Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Mineralogy“

Die Universitätsgründung in Berlin von 1810 war verbunden mit der Übernahme des Lehrbetriebes der aufgelösten Bergakademie, die nur noch in Form des Bergeleveninstituts bzw. Bergelevenklasse für die Finanzierung der Ausbildung der Bergeleven weiter bestand, sowie mit der Übernahme des von der Bergakademie genutzten Königlichen Mineralienkabinetts der preußischen Bergverwaltung als Mineralogisches Museum der Universität. Infolge des Todes von D. L. G. Karsten im Jahre 1810 erhielt der Leipziger Physiker und Mineraloge C. S. Weiss den Lehrstuhl für Mineralogie, den er bis zu seinem Tode 1856 innehatte. Weiss entwickelte die Lehre Werners, die die Mineralogie einschließlich Geologie umfasste, in kristallographischer Hinsicht weiter, während sich später neben ihm zwei seiner Schüler anderen Teilgebieten der Mineralogie annahmen, G. Rose der speziellen Mineralogie und E. Beyrich der geologischen Paläontologie. Der Ausbau der Sammlungen durch eigene Aufsammlungen, Schenkungen und Käufe konnte in starkem Maße fortgesetzt werden, auch zunehmend in paläontologischer Hinsicht, sodass das Mineralogische Museum für das ganze Spektrum der Lehre gut bestückt war. Der streitbare Charakter von Weiss verursachte zahlreiche Reibungspunkte. <br><br> History of the Geoscience Institutes of the Natural History Museum in Berlin. Part 4 <br><br> The establishment of the University in Berlin in 1810 resulted in the adoption of the teaching of the dissolved Bergakademie and of the royal Mineralienkabinett of the Prussian mining department, which was used by the Bergakademie before it became the Mineralogical Museum of the University. The Bergakademie continued to exist only as Bergeleveninstitut or Bergelevenklasse for financing the education of the mining students. The physicist and mineralogist C. S. Weiss was offered the chair of mineralogy after the death of D. L. G. Karsten 1810; he had the position to his death in 1856. Weiss developped the crystallographic part of the science of Werner which included mineralogy and geology. Two of his pupils progressed two other parts of mineralogy, G. Rose the speciel mineralogy and E. Beyrich the geological paleontology. The enlargement of the collections continued on large scale by own collecting, donations and purchases, also more paleontological objects, so that the Mineralogical Museum presented a good collection of the whole spectrum of the field. The pugnacious nature of Weiss resulted in many points of friction. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20010040102" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.20010040102</a>

This issue of Mineralogical Magazine is the 5th in a loosely defined series of special thematic issues (or part issues), deriving from conferences organized by the Mineralogical Society. The associated conference was entitled ‘Environmental Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Human Health’ and took place in January 2005, in Bath. A common thread to all these Mineralogical Society conferences has been the role of mineralogy in applied science and technology and particularly in environmental science, focussing on the multidisciplinarity of modern mineralogy; the conferences (and special issues) have been particularly successful in bringing along scientists from outside traditional Mineralogy/Earth Sciences. Notably, the series comes at a time when the popularity of Mineralogy/Geology, but also science in general, is low, and many, particularly young, scientists are seeking to place themselves in a better position in the eye of the public and the media, and often also to find new focus for their research. A primary ambition for the series is thus to demonstrate Mineralogy's extensive outreach and has so far succeeded in giving the scientific community a sense of the wider role mineralogists can play.

Effective energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX) with a scanning electron microscope of fine-grained materials (submicrometer scale) is hampered by the interaction volume of the primary electron beam, whose diameter usually is larger than the size of the grains to be analyzed. Therefore, mixed signals of the chemistry of individual grains are expected, and EDX is commonly not applied to such fine-grained material. However, by applying a low primary beam acceleration voltage, combined with a large aperture, and a dedicated mineral classification in the mineral library employed by the Zeiss Mineralogic software platform, mixed signals could be deconvoluted down to a size of 200 nm. In this way, EDX and automated quantitative mineralogy can be applied to investigations of submicrometer-sized grains. It is shown here that reliable quantitative mineralogy and grain size distribution assessment can be made based on an example of fault gouge with a heterogenous mineralogy collected from Ikkattup nunaa Island, southern West Greenland.

Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a useful tool for direct and on-site identification of rock mineralogy in spite of the difficulties arising in spectral evaluation, due to limited availability of spectral libraries at the time. Especially in the field, a functional methodology for the identification and evaluation if possible, of the geologic materials, is of interest to many researchers. However, several different parameters (such as grain size, color, mineralogy, texture, water content etc.) can affect the spectroscopic properties of the samples resulting in spectral variability. The subject of the present work focuses in various lithotypes (monzodiorite, diorite, altered diorite, actinolite schist, cataclasite, slate) from Kos Island, Aegean Sea, in Greece, all bearing hydrous minerals in various amounts. The evaluation of the results obtained from NIR spectroscopy offered important qualitative information about the mineralogy of the lithotypes examined. The important asset of the method is that no sample preparation was necessary. From the reflectance spectra, the NIR-active minerals that were identified include chlorite, micas, amphiboles and epidotes. Petrographic and mineralogic analyses were also employed in order to confirm the NIR results and provide more detailed information about the mineralogy of the samples, the grain size and the orientation of the minerals. Correlation of wavelength positions at ~1400 nm with loss on ignition (LOI) values led us to relate the various lithotypes in terms of their petrological affinities. NIR spectroscopy was proved to be a useful tool, especially for the mineralogic identification of rocks underwent low- to medium grade metamorphism, from greenschist to amphibolite facies.

