Dissertationen zum Thema „Microscopie optique et électronique corrélative“
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Gemin, Olivier. „Analyse morphométrique et modélisation d'épines des dendrites basales de neurones pyramidaux des couches 2-3 du cortex somato-sensoriel : une étude en microscopie corrélative optique-électronique“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDendritic spines receive most excitatory synaptic contacts in the cortex, and spine morphology shapes the compartmentalization of synaptic signals. The aim of my thesis has been to develop a correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) approach in order to quantify the morphological parameters of identified dendritic spines in intact cortical circuits. I used CLEM to characterize spine ultrastructure along basal dendrites of identified neurons. These measurements were used to constrain a model of dendritic integration. Our model enabled quantifying which proportion of reconstructed spines effectively compartmentalized electrical signals, and we used it to approach the function of a subset of spines that harbour a supernumerary inhibitory contact, the role of which is yet unknown. Our modeling effort unveils a signaling mechanism, prominent in dually-innervated spines, by which an inhibitory signal can attenuate the calcium influx generated in the spine head by an excitatory signal, while depolarization amplitude is unabated, which potentially impacts synaptic plasticity
Benkhaled, Leïla. „Corrélation entre morphologie et comportement électro-optique des matériaux composites cristaux liquides/polymères“. Lille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL10126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmichi, Lynda. „Etude du dopage de type p dans des nanostructures de GaN par corrélation entre sonde atomique tomographique et holographie électronique hors axe optique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY088/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology for the investigation of Mg which acts as p-type doping in GaN. We relate the spatial distribution of the dopants with their electrical activity which is achieved by coupling two complementary approaches, Atom Probe Tomography (APT) and Off-axis electron holography. These measurements have also been combined with high-resolution electron microscopy (HR-(S)TEM) for the structural characterization. APT is a unique characterization technique, based on the field effect evaporation of individual atoms of a needle shape sample, allowing the analysis of nano-devices both in terms of morphology and composition in three dimensions at the atomic scale. Off-axis electron holography uses an electron biprism to form an interference pattern from which the electrostatic potential arising from the active dopants can be determined. In this work the experimental procedure has been optimized for both techniques including specimen preparation, the microscope parameters and data treatment to recover accurate information about the position and activity of the dopants. For the holography measurements, a careful analysis of the artifacts that are present in these specimen has been performed to understand the effects of specimen preparation and charging under electron irradiation. We have performed these experiments at high temperature in-situ in the TEM (400 °C) as this increases the ionized dopant concentrations and reduces the artifacts that are present in our measurements. Having developed the methodology, these two techniques are then used to study the effect of temperature and dopant concentrations on the growth of Mg-doped GaN by MOCVD. We have been able to show by APT the existence of precipitates of Mg which are present from a concentration of 3E19 cm-3 whose size and density depends on the growth temperature and the total nominal dopant concentration. Their presence reduces the concentration of dopants that are potentially active in the specimens. However, the measurements of active dopants by holography combined with simulations suggest that the presence of these precipitates do not dominate the electrical properties of the material and that even in very highly doped specimens up to 2E20cm-3 the total active dopant concentrations are still higher than expected from previously published studies. The correlation between these techniques will provide valuable information to improve the Mg activation GaN which is currently a big issue for device manufacture
Fatmaoui, Fadwa. „Determination of pericentric heterochromatin structure by in situ cryo-electron tomography“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConstitutive heterochromatin is a condensed form of chromatin, essential for the maintenance of genome stability and the defense against retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses. At the molecular scale, it is characterized by regular nucleosome arrays, DNA and histone methylation and binding of specific heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1 family). However, it remains unclear how these molecular features lead to the condensed state and define the functional properties of constitutive heterochromatin. The project will address this question by determining the structure of pericentric constitutive heterochromatin directly within its cellular content by using state-of-the-art in situ cryo-electron tomography. Drosophila embryos are used as the experimental model, because in their nuclei, the pericentric heterochromatin regions coalesce into round micron-scale chromocenters. We use cryo-sectioning with diamond knives for sample thinning, and then tomograms of chromocenters, as well as other chromatin domains will be recorded and reconstructed. This will enable us to define the characteristic nucleosome fiber arrangement for the constitutive pericentric heterochromatin by comparison with the chromatin packing in other chromatin compartments
