Zeitschriftenartikel: „Miniature test specimens“

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Farrukh, Hafeez, M. N. Desmukh, Husain Asif und D. K. Sehgal. „Miniature Test Technique for Acquiring True Stress–Strain Curves for a Large Range of Strains Using a Tensile Test and Inverse Finite Element Method“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (Oktober 2011): 4204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4204.

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The paper presents a non conventional technique to predict the constitutive behavior of materials by assessing the true stress–true strain relationship through miniature specimen tests. The miniature test was conducted on two different types of steel ring specimens (outer diameter14mm, inner diameter 8mm, thickeness 0.5mm) with V-notch (1mm depth) added diametrically to it. A finite element model was developed and validated to calculate the load–deflection curve obtained from the miniature specimen experiment. The constitutive behavior assigned to the specimen for the calculations was determined from the standard tensile test. Using an inverse methodology, it was possible to show that the constitutive behavior from the miniature tests using inverse FE procedure, and that from the conventional standard ASTM test bears close resemblance.

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Gui, Le Le, Tong Xu, Bin An Shou, Han Kui Wang und Jing Xiang. „Estimation of Fracture Toughness J_IC by Miniature Specimen Hydraulic Bulge Test“. Materials Science Forum 898 (Juni 2017): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.753.

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The fracture toughness tests and a new miniature specimen technology named hydraulic bulge test (HBT) of 3Cr1Mo1/4V at four service time were carried out. Four J-R resistance curves by single-specimen method with one inch CT specimens were obtained to compute the JIC. Different definitions of equivalent fracture strain according to the section morphologies of HBT testing specimens were compared, and fracture energy of miniature specimens with three different thicknesses (0.4mm, 0.5mm and 0.6mm) were also calculated. Results showed that the typical HBT load-deflection curve can be divided into four sections like SPT curve. Equivalent fracture strain and fracture energy EHB can be chosen as two fracture parameters for the HBT specimen. Ductile fracture toughness JIC can be related approximately linearly to both the equivalent fracture strain and fracture energy EHB.

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Hou, P. H., und T. Y. Chen. „AN AUTOMATIC TENSILE TEST MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR MINIATURE SPECIMENS“. Experimental Techniques 29, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2005.tb00228.x.

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4

Klueh, R. L. „Miniature tensile test specimens for fusion reactor irradiation studies“. Nuclear Engineering and Design. Fusion 2, Nr. 3 (Januar 1985): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-899x(85)90028-x.

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5

Zhou, Chao, Jun Liang und Bin Wang. „Study on High Temperature Creep Test of P92 Material Based on the Minimally Invasive Technique“. Key Engineering Materials 734 (April 2017): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.734.159.

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The tensile and creep properties of P92 steel have been studied using a precision tensile and creep test machines for miniature and conventional specimens under various stress level at 625°C. The results showed that the data stability of miniature plate specimens is high whether at room or high temperature tensile tests. Compared with the conventional plate specimens, tensile strength, yield strength and total elongation is slightly lower, the uniform elongation is higher for miniature plate specimens at room temperature. By contrast, the tensile strength and uniform elongation is slightly higher, and the yield strength and total elongation is lower at high temperature. Besides, there had similar creep curves between miniature and conventional specimens, and the creep rupture time and minimum creep rate are closer under the same stress. By comparing the power law creep index and damage tolerance factor at the second creep stage, it can be derived that the creep mechanism is identical for the micro and conventional specimens, which is controlled by the dislocation movement.

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Yang, Bin, Wen Chun Jiang und Wen Qi Sun. „Comparison of Tensile Properties of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo Steel Characterized by Miniature Specimen and Standard Specimen“. Key Engineering Materials 795 (März 2019): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.188.

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Miniature specimen and standard round bar specimen were used to measure tensile properties of a 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel. The elastic modulus, the yield strength, the ultimate tensile strength and the strain hardening exponent measured by the above two kinds of specimens were compared with each other. It is found that the strength and the strain hardening exponent measured by miniature specimen is consistent with that measured by standard specimen. While the elastic modulus obtained by the miniature specimen is significantly lower than that obtained by the standard specimen. The finite element analysis (FEA) showed that insufficient stiffness of the micro-test tensile stage is the major reason for the lower elastic modulus, while the difference in strength is caused by the various stress state of the two kinds of specimens.

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Camin, Bettina, und Maximilian Gille. „The Effect of Specimen Size and Test Procedure on the Creep Behavior of ME21 Magnesium Alloy“. Crystals 11, Nr. 8 (07.08.2021): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080918.

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Lightweight constructions and materials offer the opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector. As components in vehicles are often exposed to higher temperatures above 40% of the melting temperature, there is a risk of creep. The creep behavior usually is investigated based on standard procedures. However, lightweight constructions frequently have dimensions not adequately represented by standardized specimen geometries. Therefore, comparative creep experiments on non-standardized miniature and standardized specimens are performed. Due to a modified test procedure specified by a miniature creep device, only the very first primary creep stage shows a minor influence, but subsequently, no effect on the creep process is detected. The creep behavior of hot extruded and heat treated ME21 magnesium alloy is investigated. It is observed that the creep parameters determined by the miniature and standard creep tests are different. As the deviations are systematic, qualitatively, evidence of the creep behavior is achieved. The creep parameters obtained, and particularly the creep strain and the strain rate, show a higher creep resistance of the miniature specimen. An initial higher number of twinned grains and possible multiaxiality in the gauge volume of the miniature specimen can be responsible.

