneficial for health, social inclusion, and physical activity for all socioeconomic groups in a suburban area in Norway. The study showed significantly increased use of the area from 2015–2018 and that users belonged to different socioeconomic groups. The motivation for using the area was the opportunity to experience nature and to interact socially. While no significant changes in self-rated health, life satisfaction, or levels of physical activity were found, the study indicates that factors such as location, availability, and designated places for social interaction are important motivating factors for use. Users from the lower socioeconomic groups were among the frequent users but were also the least satisfied with the quality and availability of the path. Our findings call for closer consideration of the location and availability of green spaces and that including places for social interaction and relaxation can contribute to increased use of green spaces.

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Jahnke, Mathias, Edyta P. Bogucka und Maria Turchenko. „Space-Time Cube and Mixed Reality – New Approaches to Support Understanding Historical Landscape Changes“. Proceedings of the ICA 2 (10.07.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-50-2019.

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Abstract. Mixed reality is a rather new technology but came to its nowadays success through the availability of devices like Microsoft HoloLens which easily support the users and developers to use such devices. Therefore, visualization specialists like cartographers paid attention due to interaction possibilities such devices provide. In particular, to utilize the huge amount of opportunities such device gave. The applicability within the cartographic domain needs to be further investigated.The main goal of this contribution is to evaluate the applicability of a mixed reality device in the domain of spatio-temporal representations on the example of the space-time cube to show cultural landscape changes. The hologram of the space-time cube provides the changes of the Royal Castle in Warsaw and their surrounding elements. The hologram therefore incorporated the different buildings of the castle, space-time prisms and space-time links to connect building elements over the years. The visual variables colour hue, colour value and transparency are mainly used to feature distinguishable space-time prisms and to show the space-time links. Different colour schemes are developed which features the characteristics of a mixed reality device. The possibilities of input actions are ranging from gaze/head movement, to gesture and voice.The usability evaluation of the mixed reality hologram showed the overall comfort of interactions, perception of the visual components of the space-time cube and determines advantageous features and limitations of the technology. Most of the found limitations are connected to current devices, like e.g. resolution or field of view. An important aspect which came out is, that the experience the user has which such devices/technology plays an important role in successfully use and knowledge discovery from such applications.

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Ha, Mi-Kyoung, A.-Hyun Kim, Sook-Ha Kim und Hyo-Chang Lee. „A Study on Environmental Plan To Support Pedestrians in Public Space of Urban Mixed-use Commercial Facilities“. Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal 23, Nr. 3 (30.06.2014): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14774/jkiid.2014.23.3.181.

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Albawardi, Areej, und Rodney H. Jones. „Vernacular mobile literacies: Multimodality, creativity and cultural identity“. Applied Linguistics Review 11, Nr. 4 (26.11.2020): 649–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0006.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on how advanced learners of English at a woman’s college in Saudi Arabia use Snapchat to communicate with their classmates. It examines not just the way the English language becomes a meaning making resource in these exchanges, but also how English is strategically mixed with photos, drawings, emoji’s, and other languages to create meanings, identities, and relationships. The theoretical framework used to understand these strategies is adopted from ‘geosemiotics’, an approach to discourse that focuses on how meanings (as well as identities and relationships) are created through the ways semiotic resources are arranged in physical space. The analysis highlights how Snapchat creates opportunities for female learners of English in Saudi Arabia to open up new ‘cultural spaces’, and how these spaces can facilitate their language learning. At the same time, it is argued, these new ‘cultural spaces’ are contingent on the various creative ways these learners make use of physical space. Implications for understanding the relationship between creativity and translanguaging are discussed.

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Johnson, Rebecca E., Marie Murphy und Frances Griffiths. „Conveying troublesome concepts: Using an open-space learning activity to teach mixed-methods research in the health sciences“. Methodological Innovations 12, Nr. 2 (Mai 2019): 205979911986327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799119863279.

