Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Middleclass age“

The proliferation of mass-shootings in the United States since the 1960s has produced a character profile of largely unremarkable, middleclass male culprits who transform particular places of civil peace – schools, universities, shopping malls – into landscapes of war. On the one hand, the lack of clear motives has led mystified psychiatric experts to draw correlations between such events and “running amok” – the phenomenon of sudden outbursts of homicidal violence observed since early modernity in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the details of how such acts are carried out as well as the notes of some perpetrators suggest that mass-shootings could also be understood as “interpretations” of American postwar society: from the “lonely crowd” of suburbia via “Reaganomics” to the present politics of fear and resentment to a society of preemptive control.

Introduction: Sleep is necessary for human being regardless of age. Specifically elderly people havecomplaints in sleep disturbances which if treated can improve quality to sleep.Aim: To identity the sleep quality among elderly people and to evaluate effectiveness of lukewarm waterfootbath therapy.Materials and Methods: An interventional study was conducted among 40 old age people staying in selectedold age home, Nadiad. The purpose of the study was to improve the quality of sleep amongst elderly. Thesamples were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique. The tool used for data collectionwas Pittsburgh sleep quality index which is a self rated questionnaire. Lukewarm water foot bath therapywas used as an intervention after taking consent from the samples. Pre-test was conducted from samples byusing Pittsburgh sleep quality index followed by which researcher has given intervention (lukewarm waterfoot bath therapy) for 10 days consecutively before sleep at same time for 20 minutes. Later on, post-testwas conducted after 1 week by using Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Descriptive and inferential statisticswas used to analyze the data obtain was tabulated analyzed and interpreted in terms of objective of the study.Results: The demographic data related to age 12(27.9%) belonged to 71-75 years, gender 23(53.5%) werefemales and 17 (39.5%) were males, education the majority of the people 23 (53.5%) was from secondaryeducation, the source of income 16(37.2%) were having pension, social status 25(58.1%) was from middleclass, medications 23(53.5%) were taking and 17(39.5%) were not taking, factors affecting sleep 20(46.5%)were having anxiety, activity 15(34.9%) was doing recreational activity, night hours of sleep 16(37.2%)was having 6-7 hours, hours of sleep in day time 16(37.2%) was having 2-2.5 hours, habit 24(55.8%) washaving alcohol habit. Researcher applied Mann-Whitney test for comparison between pre-test and post-test.Calculated Mann-Whitney pre-test values were 2.5 and post-test values were 4.29 which prove there is asignificant effectiveness of lukewarm water footbath therapy on quality of sleep.Conclusion: It conclude that assessment of sleep quality after Lukewarm water footbath therapy shows thatthe lukewarm water footbath therapy is helpful for improving the sleep quality among the elderly.

Background and Objectives: Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is considered to be the most common congenital neck swelling in children. But its diagnosis can sometimes be challenging, because of abnormal presentation or associated infection. The aim of the present study is to describe the clinical features, anatomical location and management given to these children in the context of Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective review of the past 7 years' (between June 2008 and July 2015) records of all children with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of TDC was done at the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Dhaka Shisu Hospital, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. Thirty patients fulfilled the predefined eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Preoperative evaluation consisted of physical examination with regard to movement of the mass with protrusion of the tongue and ultrasonographic assessment of the mass. All the patients were operated by Sistrunk's approach and outcome was assessed in terms uneventful cure, infection and recurrence. Result: In the present study the children presented with TDC were on an average 7.1 (range: 3.5 - 11 years) years old and were predominantly girls (60%). Majority of patients belonged to middleclass (70%). Urban and rural representations were almost equal. Half of the patients were diagnosed between 5 - 10 years of age. Majority (80%) of the TDCs were located in infrahyoid region just lateral to the midline, 16.7% were located close to the hyoid bone (juxtahyoid) and 3.3% to the suprahyoid region in the midline. All the 30 cases presented with painless cystic swelling which moved upwards with protrusion of tongue. No signs of infection or associated diseases (myxoedema or thyroglossal fistula) were present. An anechoeic character with absence of fluid level was detected with ultrasono imaging of the mass. Conclusion: Clinical presentation and anatomical location and management were almost same as elsewhere in the world. But in the absence of a complete database including the follow up data, it is not feasible to plan for further improvement of the children with TDC. Ibrahim Cardiac Med J 2014; 4(2): 37-42

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators protect individuals and populations against health problems such as obesity. Marginalizationrelated Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, refer to the weaker economic and health returns of education, employment, and income for Black than the returns for White people. Aims: To test the effects of three major SES indicators, namely educational attainment, employment, and income, on obesity for women at reproductive age, and to test variation in these associations by race. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Sample was limited to non-Latino White and Black women at reproductive age (age between 20 and 44). Analytical sample was composed of 5237 women. Survey regressions were used to test the effects of education, employment, and income (independent variables) on obesity (dependent variable) and by race (moderator). Results: Overall, educational attainment and income were inversely associated with odds of obesity in our sample, however, we found significant interactions indicating that the effects of education, employment, and income were all weaker for Black than White women. Conclusions: In line with MDRs, and probably due to structural racism, social stratification, labor market discrimination, and different food options, obesity remains higher than expected in highly educated, employed, and highincome Black women, a pattern that is not seen in White women. Black middleclass women at reproductive age remain at risk for obesity. To eliminate racial disparities in perinatal outcomes, we need to go beyond low SES and address the perinatal needs of middle-class Black women, for whom obesity remains a health risk.