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Wang, C. T., und R. M. Pilliar. „Short-rod elastic-plastic fracture toughness test using miniature specimens“. Journal of Materials Science 24, Nr. 7 (Juli 1989): 2391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01174501.

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9

Zhang, Yunlu, Sreekar Karnati, Tan Pan und Frank Liou. „Determination of constitutive relation from miniature tensile test with digital image correlation“. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 55, Nr. 3-4 (07.02.2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324719892732.

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The determination of constitutive relation from the miniature tensile test is of high interest in multiple areas. Here, a convenient experimental method is proposed to determine the true stress–strain curve from the miniature tensile test. The instantaneous cross-sectional area is estimated by only one camera in aid of digital image correlation technique. This method was applied on commercial pure titanium and aluminum 6061 alloys, and the results indicate that the extracted true stress–strain curves are not scale-dependent. The derived mechanical properties from miniature specimens match well with the results of standard specimens. The correctness of the true stress–strain curve was evaluated by the finite element analysis method. The results suggest that the derived true stress–strain curve is capable to represent the constitutive behavior of the tested materials.

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Jaske, Carl E., und R. Viswanathan. „Use of Miniature Specimens for Creep-Crack-Growth Testing“. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 122, Nr. 3 (16.03.2000): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.482814.

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Measuring the condition of high-temperature components after many years of service is an important part of remaining life assessment. Tests of miniature specimens have been utilized for this purpose because they require that only small samples be removed from the components, which minimizes or eliminates the need for costly repairs. Miniature-specimen techniques have been developed and validated for creep-rupture testing but not for creep-crack-growth testing. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a procedure for measuring creep-crack-growth behavior using miniature specimens. Based on a past study of Type 316 stainless steel, the single-edge-notch-tension (SENT) specimen configuration was chosen for the current work. SENT specimens were designed and prepared from both base metal and weldments of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo and 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo steels. The base metal was ASME SA 387, Grade P22 and Grade P11 plate, respectively. The 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel weldment was a seam-weld hot reheat steam pipe that had been in service for 106,000 hours, while the 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo steel weldment was from a pipe that had been weld repaired after 244,200 hours of service. SENT specimens with test sections of 10×5×1.5 mm, 15×7.5×1.5 mm, and 20×10×1.5 mm were evaluated. Tests were conducted under constant weight loading or constant load-line displacement loading. Specimens were heated to 538°C using a standard laboratory furnace. Crack length was measured using the DC electric potential drop method. The test results were analyzed to produce creep-crack-growth rate da/dt as a function of the C* integral and compared with data from tests of half-size (1/2T-CT) and standard full-size (1T-CT) compact-tension specimens. For both base metals, the 1/2T-CT and three sizes of SENT specimens gave results that agreed well with those of 1T-CT specimens. For the 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel weldments, SENT specimens produced good results. However, SENT specimens of the 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo steel weldments exhibited cracking blunting and no creep crack growth. The reasons for the differences in behavior are discussed and guidance for application of miniature specimens to creep-crack-growth testing is presented. [S0094-4289(00)01403-1]

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Akiyoshi, Masafumi, Ryuta Kasada, Yuko Ishibashi, Lauren M. Garrison, Josina W. Geringer, Wallace D. Porter und Yutai Katoh. „Validation of miniature test specimens for post-irradiation thermal diffusivity measurement“. Fusion Engineering and Design 136 (November 2018): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.03.008.

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12

Margolin, B. Z., A. M. Morozov, N. E. Pirogova und M. N. Grigoriev. „Strength assessment of austenitic steel grain boundaries by impact bending tests for miniature specimens“. Voprosy Materialovedeniya, Nr. 2(102) (27.08.2020): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-102-2-164-173.

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The paper proposes methods for assessing the strength of grain boundaries according to the results of testing miniature specimens by impact bending. Results of bending at low temperature are given to assess the strength of grain boundaries in austenitic chromium-nickel steels. The test temperature was determined when the proportion of brittle intergranular fracture of embrittled chromium-nickel steel 10Kh18N9 is at least 90%. Three types of miniature specimens of different geometric shapes have been developed, providing approximately the same absorbed energy when tested for impact bending. It is shown when it is necessary to use such miniature specimens.

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Shan, Jian Hua, Zhen Mei Qian und Xiang Ling. „Influence of Oxidation to Small Punch Creep Test“. Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.461.

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In order to validate a procedure for creep rupture tests using small punch specimens, the influences of oxidation on the creep deflection curve, rupture time and ductility of miniature specimens were investigated. Using disc test specimens of 10mm in diameter and 0.5mm in thickness, a variety of small punch creep (SPC) tests for Cr5Mo steel at the condition of 550°C-404N and 650°C-189N under the protection of different Argon flow and in air atmosphere were firstly carried out. Metallographic observations, micro-hardness testing and measurement for these specimens of SPC test were performed. It indicates that the oxidized layer of specimens integrates and the residual thickness of specimens increases, while the hardness of specimens increases with the increment of the Argon flow. Moreover, the different oxidation degrees of specimens with the surface morphology were compared in this paper. The test results show the rupture time of specimens can be effectively prolonged by the protection of different Argon flow.