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In the past decade, there has been a groundswell of interest in the use of mixed-methods approaches to conduct research in the health sciences. However, there remains a paucity of diverse teaching materials, curricula and activities to support the continued expansion of education and innovation in mixed-methods research. Here, we report the development and evaluation of an open-space learning activity and tool to aid teaching the concept of synthesis in mixed-methods research. We detail the iterations of the teaching activity and tool as they were developed, we report student feedback, and we discuss the utility of the activity and tool for introducing the concept of synthesis in mixed-methods research within health science and related fields.

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Davis, Catasha R., Michael C. Thornton und Sean Moxley-Kelly. „A Contested Cultural Space“. Communication & Sport 6, Nr. 4 (04.07.2017): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517716570.

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Over the past several years, color-blind rhetoric has permeated public discourse around the subject of race in U.S. society. In this color-blind world, race is either a thing of the past or something we can choose to ignore. One location of such rhetoric is in sports. This mixed-methods study offers a rare examination of color-blind rhetoric among 365 college students at a Division I school that is a part of one of the power conferences. We administered a 20-question multiple-choice and open-ended survey accessing students’ views about race in college football and its athletes. Our open-coded responses were consistent with Bonilla-Silva’s color-blind racism frames. The frames students use are consistent with previous work that suggests that they envision a world in which overt attention to race is secondary to traditional aspects of American life, such as work ethic, meritocracy, individualism, and cultural differences. This color-blind emphasis works to encourage students to take to heart that race does not warrant inclusion in explaining college sports.

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Staton, Benjamin A., Matthew J. Catalano, Brendan M. Connors, Lewis G. Coggins, Michael L. Jones, Carl J. Walters, Steven J. Fleischman und Daniel C. Gwinn. „Evaluation of methods for spawner–recruit analysis in mixed-stock Pacific salmon fisheries“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, Nr. 7 (Juli 2020): 1149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0281.

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Salmon populations harvested in mixed-stock fisheries can exhibit genotypic, behavioral, and life history diversity that can lead to heterogeneity in population productivity and size. Methods to quantify this heterogeneity among populations in mixed-stock fisheries are not well-established but are critical to assessing harvest–biodiversity trade-offs when setting harvest policies. We developed an integrated, age-structured, state-space model that allows for more complete use of available data and sharing of information than simpler methods. We compared a suite of state-space models of varying structural complexity to simpler regression-based approaches and, as an example case, fitted them to data from 13 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Kuskokwim drainage in western Alaska. We found biological and policy conclusions were largely consistent among state-space models but differed strongly from regression-based approaches. Simulation trials illustrated our state-space models were largely unbiased with respect to spawner–recruit parameters, abundance states, and derived biological reference points, whereas the regression-based approaches showed substantial bias. These findings suggest our state-space model shows promise for informing harvest policy evaluations of harvest–biodiversity trade-offs in mixed-stock salmon fisheries.

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Tolvaly-Rosca, Ferenc, und Zoltán Forgó. „Computing Algorithm for the Gear Tooth Space Points Cloud Envelope Generated by the Mixed Cad Method“. MACRo 2015 2, Nr. 1 (01.10.2017): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macro-2017-0013.

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AbstractThe task of the mixed pure CAD generating method developed by the authors consists in finding only the points situated on the gear tooth surface. The use of the mixed CAD gear generating method results in a very large and particular type of Points Cloud: This contains points situated both in the tooth space, and on the tooth surface. The existing filtering programs and methods, as it was presented in previous papers, cannot deal with these particular point sets. The development of the named particular generating method claims an algorithm and a computer software which can find the envelope of the Points Cloud. This papers presents an Alpha Shape algorithm based filtering algorithm, adapted and developed to be used together with the mixed CAD generating software.

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Samko, Natasha. „Integrability properties of integral transforms via morrey spaces“. Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 23, Nr. 5 (01.10.2020): 1274–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fca-2020-0064.