Orientador: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho
Banca: Aroldo Misi
Banca: Yociteru Hasui
Banca: Jorge Silva Bettencourt
Banca: Antenor Zanardo
O presente trabalho reúne 3 artigos científicos, já formalizados para publicação em revistas internacionais, foi confeccionado para ser apresentado como tese de doutorado
Artigos em inglês, introdução e resumo em português
Resumo: O depósito de Fortaleza de Minas vem sendo estudado a mais de 20 anos desde a sua descoberta em 1983 e apresenta similaridades com outros depósitos komatiíticos arqueanos descritos na literatura. Sua configuração atual reflete ação de processos metamórficos e deformacionais diversos gerando novos tipos de minério sem, no entanto, perder sua identidade primária komatiítica e permitindo reconstruir sua faciologia vulcanológica. Contexto regional A região de Fortaleza de Minas corresponde a um bloco cratônico arqueano retrabalhado na Faixa Móvel Brasília de idade neoproterozóica. Os terrenos granito-greenstone afloram em meio à metasedimentos supracrustais proterozóicos dos grupos Araxá e Canastra que compõe a nappe de Passos. O bloco arqueano corresponde ao limite sul do antigo Craton do Paramirim fazendo contato com o cinturão granulítico de Alfenas a Sul. Estudos geológicos e geofísicos recentes demonstram que esta área corresponde a uma zona de junção entre dois blocos crustais, denominados Brasília e São Paulo, que representam duas paleo-placas separadas pela zona de sutura de Alterosa. No bloco Brasília ocorrem os greenstone belts de Morro do Ferro e Pihum-i. As idades obtidas para estes greenstone belts estão distribuídas entre 2,8 e 2,9 Ga e 2,9 e 3,1 Ga respectivamente e são discutidas no capítulo 3. O greenstone belt do Morro do Ferro ocorre como faixas descontínuas e estreitas estruturadas em quilhas sinclinais representando as raízes desta seqüência greenstone. Estão fortemente deformadas e cortadas pelo sistema sinistral de falhas transcorrentes Campo do Meio responsável pela estruturação sigmoidal da região (capítulo 2) (Fig. 1, pg. 33 e Fig. 1, pg.4). O Greenstone Belt Morro do Ferro é representado por derrames komatiíticos e mais restritamente toleíticos com intercalações subordinadas de sedimentos químicos exalativos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: After 20 years of exploration and mining in the Fortaleza de Minas nickel deposit (formerly known as O'Toole) a better understanding of the geological framework and the volcanic environment was achieved. The different ore types observed in the deposit and its distribution revealed the original volcanic setting for the ore formation and also the geological evolution and transformation of the different ore types. The nickel mineralization is classified as a Type 1 deposit (Lesher and Keays, 2002). It is associated to an open trough structure of lava pathway. Later metamorphism and deformation obliterated most of the original volcanic textures and promoted a strong stretching of the ore zone and remobilization of the massive breccia ore along a major shear zone installed at the base of an upper fractionated host flow unit in contact with a footwall BIF. In the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano Cycle (0.6 Ga) a new ore type was formed of hydrothermal origin with extremely high nickel grades and PGE nuggests...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Doutor

The underlying research that resulted in this doctoral dissertation was performed at the Division of Economic Geology and Petrology of the Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg between 2011 and 2014. It was the primary aim of this thesis to develop and test novel applications for the technology of ‘Automated Mineralogy’ in the field of economic geology and geometallurgy. A “Mineral Liberation Analyser” (MLA) instrument of FEI Company was used to conduct most analytical studies. This automated system is an image analysis system based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image acquisition and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry which can be used to determine both quantitative mineralogical data and mineral processing-relevant parameters. The analyses can be conducted with unconsolidated and solid rocks but also with ores and products of the mineral processing and recycling industry. In consequence of a first-time broadly-based and comprehensive literature review of more than 1,700 publications related to all types of automated SEM-based image analysis systems several trends in the publication chronicle were observed. Publications related to mineral processing lead the field of automated mineralogy-related publications. However, this is with a somewhat smaller proportion than expected and with a significant decrease in share between around 2000 and 2014. The latter is caused by a gradual but continuous introduction of new areas of application for automated mineralogical analysis such as the petroleum industry, petrology or environmental sciences. Furthermore, the quantity of automated mineralogy systems over time was carefully assessed. It is shown that the market developed from many individual developments in the 1970s and 1980s, often conducted from research institutes, e.g., CSIRO and JKMRC, or universities, to a duopoly - Intellection Pty Ltd and JKTech MLA - in the 1990s and 2000s and finally to a monopoly by FEI Company since 2009. However, the number of FEI’s competitors, such as Zeiss, TESCAN, Oxford Instruments, and Robertson CGG, and their competing systems are increasing since 2011. Particular focus of this study, published in three research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, was the development of suitable methodological approaches to deploy MLA to new materials and in new contexts. Data generated are then compared with data obtained by established analytical techniques to enable critical assessment and validation of the methods developed. These include both quantitative mineralogical analysis as well as methods of particle characterisation. The first scientific paper “Use of Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) in the Characterization of Lithium-Bearing Micas” deals with the field of mineral processing and describes the characterisation of