Dissertationen zum Thema „Microscopie de molécules uniques“
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Dukhno, Oleksii. „Microscopie de molécules uniques avec des nanoparticules à conversion ascendante“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle-molecule microscopy (SMM) is a powerful set of techniques for molecular and cell biology that allows visualizing the movement of individual biological molecules, but has strict requirements towards the utilized luminophores. Recently, a new luminophore called upconverting particles (UCNPs) gained attention of the research community due to their efficient emission of visible light upon excitation with infrared light. This property makes UCNPs a valuable luminophore for biological applications due to the elimination of autofluorescence background, commonly associated with regular visible light excitation. Extreme photostability of UCNPs and absence of sporadic photoswitching are also valuable for SMM experiments. The objective of this thesis was to adapt UCNPs to SMM applications, with the ultimate goal of exploiting their unique properties towards superior performance of SMM experiments. During the project, protocols for dispersing UCNPs in aqueous buffers were streamlined to provide superior particle monodispersity; the efficiency of UCNPs in single-molecule resonance energy transfer experiments was estimated; protocols for single-molecule imaging with UCNPs were developed; and a proof-of-concept system for targeted single-molecule tracking with UCNPs in live cells was demonstrated. Overall, these findings will serve as a foundation towards robust SMM assays based on UCNPs
Jouchet, Pierre. „Microscopie super-résolue tridimensionnelle par modulation du signal de fluorescence de molécules uniques“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThree-dimensional imaging by localization of single molecules (SMLM) makes it possible to obtain resolutions of a few tens of nanometers, but still has certain limitations related in particular to non-uniform axial precision and a depth of observation often limited to the first micron of the sample. We propose here a new approach to single molecule localization, called ModLoc, which is based on the modulation and demodulation of the fluorescence signal of single molecules through the use of structured and time-modulated excitation. First, we present the fundamentals of SMLM imaging and the current limitations of this field. The subtleties of this new localization principle are then detailed and show a theoretical gain in precision by a factor of 3. Temporal emission studies of fluorescent probes in SMLM imaging reveal the need to integrate fast optical solutions (close to kHz). Experimental validation of the precision gain is demonstrated by the implementation of two optical devices. We choose to apply this principle in order to improve the accuracy of axial localization of fluorescent molecules. The results obtained show a uniform localization precision of 7.5 nm and up to 7 microns in depth on calibration samples and biological samples. The robustness of the method for in-depth MMS imaging is also demonstrated thanks in particular to acquisitions carried out at a depth of 30 µm in aberrant media. Various ways of improving the current device as well as the extension of this modulated localization approach to the observation of other quantities such as the life time and orientation of fluorescent molecules are proposed
Thédié, Daniel. „Caractérisation de protéines fluorescentes photoconvertibles pour la microscopie super-résolution par localisation de molécules uniques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for the observation of biological specimens and the understanding of molecular processes. The last two decades have seen tremendous advances in the field, notably with the development of “super-resolution” techniques, which allow the observation of structures smaller than the diffraction limit of visible light (~200 nm). One of the most popular of these techniques is Photoactivated Localisation Microscopy (PALM), which uses Phototransformable Fluorescent Proteins (PTFPs) to image single molecules and localise them with 10-20 nm precision. PTFPs are proteins from the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) family, which not only produce fluorescence, but can also undergo light-induced reactions such as fluorescence activation or change in emission color. These specific properties are at the base of PALM, since they allow stochastic temporal separation of the fluorescence events and imaging of sparse single-molecules. The fact that PALM deals with single molecules prompted the development of a variety of applications, among which single-particle tracking PALM (sptPALM) and quantitative PALM (qPALM). These advanced applications already provide amazing insights into biological phenomena, but their use remains challenging. One of the reasons for this is the complex photophysical behaviour of PTFPs, beyond the transormations that are useful for PALM imaging.Therefore, this thesis focused on characterising the light-induced reactions occurring in Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins (PCFPs, some of the most popular PALM markers) with the aim of improving single-particle tracking and quantitative approaches in PALM. In particular, the work was directed to the understanding of transient losses of fluorescence, known as blinking, that are detrimental to PALM experiments. After a thorough characterisation of light-induced reactions in both the green and the red form of the investigated PCFPs, a strategy was proposed to alleviate blinking and the artefacts it produces. Finally, insights were given into the application of this strategy to improve a qPALM experiment.This work constitutes an further step towards a better understanding of PCFPs photophysics, and improved extraction of quantitative information from PALM datasets