Cerre, Nathalie. „Microscopie en réflexion par fibres optiques : théorie et réalisation“. Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleToledo, Acosta Bertha Mayela. „Multimodal image registration in 2D and 3D correlative microscopy“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S054/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is concerned with the definition of an automated registration framework for 2D and 3D correlative microscopy images, in particular for correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) images. In recent years, CLEM has become an important and powerful tool in the bioimaging field. By using CLEM, complementary information can be collected from a biological sample. An overlay of the different microscopy images is commonly achieved using techniques involving manual assistance at several steps, which is demanding and time consuming for biologists. To facilitate and disseminate the CLEM process for biologists, the thesis work is focused on creating automatic registration methods that are reliable, easy to use and do not require parameter tuning or complex knowledge. CLEM registration has to deal with many issues due to the differences between electron microscopy and light microscopy images and their acquisition, both in terms of pixel resolution, image size, content, field of view and appearance. We have designed intensity-based methods to align CLEM images in 2D and 3D. They involved a common representation of the LM and EM images using the LoG transform, a pre-alignment step exploiting histogram-based similarities within an exhaustive search, and a fine mutual information-based registration. In addition, we have defined a robust motion model selection method, and a multiscale spot detection method which were exploited in the 2D CLEM registration. Our automated CLEM registration framework was successfully tested on several real 2D and 3D CLEM datasets and the results were validated by biologists, offering an excellent perspective in the usefulness of our methods
Popoff, Michka. „Étude à l’échelle du nanomètre des propriétés mécaniques et électriques de systèmes biologiques“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10220/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful tool for the study of biological systems. In this work, I was interested in the correlation of four types of microscopies: the atomic force microscopy, the high resolution fluorescence microscopy, the electron microscopy and the kelvin force microscopy (KFM). The correlation of the three first types of microscopies gave birth to the CLAFEM approach (Correlative Light Atomic Force Electron Microscopies). This technique allowed me to detect intracellular organelles, like the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Actin tails due to the infection of cells by the Shigella flexneri bacterium, and the entry site of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria were imaged with this approach. In parallel to this experimental part, I developed a software, called pyAF, for the analysis of force curves and the correlation of the different types of microscopies. In a second part, I measured electrical properties by KFM and explored the possibility to use KFM in liquid. Electrical properties of tobacco mosaic viruses were studied in air, using conventional cantilevers. I also used a new type of probe, called Kolibri, which is a quartz resonator oscillating at 1 MHz, in air and in liquid
Mazelet-Parize, Gabrielle. „Observations de défauts et de structures en microscopie optique et électronique dans des polymères cristaux liquides“. Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112451.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRousselot, Philippe. „Les afférences sensorielles mamelonnaires chez la rate allaitante : étude hodologique et immunohistochimique en microscopie optique et électronique“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28185.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRamade, Julien. „Spectroscopie optique et microscopie électronique environnementale de nanoparticules Ag-In et Ag-Fe en présence de gaz réactifs“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1221/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) are known to present interesting catalytic properties justifying their use in several industrial processes in the domain of heterogeneous catalysis. However, their (chemical, geometrical, electronical) structure may evolve under realistic reactive atmosphere, involving a modification of their properties. In this multidisciplinary work, the aim is focused on the surface reactivity monitoring of these NPs under controlled gaseous environment. For this purpose, we developed an in situ spectrophotometer based on spatial modulation to monitor the structure evolution of a large assembly of NPs through the study of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). This global approach has been coupled with a more local approach by environmental transmission electronic microscopy (E-TEM). E-TEM observations have shown both composition and environmental effects on the chemical structure of Ag-In NPs. This structure evolves from a stable low-enriched indium alloy to a core@shell configuration with a shell composed of indium oxide as the indium atomic concentration increases. Furthermore, stable structure (core@shell, Janus, reduced system) domains were evidenced under reducing atmosphere, depending on the temperature and hydrogen pressure. Lastly, Ag-Fe NP oxido-reduction was monitored on the new setup through LSPR modifications. MET observations, environmental plasmonics and simulations (optical response, Monte-Carlo simulations) suggest that these metals are initially segregated, with an enriched-silver surface. The exposure to an oxidative atmosphere seems to induce the diffusion of iron onto the surface, followed by the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4)