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Muniandy, Ratnasamy, F. X. Anthoney, Salihudin Hassim und Hussain Hamid. „Establishing a resilient modulus test protocol for miniature cylindrical asphalt mix specimens“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 512 (24.04.2019): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/512/1/012058.

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15

Kondo, Sosuke, Yutai Katoh und Lance L. Snead. „Concentric ring on ring test for unirradiated and irradiated miniature SiC specimens“. Journal of Nuclear Materials 417, Nr. 1-3 (Oktober 2011): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.083.

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Ibeh, Christopher, Matteo Pedrotti, Alessandro Tarantino und Rebecca Lunn. „An X-ray CT study of miniature clay sample preparation techniques“. E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199201004.

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The quality and reliability of cohesive soil laboratory test data can be significantlyaffected by sample disturbance during sampling or sample preparation. Sample disturbance may affect key design and modelling parameters such as stiffness, preconsolidation stress, compressibility and undrained shear strength, and ultimately determine particle mobilization and shear plane development. The use of X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) in the study of soil is restricted by the inverse relationship of specimen size and obtainable image resolution. This has led to the testing of miniature specimen sizes which are far less than conventional laboratory sample size in a bid to obtain high resolution images and detailed particle-scale soil properties; however, these miniature soil specimens are more prone to sample disturbance. In this work 2% muscovite was mixed with speswhite kaolin clay as a strain marker for use in X-CT. The clay soil sample was prepared from slurry and either consolidated using an oedometer or a gypsum mould. Specimens obtained from a 7 mm tube sampler were compared to lathe trimmed specimens with a diameter (Ø) of 7 mm. Results from X-CT imaging were used to study the influence of sampler type on specimen disturbance, by analysing the muscovite particle orientation of the obtained 3D images. The results show that; for samples subjected to large consolidation stress (>200kpa) lathe trimmed specimens may be subject to lesser disturbance compared to tube sampled specimens.

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Dymáček, Petr, Ferdinand Dobeš und Luboš Kloc. „Determination of Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials from Very Small Volumes by Means of Small Punch Test“. Key Engineering Materials 741 (Juni 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.741.116.

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The paper summarizes capabilities of the small punch tests on miniature disc specimens from metallic materials. Results obtained by small punch tests can be correlated with mechanical properties determined by conventional or other miniature tests. Three basic types of small punch test setup: i) static/fracture, ii) creep and iii) stress relaxation are described and the basic quantities that can be obtained are shown. Relations for an assessment of conventional mechanical properties from quantities obtained by small punch test are presented.

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Quinn, George D. „Fractographic Analysis of Very Small Theta Specimens“. Key Engineering Materials 409 (März 2009): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.201.

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The theta test specimen is a versatile tool for evaluating the strength of extremely small structures. Round and hexagonal rings are compressed vertically on their ends creating a uniform tension stress in the middle gauge section. The simple compression loading scheme eliminates the need for special grips. A conventional nanoindentation hardness machine with a flat indenter applied load, monitored displacement, and recorded fracture loads. Prototype miniature specimens with web sections as thin as 7.5 m were fabricated by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of single crystal silicon wafers. The strength limiting flaws were 200 nm to 500 nm deep surface etch pits.

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Rohmat, Imam Khoirul, und Winarto Winarto. „EFEK GETARAN PADA PENGELASAN ALUMINUM 5083 H112 MENGGUNAKAN PROSES LAS GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW) TERHADAP POROSITAS“. JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terapan) 4, Nr. 2 (22.10.2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31884/jtt.v4i2.126.

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5083 series aluminum magnesium is widely used for marine industrial. It is caused aluminum has high specific strength and good corrosion resistance. However, at process of welding many of porosity occured in the aluminum and it decrease the mechanical properties especially in HAZ (Heat Affected Zone). At casting process of aluminum, porosity could reduce by giving vibration. So, this method is tried to be applicated for welding of aluminum due to welding is a miniature of casting. Tensile test, hardness test, metallography test, and image analysis are technique to characterize the effect. As a result, vibration is not really affected the amount of porosity that occurred. But for hardness it is influenced especially for ER 4043 filler where the vibrated specimens have a higher hardness. The higher average result of tensile test for ER 5356 filler obtained at unvibrated specimens with the value is 231 MPa and for ER 4043 filler the higher average result obtained at vibrated specimen, the value is 226 MPa.

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Albert, Carolyne I., John Jameson und Gerald Harris. „Design and validation of bending test method for characterization of miniature pediatric cortical bone specimens“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 227, Nr. 2 (26.10.2012): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411912463868.

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Džugan, Jan, Pavel Konopík, Radek Procházka und Zuzanka Trojanová. „SPD Processed Materials Mechanical Properties Determination with the Use of Miniature Specimens“. Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.471.