lithium-bearing zinnwaldite mica - as potential natural resource for lithium - by MLA as well as the achievement of mineralogical association data for zinnwaldite and associated minerals. Two different approaches were studied to comminute the samples for this work, conventional comminution by crusher as well as high-voltage pulse selective fragmentation. By this study it is shown that the MLA can provide mineral data of high quality from silicate mineral resources and results very comparable to established analytical methods. Furthermore, MLA yields additional relevant information - such as particle and grain sizes as well as liberation and grade-recovery data. This combination of quantitative data cannot be attained with any other single analytical method. The second article “Characterisation of graphite by automated mineral liberation analysis” is also located in the field of mineral processing. This research article is the first published contribution on the characterisation of graphite, an important industrial mineral, by MLA respectively an automated mineralogy-related analytical method. During this study graphite feeds and concentrates were analysed. By this study it is shown that it is possible to gather statistically relevant data of graphite samples by MLA. Furthermore, the MLA results are validated by quantitative X-ray powder diffraction as well as particle size determinations by laser diffraction and sieve analysis. The third research paper “Nature and distribution of PGE mineralisation in gabbroic rocks of the Lusatian Block, Saxony, Germany” deals with the scientific field of geoscience. In this study it is shown that it is possible to obtain a significant body of novel mineralogical information by applying MLA analysis in a region previously regarded as being well-studied. The complex nature and relatively large distribution of the occurring platinum group minerals (PGM) is well illustrated by this contribution. During previous light microscopic studies and infrequent electron microprobe measurements only a handful isolated PGM grains were identified and characterised. In this investigation, using the samples of previous studies, 7 groups of PGM and 6 groups of associated tellurides as well as in total more than 1,300 mineral grains of both mineral groups were identified. Based on the data obtained, important insight regarding mineral associations, mineral paragenesis and the potential genesis of the PGM is obtained. Within this context, the value of MLA studies for petrological research focused on trace minerals is documented. MLA yields results that are both comprehensive and unbiased, thus permitting novel insight into the distribution and characteristics of trace minerals. This, in turn, is immensely useful when developing new concepts on the genesis of trace minerals, but may also give rise to the development of a novel generation of exploration tools, i.e., mineralogical vectors towards exploration akin to currently used geochemical vectors. The present dissertation shows that automated mineralogy by using a Mineral Liberation Analyser is able to deliver a unique combination of quantitative data on mineralogy and several physical attributes that are relevant for ore geology and mineral processing alike. It is in particular the automation and unbiasedness of data, as well as the availability of textural data, size and shape information for particles and mineral grains, as well as mineral association and mineral liberation data that define major advantages of MLA analyses - compared to other analytical methods. Despite the fact that results are obtained only on 2-D polished surfaces, quantitative results obtained compare well/very well to results obtained by other analytical methods. This is attributed mainly due to the fact that a very large and statistically sound number of mineral grains/particles are analysed. Similar advantages are documented when using the MLA as an efficient tool to search for and characterise trace minerals of petrological or economic significance
Die Forschung die der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation (‚Publikationsdissertation‘) zugrunde liegt wurde im Zeitraum 2011-2014 am Lehrstuhl für Lagerstättenlehre und Petrologie des Institutes für Mineralogie der TU Bergakademie Freiberg durchgeführt. Das primäre Ziel dieser Arbeit war es neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Technik der Automatisierten Mineralogie im Gebiet der Lagerstättenkunde und Geometallurgie zu entwickeln und zu testen. Im Mittelpunkt der wissenschaftlichen Studien stand die analytische Nutzung des Großgerätes „Mineral Liberation Analyser“ (MLA) der Firma FEI Company. Dieses automatisierte System ist ein Bildanalysesystem und basiert auf der Erfassung von Rasterelektronenmikroskopiebildern und energiedispersiver Röntgen-spektroskopie. Mit Hilfe der MLA-Analysetechnik lassen sich sowohl statistisch gesichert quantitative mineralogisch relevante als auch Aufbereitungsprozess-relevante Parameter ermitteln. Die Analysen können sowohl an Locker- und Festgesteinen als auch an Erzen und Produkten der Aufbereitungs- und Recyclingindustrie durchgeführt werden. Infolge einer erstmaligen, breit angelegten und umfassenden Literaturrecherche von mehr als 1.700 Publikationen im Zusammenhang mit allen Arten von automatisierten REM-basierten Bildanalysesystemen konnten verschiedene Trends in der Publikations¬historie beobachtet werden. Publikationen mit Bezug auf die Aufbereitung mineralischer Rohstoffe führen das Gebiet der Automatisierte Mineralogie-bezogenen Publikationen an. Der Anteil der Aufbereitungs-bezogenen Publikationen an der Gesamtheit der relevanten Publikationen ist jedoch geringer als erwartet und zeigt eine signifikante Abnahme des prozentualen Anteils zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2014. Letzteres wird durch eine kontinuierliche Einführung neuer Anwendungsbereiche für die automatisierte mineralogische Analyse, wie zum Beispiel in der Öl- und Gasindustrie, der Petrologie sowie den Umweltwissenschaften verursacht. Weiterhin wurde die Anzahl der Systeme der Automatisierten Mineralogie über die Zeit sorgfältig bewertet. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich der Markt von vielen einzelnen Entwicklungen in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren, die oft von Forschungsinstituten, wie z. B. CSIRO und JKMRC, oder Universitäten ausgeführt wurden, zu einem Duopol - Intellection Pty Ltd und JKTech MLA - in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren und schließlich seit 2009 zu einem Monopol der FEI Company entwickelte. Allerdings steigt die Anzahl der FEI-Konkurrenten, wie Zeiss, TESCAN, Oxford Instruments und Robertson CGG, und deren Konkurrenzsysteme seit 2011. Ein Schwerpunkt der drei von Experten begutachteten und in internationalen Fachzeitschriften publizierten Artikel dieser Studie war die Entwicklung eines geeigneten methodischen Ansatzes um die MLA-Technik für neue Materialien und in neuem Kontext zu verwenden. Die erzeugten Daten wurden mit Daten die von etablierten analytischen Techniken gewonnen wurden verglichen, um eine kritische Bewertung und Validierung der entwickelten Methoden zu ermöglichen. Dazu gehören sowohl quantitative mineralogische Analysen als auch Methoden der Partikelcharakterisierung. Der Schwerpunkt der Studie zum ersten Fachartikel „Use of Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) in the Characterization of Lithium-Bearing Micas“ liegt im Gebiet der Aufbereitung mineralischer Rohstoffe. Er beschreibt die Charakterisierung von Zinnwaldit-Glimmer - einem potentiellen Lithium-Rohstoff - durch die MLA-Technik sowie das Erringen von Mineralverwachsungsdaten für Zinnwaldit und assoziierter Minerale. Dabei wurden zwei unterschiedliche Wege der Probenzerkleinerung des Rohstoffes untersucht. Zum einen erfolgte eine konventionelle Zerkleinerung der Proben mittels Brecher und Mühle, zum anderen eine selektive Zerkleinerung durch Hoch¬spannungsimpulse. Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass die automatisierte Rasterelektronen¬mikroskopie-basierte Bildanalyse mittels MLA von silikatischen Rohstoffen Mineral¬informationen von hoher Güte zur Verfügung stellen kann und die Ergebnisse gut vergleichbar mit etablierten analytischen Methoden sind. Zusätzlich liefert die MLA weitere wertvolle Informationen wie zum Beispiel Partikel-/Mineralkorngrößen, Aussagen zum Mineralfreisetzungsgrad sowie Gehalt-Ausbring-Kurven des Wertstoffes. Diese Kombination von quantitativen Daten kann mit keiner anderen analytischen Einzelmethode erreicht werden. Der zweite Fachartikel „Characterisation of graphite by automated mineral liberation analysis“ ist ebenfalls im Fachgebiet der Aufbereitung mineralischer Rohstoffe angesiedelt. Während dieser Studie wurden Edukte und Produkte der Aufbereitung von Graphit-Erzen untersucht. Der vorliegende Artikel ist der erste in einer internationalen Fachzeitschrift publizierte Beitrag zur Charakterisierung des Industrieminerals Graphit mittels MLA-Technik bzw. einer Analysenmethode der Automatisierten Mineralogie. Mit der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, auch mit der MLA statistisch relevante Daten von Graphitproben zu erfassen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ergebnisse der MLA-Analysen durch quantitative Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie sowie Partikelgrößen-bestimmungen durch Laserbeugung und Siebanalyse validiert. Der dritte Fachartikel „Nature and distribution of PGE mineralisation in gabbroic rocks of the Lusatian Block, Saxony, Germany“ ist im Gegensatz zu den ersten beiden Artikeln im Gebiet der Geowissenschaften angesiedelt. In dieser Studie wird gezeigt, dass es möglich ist mittels MLA-Analyse eine signifikante Anzahl neuer Daten von einem eigentlich schon gut untersuchten Arbeitsgebiet zu gewinnen. So konnte erst mit der MLA die komplexe Natur und relativ große Verbreitung der auftretenden Platingruppenelement-führenden Minerale (PGM) geklärt werden. Während früherer lichtmikroskopischer Analysen und einzelner Elektronenstrahlmikrosonden-Messungen konnten nur eine Handvoll weniger, isolierter PGM-Körner nachgewiesen und halbquantitativ charakterisiert werden. In der vorliegenden Studie konnten nun, an den von früheren Studien übernommenen Proben, 7 PGM-Gruppen und 6 assoziierte Telluridmineral-Gruppen mit insgesamt mehr als 1.300 Mineralkörnern beider Mineralgruppen nachgewiesen werden. Auf der Grundlage der gewonnenen Daten wurden wichtige Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf Mineralassoziationen, Mineralparagenese und zur möglichen Genese der PGM erreicht. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde der Wert der MLA-Studien für petrologische Forschung mit dem Fokus auf Spurenminerale dokumentiert. Die MLA liefert Ergebnisse, die sowohl umfassend und unvoreingenommen sind, wodurch neue Einblicke in die Verteilung und Charakteristika der Spurenminerale erlaubt werden. Dies wiederum ist ungemein nützlich für die Entwicklung neuer Konzepte zur Genese von Spurenmineralen, kann aber auch zur Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von Explorationswerkzeugen führen, wie zum Beispiel mineralogische Vektoren zur Rohstofferkundung ähnlich wie derzeit verwendete geochemische Vektoren. Mit der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift wird aufgezeigt, dass Automatisierte Mineralogie mittels Mineral Liberation Analyser eine einzigartige Kombination an quantitativen Daten zur Mineralogie und verschiedene physikalische Attribute, relevant sowohl für die Lagerstättenforschung als auch für die Aufbereitung mineralischer Rohstoffe, liefern kann. Im Vergleich zu anderen etablierten analytischen Methoden sind es insbesondere die Automatisierung und Unvoreingenommenheit der Daten sowie die Verfügbarkeit von Gefügedaten, Größen- und Forminformationen für Partikel und Mineralkörner, Daten zu Mineralassoziationen und Mineralfreisetzungen welche die großen Vorteile der MLA-Analysen definieren. Trotz der Tatsache, dass die Ergebnisse nur von polierten 2-D Oberflächen erhalten werden, lassen sich die quantitativen Ergebnisse gut/sehr gut mit Ergebnissen anderer Analysemethoden vergleichen. Dies kann vor allem der Tatsache zugeschrieben werden, dass eine sehr große und statistisch solide Anzahl von Mineralkörnern/Partikeln analysiert wird. Ähnliche Vorteile sind bei der Verwendung der MLA als effizientes Werkzeug für die Suche und Charakterisierung von Spurenmineralen von petrologischer oder wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung dokumentiert