Benfares, Jamal. „Les neuromédiateurs dans les noyaux oculomoteurs et abducens chez le rat : étude immunocytochimique en microscopie optique et électronique“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePinna, Nicola. „Nanomatériaux : étude structurale et propriétés optiques“. Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066357.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMontaner, Denis. „Investigations optiques submicroniques par microscopie à saut de phase et par microscopie à glissement de franges (nanoscopie) des défauts dans les couches minces et les dispositifs microélectroniques“. Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMihailovic, Martine. „Étude expérimentale par microscopie électronique, optique et viscoélasticité d'une transition de phases dans un cristal liquide lyotrope“. Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112285.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMeuret, Sophie. „Intensity interferometry experiments in a scanning transmission electron microscope : physics and applications“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS112/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleQuantum optics performed at the nanometer scale is an important challenge, especially for quantum emitters characterization. They can be point defects in material (few ang- ströms) or confined structures of a few nanometers. A way to reach this scale is by using cathodoluminescence (CL) performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope (CL- STEM), which has only recently been done [1]. However, when aiming at studying the statistical properties of the light coming out of a CL experiment, which is necessary to e. g. study the quantum nature of Single Photon Emitters (SPE) emission, dedicated expe- riments on top of regular CL ones have to be designed. Few months before my arrival in the STEM-group of the LPS, an intensity interferometry experiment (HBT) that measures the autocorrelation function g(2) of the CL signal intensity was built [2]. It is well known that the clear signature of SPE as measured in photoluminescence (PL) is antibunching in the g(2)(τ), namely that the autocorrelation function is always less than one. It was re- cently demonstrated on a famous SPE, the Nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond, that CL-STEM is similar to PL when only one SPE is involved. In this thesis we will see how CL-STEM allowed to characterize a new point defect in h-BN, showing the relevance of HBT experiments in a CL-STEM for discovering and characterizing new SPE. However, by studying the excitation of multiple SPE in CL, we discovered a new emission phenomenon, characterized by a huge bunching effect of the g(2)(τ) function (g(2)(0) > 35), in complete contradiction to PL measurements and expectations (g(2)(0)<1). In my thesis manuscript, this surprising effect will be experimentally investigated, theoretically explained and applied to lifetime measurement at the nanometer scale. Because quantum optics is often linked to quantum plasmonics, I will present, to conclude, a theoretical proposal, in collaboration with J. Garcia de Abajo, about quantum plasmonics measurement in a STEM
Souchay, Henri. „Microscopie électronique à transmission en haute résolution numérique et quantitative : développement d'un outil interactif d'acquisition, simulation et analyse d'images“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECAP0625.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBayle, Maxime. „Architectures plasmoniques enterrées : élaboration, propriétés optiques et applications“. Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2664/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn our work, we present the study of plasmonic architectures made of a plane of nanoparticules (NPs) embedded at the vicinity of a dielectric matrix free surface, by low energy ion beam synthesis. Materials structural analysis, especially by transmission electron microscopy, have been carried out to determine the impact of the elaboration process parameters on the three dimensional organization of the NPs, in silicon dioxide or nitride layers grown on silicon substrates. To systematically check these parameters, we studied the elastic and inelastic optical responses of the heterostructures. The elastic response has been obtained by measuring the reflectance of the samples, and confronted to numerical modelling we developed, to determine the mean size of the NPs and the implanted silver amount. The study of the electric field topography allowed us to take benefit from both plasmonic resonance and optical amplification in antireflective layers. The inelastic response has been studied using Raman spectroscopy over a wide frequency range: vibrational collective modes (Lamb modes) of the NPs have been studied at low frequency, while at higher frequency, we have extracted the vibrational density of states (VDOS). Combined with atomistic simulations, the VDOS gave us original information on the vibrational dynamics and the thermodynamic properties of buried silver NPs (and deposited gold NPs). Finally, we present some applications of the assemblies of NPs in hybrid devices, such as the use of coupling between these NPs and deposited substances (e. G. Graphene) on our substrates. In particular, it can be used for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Then using techniques from microelectronics, we designed plasmo-electronic devices exploiting photoconductance properties of these buried or deposited NPs assemblies
Bitar, Rajaa. „Auto-organisation de nanoparticules d'or dans un cristal liquide cholestérique : élaboration, structure et propriétés optiques“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1565/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring my thesis, I worked on self-organization of gold nanoparticles (nps) in a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC). This work consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to the study of the cholesteric matrix before the introduction of nps. For this, we realized many studies starting from preparing the open film to the characterization of complementary imaging methods, and a study of the optical response. During this study, we discovered a new scenario to change the color of a cholesteric without modifying the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the material. This color change is controlled only by the annealing time which induces a change in the distribution of the helical axis at the interface with air and which propagates in the volume when the annealing time increases. This detailed study has allowed us to propose a 3D representation of our system. The second part of my thesis deals with the introduction of gold nps in the cholesteric matrix using in the first part. We defined a simple protocol to mix the two bodies, and make a film of CLC-nps. The fact that our compounds can fix the structure below 50 °C, helped us to show self-organization of nps by electron micrograph (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, we presented a multi-scale structural study going from the nanoscale to the macroscale, by additional imaging. These data do not exist in the literature even for neighboring systems, especially since most organizations studied were short scale and using microparticles. Finally, we defined the couple concentration of nps-film thickness CLC-nps as the parameters that control the self-organization of nps and decide of gold nanostructures obtained (fingerprints, double spirals, and targets)