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The main reason why new technologies and treatment procedure are being developed is to attain special mechanical properties. However, these developments are nowadays done on a small material volume either using some laboratory simulators, applying sever plastic deformation procedures or chemical composition screening for multicomponent alloys development by laser or electron beam melting. In all these application a small volume of the material assessed is available and standard procedures for crucial mechanical properties determinations are not applicable. Thus small size techniques should be applied. There has been extensively used small punch test technique (SPT) for those cases in recent years. This technique is mainly based on the evaluation using correlation between standard and SPT tests for considered material. In cases when insufficient material volume is available, those correlations cannot be established and thus comparative evaluation only can be carried out. This kind of evaluation is insufficient for the contemporary purposes, when full material potential is to be utilized. Therefore, procedures providing results directly comparable with standard specimens are being developed. Fundamental properties are those determined from tensile tests. The current paper is presenting application of developed miniature tensile test specimen method to materials after SPD processes. Quasi static properties determination is shown here for Magnesium and Titanium alloys for ECAP and Rotary Swaging SPD techniques. The results obtained from testing can be used not only for a direct material properties assessment and comparison, but also as input data for FEM codes, significantly increasing the materials considered application potential assessment.

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Josef, Volak, Bunda Zbynek und Mentl Vaclav. „P92 and 15CH2NMFA Steels – A Comparison of Fatigue Characteristics obtained on standard and miniature test specimens“. Procedia Engineering 213 (2018): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.078.

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Foulds, J., und R. Viswanathan. „Small Punch Testing for Determining the Material Toughness of Low Alloy Steel Components in Service“. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, Nr. 4 (01.10.1994): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904313.

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The toughness of the low alloy ferritic steel material of structural components operating at elevated temperatures can degrade during service due to embrittling phenomena such as carbide coarsening and temper embrittlement. The extent of degradation and the current level of toughness are critical inputs to component structural integrity assessments and to operation and maintenance planning. Conventional test methods for measuring toughness require the removal of large material samples from the in-service component, which is generally impractical. However, the recent development of relatively nondestructive, miniature sample removal systems and the small punch test technique (which utilizes nonstandard, miniature specimens) now provides a convenient, practical means of evaluating the material of an in-service component for toughness and related mechanical properties. This paper describes the small punch test technique with selected examples of its application to various grades of low alloy ferritic steel.

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Kobayashi, Kyosuke, Ikuo Shohji und Hiroaki Hokazono. „Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Miniature Size Specimens of Sn-5Sb Lead-Free Solder“. Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2377.

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Tensile and low cycle fatigue properties of Sn-5Sb (mass%) solder were investigated with miniature size tensile specimens. The effect of temperature and strain rate on tensile properties and the effect of temperature on low cycle fatigue properties were examined. Tensile strength increases with increasing strain rate regardless of temperature investigated. For elongation, the effect of temperature on it is negligible although it slightly increases with increasing strain rate. The low cycle fatigue life of Sn-5Sb obeys by the Manson-Coffin’s equation. The effect of temperature on the fatigue life is negligible in the temperature range from 25 oC to 150 oC. In the low cycle fatigue test with a high total strain range of 4%, cracking at phase boundary mainly occurs regardless of temperature investigated. In the case of a low total strain range of 0.4%, ductile fracture mainly occurs, and cracking at phase boundary with generation of grooves also occurs at high temperature.

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Hiroe, Tetsuyuki, Kazuhito Fujiwara, Hidehiro Hata, K. Watanabe und Mitsuharu Yamamoto. „Mechanical Changes in Materials Caused by Explosive Precompression Shock Waves and the Effects on Fragmentation of Exploding Cylinders“. Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.237.

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Explosive driven rapid fracture in a structural body will be preceded by a compression process, and the compression effects on mechanical properties of the materials are clearly important to understand shock-induced failure such as spall or fragmentation phenomena. In this study, incident shock waves in plate specimens of aluminum A2017-T4 and 304 stainless steel are generated by plane detonation waves in the high explosive PETN initiated using wire-row explosion techniques, and the compressed specimens are successfully recovered without severe damages due to the reflected expansion waves with use of momentum trap method. A hydro code, Autodyn-2D is applied to determine test conditions: thicknesses of explosives, attenuators, specimens and momentum traps and to evaluate experimental results, simulating time-histories of stress waves in the layers of the test assembly. Microhardness distributions in cross-sections, tensile strength, fracture ductility and yield stress are measured for the recovered specimens, using miniature tensile and compression test pieces machined from them. They are compared with those of virgin specimens, showing significant increase of hardness, tensile and yield strength and remarkable reduction of elongation and ductility for shocked specimens. The results are taken into consideration for evaluation of experimental fragmentation energy in cylinder explosion tests.

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Kurishita, Hiroaki, Hideo Kayano, Minoru Narui, Masanori Yamazaki, Yoichi Kano und Itaru Shibahara. „Effects of V-Notch Dimensions on Charpy Impact Test Results for Differently Sized Miniature Specimens of Ferritic Steel“. Materials Transactions, JIM 34, Nr. 11 (1993): 1042–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.34.1042.

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Yang, Bin, und Fu-Zhen Xuan. „Creep behavior of subzones in a CrMoV weldment characterized by the in-situ creep test with miniature specimens“. Materials Science and Engineering: A 723 (April 2018): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.03.051.

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Hyde, T. H., W. Sun und J. A. Williams. „Requirements for and use of miniature test specimens to provide mechanical and creep properties of materials: a review“. International Materials Reviews 52, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 213–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328007x160317.

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Rao, M. Venkateswara. „Application of Small Punch Test to Evaluate Tensile Properties of SA213T22 Grade Boiler Steel“. Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.191.