Master of Science
Department of Geology
George R. Clark II
Conulariids are one of the most enigmatic groups of fossil organisms, and have been stimulating debates since the late 19th century. Many major questions remain; for example, three independent researchers (Babcock and Feldman, 1986b; Oliver and Coates, 1987; Van Iten, 1992b) reported three different mineralogies for the conulariid test within a six-year period, and are not known to have reached an agreement. Conulariid morphology is also debated, and many workers seem unable to agree on the basic architecture of the test or how it grows. Conulariid workers have also attempted to determine the taxonomic classification of conulariids, especially whether they have cnidarian affinities or occupy their own phylum. My work attempts to clarify some of these issues, as well as determine whether any morphological variation exists within single species of conulariids in different paleoenvironments. To this end, I have collected and prepared specimens for examination by scanning electron microscopy, transmitted polarized light microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrophotometery, and x-ray defractometry. Results include evidence for the presence of organic matrix in the conulariid test microstructure, the presence of three types of lamellae in the test, and support for carbonate-rich apatite [Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,F)] mineralogy. Details of the test microstructure add further support for a coronatid scyphozoan affinity. The conulariid species examined here displayed no microstructural or mineralogical variation between different paleoenvironments (unless two of the species are actually environmental varieties, which seem unlikely).

Ti-rich minerals occur in xenoliths of metasomatized mantle peridotites, MARID and PIC. Xenocrysts produced by disaggregation during the intrusion have equivalent compositions. Early crystallization in the first intrusive stage in kimberlites and related rocks produces olivine phenocrysts that may have trapped inclusions of co-crystallizing rutile, Mg-rich ilmenite to geikielite and chromite. Geikielite may replace Ti-bearing minerals of the xenocrystic suite, producing a suite of magnesian ilmenites of intermediate compositions that follow an Mg enrichment trend depending on the grade of interaction xenocrysts/magma. Phlogopite microphenocrysts can start to crystallize in this stage. A second magmatic stage produces saturation in pyrophanite, that can precipitate or react with all the above Ti-rich minerals, producing crystallization of a suite of intermediate manganoan ilmenites whose compositions depend on that of the replaced Ti-mineral and the grade of interaction of the magma with the above crystals. Lately in this stage, qandilite-ulvöspinel-magnetite start to crystallize, together with perovskite, along with phlogopite microphenocrysts. Finally, the crystallization of ulvöspinel-magnetite crystals may be produced in disequilibria, inducing the development of atoll textures. Groundmass phlogopite crystallize in the late magmagtic stage. Monticellite can be formed in this stage. Interstitial glass can be produced at the end of this stage. Subsolidus hydrothermal processes are widespread in most of the kimberlites, with replacement of the early minerals by hydrous and carbonic fluids of kimberlitic provenance. Olivines and glass are replaced by serpentines and carbonates. A sequence of ilmenites (geikielite followed by pyrophanite) can precipitate directly or replace the above Ti-bearing minerals. Spinels and perovskites may also be replaced by Ti hydrogarnets and late perovskite or kassite accompanied by aeschynite. The composition of the replacing ilmenite depends on that of the replaced mineral. Hence, these ilmenites can retain Nb, Cr, Zr when replacing rutile or perovskite, chromite or crichtonite. Therefore, the trace composition of ilmenite cannot be used to extract petrogenetic information. Mg- or Mn-ilmenites cannot be used as DIM because they are very late minerals formed during the intrusion. When plotting the composition of these minerals in the existing IUGS classification diagrams there is an extensive overlap among kimberlites and related rocks. Thus the existing classification diagrams are not useful and we propose some amendments to the existing classification.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mina Bom Futuro é atualmente uma das maiores produtora de estanho do país, com uma produção média anual nos últimos 10 anos de cerca de 2400 toneladas de estanho. As atividades industriais de extração de cassiterita na mina se concentram no morro Bom Futuro e adjacências, em depósitos primários e secundários, respectivamente. No morro Bom Futuro são reconhecidos dois pipes brechados alojados em gnaisses e anfibolitos, que são cortados por diques radiais e anelares de pórfiros graníticos com topázio, os quais são incluídos na Suíte Intrusiva Granitos Últimos de Rondônia (998 a 974 Ma). Pelo menos duas fases distintas de mineralização primária de estanho são identificadas com idades 40Ar/39Ar em zinnwaldita de 994±3 Ma e 993±3 Ma e são representadas por lentes, veios e vênulas de pegmatito e de quartzo. O pegmatito estudado ocorre na porção nordeste do morro, onde aparece hospedado em brechas de pipe e dique de topázio riólito pórfiro e cortado por dique de topázio granito pórfiro. Trata-se de um dique com mais de 200 m de comprimento, espessura variando 3 a 12 metros e de atitude geral N20E/45°SE. Na seção estudada com detalhe, o pegmatito mostra um zoneamento interno bem distinto, dado por camadas ou leitos subconcordantes entre si e com as paredes do dique. Pelo menos três zonas foram reconhecidas com base na mineralogia dominante, são elas do muro ao teto: zona do quartzo e topázio, zona do feldspato potássico e mica, e zona granítica (quartzo e feldspato potássico). Uma provável quarta zona não foi observada, mas segundo os garimpeiros, um leito de até 10 cm de espessura de cassiterita maciça ocorre de modo descontínuo junto ao muro do corpo. A estrutura das zonas é maciça e a granulação varia de média a grossa na zona granítica para grossa a muito grossa ou gigante (?) nas outras...