This article concerns itself with the development of a missional ecclesiology and the practices that may accept the challenge of conducting pastoral ministry in the context of South African, middleclass congregations adapting to a rapidly changing, post-apartheid environment. Some practical theological perspectives on pastoral counselling are investigated, whilst Narrative Therapy is explored as an emerging theory of deconstruction to enable the facilitating of congregational change towards a missional understanding of church life in local communities. Subsequently, the theological paradigm of missional ecclesiology is investigated before drawing the broad lines of a theory for pastoral ministry within missional ecclesiology.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, a missional base theory is proposed for pastoral counselling, consisting of interdisciplinary insights gained from the fields of Missiology, Practical Theology, Narrative Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. The implications of this proposal for the development of a missional pastoral theory focus on the following three aspects:� re-establishing pastoral identity: exploring Christ� pastoral development: intentional faith formation� pastoral ministry: enabling Christ-centred lives.In such a missional pastoral theory four practices should be operationalised: first of all, a cognitive approach to increasing knowledge of the biblical narrative is necessary. This provides the hermeneutical skills necessary to enable people to internalise the biblical ethics and character traits ascribed to the Christian life. Secondly, a pastoral theory needs to pay close attention to development of emotional intelligence. Thirdly, this should be done in the context of small groups, where the focus falls on the personality development of members. Finally, missional pastoral theory should also include the acquisition of life coaching skills, where leaders can be adequately mentored in their roles as coaches of nonequipped people. In taking the research to a further level of normative reflection, attention should be turned to developing specific areas of pastoral care:� formal clinical education and subsequent accreditation of pastors (in the South African context pastoral care is not legally recognised as a valid area of psychological therapy) � specifically pertaining to Narrative Therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy� basic counselling skills for non-theologically trained congregational leaders� qualitative and quantitative research methods� organisational theory for congregational ministry� crisis counselling skills for congregation members serving in a community context� marriage and family therapy� emotional intelligence as outcome of a spiritual growth cycle� leadership development and personality assessment� personal growth by confronting and crossing emotional and cultural boundaries.

Schools, today, are in the midst of the most major, costly educational reform movement in their history as they grapple with the federal mandates to leave no children behind, says author Susan B. Neuman, former Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education under President George W. Bush. Although some efforts for investing resources will be substantially more productive than others, there is little evidence that, despite many heroic attempts to beat the odds, any of these efforts will close more than a fraction of the differences in achievement for poor minority children and their middleclass peers. As Neuman explains in this insightful, revealing book, schools will fail, not due to the soft bigotry of low expectations, but because there are multitudes of children growing up in circumstances that make them highly vulnerable. Children who come to school from dramatically unequal circumstances leave school with similarly unequal skills and abilities. In these pages, however, Neuman shows how the odds can be changed, how we can break the cycle of poverty and disadvantage for children at risk After laying the critical groundwork for the need for change—excessive waste with little effect—this book provides a vivid portrait of changing the odds for high-poverty children. Describing how previous reforms have missed the mark, it offers a framework based on seven essential principles for implementing more effective programs and policies. Building on successes while being fiscally responsible is a message that has been shown to have wide bipartisan appeal, embraced by both liberals and conservatives. Following Neuman's essential principles, chapters describe programs for changing the odds for children, when the cognitive gaps are beginning to form, in these earliest years of their lives. In a highly readable style, Neuman highlights programs that are making a difference in children's lives across the country, weaving together narratives that tell a compelling story of hope and promise for our most disadvantaged children.

Abstract Historical changes in the sense meaning of the term temperament have been less dramatic than alterations in other important psychological concepts, such as emotion, memory, symptom, or perception. Most ancient and modern writers agreed that the human temperaments were combinations of psychological profiles (behaviors, thoughts, and emotions) and their presumed biological foundations, which, during this century, were assumed to be genetically mediated. A set of psychological features was not sufficient evidence to posit a temperamental disposition. Chronic shyness with strangers, for example, need not be due to a temperamental bias, because some shy adults could have acquired that trait during adolescence. A combination of a psychological profile and its presumed biological foundation represents the ideal definition of a temperament. Combining behavior with biological measures is common in other domains. An individual born with the genes for compromised pancreatic function who has normal blood sugar levels is not diabetic. An adolescent born to two schizophrenic parents who displays one non debilitating marker of this illness is not regarded as schizophrenic as long as he or she does not display any of the primary symptoms that define the category. However, the lack of insight into the biological contribution to temperament has meant that, at present, the psychological features compose the primary definition of temperament. The definition of temperament offered here suggests the potential error in classifying a trait as temperamental simply because it is stable over long periods of time. Future research on the temperaments will gather biological data and, if possible, begin with observations of young children. As investigators discover sensitive biological markers for each of the temperamental types, they will be able to separate groups of children or adults who display similar behavioral phenotypes into those who probably do and probably do not possess the relevant temperaments. The research of Davidson (1994, 1995) and Fox, Schmidt, Calkins, Rubin, & Coplan (1996) on asymmetry of alpha power in frontal areas illustrates this point. These investigators suggest that greater activation in the right frontal area than in the left (that is, greater desynchronization of alpha frequencies on the right side) is a sensitive sign of a temperamental vulnerability to uncertainty and/or anxiety. As a result, scientists can gather the electroencephalograph (EEG) data on groups of anxious adults and parse these samples into distinct groups based on the presence or absence of right-hemisphere activation. This suggestion is not fanciful. My laboratory has been following a large group of middleclass, Caucasian children who were evaluated initially at 4 months of age (see Kagan, 1994). Twenty percent of the infants, called high reactive, displayed high levels of motor activity and distress to a variety of unfamiliar stimuli; 40% of the sample, classified as low reactive, showed the complementary profile of minimal motor activity and distress. More children from the high-reactive group became shy and fearful in the second year, whereas most low reactives became relatively sociable and fearless.