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Abstract We show that integrability properties of integral transforms with kernel depending on the product of arguments (which include in particular, popular Laplace, Hankel, Mittag-Leffler transforms and various others) are better described in terms of Morrey spaces than in terms of Lebesgue spaces. Mapping properties of integral transforms of such a type in Lebesgue spaces, including weight setting, are known. We discover that local weighted Morrey and complementary Morrey spaces are very appropriate spaces for describing integrability properties of such transforms. More precisely, we show that under certain natural assumptions on the kernel, transforms under consideration act from local weighted Morrey space to a weighted complementary Morrey space and vice versa, where an interplay between behavior of functions and their transforms at the origin and infinity is transparent. In case of multidimensional integral transforms, for this goal we introduce and use anisotropic mixed norm Morrey and complementary Morrey spaces.

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Shachat, Jason, J. Todd Swarthout und Lijia Wei. „A HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL FOR THE DETECTION OF PURE AND MIXED STRATEGY PLAY IN GAMES“. Econometric Theory 31, Nr. 4 (24.10.2014): 729–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646661400053x.

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We propose a statistical model to assess whether individuals strategically use mixed strategies in repeated games. We formulate a hidden Markov model in which the latent state space contains both pure and mixed strategies. We apply the model to data from an experiment in which human subjects repeatedly play a normal form game against a computer that always follows its part of the unique mixed strategy Nash equilibrium profile. Estimated results show significant mixed strategy play and nonstationary dynamics. We also explore the ability of the model to forecast action choice.

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Kazmi, Kaleem Raza, und Rehan Ali. „Hybrid projection method for a system of unrelated generalized mixed variational-like inequality problems“. Georgian Mathematical Journal 26, Nr. 1 (01.03.2019): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj-2017-0027.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to consider a generalized mixed variational-like inequality problem and prove a Minty-type lemma for its related auxiliary problems in a real Banach space. We prove the existence of a solution of these auxiliary problems. Further, we prove some properties of a solution set of generalized mixed variational-like inequality problems. Furthermore, we use a hybrid projection method to find a common element of a solution set of a system of unrelated generalized mixed variational-like inequality problems for generalized relaxed α-monotone mappings and the set of fixed points of a common fixed point problem for a family of generalized asymptotically quasi-ϕ-nonexpansive mappings in a reflexive, uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach space.

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Spitler, Jeffrey, und Signhild Gehlin. „Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden“. Energies 12, Nr. 10 (27.05.2019): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102020.

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When the new student center at Stockholm University in Sweden was completed in the fall of 2013 it was thoroughly instrumented. The 6300 m2 four-story building with offices, a restaurant, study lounges, and meeting rooms was designed to be energy efficient with a planned total energy use of 25 kWh/m2/year. Space heating and hot water are provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system consisting of five 40 kW off-the-shelf water-to-water heat pumps connected to 20 boreholes in hard rock, drilled to a depth of 200 m. Space cooling is provided by direct cooling from the boreholes. This paper uses measured performance data from Studenthuset to calculate the actual thermal performance of the GSHP system during one of its early years of operation. Monthly system coefficients-of-performance and coefficients-of-performance for both heating and cooling operation are presented. In the first months of operation, several problems were corrected, leading to improved performance. This paper provides long-term measured system performance data from a recently installed GSHP system, shows how the various system components affect the performance, presents an uncertainty analysis, and describes how some unanticipated consequences of the design may be ameliorated. Seasonal performance factors (SPF) are evaluated based on the SEPEMO (“SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems”) boundary schema. For heating (“H”), SPFs of 3.7 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.13 were obtained for boundaries H2 and H3, respectively. For cooling (“C”), a C2 SPF of 27 ± 5 was obtained. Results are compared to measured performance data from 55 GSHP systems serving commercial buildings that are reported in the literature.

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Kadochnikov, A., A. Kazantsev, O. Mishukov und S. Shigorev. „Pattern Radar Images Formation’s Like a Stochastic Differential Equations for Recognition of Space Objects“. Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 5, Nr. 4 (2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2019-5-4-106-113.