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Conventional tensile test methods are used for service exposed high temperature boiler tubes to evaluate the deterioration in mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The mechanical properties are required to be evaluated periodically as the boiler components undergo material degradation due to aging phenomena. The aging phenomena occurs due to continuous exposure of tubes to high temperature & pressure steam prevailing inside the tubes and high temperature exposure to corrosive combustible gases from the external surfaces within the boiler.A recent developed new technique called small punch testing has been used to evaluate the tensile properties of SA 213T22 grade steel predominantly exists in super-heater and re-heater sections of boiler. The small punch tests have been carried out on the miniature disk shaped specimens of diameter of 8.0 mm and 0.5 mm thickness extracted from both the new and service exposed tubes. Conventional uniaxial tensile tests on standard specimens from the same tube material have also been performed for comparison. The service exposed tubes showed considerable loss in mechanical properties in both the conventional and small punch test results. Correlations of tensile properties have been obtained based on the comparative analysis of both small punch and uniaxial tensile test results. Further, the study showed that an appropriate empirical relation could be generated for new and service exposed materials between both the techniques. Conventional test methods require large quantity of material removal for test samples from in-service components whereas small punch test method needs only a miniature sample extraction. This small punch test technique could also be extended to evaluate the thicker section boiler components such as pipelines and headers in the boiler as a part of remaining life assessment study. Also this technique could be a useful tool to any metallic component where large quantity of sample removal may be difficult or may not be feasible.

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Li, Xi De, und Cheng Wei. „Real-Time and Full-Field Deflection Measurement of Thin Films Electroplated on the Single Crystal Silicon Wafers“. Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (März 2006): 1289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.1289.

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A special speckle microinterferometer has been developed to test the mechanical properties of thin films electroplated on the single crystal silicon wafer. A piezo-actuated micro-loading unit is synchronized with the microinterfermeter to measure thin film deflection in bending with an accuracy of sub-micrometers. All of the film specimens were microfabricated to be the type of microbridge samples. They are made of Cu and NiFe, the sizes from 1102.9µm to 213.7µm long, 491.0µm to 9.7µm wide. The corresponding thicknesses are 9.4µm and 7.6µm, respectively. Deflections of the microbradge samples can be measured full-field and real-time by using the microinterferometer and no patterning or marking of the specimen surface is needed. The loading force is directly measured using a miniature load cell. The Young’s moduli are calculated for both material and sample size from the load-deflection curves. Test techniques, procedures and factors which affect on the deflection measurements are briefly presented along with detailed analyzes of the results.

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Parvez, Mohammad Masud, Tan Pan, Yitao Chen, Sreekar Karnati, Joseph W. Newkirk und Frank Liou. „High Cycle Fatigue Performance of LPBF 304L Stainless Steel at Nominal and Optimized Parameters“. Materials 13, Nr. 7 (31.03.2020): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071591.

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In additive manufacturing, the variation of the fabrication process parameters influences the mechanical properties of a material such as tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, fatigue strength, and so forth, but fatigue testing of metals fabricated with all different sets of process parameters is a very expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, the nominal process parameters by means of minimum energy input were first identified for a dense part and then the optimized process parameters were determined based on the tensile and impact toughness test results obtained for 304L stainless steel deposited in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. Later, the high cycle fatigue performance was investigated for the material built with these two sets of parameters at horizontal, vertical, and inclined orientation. In this paper, displacement controlled fully reversed (R = −1) bending type fatigue tests at different levels of displacement amplitude were performed on Krouse type miniature specimens. The test results were compared and analyzed by applying the control signal monitoring (CSM) method. The analysis shows that specimen built-in horizontal direction for optimized parameters demonstrates the highest fatigue strength while the vertical specimen built with nominal parameters exhibits the lowest strength.

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Kobayashi, Tatsuya, Kyosuke Kobayashi, Kohei Mitsui und Ikuo Shohji. „Comparison of Sn-5Sb and Sn-10Sb Alloys in Tensile and Fatigue Properties Using Miniature Size Specimens“. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (13.06.2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1416942.

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Tensile and low cycle fatigue properties of Sn-5Sb (mass%) and Sn-10Sb (mass%) were investigated using miniature size specimens, and fracture behaviors of the specimens were observed. Tensile strength and 0.1% proof stress of both alloys decrease with increasing the temperature. The tensile strength and 0.1% proof stress of Sn-10Sb are higher than those of Sn-5Sb at 25°C. Elongation of Sn-5Sb decreases with increasing the temperature except for a strain rate of 2 × 10−1 s−1, while Sn-10Sb increases with increasing temperature. Although elongation of Sn-10Sb is lower than that of Sn-5Sb at 25°C, the difference between them is small at 150°C. Chisel-point fracture was observed in both alloys regardless of conditions of the tensile test. The low cycle fatigue lives of Sn-5Sb and Sn-10Sb alloys obey the Manson–Coffin equation, and the fatigue ductility exponent, α, was 0.54 for Sn-5Sb and 0.46 for Sn-10Sb in the temperature range from 25°C to 150°C. On the basis of the observation of fractured specimens and the investigation of α, it was clarified that the crack progress can be delayed by the formation of coarse SbSn compounds in the Sn-Sb alloy, and thus the fatigue properties can be improved.