Harlepp, Sébastien. „Etude des structures secondaires de molécules uniques d'ARN post et en cours de transcription“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the 80th, people working on RNA discovered that some of them had some biological properties. This properties were at that time only attributed to proteins. Since that many other RNA with properties has been discovered, and the correlation between function and structure has been shown. In that work we built some new techniques to define the structures. The first tool built was based on mechanical denaturation. This denaturation were obtained by optical tweezers, the signature of such denaturation is directly related to structure. The second setup build was to follow the folding during transcription by using evanescent wave microscopy. This two techniques were completed by some numerical simulations
Cabillic, Marine. „Caractérisation de l'organisation et du trafic de paires récepteur/anticorps thérapeutiques par microscopie de localisation de molécules uniques couplée au criblage à haut débit“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImmuno-oncology is a young and growing field at the frontier of cancer therapy. Immuno-oncology therapies aim to stimulate the body's immune system to target and attack the tumor through therapeutic antibodies, by binding and modifying the intracellular signaling of T-cells (lymphocytes playing a central role in the immune response) surface receptors. Understanding how the spatial organization of receptors and signaling proteins is regulated and how it determines lymphocyte activation and cell fate decisions has become a ‘holy grail’ for cellular immunology. To achieve this goal, a better comprehension of antibodies functions and subcellular trafficking is requested to explain the differential efficacies of therapeutic candidates targeting receptors of interest. Quantitative super-resolution microscopy provides access to the nanoscale organization of membrane receptors playing a physiological role. It offers a new investigation tool for antibody optimization as well as maximizing their functional efficacy. In combination with high throughput screening techniques, it has the potential to play a crucial role in the early phases of projects in which it is necessary to select the best antibodies from banks that may contain several hundred of them. The goal of this PhD thesis was to functionally characterize receptor/antibodies pairs organization and trafficking by quantitative single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) combined with high content screening (HCS). In this context, we have developed and used an HCS-SMLM platform to characterize multiple antibodies targeting T-cell membrane receptors, allowing gathering unprecedented quantitative insight of potential therapeutic candidates. We also optimized the single objective light-sheet microscope (soSPIM) to permit 3D mapping of membrane receptors across an entire T-cell, with single molecule resolution. It allows 3D nanoscale imaging of T-cells in more physiological conditions, and provide complementary information compared to large scale single molecule screening experiments. Altogether, these developments improved our comprehension of antibody mode of action on receptors at the single cell level. Large-scale experiments performed during this work required the development of several software for the automation of the acquisition and the statistical analysis of the Terabytes of single molecule data generated.This project is focused on targeting PD-1, a control point of the immune system involved in the modulation of immune cells activation. The first part of the thesis was mainly devoted to the implementation of new protocols for PD-1 receptors super-resolution imaging on activated Jurkat cells. In the second part, we further investigated the impact of known anti-PD-1 therapeutic antibodies used in clinics, on the nanoscale spatial organization and dynamics of PD-1 receptors in living cells using our HCS-SMLM platform. This work provides the proof of concept of the capacity of these cutting-edge imaging techniques to characterize quantitatively different therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 on T-cell membrane
Jaffiol, Rodolphe. „Spectroscopie optique de nano-objets individuels“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112223.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle nanoobjects were studied by hyperspectral optical imaging, which associates a scanning confocal microscope with an optical spectroscopy unit. We choose to perform fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. At room temperature, such spectroscopic approach has proven to be well adapted to study two different nanoobjects, as single molecules and carbon nanotubes. Our Raman imaging set-up is an efficient tool to localize different chemical species in a sample. Thus, we recorded the first Raman spectra of new carbon species, single wall carbon nanotubes which encapsulated several perylene molecules or dimetallofullernes (peapods). For peapods, we demonstrate from Raman spectre a charge transfer process between the nanotubes and the metallofullerenes, and in many cases their polymerization inside the tubes. Metallic nanostructured surfaces are usually required in this kind of experiments. In fact, we observed an enhancement of the Raman scattering with these surfaces, high enough to record the Raman scattering from a single nanoobject in few seconds. Also, they improve the spatial selection of the confocal microscope, that permit the selection of single nanoobjects. In this way, we studied single molecules and single carbone nanotubes. Then, I bring out some characteristics of the enhancement process. In particular, this enhancement is only efficient at the vicinity of the nanostructure. The surface morphology of the nanostructure must also exhibit some protrusions, or interstices