Maillard, Mathieu. „Synthèse, organisation et anisotropie optique de nanocristaux d'argent“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066436.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTillous, Kessein Éric. „Contribution à l'étude de l'aluminium et ses alliages 2214-T6 et 7050-T74 transformés par oxydation micro-arcs (OMA)“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_TILLOUS_K_E.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe process of micro-arcs oxidation (OMA), whose principle is based on that of traditional anodization, applies to a group of metals and their alloys (Al, Mg, Ti, Zn, Nb, Ta, Hf, W, Sb, Mo, Bi). The specificity of this process lies in the participation of discharges or micro-arcs (followed by a gaseous emission) in the formation of the coating by conversion of the substrate. The discharges cause the formation of a coating made up of alumina whose properties are considerably different from those of layers obtained by traditional anodization. After a review about traditional anodization and micro-arcs oxidation, this work tackles the characterization of OMA coatings by several techniques: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA) with wave-length dispersive spectrometry (WDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microtomography. Each technique of analysis produces complementary results making it possible to look deeper into the understanding of the growth mechanism of the three layers of the coating: porous outer layer, dense inner layer and the so called “barrier layer” at the coating / substrate interface. An assessment of the coating morphology can be suggested from the appearance of the surface treated in silicate bath. The defects of OMA coating are revealed. Correlations are established between the parameters of treatment (density and frequency of the current, ratio of negative to positive charge quantity applied to the electrode (qn / qp) and duration of the treatment), the nature of the substrate and the coating features (proportions of defects, various types of alumina, thickness of the layers) From these results of characterization, a model of the discharges formation and coating growth is proposed in the case of an aluminium alloy
Desmarest, Cyrille. „Propriétés électromagnétiques de matériaux superparamagnètiques : préparation, et caractérisation magnétique et optique“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000VERSA011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuillotel, Erwan. „Caractérisation optique et structurale de guides d'ondes non-linéaires GaAs/AlOx“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527196.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePinard, Robert. „Les récepteurs aux benzodiazépines de type central dans les colliculus supérieur du rat : étude radioautographique quantitative en microscopie optique et électronique“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMory, Claudine. „Étude théorique et expérimentale de la formation de l'image en microscopie électronique à balayage par transmission“. Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112134.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis contains a theoretical and experimental study of image formation in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using a detailed description of the different optical elements between the field emission source and the specimen, one calculates the shape and size of the primary probe of electrons impinging on the sample. This modelization enables to estimate the spatial resolution in the different imaging or micro analytical modes. The influence of the specimen and the role of the various detectors are taken into account to calculate the point speed function of the instrument in STEM imaging modes. An experimental study of the characteristic properties of phase contrast bright field micrographs and incoherent dark field ones is performed by comparison of digitally recorded images in similar conditions. Spatial resolution, contrast and signal/noise ratio are assessed by correlation methods, Fourier analysis and statistical considerations; one can deduce the optimum focusing conditions. Limits such as the point resolution on quasi-atomic metallic clusters are determined and an analysis of the capabilities of signal mixing concludes this work. Applications are offered in various domains such as the visualization of small metallic particles, biomolecules and unstained biological sections
Möller, Peter-Achim. „Création et piégeage d'ions mono et multicharges dans un champ électrodynamique tridimensionnel à symétrie quadrupolaire“. Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMrini, Abdelghani. „Organisation, projections afférentes laryngées et neuromédiateurs de la subdivision interstitielle du noyau du faisceau solitaire (NFS) : étude en microscopie optique et électronique chez le rat“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFadil, Dalal. „Etude du retournement de l'aimantation par microscopie magnéto-optique Kerr et de la magnétorésistance dans des couches minces de La0. 7Sr0. 3MnO3 à température ambiante“. Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe studied at room temperature the magnetization reversal of three samples patterned in La0. 7Sr0. 3MnO3 (LSMO) thin films deposited on vicinal and on non vicinal SrTiO3 substrates by longitudinal Kerr microscopy. LSMO is a ferromagnetic material at room temperature and is promising for uncooled magnetoresistive devices. Before designing a magnetoresistive sensor, it is important to understand the magnetic behavior of the material. We observed three types of magnetization reversal (by nucleation and propagation of domain walls, coherent rotation, or a mixture of both types). We have shown the effect of several parameters, such as the magnetic field orientation with respect to the steps and to the current, the device size and the layer thickness. The effect of time on the magnetization reversal was also pointed out. The very low field magnetoresistance at room temperature is strongly influenced by the presence or absence of domain walls and by the magnetic field orientation with respect to the current and steps. The magnetic sensitivities were about 1000 % / T in the vicinal film with small thickness, which is ten times more than in a non vicinal film. In the mean time, no increase of the low frequency noise was observed, which opens interesting perspectives in terms of applications