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Margolin, B. Z., N. E. Pirogova, A. A. Sorokin und A. M. Morozov. „Evaluation of resistance to corrosion cracking of irradiated austenitic chromium-nickel steels by impact bending tests on miniature specimens“. Voprosy Materialovedeniya, Nr. 2(102) (27.08.2020): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-102-2-200-215.

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In this work, we present results of a bending test of miniature specimens made of chromium-nickel stainless austenitic steels of grades 321 (08Kh18N10T), 316 (06Kh16N11M3) and 304 (02Kh18N9) irradiated to various damage doses from 4 to 125 dpa in different energy neutron spectra. Effects of the damage dose and the neutron energy spectrum on the intergranular fracture energy, which determines the strength of grain boundaries, are studied. Two neutron spectra are considered: one characteristic of the active zone of PWR and WWER reactors, and the other is typical for the active zone of fast core reactors. The relationship between the resistance to corrosion cracking of irradiated chromium-nickel steels 321, 316 and 304 and the strength of grain boundaries is considered.

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Ganesh Kumar, J., K. Laha und M. D. Mathew. „Small Punch Creep Testing Technique for Remnant Life Assessment“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (Juli 2014): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.739.

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Small punch creep (SPC) testing technique is a material non-intensive testing technique for evaluating creep behavior of materials using miniature specimens. It can be used for remnant life assessment (RLA) studies on components in service, by scooping out limited material for testing without impairing the strength of component. In order to ensure the reliability of use of SPC technique for RLA, it is necessary to establish sound database on SPC properties of the material before putting into service. In this investigation, SPC technique was used to evaluate creep properties of 316LN stainless steel using specimens of size 10 x 10 x 0.5 mm. SPC tests were conducted in load controlled mode at 923 K and at various loads. SPC curves clearly exhibited primary, secondary and tertiary creep stages. The minimum deflection rate increased and rupture life decreased with an increase in applied load. Like in conventional creep test results, the minimum deflection rate obeyed Norton’s power law and Monkman-Grant relationship. SPC test was correlated with corresponding conventional creep test. Good correlation was established between creep rupture life values evaluated from SPC tests and conventional creep tests.

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Böhme, L., F. Ströer, A. Keksel, J. Seewig und E. Kerscher. „Forecast of the fatigue crack initiation site of commercially pure Titanium miniature specimens with local surface topography data“. MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111008.

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Surfaces of technical components rarely appear in perfectly smooth condition. During fatigue loading, stress concentrations at surface asperities cause localized plastic deformation that can lead to crack initiation. Therefore, we have established a computer-aided method based on material ratio curves to investigate the possibility to predict the crack initiation site in fatigue tests by using detailed information on the local surface topography. The present study shows the results of investigations on the mutual influence of the average grain size and the surface condition on the fatigue behavior of commercially pure Titanium (cp-Ti) miniature specimens. Three cp-Ti states were investigated: two types of coarse-grained cp-Ti Grade 2 with 35 µm and with 100 µm average grain size and one ultrafine-grained cp-Ti Grade 4 state with less than 2.5 µm average grain size. Confocal microscopy provided the surface topography data of all specimens and data post-processing was applied to the topography in order to locate critical areas where crack initiation may preferentially occur. These areas were compared with the actual crack initiation areas in fatigue test. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surfaces were studied to analyze fatigue crack initiation site and crack path of the three microstructural states.

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Woodford, David A. „Stress Relaxation Testing of Service Exposed IN738 for Creep Strength Evaluation“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, Nr. 3 (15.05.2000): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287345.

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Standard size and miniature specimens of IN738 were taken from a service exposed turbine blade and vane for comparative stress relaxation testing at 800C, 850C, and 900C. Base data taken from root section material were used to construct stress versus creep rate parametric curves which could be used directly in design. Up to five decades in creep rates were obtained at each temperature from tests lasting less than one day. The data were also presented in the form of stress versus predicted times to 0.5 percent creep which compared well with available long time creep data. Differences were noted in specimens taken from different locations in the airfoil regions which probably resulted from differences in grain size or orientation. Based on these measurements it was concluded that there was no significant effect of section size on creep strength as defined by this test, and that the alloy was quite insensitive to prior deformation and thermal exposures. A life management procedure, using a combination of creep strength evaluation based on the stress relaxation test and a separate fracture evaluation measurement, is outlined in which end of useful life is defined in terms of minimum acceptable performance levels. [S0742-4795(00)01803-2]

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de Carvalho, S. S., R. Barker, M. C. Folena, M. Al-Khateeb, K. A. Mohammed, J. A. C. P. Gomes, H. M. Thompson und A. Neville. „An Experimental Investigation of Top-of-Line Corrosion in a Static CO2 Environment“. Corrosion 77, Nr. 5 (27.02.2021): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3548.

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This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation into water condensation and corrosion under noncorrosion product forming conditions at the top of the line in a static, CO2 environment. An experimental test cell is developed to measure droplet lifetimes, condensation rates, as well as in situ and integrated corrosion rates (using miniature electrodes and mass loss specimens, respectively) as a function of the surface and gas temperatures when the gas flow is dominated by natural convection. Experimental results show clearly that the water condensation rate is not very influential on the corrosion rate at low surface temperatures (Ts) (particularly below 25°C) but becomes much more important at higher surface temperatures (>40°C). These findings are summarized in a new empirical correlation for the top-of-line corrosion rate as a function of the condensation rate and surface temperature. A model for condensation at the top of line for static, buoyancy-driven conditions is also presented and is shown to predict dropwise condensation rates accurately for a range of experimental conditions. The developed miniature electrodes for in situ electrochemical measurement are shown to provide an accurate interpretation of the transient response in general corrosion behavior by giving real-time corrosion rates to complement the mass loss measurement.