The mine Bom Futuro is currently one of the largest tin producer in the country with an average annual production over the past 10 years around 2400 tonnes of tin. The extraction industrial activities of cassiterite concentrate on the hill Bom Futuro and surrounding areas in primary and secondary deposits, respectively. On the hill Bom Futuro two breccia pipes are recognized hosted in gneisses and amphibolites, which are cut by radial and ring dikes of granite porphyry with topaz, which are included in the Intrusive Suite Latest Granites of Rondônia (998-974 Ma). At least two distinct phases of primary tin mineralization are identified with zinnwaldita 40Ar/39Ar ages of 994 ± 3 Ma and 993 ± 3 Ma and is represented by lenses, veins and venules of quartz and pegmatite. The studied pegmatite occurs in the northeastern portion of the hill, where it appears hosted in breccias pipe and topaz rhyolite porphyry dike cut by topaz granite porphyry dike. It is a dike over 200 meters in length, thickness ranging 3-12 meters and general attitude N20E/45 ° SE. In the studied section in detail, the pegmatite shows a very distinct internal zoning, given by layers or beds sub concordant among themselves and with the walls of the dike. At least three zones were recognized based on the dominant mineralogy, they are from the wall to the ceiling: zone of quartz and topaz, zone of mica and feldspar, and granitic zone (quartz and feldspar).A possible fourth zone was not observed, but according to the miners, a bed with 10 cm thick of massive cassiterite occurs discontinuously along the wall of the body. The structure of the zones are massive and the granulation varies from medium to coarse in the granite zone and coarse to very coarse or giant (?) In the other two. The primary mineralogy is relatively simple: the quartz is gray to milky white, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A Mina de diamantes de Romaria está localizada no perímetro urbano da cidade de Romaria, na região oeste de Minas Gerais. Durante os trabalhos de mineração executados nos últimos cem anos, foi lavrada uma área de aproximadamente 1 km2 de sedimentos. O local está situado na borda NE da Bacia do Paraná, na margem direita do Rio Bagagem, entre os Ribeirões Água Suja e Marrecos. Neste local vem sendo lavrado um conglomerado polimítico da Formação Uberaba, Grupo Bauru, pertencente ao Cretáceo Superior. Ele é constituído por clastos de micaxistos, anfibolitos, filitos e veios pegmatóides do Pré-Cambriano; arenitos da Formação Botucatu e basaltos da Formação Serra Geral. Possui matriz areno-argilosa onde foram identificadas as fases caulinita, illita e quartzo por difratometria. Sua espessura na área da mina oscila em torno de 6 m. Os minerais pesados separados do conglomerado diamantífero amostrado nas Frentes de Lavra 2 (Ferraria), 6 (Mangueiras) e na Cata exploratória do Sarkis, situada fora da área minerada, são constituídos em sua maior parte por fases opacas, entre as quais se destaca a magnetita, representando 50% em volume do concentrado. Outras fases opacas incluem hematita, ilmenita e fragmentos de lateritos. Entre as fases transparentes, destacase a granada que ocorre nas cores vermelha clara, vermelha escura, roxa, violeta e laranja, além de outros minerais derivados de rochas do embasamento cristalino. Análises químicas realizadas pela microssonda eletrônica revelaram que a ilmenita contém teores de MgO (7,4 - 11,4 % em peso) e de Cr2O3 (0,0 - 2,9 % em peso) típicos de rochas kimberlíticas. Da mesma forma, as granadas correspondem a piropos ricos em Cr2O3 (0,2 - 6,7 % em peso) correspondendo aos grupos G9 (lherzolitos), G5 e G4 (piroxenitos) e G10 (harzburgitos), sendo semelhantes a granadas das principais províncias kimberlíticas conhecidas. O diamante, por sua vez, contém microestruturas típicas semelhantes a diamantes de outras localidades. Foram identificadas trígonos em faces octaédricas, bem como microestruturas de simetria senária semelhantes às observadas em diamantes do lamproíto Argyle, na Austrália. Foram descritas microestruturas quadráticas nos cristais cúbicos, e degraus resultantes da dissolução de planos de crescimento cristalino em superfícies curvas de cristais rombododecaédricos. Atualmente a mina está paralisada desde 1984 devido a uma dívida contraída pela Extratífera de Diamantes do Brasil (EXDIBRA) com o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Social. Apesar do potencial mineral existente no local, qualquer tentava de lavra só poderá ser executada mediante a quitação desta dívida.