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The resource problems of the traditional use of detailed radar images for reliable recognition of space objects are shown. The urgent task of forming a new type of model of radar images of space objects to determine the signs of their recognition is posed. Corresponding mathematical models of such images based on stochastic differential equations of elliptic type are presented. The adequacy of the developed models to the real radar images of a space object was assessed. It is established that for the description of radar images of space objects the most suitable is a modified model in the form of a mixed derivative of an elliptical model. To test the hypothesis about the possibility of using the radar image model when constructing descriptive recognition signs, an experiment was conducted to distinguish four different types of space objects. The experimental results showed the possibility of using a mixed derivative of the elliptical model to determine signs of recognition of space objects.

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Canuto, V. M., Y. Cheng, A. M. Howard und M. S. Dubovikov. „Three-Dimensional, Space-Dependent Mesoscale Diffusivity: Derivation and Implications“. Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 1055–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0123.1.

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AbstractRecently, we presented a parameterization of an arbitrary tracer 3D mesoscale flux that describes both diabatic and adiabatic regimes without using arbitrary tapering functions. However, we did not parameterize the mesoscale diffusivity, which is the subject of this work. A key difference between the present and previous diffusivity parameterizations is that in the latter, the two main ingredients, mesoscale drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy, were not parameterized but determined using present data, which deprives the models of predictive power. Since winds, stratification, etc., are predicted to change in the future, use of these parameterizations to study future climate scenarios becomes questionable. In this work, we parameterize drift velocity and eddy kinetic energy (vertical–horizontal components), which we first assess with data [WOCE, TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), and North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE)] and then use in a coarse-resolution stand-alone ocean code under Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment I (CORE-I) forcing. We present results for the global ocean temperature and salinity, Atlantic overturning circulation, meridional heat transport, and Drake Passage transport, which we compare with several previous studies. The temperature drift is less than that of five of seven previous OGCMs, and the salinity drift is among the smallest in those studies. The predicted winter Antarctic Circumpolar Current mixed layer depths (MLDs) are in good agreement with the data. Predicting the correct MLD is important in climate studies since models that predict very deep mixed layers transfer more of the radiative perturbation to the deep ocean, reducing surface warming (and vice versa).

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Chen, Hongsen, Zhangxin Chen und Baoyan Li. „Thehpversion of Eulerian-Lagrangian mixed discontinuous finite element methods for advection-diffusion problems“. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2003, Nr. 53 (2003): 3385–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171203112215.

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We study thehpversion of three families of Eulerian-Lagrangian mixed discontinuous finite element (MDFE) methods for the numerical solution of advection-diffusion problems. These methods are based on a space-time mixed formulation of the advection-diffusion problems. In space, they use discontinuous finite elements, and in time they approximately follow the Lagrangian flow paths (i.e., the hyperbolic part of the problems). Boundary conditions are incorporated in a natural and mass conservative manner. In fact, these methods are locally conservative. The analysis of this paper focuses on advection-diffusion problems in one space dimension. Error estimates are explicitly obtained in the grid sizeh, the polynomial degreep, and the solution regularity; arbitrary space grids and polynomial degree are allowed. These estimates are asymptotically optimal in bothhandpfor some of these methods. Numerical results to show convergence rates inhandpof the Eulerian-Lagrangian MDFE methods are presented. They are in a good agreement with the theory.

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오정아. „A Case Study on the Present Condition and Experiential Characteristics of Children’s Space in Mixed-use Shopping Mall“. Journal of Korea Intitute of Spatial Design 12, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2017): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35216/kisd.2017.12.6.55.

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Berckmans, D., und M. De Moor. „USE OF A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL TO MODEL THE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN AN IMPERFECTLY MIXED VENTILATED SPACE“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 406 (April 1996): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.406.37.

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Bowley, Wesley, und Ralph Evins. „Assessing energy and emissions savings for space conditioning, materials and transportation for a high-density mixed-use building“. Journal of Building Engineering 31 (September 2020): 101386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101386.

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Atuo, Fidelis A., und Timothy J. O’Connell. „Scale-dependent resource selection and space use by Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) in a heterogenous mixed-shrub ecosystem“. Journal of Ornithology 159, Nr. 4 (05.06.2018): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1567-7.