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Yamamoto, Masato, und Takashi Ogata. „Microscopic Damage Mechanism of Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 738LC Under Creep-Fatigue Conditions“. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 122, Nr. 3 (01.03.2000): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.482803.

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Creep-fatigue damage in Inconel 738LC was clarified by in-situ observation and a new creep-fatigue life prediction model was proposed based on the mechanism identified. Creep-fatigue tests on standard specimens show that the tensile hold creep-fatigue lives were reduced to 60 to 80 percent and those in the compressive hold condition were reduced to 20 to 40 percent of the fatigue life of the same total strain condition. In-situ creep-fatigue tests on miniature specimens show that grain boundary sliding could be observed under the compressive strain hold condition and under the tensile strain hold condition grain boundary cavity damage and grain boundary sliding were observed. These mechanisms are regarded as the main cause of the damage acceleration under the creep-fatigue loading conditions. Therefore, the new creep-fatigue life prediction model, which is based on the nonlinear damage accumulation method, employed two damage acceleration parameters “dsl” and “dcr,” which represent grain boundary sliding damage and grain boundary cavity damage, respectively. Creep-fatigue lives of the test results were well predicted by the proposed model. [S0094-4289(00)01203-2]

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Kobayashi, Tatsuya, und Ikuo Shohji. „Evaluation of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Sn-10Sb-Ni Lead-Free Solder Alloys with Small Amount of Ni Using Miniature Size Specimens“. Metals 9, Nr. 12 (14.12.2019): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121348.

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Sn-Sb-Ni solder alloy is expected to be used as a die-attach material for a next-generation power semiconductors in power module. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of the Ni content on microstructures, tensile, and fatigue properties of Sn-10Sb-xNi (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50) (mass%) lead-free solder alloys using miniature size specimens. The Sn-10Sb-Ni solder alloys have the microstructure in which Sb-Sn and Ni-Sb compounds are dispersed in the β-Sn matrix. As the Sb and Ni content increases, Sb-Sn and Ni-Sb compounds are coarsened, respectively. The effect of the Ni content on tensile properties of the alloy is slight at 25 °C. At 150 °C and 200 °C, 0.1% proof stress and tensile strength increase gradually with the Ni content increases, and saturate at the Ni amount over 0.25 mass%. According to the fatigue test at 200 °C, the fatigue properties of Sn-10Sb-Ni with 0.10–0.25 mass% Ni are better than that of the Sn-10Sb. From the experimental results, Sn-10Sb-Ni with 0.10–0.25 mass% Ni have superior mechanical properties.

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Adewole, Kazeem K., und Steve J. Bull. „PREDICTION OF TENSILE AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF CRACKED CARBON STEEL WIRES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION“. JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, Nr. 2 (10.03.2014): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.861862.

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Steel wires are used as a bridge construction material and as pre-stressing strands or tendons in pre-stressed structural units among other applications in civil engineering. To date, the estimation of the load carrying capacity of a cracked wire has been based on purely experimental classical fracture mechanics work conducted with non-standardised classical fracture mechanics specimens as standard test specimens could not be manufactured from the wire owing to their size. In this work, experimental mechanical tests and finite element simulation with the phenomenological shear fracture model has been conducted to investigate the effect of miniature cracks with dimensions less than or equal to 0.2 mm (which is the limit of the current non-destructive detection technology) on the tensile and fracture properties of flat carbon steel wire. The investigation revealed that the reduction in the displacement at fracture of the wire due to the presence of cracks shallower than 0.2 mm is significantly higher than the reduction in the fracture load of the wire. Consequently, the displacement at fracture and by extension the fracture strain capacity of the wire could serve as a more appropriate parameter to assess the quality and the structural integrity of cracked wires.

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Nicoletto, Gianni, Radomila Konečná, Ludvík Kunz und Martin Frkáň. „Influence of as-built surface on fatigue strength and notch sensitivity of Ti6Al4V alloy produced by DMLS“. MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816502002.

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Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is one of the additive manufacturing technologies involving a metal powder bed and a laser source to obtain components of complex geometry. The fatigue life of an as-built DMLS part is negatively influenced by the rough surface compared to a machined surface. Since most DMLS components are expected to have also stress concentrations, here the combined effect on fatigue of a as-built surface and a geometrical notch in as-built DMLS Ti6Al4V was investigated using a new test methodology. Miniature specimens having three different directions with respect to build direction were fabricated and tested determining the directional fatigue notch sensitivity of as-built DMLS Ti6Al4V Optical inspection of notch surface quality and roughness measurements demonstrated a ranking of the directional notches that inversely correlated to the measured fatigue performance. The link among the curved surface orientation, the peculiar layer-wise additive manufacturing fabrication and the fatigue notch sensitivity is clarified.

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Barrett, R. V. „Transition detection for laminar flow aircraft using microphones beneath the surface of laser drilled suction panels“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 214, Nr. 3 (01.03.2000): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410001531971.