The diamond Mine of Romaria is located in the northeast border of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, nearby the town of Romaria, in western Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The mining place is situated on the right side of the Bagagem River, comprising an area of 1 km2 between the Água Suja and Marrecos streams. At this place diamonds have been washed from a Cretaceous polimictic conglomerate of the Uberaba Formation, Bauru Group, since the end of the nineteen century. This heterogeneous diamond-bearing conglomerate contains large conglomerate blocks of several lithologies with dimensions up to 0.80 m, set in an arenous-clayish matrix where kaolinite, illite and quartz have identified among the clasts such as mica and staurolite schists, phyllites and amphibolites of the Araxá Group, quartzites of the Canastra Group, arenites of the Botucatu Formation and basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. The concentrates obtained by washing the conglomerate contains large amounts of opaques phases mainly magnetite which may reach up to 50% in volume. Other opaques are represented by hematite, ilmenite, rutile, limonite as well as rock fragments of mica schists and complex intergrowths of laterites. The mineralogical assemblages of the transparent phases include staurolite, amphibole, epidote, kyanite, monazite, tourmaline, zircon and diamond as well. Electron micro probe analyses revealed that the ilmenites contain MgO (7.4-11.4 wt%) and Cr2O3 (0.0-2.9 wt%) contents similar to their counterparts of kimberlites from worldwide localities. Moreover, garnets are chromium rich pyropes with Cr2O3 ranging from 0.2 up to 6.7 wt %. The use discriminating diagrams revealed that most of the analysed sampled plot in the fields G9 and G3-G5 corresponding to lherzolitic and pyroxenitic parageneses, respectively. The plots include some rare G10 (harzbugitic) and G0 (unclassified) samples corresponding to garnets derived from rocks of the crystalline basement. Although diamonds have not been mined in the last years a small parcel produced by local diggers (garimpeiros) was available for physical studies including color and crystalline morphology. Several microstructures have been observed in octahedral crystal such as trigons and a pseudo-hexagonal microstructure observed in diamonds from lamproites. Cubic crystals showing the combination of the cube and dodecahedral revealed microstructures of square symmetry. Concerning dodecahedral crystal hillocks produced by dissolution were observed on the rounded faces of the samples. Presently the Mine of Romaria is closed since 1984 due to an old debt contracted by late owner Extratífera de Diamantes do Brasil (EXDIBRA) with the Brazilian Federal Agency of the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Social (BNDES).

Orientador: Washington Barbosa Leite Jr
Banca: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho
Banca: César D'Abronzo Martinelli
Resumo: A mina Bom Futuro é atualmente uma das maiores produtora de estanho do país, com uma produção média anual nos últimos 10 anos de cerca de 2400 toneladas de estanho. As atividades industriais de extração de cassiterita na mina se concentram no morro Bom Futuro e adjacências, em depósitos primários e secundários, respectivamente. No morro Bom Futuro são reconhecidos dois pipes brechados alojados em gnaisses e anfibolitos, que são cortados por diques radiais e anelares de pórfiros graníticos com topázio, os quais são incluídos na Suíte Intrusiva Granitos Últimos de Rondônia (998 a 974 Ma). Pelo menos duas fases distintas de mineralização primária de estanho são identificadas com idades 40Ar/39Ar em zinnwaldita de 994±3 Ma e 993±3 Ma e são representadas por lentes, veios e vênulas de pegmatito e de quartzo. O pegmatito estudado ocorre na porção nordeste do morro, onde aparece hospedado em brechas de pipe e dique de topázio riólito pórfiro e cortado por dique de topázio granito pórfiro. Trata-se de um dique com mais de 200 m de comprimento, espessura variando 3 a 12 metros e de atitude geral N20E/45°SE. Na seção estudada com detalhe, o pegmatito mostra um zoneamento interno bem distinto, dado por camadas ou leitos subconcordantes entre si e com as paredes do dique. Pelo menos três zonas foram reconhecidas com base na mineralogia dominante, são elas do muro ao teto: zona do quartzo e topázio, zona do feldspato potássico e mica, e zona granítica (quartzo e feldspato potássico). Uma provável quarta zona não foi observada, mas segundo os garimpeiros, um leito de até 10 cm de espessura de cassiterita maciça ocorre de modo descontínuo junto ao muro do corpo. A estrutura das zonas é maciça e a granulação varia de média a grossa na zona granítica para grossa a muito grossa ou gigante (?) nas outras... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The mine Bom Futuro is currently one of the largest tin producer in the country with an average annual production over the past 10 years around 2400 tonnes of tin. The extraction industrial activities of cassiterite concentrate on the hill Bom Futuro and surrounding areas in primary and secondary deposits, respectively. On the hill Bom Futuro two breccia pipes are recognized hosted in gneisses and amphibolites, which are cut by radial and ring dikes of granite porphyry with topaz, which are included in the Intrusive Suite Latest Granites of Rondônia (998-974 Ma). At least two distinct phases of primary tin mineralization are identified with zinnwaldita 40Ar/39Ar ages of 994 ± 3 Ma and 993 ± 3 Ma and is represented by lenses, veins and venules of quartz and pegmatite. The studied pegmatite occurs in the northeastern portion of the hill, where it appears hosted in breccias pipe and topaz rhyolite porphyry dike cut by topaz granite porphyry dike. It is a dike over 200 meters in length, thickness ranging 3-12 meters and general attitude N20E/45 ° SE. In the studied section in detail, the pegmatite shows a very distinct internal zoning, given by layers or beds sub concordant among themselves and with the walls of the dike. At least three zones were recognized based on the dominant mineralogy, they are from the wall to the ceiling: zone of quartz and topaz, zone of mica and feldspar, and granitic zone (quartz and feldspar).A possible fourth zone was not observed, but according to the miners, a bed with 10 cm thick of massive cassiterite occurs discontinuously along the wall of the body. The structure of the zones are massive and the granulation varies from medium to coarse in the granite zone and coarse to very coarse or giant (?) In the other two. The primary mineralogy is relatively simple: the quartz is gray to milky white, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Orientador: Daniel Marcos Bonotto
