Bücher zum Thema „Mitochondrial apoptosis“

The hypoxic response of the host is complex. While the oxygen-sensing intracellular machinery attempts to restore cellular homeostasis by augmenting respiration and blood flow, events such as severe haemorrhage lead to whole body hypoxia and decreased mitochondrial function. Immunological perturbations following severe haemorrhage may result in multiple organ dysfunction and sepsis, while impaired perfusion may lead to microvascular injury and local hypoxia. Trauma-haemorrhage or hypoxic exposure in animals causes a systemic inflammatory response, decreased antigen presentation by peritoneal macrophages, hypoxaemia and initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. In response, the protein level of the oxygen-sensing transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 increases; this leads to the regulation of expression of a number of genes resulting in decreased mitochondrial ATP production, but enhanced glycolytic processes, thus shifting the energy balance. In addition, sustained tissue hypoxia leads to increased free radical production and cellular apoptosis. Though the initial host response to hypoxia may be protective, sustained hypoxia becomes detrimental to the tissues and the organism as a whole.

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by an overlapping set of pathophysiological pathways that include monoamines but also neurotrophins, apoptotic and mitochondrial pathways, epigenetics, and dysregulation of immunity and redox balance, counterbalanced by cellular resilience and defence pathways and the effects of treatment. These conspire in a subset of individuals to cause changes in brain function and, over time, the activity of these pathways in chronic psychiatric disorders can lead to cognitive sequelae and changes in brain structure. This can lead to differences between early and late stages of illness. These biological underpinnings could explain why late-stage patients are more prone to treatment refractoriness, progressive brain changes, and consequent cognitive and functioning impairment. This process is understood under the construct of neuroprogression, which refers to the pathological rewiring of the brain underlying the clinical and cognitive changes that underpin the staged progression of the illness, caused by activities of the aforementioned biological pathways. It is important to note that the brain can adapt to the challenges of the environment and respond to medications to ameliorate this process. Understanding the process of neuroprogression provides a window into the core biology of the disorder and opens the door to therapeutic approaches addressing these pathways. This book is an account of the state of the art in the field of neuroprogression in different psychiatric disorders.