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Michielsens, Catherine G. J., Murdoch K. McAllister, Sakari Kuikka, Tapani Pakarinen, Lars Karlsson, Atso Romakkaniemi, Ingemar Perä und Samu Mäntyniemi. „A Bayesian statespace markrecapture model to estimate exploitation rates in mixed-stock fisheries“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, Nr. 2 (01.02.2006): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-215.

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A Bayesian statespace markrecapture model is developed to estimate the exploitation rates of fish stocks caught in mixed-stock fisheries. Expert knowledge and published results on biological parameters, reporting rates of tags and other key parameters, are incorporated into the markrecapture analysis through elaborations in model structure and the use of informative prior probability distributions for model parameters. Information on related stocks is incorporated through the use of hierarchical structures and parameters that represent differences between the stock in question and related stocks. Fishing mortality rates are modelled using fishing effort data as covariates. A statespace formulation is adopted to account for uncertainties in system dynamics and the observation process. The methodology is applied to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks from rivers located in the northeastern Baltic Sea that are exploited by a sequence of mixed- and single-stock fisheries. Estimated fishing mortality rates for wild salmon are influenced by prior knowledge about tag reporting rates and salmon biology and, to a limited extent, by prior assumptions about exploitation rates.

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Klepacki, Adam. „The relationship between height and crown characteristics of four-year-old common birch (Betula pendula Roth)“. Forest Research Papers 78, Nr. 2 (27.06.2017): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0019.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of an analysis on characteristics of birch crowns (Betula pendula Roth) in relation to measures of the growth space occupied by a single tree at a young age. It also presents the relationships between the seedling height and certain crown characteristics. The study focused on four-year-old common birches growing in four different areas in the Elk Forest District in either fresh mixed coniferous or broadleaved forest. The measurements conducted on the chosen trees were used to calculate their crown characteristics such as crown diameter, length, height to the crown base, relative length and spread. They were also used to determine the growth characteristics of a single tree’s growth space, such as the crown area projected onto the ground, single tree space and the percentage use of unit area. Furthermore, fresh and dry leaf mass was determined. The birches growing in the fresh mixed coniferous forest reached an average height of 1.30 m, whereas in the fresh mixed broadleaved forest, the height of the trees was lower and amounted to 0.67 m. 95% of the trees had crown diameters of 0.57 m to 0.74 m in the fresh mixed coniferous forest, but only 0.19 m to 0.25 m in the fresh mixed broadleaved forest. The average lengths of the crowns in the fresh mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests amounted to 0.97 m and 0.37 m respectively. The author shows that there is a statistically significant correlation between the seedling height and the other examined characteristics. The best correlation was found between the height and the length of the crown (r = 0.9858) for birches growing in the fresh mixed coniferous forest and between the height and single tree space (r = 0.8468) for birches growing in the fresh mixed broadleaved forest.

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Arnet, Kathrin, S. Ilgin Guler und Monica Menendez. „Effects of Multimodal Operations on Urban Roadways“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-01.

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Public transportation (e.g., buses) can provide more efficient urban transportation systems by carrying more people in the same space. A commonly used solution to prioritize this mode is to dedicate a lane for bus use only. However, the changes in system capacity are not clear for the use of a dedicated bus lane instead of completely mixed-use lanes. Even if the capacity of the dedicated bus lane were not fully used, this strategy could still increase car capacity in the remaining lanes in two ways: ( a) buses traveling on a separate lane would eliminate conflicting bus maneuvers and ( b) the reduced number of lanes available for cars could reduce the number of lane changes and could smooth traffic. This paper empirically analyzes differences in car capacity between ( a) a mixed-use scenario without the influence of buses and a dedicated-lane scenario and ( b) a mixed-use scenario with and without buses. Results show that with mixed-use lanes the car capacity per lane remains the same as compared with a dedicated-lane scenario. However, in mixed-use conditions, the presence of a bus in traffic flow can reduce capacity by 20%. Based on these findings, a simple analysis is carried out to compare passenger delay at urban signalized intersections with a mixed use versus dedicated bus lane. It is shown that passenger delay can be reduced with use of dedicated bus lanes if bus occupancies are relatively high or if car demand is low.

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