Limage, Stéphanie. „Relations entre propriétés et structures dans les émulsions stabilisées par un mélange de tensioactifs et de nanoparticules“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is part of the ISS/FSL/FASES project which aims at understanding emulsion ageing mechanisms in microgravity. This manuscript is dedicated to the ground study of these emulsions, and particularly to those stabilized by surfactant/nanoparticles mixtures. These emulsions are diluted and composed of a paraffin oil continuous phase and an aqueous dispersed phase composed of the surfactant/particle mixtures. Emulsion characterization is performed with optical tomographic microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary investigation of the dispersed phase shows that the proportion of surfactant and nanoparticles changes the rheological and microscopic properties of these mixtures. These changes allow the characterization of the coupling between surfactant molecules and nanoparticles. When these mixtures are emulsified in paraffin oil, a transition in the droplets morphology is evidenced. Indeed, dispersed phase droplets exhibit different shapes depending on the ratio of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations: from spherical (for high ratios) they become polymorphous (for small ratios). Observations of these emulsions with cryo-scanning electron microscopy show the existence of nanoparticles microstructures that helps the understanding of the origin of droplets deformation
Limage, Stéphanie. „Relations entre propriétés et structures dans les émulsions stabilisées par un mélange de tensioactifs et de nanoparticules“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is part of the ISS/FSL/FASES project which aims at understanding emulsion ageing mechanisms in microgravity. This manuscript is dedicated to the ground study of these emulsions, and particularly to those stabilized by surfactant/nanoparticles mixtures. These emulsions are diluted and composed of a paraffin oil continuous phase and an aqueous dispersed phase composed of the surfactant/particle mixtures. Emulsion characterization is performed with optical tomographic microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary investigation of the dispersed phase shows that the proportion of surfactant and nanoparticles changes the rheological and microscopic properties of these mixtures. These changes allow the characterization of the coupling between surfactant molecules and nanoparticles. When these mixtures are emulsified in paraffin oil, a transition in the droplets morphology is evidenced. Indeed, dispersed phase droplets exhibit different shapes depending on the ratio of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations: from spherical (for high ratios) they become polymorphous (for small ratios). Observations of these emulsions with cryo-scanning electron microscopy show the existence of nanoparticles microstructures that helps the understanding of the origin of droplets deformation
Suarez, Miguel. „Etude et validation de nouveaux nano-émetteurs destinés à la microscopie optique en champ proche : développement de pointées fonctionnalisées“. Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00373790.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbou, El Kassimi Abderrahim. „Etude par diffraction R. X. : microscope optique et microsonde électronique des transitions conformationnelles du poly d(a-t)#2 et de l'intercalation de composes dans l'ADN en fibres“. Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElouali, Fatima-Zohra. „Élaboration et caractérisation de gels de polymères acryliques et méthacryliques en présence de solvants isotropes et anisotropes“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10175.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study focuses on the development and characterization of systems based on biocompatible polymers in the presence of isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The characterization of these networks of acrylic and methacrylic polymers obtained by radical photopolymerization was carried out by swelling experiments in an isotropic environment (water) and in anisotropic solvents (using cyanobiphenyls as liquid crystals). The kinetics of swelling in water was followed by the rate of crosslinking and pH. The swelling of polymer networks in some liquid crystals has been studied as a function of temperature using an optical microscope and a heating stage. The swelling ratio did not exceed 5% because of strong interactions between the polymer and liquid crystal.These materials are of particular interest in the field of electro-optical devices. A detailed study of electro-optical properties has been performed for polymer-liquid crystal films, prepared by the method of phase separation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some binary systems exhibit relaxation phenomena leading to optical memory effects after stopping the electric field. The characterization of synthesized structures was performed through the use of powerful experimental techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Polarized Optical Microscopy (MOP), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Baude, Agnès. „Distribution et origine de la substance P dans le noyau du faisceau solitaire et le noyau dorsal du nerf vague chez le chat : étude en microscopie optique et électronique en immunohistochimie, traçage et dégénérescence“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDittmar, Eric. „Etude des paramètres physico-chimiques lors de la thermolyse de matériaux utilisés en aéronautique et dans le bâtiment“. Rouen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ROUE5008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHirrien, Bertrand. „Rugosité de surface et d'interface : méthodes de microscopie de force atomique et réflectivité de rayons-X rasants appliqués aux composants de la micro-électronique et de l'optronique“. Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0179.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemerle, Eline. „Rôle des cavéoles dans la formation des tubules-T et dans la physiopathologie des cavéolinopathies“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS010.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn skeletal muscle, invaginations of the sarcolemma called caveolae and their main component Cav-3 are thought to be involved in the formation of transverse tubules. T-tubules are muscle structures that allow the action potential to be propagated into the muscle fibre. However, the mechanism linking them together remains unknown. The importance of caveolae and Cav-3 is accentuated by the existence of defects in the organisation and function of caveolae in caveolinopathies, autosomal dominant neuromuscular diseases due to mutations in the CAV-3 gene, the pathophysiological mechanisms of which are still not understood. The objective of my project was to understand the role of caveolae in the early formation of T-tubules. A correlative microscopy technique combining super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy on metal replicas was used to examine in detail the molecular components of caveolae and T-tubules in extensively differentiated myotubes. I showed the organisation of caveolae on Bin1 platforms forming a novel ring structure that appears to optimise membrane tubulation in the initiation of T-tubule formation. These rings and Bin1-mediated membrane tubulation are impaired in Cav-3 expression defects and in myotubes from caveolinopathic patients. My work suggests that caveolae rings are the site of T-tubule initiation and provides the basis for characterising T-tubule biogenesis in skeletal muscle and in the pathophysiology of caveolinopathies
Toudert, Johann. „Croissance, nanostructure et réponse optique de films minces d'agrégats d'argent dans des matrices diélectriques“. Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502443.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouroukba, Mohammed. „Stabilités thermodynamique et temporelle des alliages NI#1##XP#X amorphes“. Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeyer, Matthieu. „Elaborations et caractérisations d'auto-assemblages dipolaires par microscopie à effet tunnel“. Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2056/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is dedicated to the investigation under ultra high vacuum of _-conjugated molecule on a silicon surface by means of scanningtunneling microscopy (STM). The manuscript consists of five chapters.In the first chapter, we present a state-of-the-art of organic assembly on metal and semiconductor.Chapter two describes the experimental setup using during thesis. It also shows Si(111)-B substrate and gives theoretical conceptsassociated with the scanning tunneling microscopy.The third chapter describes in detail the supramolecular network obtained from an aromatic halogenated molecule with C2 symmetry. Theadsorption of 4,4"-dibromo-p-terphenyl leads to the formation of two kinds of compacts structures (a stripe structure and a herringbonestructure). The formed networks are stable at room temperature and commensurable with the surface. These architectures are promotedby hydrogen bond, halogen bond and _-stacking.Chapter four studies influence of benzene ring number on the geometry and the periodicity of self-assemblies on Si(111)-B. To do that,we have synthesis two organics molecules composed of an aromatic central part and two laterals chains (O-(CH2)9-CH3). The centralpart is composed of respectively three or five phenyl ring ended by cyano groups. We are also interested to the terminal groups effecton the network organisation. We show that the cyano groups effect on the "molecule/molecule" interaction and the "molecule/surface"interaction are negligible. Basis of the work conducted on the chapter four, we conclude our manuscript by presenting supramolecularsnetworks of dipolar molecule. These networks form dipole lines. We show that on small scale the molecules promote an alignment of theirdipolar moments
Bayon, Chloé. „Microlentilles et micro-miroirs en cristal liquide cholestérique“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30289/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe molecular structure of a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) is helical and gives rise to outstanding optical properties like the selective reflection of the light. Cholesteric structure raises fundamental questions such as the relationship between molecular chirality and mesoscopic chirality, and its impact on optical properties. It is omnipresent in biology (organisation of chitin, cellulose, collagen or chromatin). It is also used in technology: cosmetology, super-twisted nematic displays, reflective screens, temperature or pressure sensors, materials for photonic applications in general. The purpose of this work is to describe and understand the interaction of light with different types of non-monotonous helical structures elaborated in this thesis - synthetic cholesteric films (single-component or hybrid i.e. doped with gold nanoparticles) - or in a biological material (Chrysina gloriosa beetle). Several optical characterisation techniques have been used, depending on the sample to study and the questions which are rised. The main part of the manuscript is dedicated to cholesteric microlenses and micro-mirrors. We studied the cholesteric polygonal texture and highlighted that it acts as a chiral microlens array by using confocal microscopy coupled to spectrophotometry. These organic microlenses, developed in a two-step process by self-assembly, have the specificity of being wavelength-selective. We then showed that the polygonal texture of Chrysina gloriosa, as a biological analogous, is an array of spherical micro-mirrors and convergent microlenses. The second part of the manuscript is devoted to the elaboration of hybrid materials composed of CLC and gold nanoparticules and the study of their optical properties. Optical properties of these nanocomposites were probed using various techniques (plasmon resonance, Raman spectroscopy etc)