Linarès-Loyez, Jeanne. „Développement de la microscopie par auto-interférences pour l'imagerie super-résolue tridimensionnelle au sein de tissus biologiques épais“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0167/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe work of this thesis was devoted to the development of a new technique SELFI (for self-interferences). This method unlocks the three-dimensional localization of individual fluorescent emitters. We have demonstrated that this allows 3D super-resolved imaging and 3D tracking of single molecules deep into dense and complex biological samples. The SELFI technique is based on the use of self-referenced interference to go back to the 3D location of a emitter in a single measurement. These interferences are generated using a diffraction grating placed at the exit of the fluorescence microscope: the fluorescence signal diffracts on the grating and, after a short propagation, the orders interfere on the detector. The formed interferences are digitally decoded to extract the 3D location of a fluorescent molecule within the sample. A single molecule can thus be localized with a precision of approximatively ten nanometers up to a depth of at least 50 µm in a thick living biological sample (for example a biological tissue).By combining the SELFI method with different super-resolution techniques (PALM, dSTORM and uPAINT), we show that this three-dimensional localization method grants the access to the hierarchy and organization of proteins in biological objects. By performing SELFI-PALM, we observed different proteins of the adhesion focal points (talin C-terminal and paxilin) and found the expected elevation differences, and those within living cell samples. These results confirm the resolution capability of the SELFI technique (about 25 nm) even for a small number of photons collected (about 500photons per molecule).We highlight the robustness of the SELFI technique by reconstructing 3D super-resolution images of dense structures at depth in complex tissue samples. By performing SELFI-dSTORM, we observed the actin network in cells grown on the surface of the coverslip at first, and at different depths (25 and 50 microns) within artificial tissues in a second time.3D single particle tracking has also been performed in living biological tissues. We observed the free diffusion of quantum dots at different depths (up to 50 microns) in living brain slices.We applied the SELFI technique to the detection of NMDA postsynaptic receptors. We observed, in primary culture of neurons but also within slices of rat brains, a difference in organization between the two subunits GluN2A and GluN2B of this glutamate receptor.Finally, we show the importance of following the evolution of the living biological sample environment during the acquisition of images leading to detections of single molecules. Thanks to the additional and simultaneous use of quantitative phase imaging, we were able to study cell membrane dynamics during the activation by a growth factor. The correlative analysis between white light quantitative phase images and single fluorescent molecule detections provides new relevant information on the sample under study
Milhiet, Elodie. „Nanospectroscopie de molécules d’intérêt biologique“. Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112150.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle-molecule-like spectroscopy plays a major role in many domains, from fundamental physics to biology. In this framework, my dissertation focuses on instrumental and theoretical developments of two biological-related applications. The first experiment aims at characterizing the dynamics of calcium binding by the fluorescent calcium probe Oregon-green Bapta5N commonly employed in cell signaling analysis. To achieve it, I have developed an experimental set-up of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that exhibits sensitivity close to that of single-molecule detection. Either monophotonic or biphotonic excitations can be used. I have investigated the several aspects of the photophysics of the probe and evaluated the interest and limitations of such an approach for future in-vivo measurements. The second one is devoted to the development of a semi-quantitative Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique for mapping gene expression in the adult drosophila brain. Two difficulties have to be solved. First, we succeeded in obtaining reproducible results with drosophila adult brain. Secondly, while most of the FISH protocols are not quantitative since they need a strong enzymatic, we achieved semi-quantitative detection of RNA probes. I will present results on a new approach for which enzymatic detection is replaced by a sensitive detection and a protocol which reduces autofluorescence contribution. Results will be presented for several genes in adult drosophila brain to validate the methods as well as an interesting application on a mental retardation disease. To conclude, I show that the method exhibits a single RNA sensitivity which opens the way to new applications