Banca: Francisco Yukio Hiodo
Banca: Wanilson Luiz Silva
Banca: Rosemarie Rohn Davis
Banca: Antônio Carlos Artur
Resumo: O gás radônio, resultado do decaimento radioativo do 238U e 232Th, é motivo de grande preocupação para o homem. Ele é uma das mais importantes fontes de radiação ionizante de origem natural que as pessoas estão expostas, sendo considerado pela OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde) como o segundo maior causador de câncer de pulmão. O carvão mineral como qualquer outro combustível fóssil está associado a materiais radioativos naturais, devido principalmente ao seu conteúdo de 238U e 232Th. Para a compreensão do comportamento do gás radônio em área de mineração de carvão e determinar o grau de exposição das pessoas ao gás nesta área, foram determinadas a taxa de exalação de radônio de amostras de carvão, cinza, siltito e tufo vulcânico coletadas na mina Amado Simões PI-08 (Companhia Carbonífera do Cambuí), em Figueira (PR), a concentração de radônio no ar do interior da mina e a concentração de radônio, parâmetros físicos e químicos dos solos próximos à mina. As taxas de exalações foram obtidas por curvas experimentais da concentração de radônio em função do tempo, e variaram de 0,064 a 0,717 Bq/kg.h. Observou-se que o gás radônio entrou em equilíbrio radioativo após 180 horas de análise. A concentrações de radônio dissolvido no ar do interior da mina variaram de 7,2 a 770,5 Bq/m³, observou-se que o radônio tem maior escape das rochas por fraturas presentes nas frentes de lavra e que maior taxa de exalação vem das rochas encaixantes, remetendo em um problema radiológico à área de d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Radon gas, the result of the radioactive decay of 238U and 232Th, is a matter of great concern to man. It is one of the most important sources of naturally occurring ionizing radiation that people are exposed to and is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be the second largest cause of lung cancer. Mineral coal like any other fossil fuel is associated with natural radioactive materials, mainly due to its content of 238U and 232Th. In order to understand the behavior of the radon gas in the coal mining area and determine the degree of exposure of the people to the gas in this area, the radon exhalation rate of samples of coal, ash, silt, and volcanic tuff collected at the Amado mine Simões PI-08 (Companhia Carbonífera do Cambuí), in Figueira (PR), the radon concentration in the air inside the mine and the radon concentration, physical and chemical parameters of the soils near the mine. The exhalation rates were obtained by experimental curves of the radon concentration as a function of time, and ranged from 0.064 to 0.717 Bq / kg.h. It was observed that the radon gas entered into radioactive equilibrium after 180 hours of analysis. The concentrations of radon dissolved in the air inside the mine varied from 7.2 to 770.5 Bq / m³, it was observed that the radon has greater escape of the rocks by fractures present in the mining fronts and that higher exhalation rate comes from encasing rocks, sending in a radiological problem to the area of discard. The concentrat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Abstract A new slim pulsed neutron (nPN) logging technology has recently been introduced in the industry. Although the technology's main deliverables aim at reservoir saturation monitoring, the technology has seen substantial improvements in quantitative mineralogy logging. It is now capable of providing mineralogy data quality on par with openhole measurements, thus filling the gap where mineralogy data are required but not acquired during openhole logging. The main objective of this paper is to assess this nPN technology for formation mineralogy, with discussions of advantages, sensitivities, uncertainties, and limitations. Best practices in obtaining high-quality mineralogy data with this technology in open hole or cased hole wells, riglessly, are also recommended. The primary application of pulsed neutron (PN) logs is for reservoir saturation monitoring, be it with time-domain capture data (sigma) or with energy-domain spectral data (carbon-oxygen). With the current slim PN technology, mineralogy derived from the capture spectroscopy (featuring direct measurement of the main elements of silicon Si, calcium Ca, sulfur S, iron Fe, and gadolinium Ga) has always been the last resort and has been used only if no other lithology information is available, because it suffers from low precision and the difficulty to evaluate elements like magnesium Mg in carbonate reservoirs. With the new nPN, the quality of the mineralogy log has improved dramatically, making it equivalent to the mineralogy obtained with openhole logging. It benefits from the latest technological advancements, including high output minitron source, fast electronics, and new detector material with high spectral resolution. Methodologically, it combines information from both capture and inelastic spectroscopy to deliver more precisely the elements of Si, Ca, S, Fe, Gd and magnesium Mg, aluminum Al, titanium Ti, and potassium K. The combination of capture and inelastic spectroscopy confers an advantage in increasing the sensitivity to magnesium, which allows separating calcite from dolomite. Results show that the rigless nPN mineralogy data quality is close to the latest and most advanced openhole spectral mineralogy log quality, complementing the lithology logs interpreted from traditional openhole logs. It allows for a more precise evaluation of the mineralogy in complex evaluation situations, where mineralogy data are required but were not acquired during openhole logging, such as those wells drilled before elemental mineralogy logs were available just two decades ago. As with any other technologies, nPN has limitations. Proper job planning, recommended in this study, is the key to ensure data quality. New nPN provides an opportunity to gather reservoir mineralogy data in any wells, including rigless, in small holes, and through small restrictions, thereby filling the gap where mineralogy data is required, but not acquired during primary openhole logging.