Benaissa, Djamila. „Approche théorique et expérimentale du comportement électro-optique des systèmes polymères/cristaux liquides“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA study of materials based on polymers and liquid crystals of type PDLC (for Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals), elaborated by the method of phase separation induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV), was carried out for mixtures containing the nematic liquid crystal E7 and the monomer tripropyleneglycoldiacrylate (TPGDA). These materials possess interesting electro-optical features in particular for privacy windows with controlled transparency.An analysis by infrared spectroscopy of the elaborated polymer networks allowed to deduce that a quasi-total conversion of the reactive acrylic functions of the monomer was obtained for a mixture containing 70 % of liquid crystal and 30 % of monomer. These materials were, then, studied by various techniques of characterization, such as differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy, who allowed to obtain informations on the thermophysical, morphological, and spectroscopical properties of these systems.An attempt was made to rationalize the electro-optical response of PDLC films by using a simple model, based on a hierarchy of order parameters. Using the theoretical description from two theoretical approximations (RGA and ADA), this model gave a proper description of the electro-optical behaviour of these complex systems. The study led on the confrontation of this model to experimental results, allowing to obtain some interesting results which are useful in understanding and improvement of the electro-optical response of PDLC films
Brouilly, Nicolas. „Dégénérescence musculaire chez Caenorhabditis elegans : caractérisation morphologique et étude de suppresseurs“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10143/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMuscle dystrophies are genetic diseases caraterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe and is due to a mutation in the gene coding the dystrophin protein. The cellular mechanisms implicated in the degenerating process arte not understood yet and there is still no efficient treatment to cure the disease. Our group decvelopped a DMD model in C. elegans that presents progressive muscle degeneration. During my PhD thesis, I characterized the process of muscle degeneration in this model by electron microscopy. I also contribued to an investigation of the role of mitochondira in dystophin-dependant muscle degeneration. I also studied the effect of pharmacological and genetic suppressors of muscle degeneration. Finally, I showed that the force developped by the worm to move influences the level of muscle degeneration. Altogether, the results I obtained during my PhD thesis, suggest that the loss of funciotnof the dystrophin protein affects the integrity of the muscle plasma membrane and the sarcomeres anchoring structures triggering a cascade of intracellular events leading to the muscle cell death in C. elegans. Therefore, my results highlight new cellular mechanisms implicated in the phenomenon of muscle degeneration and open new perspectives for the development of therapies targeting primary and secondary defects induced by the dystrophin loss of function
Matskova, Natalia. „Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Rouland, Solene. „Etude expérimentale des cinétiques de diffusion et de la ségrégation induite sous irradiation d'alliages modèles et industriel austénitiques“. Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRadiation induced segregation (RIS) is a process identified to be involved in most of the degradation mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels core components of nuclear reactors. During irradiation within the operating temperature range of present and possible prototypes of future reactors, chemical elements of reactor internal metallic components redistribute heterogeneously and segregate on the pre-existent and newly created defects. Local enrichments or depletions levels depend, inter alia, on the element and nature of the defect affected. While mechanisms involved in RIS have already been identified, their kinetics and mutual weigh are still poorly known. Indeed, current theorical models of RIS suffer from a lack of experimental data. These two aspects motivated this study. First, by the determination of interdiffusion kinetics after thermal ageing and under irradiation on model alloys in the Fe-Ni-Cr system. Irradiation effect on diffusion have been studied at 440°C. At this temperature, conventional methods to study diffusion fail to give access to such slow kinetics under reasonable time. Experimental implementation of the nanolayers method on binary and ternary alloys gave, in this case, encouraging results. However, discrepancies between experiments and predictions revealed the need of optimizations on both sides. In the framework of this study, recommendations have been established to account for the effect of the microstructure and the selected ageing conditions on measured effective kinetics. Experiments on model alloys have the great interest to be directly confronted to simulation. Nevertheless, nuclear steels contain a large variety of minor alloying elements and impurities which have shown to play a key role on RIS behaviour. Thus, in a second part, RIS study on various bulk defects of an optimized nuclear austenitic stainless steel, a 316L(N) has been performed. Consequently, nanoscale coupled and correlated techniques (Atom Probe Tomography and Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) have been implemented. Techniques complementarity offered the possibility to associate enrichments to defect crystallography and revealed singular tendencies of RIS depending on the element and the defect involved. Furthermore, a higher nitrogen and niobium content in the steel nominal composition formed primary Z-phase, its stability under irradiation had also been for the first time studied in austenitic stainless steels