El, Beheiry Mohamed Hossam. „Towards whole-cell mapping of single-molecule dynamics“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066618/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImaging of single molecules inside living cells confers insight to biological function at its most granular level. Single molecules experience a nanoscopic environment that is complicated, and in general, poorly understood. The modality of choice for probing this environment is live-cell localisation microscopy, where trajectories of single molecules can be captured. For many years, the great stumbling block in comprehension of physical processes at this scale was the lack of information accessible; statistical significance and robust assertions are hardly possible from a few dozen trajectories. It is the onset of high-density single-particle tracking that has dramatically reframed the possibilities of such studies. Importantly, the consequential amounts of data it provides invites the use of powerful statistical tools that assign probabilistic descriptions to experimental observations. In this thesis, Bayesian inference tools have been developed to elucidate the behaviour of single molecules via the mapping of motion parameters. As a readout, maps describe heterogeneities at local and whole-cell scales. Importantly, they grant quantitative details into basic cellular processes. This thesis uses the mapping approach to study receptor-scaffold interactions inside neurons and non-neuronal cells. A promising system in which interactions are patterned is also examined. It is shown that interactions of different types of chimeric glycine receptors to the gephyrin scaffold protein may be described and distinguished in situ. Finally, the prospects of whole-cell mapping in three-dimensions are evaluated based on a discussion of state-of-the-art volumetric microscopy techniques
Soule, Pierre. „Etude des mécanismes de translocation des peptides pénétrateurs de cellules (cpp) à l'aide de techniques biophysiques“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066563/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene therapy relies on an efficient and specific delivery of drugs into targeted cells. For this purpose, the use of carriers that will help the drugs to cross the membrane, without introducing deleterious effect due to the membrane disruption, are promising. A family of such carriers is known as Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). These peptides are short, about ten amino acids, and often cationic. They are able to translocate through the membrane with different cargos and deliver them into the cytosol. However the mechanisms are still, to a great extent, unknown. We used three biophysical techniques to gain insights into the mechanisms leading to the translocation of a CPP. i) We found the heparan sulfates to be the strongest partner of the CPP penetratin at the cell surface. This adhesion has been pointed out using the Biomembrane Force Probe, a force measuring tool. ii) We evidenced the translocation of penetratin through the lipid bilayer (without any cell mechanism) as long as it contains enough negatively charged lipids. This has been carried out using model bilayers formed at the interface between droplets generated by an inverted emulsion: water in an oil and lipid mixture. iii) To view the translocation of CPPs at the single molecule level we developed a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) on a suspended bilayer
Julien, Carine. „Fluorescence et Diffusion Raman exaltée de surface (SERS) de molécules individuelles“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011564.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePar microscopie grand champ de fluorescence, l'émission de molécules uniques de pérylène orange insérées dans un film solgel mince, par enregistrement de films d'une large zone de l'échantillon sur laquelle plus d'une centaine d'émetteurs individuels sont détectés, fournit des informations sur cette espèce et la matrice sondée. Pour exploiter les films, un outil logiciel a été développé. Les processus de photoblanchiment, la mobilité moléculaire, la nucléation des molécules excitées sont mis en évidence et discutés. On note une grande richesse des dynamiques temporelles d'émission, mais aussi des spectres qui reflètent notamment la reconformation proposée du pérylène orange excité. Il s'ensuit l'existence de nombreux nanoenvironnements différents dans la matrice poreuse.
Par microscopie confocale à balayage, le signal de diffusion Raman exaltée de surface de molécules uniques organique adsorbées sur des agrégats d'argent de morphologie complexe est exploité. Certains objets présentent une exaltation géante, estimée être de plus de 14 ordres de grandeur, ce qui permet l'enregistrement de spectres résolus en seulement une seconde. L'analyse chimique offerte permet de distinguer différentes espèces, et la présence nécessaire sur ces points chauds d'Ag+ est démontrée. Une caractérisation corrélée par microscopie électronique des agrégats actifs repérés met aussi en avant l'existence d'une morphologie privilégiée, avec de nombreuses protubérances de dimension nanométrique et interstices.