Prekladaný vysokoškolský učebný text „Bioenergetika“ by mal slúžiť ako úvod do problematiky štúdia v oblasti bioenergetiky. Táto vedná oblast je v súčasnosti vysoko aktuálna, pretože výsledky získané bioenergetickým výskumom v uplynulých rokoch zreteľne ukazujú, že bioenergetické procesy prebiehajúce v živých systémoch neslúžia “len” na transformáciu energie, ale ovplyvňujú aj priebeh procesov ako sú apoptóza, starnutie, vznik a rozvoj mnohých ochorení (predovšetkým neurodegeneratívnych). Tieto skutočnosti jednoznačne naznačujú potrebu existencie kvalitných učebných textov, ktoré by prijateľným spôsobom umožnili študentom získať potrebné informácie a vedomosti v tejto vednej discipline. Z vyššie uvedených dôvodov sme sa rozhodli vytvoriť tieto učebné texty, ktoré sú vo forme desiatich samostatných kapitol, ktoré však na seba prirodzene a logicky nadväzujú. Jedna kapitola predstavuje v podstate jednu prednášku v rámci kurzu Bioenergetiky, ktorý je realizovaný na Prírodovedeckej fakulte Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach na magisterskom a doktorandskom stupni študijného programu „Biofyzika“. Zároveň tieto texty môžu poslúžiť aj pri výučbe v študijnom predmete Biochémia, ktorý je prednášaný v bakalárskych a magisterských stupňoch študijných programov “Biochémia” resp. “Biofyzika”. Dovoľujeme si vyjadriť presvedčenie, že tieto učebné texty by mohli byť istým spôsobom nápomocné aj vedeckým pracovníkom pracujúcim v oblasti výskumu týkajúcho sa problematiky transformáci energie v biologických organizmoch a fenoménoch spojených s touto transformáciou. V týchto učebných textoch sú postupne uvádzané poznatky týkajúce sa základných konceptov bioenergetiky, mechanizmov procesov ako sú glykolýza a Krebsov cyklus (okrem podrobného a uceleného popis týchto procesov je tu uvedený aj všeobecný náhľad o prepojenosti týchto procesov ako aj ich začlenenie do kompaktného pohľadu na celkový proces transformácie energie v biologických organizmoch), zloženia štruktúry a funkčnosti biologických membrán (táto oblast je nevyhnutná pre lepšie pochopenie poznatkov, ktoré sú uvedené v nasledujúcich kapitolách). V nasledujúcich kapitolách sa učebný text zaoberá popisom štruktúry a funkcie mitochondrií, pričom veľký dôraz je dávaný na popis vlastností a mechanizmov fungovania štyroch komplexov dýchacieho reťazca a ATP-syntázy. Tieto komplexy vytvárajú podmienky pre existenciu “najdôležitejšieho” bioenergetického procesu, oxidatívnej fosforylácie. V záverečných dvoch kapitolách sú uvedené mechanizmy procesov vytvárajúcich fotosyntézu, jej svetlej aj tmavej fázy. Sú tu relevantné informácie o tomto “druhom” najdôležitejšom bioenergetickom procese prebiehajúcom v mnohých biologických organizmoch a poskytujúcom možnosť transformácie enrgie elektromagnetického žiarenia na energiu “ukrytú” v chemických väzbách určitých chemických molekúl. Chceme vyjadriť naše presvedčenie, že predložené učebné texty “Bioenergetika” budú dobrým “pomocníkom a inšpirátorom” pre mnohých študentov, ktorí sa budú chcieť dozvedieť čo najviac o fascinujúcich štruktúrach a mechanizmoch umožňujúcich transformáciu energie v živých systémoch, bez ktorej by nebola možná existencia života ako ho poznáme. Želáme príjemné a podnetné čítanie a štúdium. URL: www.unibook.upjs.sk The textbook "Bioenergetics" should serve as an introduction to the study of bioenergetics. This field of science is currently highly actual, as the results of the bioenergetics research in recent years clearly show that bioenergetics processes in living systems can "serve" not only to transformation of energy, but also affect the course of processes such as apoptosis, aging, origin and development of many diseases (especially neurodegenerative). These facts clearly indicate the need for the existence of quality teaching texts that would allow students to acquire the necessary information and knowledge in this scientific discipline in an acceptable way. For the above mentioned reasons, we decided to create these textbooks, which are in the form of ten chapters, which naturally and logically follow each other. One chapter basically presents one lecture within the course of Bioenergetics, which is realized at the Faculty of Science of the Pavel Jozef Šafárik University in Košice at the master's and doctoral degree of the study program "Biophysics". At the same time, these texts can also be used for teaching in the study subject Biochemistry, which is taught in the bachelor's and master's degree programs of the study programs "Biochemistry" resp. “Biophysics”. We would like to express our conviction that these textbooks could in some way also help researchers working in the field of the energy transformation in biological organisms and the phenomena associated with this transformation. These textbooks present knowledge about the basic concepts of bioenergetics, the mechanisms of processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (in addition to a detailed and comprehensive description of these processes, there is also a general view of the interconnectedness of these processes and their incorporation into a compact view of the overall energy transformation in biological organisms), the structure and functionality of biological membranes (this area is necessary for a better understanding of the knowledge presented in the following chapters). In the following chapters, the textbook deals with the description of the structure and function of mitochondria, with great emphasis on the properties and mechanisms of functioning of the four complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP-synthase. These complexes create the basis for the existence of the "most important" process in bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation. In the final two chapters, the mechanisms of the processes that produce photosynthesis, its light and dark phases, are presented. There is relevant information about this "second" most important bioenergetics process taking place in many biological organisms and providing the possibility of transforming the energy of electromagnetic radiation into energy "hidden" in the chemical bonds of certain chemical molecules. We want to express our conviction that the textbooks "Bioenergetics" will be a good "helper and inspirer" for many students who want to learn as much as possible about the fascinating structures and mechanisms for energy transformation in living systems, without which it would not be possible existence of life as we know it.