Yuan, Yanyan. „Characterization of physico-chemical environment of Co-based multilayer mirrors working in the soft x-ray and EUV ranges“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066444/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, we focus on the characterization of physico-chemical environment of the element present in Co-based multilayers working in the soft x-ray and EUV ranges. The observation of interface changes of both systems Co/Mo2C and Co/Mo2C/Y upon annealing is important for improving their optical performance. They were studied by combining non-destructive methods, x-ray emission spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, x-ray reflectometry and destructive methods, time-of-flight secondary ions mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to investigate their interface properties. This work aims not only at designing and fabricating new optical elements to face the development of sources and applications in the EUV and soft x-ray ranges, but also at developing a methodology combining simulations and experiments devoted to the interface analysis in these multilayer structures in order to improve their optical properties
Berthelot, Johann. „Contrôle de nano-antennes optiques par une commande électrique : tuner plasmonique et transduction“. Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleItawi, Ahmad. „Dispositifs photoniques hybrides sur Silicium comportant des guides nano-structurés : conception, fabrication et caractérisation“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112363/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si
Sall, Mamour. „Irradiation par des ions de grande énergie de semiconducteurs III-N (AlN, GaN, InN) : création de défauts ponctuels et étendus“. Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936879.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBaaboura, Jassem. „Effets de confinement quantique dans les matériaux de faible dimension dévoilés par des spectroscopies électroniques corrélées dans le temps“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA profound understanding of interactions within luminescent materials under excitation is imperative for advancing optoelectronic devices. Materials with small dimensions exhibit unique optoelectronic properties resulting from quantum effects and spatial confinement.Our approach to analyzing the optoelectronic properties of nanomaterials is marked by a versatile methodology, employing various techniques integrated into the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Utilizing an accelerated electron source at 60 keV, our study successfully overcame diffraction limitations. The STEM microscope, with nanometric resolution capabilities in measuring energy absorption through transmitted electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), formed the central aspect of our exploration. Enhanced by an integrated spectroscopic system into the microscope, we performed an in-depth analysis of the luminescence spectrum (cathodoluminescence) of nanostructures.The integration of these techniques facilitates the exploration of optoelectronic effects induced by excitons in low-dimensional materials, particularly in monolayer TMD-based heterostructures (WS2 et MoSe2) that were carefully prepared in a cleanroom. Luminescence mappings revealed correlations between the emission intensity of exciton XA and the trion, depending on the spatial displacements of the probe across the sample surface. These observations enabled deductions about the dependence of trion or exciton generation on the deformations of the layers within the heterostructure.Excitation by an electron source induces multiple electronic transitions, presenting a challenge compared to optical excitation. To tackle this challenge, the STEM team at LPS developed an experimental technique, the cathodoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (CLE), to identify the electron responsible for the emission of each photon. This identification, coupled with the magnetic spectrometer providing information on the energy absorbed by the sample, facilitates identifying the type of excitation leading to photon emission. The identification of the electron responsible for photon emission was achieved through temporal coincidence, utilizing a photomultiplier and a temporally resolved electron detector, Timepix3.A thorough investigation of the Timepix3 detector during this thesis unveiled the underlying mechanisms, spanning from the initial impact of the electron on the detector surface to its subsequent detection within the readout layer. This study, incorporating various experimental approaches, significantly contributed to the precise characterization of the detector, ultimately optimizing its temporal resolution.The temporal coincidence technique was applied to other low-dimensional materials, such as AlN nanowires with GaN/AlN quantum wells. This approach provided insights into the lifetime of excitations, uncovering a close dependence on the screening of the electric field within these nanowires. Simulations and experimental results demonstrated notable variations based on the current and spatial excitation position within the nanowire. While these dependencies are distinct, they are closely interlinked, influencing the migration of charges from barriers to wells and thus exerting a significant impact on the lifetime and emission energy of excitons.Finally, an energy-dependent study of electrons coinciding with photons unveiled the emission efficiency for each energy absorption, highlighting specific de-excitation processes leading to exciton generation, resulting in photon emission.These results not only enhance our comprehension of low-dimensional materials but also forge new pathways for the development of optoelectronic devices, particularly LEDs
Faraj, Achraf Al. „Biodistribution and biological impact of nanoparticles using multimodality imaging techniques : (Magnetic resonance imaging)“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696221.
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