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The possibility of detecting transition through the very small laser drilled perforations in panels representing the suction surface of a hybrid laminar flow aircraft is examined. The method uses miniature microphones to detect changes to the noise received from the boundary layer. Tests using a flat plate rig in a low-turbulence wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers up to 3.8 million per metre, demonstrate that the boundary layer state can be defined in this manner, most simply through measurement of the root mean square (r.m.s.) of the microphone signal. It is shown that the r.m.s. reaches a peak in the transition zone and that when the boundary layer is fully turbulent the value is still significantly higher than it was before transition. Porosity in the range 0.8-6.4 percent was examined, with nominal hole diameters of 0.06 and 0.10 mm in 0.9 mm thick laser drilled suction surface specimens. Suction flow through the surface was found not adversely to affect the operation of the system. The experiment was limited to low Reynolds numbers because the high background noise in the wind tunnel made detection of the boundary layer element of the signal increasingly difficult to define as speed increased. It is considered that test in flight will be needed to prove fully the validity of the method. A preliminary design of an installation for this purpose is suggested that allows the suction flow to be maintained over the measuring region.

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SONOYA, Keiji, und Masaki KITAGAWA. „Evaluation of Creep Rupture Properties with Miniature Test Specimen.“ Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 41, Nr. 460 (1992): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.41.112.

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Wunder, J., A. Karl, A. Dwars und A. Böhm. „Instrumented impact test of duplex stainless steel miniature specimen“. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 44, Nr. 9 (September 2013): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201300080.

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Partheepan, G., D. K. Sehgal und R. K. Pandey. „Fracture toughness evaluation using miniature specimen test and neural network“. Computational Materials Science 44, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2008): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.04.013.

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46

Wei, Y., C. L. Chow, H. E. Fang, M. K. Neilsen, T. J. Lim und W. Lu. „Failure Analysis of Miniature Solder Specimen“. Journal of Electronic Packaging 126, Nr. 1 (01.03.2004): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1648060.

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The effects of specimen geometry size on the behavior of 63Sn-37Pb solder are investigated both experimentally in the laboratory and analytically with finite-element simulations. The simulations are achieved by developing a constitutive model for solder which couples viscoplasticity with a unified damage theory. The unified damage theory is characterized by a damage surface in strain space which separates fatigue damage from inelastic damage. The damage evolution equations are derived within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics. A series of uniaxial tension, tensile creep, and strain-controlled fatigue experiments are performed to obtain material parameters for the solder damage model. The solder damage model is then implemented into a finite element code and used to simulate a uniaxial tension test on a miniature specimen and on a standard ASTM specimen (ASTM Standards, 1999, “Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” ASTM E8-78). Predictions from these simulations are then compared with each other and with experimental results in order to examine microstructure size effects.

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Peter, D., F. Otto, T. Depka, P. Nörtershäuser und G. Eggeler. „High temperature test rig for inert atmosphere miniature specimen creep testing“. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 42, Nr. 6 (Juni 2011): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201100682.

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Kurtz, S. M., C. W. Jewett, J. S. Bergström, J. R. Foulds und A. A. Edidin. „Miniature specimen shear punch test for UHMWPE used in total joint replacements“. Biomaterials 23, Nr. 9 (Mai 2002): 1907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00316-7.

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Jha, B. B., T. K. Sahoo, D. Tripathy und Barada Kanta Mishra. „Assessment of Microstructural Degradation in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Using Miniature Specimen Technique“. Defect and Diffusion Forum 319-320 (Oktober 2011): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.319-320.25.

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Miniature specimen techniques viz. small-punch tests (SPT) have been carried out at room temperature in order to correlate the microstructural degradation of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with that of SPT parameters. Microstructural degradation of this steel has been introduced as a result of thermal ageing corresponding to Larson-Miller parameters (LMP) values of 33,012, 35,402, 37,846 and 38,374. SPT parameters viz. total area and area under the region of plastic instability of the load-displacement curve have been found to decrease with an increase in LMP values. A strength parameter viz. UTS obtained using uniaxial tensile tests has also been found to decrease with an increase in LMP values. The results indicated that miniature specimen techniques viz. small-punch test could be successfully used to assess the degradation of microstructures in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel generated due to their exposure to high temperatures.

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Lu, Yan Yan, Liang Chen und Kai Shu Guan. „Determination and Validation of Gurson-Tvergaard Model Parameters for Finite Element Simulation of Small Punch Test“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 750 (April 2015): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.750.59.

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Small punch test (SPT) is a miniature sample test technique which can evaluate in-service material properties with an almost non-destructive method. Since the deformation behavior of the small punch specimen is complicated, finite element simulation embedded with Gurson-Tvergaard (GTN) model is adopted to simulate elastic-plastic behaviour until fracture. Choosing the proper GTN parameters is crucial for the small punch simulation, which directly influence the precision of load-displacement curve obtained from simulation. In this paper, load-displacement curve is divided into five stages and the parameters identification process is done by adjusting the simulation curve with experimental load-displacement curve in different stages which controlled by separately parameters. The results show that the parameters determined based on this criterion are not unique. In order to validate the reliability of this method, specimen’s minimum thickness of cross-section after fracture was introduced as an extra criterion which turned out to be feasible. Load-displacement curves cannot serve as the only criterion to verify the GTN parameters.

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