Chahid, Makhlad. „Echantillonnage compressif appliqué à la microscopie de fluorescence et à la microscopie de super résolution“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0426/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy PhD work deals with the application of Compressed Sensing (or CompressiveSampling, CS) in fluorescence microscopy as a powerful toolkit for fundamental biologicalresearch. The recent mathematical theory of CS has demonstrated that, for aparticular type of signal, called sparse, it is possible to reduce the sampling frequencyto rates well below that which the sampling theorem classically requires. Its centralresult states it is possible to losslessly reconstruct a signal from highly incompleteand/or inaccurate measurements if the original signal possesses a sparse representation.We developed a unique experimental approach of a CS implementation in fluorescencemicroscopy, where most signals are naturally sparse. Our CS microscopecombines dynamic structured wide-field illumination with fast and sensitive singlepointfluorescence detection. In this scheme, the compression is directly integratedin the measurement process. Additionally, we showed that introducing extra dimensions(2D+color) results in extreme redundancy that is fully exploited by CS to greatlyincrease compression ratios.The second purpose of this thesis is another appealing application of CS forsuper-resolution microscopy using single molecule localization techniques (e.g.PALM/STORM). This new powerful tool has allowed to break the diffraction barrierdown to nanometric resolutions. We explored the possibility of using CS to drasticallyreduce acquisition and processing times
Turkcan, Silvan. „Interaction toxine-cellule étudiée par imagerie de nanoémetteurs individuels“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleButler, Corey. „Quantitative single molecule imaging deep in biological samples using adaptive optics“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0632/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOptical microscopy is an indispensable tool for research in neurobiology and medicine, enabling studies of cells in their native environment. However, subcellular processes remain hidden behind the resolution limits of diffraction-limited optics which makes structures smaller than ~300nm impossible to resolve. Recently, single molecule localization (SML) and tracking has revolutionized the field, giving nanometer-scale insight into protein organization and dynamics by fitting individual fluorescent molecules to the known point spread function of the optical imaging system. This fitting process depends critically on the amount of collected light and renders SML techniques extremely sensitive to imperfections in the imaging path, called aberrations, that have limited SML to cell cultures on glass coverslips. A commercially available adaptive optics system is implemented to compensate for aberrations inherent to the microscope, and a workflow is defined for depth-dependent aberration correction that enables 3D SML in complex biological environments. A new SML technique is presented that employs a dual-objective approach to detect the emission spectrum of single molecules, enabling 5-dimensional single particle imaging and tracking (x,y,z,t,λ) without compromising spatiotemporal resolution or field of view. These acquisitions generate ~GBs of data, containing a wealth of information about the localization and environment of individual proteins. To facilitate quantitative acquisition and data analysis, the development of biochemical, software and hardware tools are presented. Together, these approaches aim to enable quantitative SML in complex biological samples
Parutto, Pierre. „Statistical analysis of single particle trajectories reveals sub-cellular nanodomain organisation and function“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle-Particle Trajectories (SPTs) obtained from super-resolution microscopy allow to track proteins with nanometer precision in living cells and are used in neuroscience and cellular biology. In this thesis, I was interested in the high-density nanodomains found in these trajectories that can be modeled as potential wells. To characterize them, I developed a new hybrid method based on the point density and local drift field and compared it to the other state-of-the-art methods. Then, I used it to identify transient potential wells in SPTs of voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) contributing to a better understanding of the role of the different CaV splice variants in synaptic transmission. In another study, I looked at SPTs from Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) luminal resident proteins where I developed a method to reconstruct the network from trajectories and used it to characterize the luminal motion as a jump-diffusion process, which allows for a better redistribution of the luminal content than the previously assumed diffusive model. Finally, I discuss other analyses of motions for lysosome-ER interactions, CaV2.1 channels at drosophila’s neuromuscular junctions and the description of the motion of the constituent proteins of the NuRD chromatin remodeling complex
Jacq, Maxime. „Etude de la morphogénèse et de la division chez Streptococcus pneumoniae“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacterial division results from the combination of membrane constriction, driven by the cytoskeletal protein FtsZ, with cell wall expansion and remodeling, performed by cell wall synthases and hydrolases. Coordination of these processes within a large protein complex known as the divisome ensures cell integrity and maintenance of cell shape. I have investigated two important aspects of this coordination mechanism in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. I determined the in vivo nanostructure of the divisome scaffolding protein FtsZ by developing the use of PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) in the pneumococcus. PALM, which is based on the detection of single fluorescent labels and allows 20-40 nm resolution, has revealed unexpected features (dimensions, clusters, new substructures) of the FtsZ-ring architecture along the cell cycle. In parallel, I studied the role of the cell wall hydrolase Pmp23 using genetics, biochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. My work has shown that Pmp23 is required for the stability of divisome macrostructures in the pneumococcal cell, revealing a new connection between cell wall metabolism and cell division
Chong, Michael. „Electrically driven fluorescence of single molecule junctions“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents a study of the optoelectronic properties of molecular junctions performed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). First, the molecular structures are synthesized on a Au(111) surface. Then, by manipulation we lift and suspend a molecule between the tip of the STM and the gold surface, creating a single molecule junction. By applying a voltage bias between the tip and the sample, a current is generated, which leads to the excitation of the molecule. This process is mediated by the localized surface plasmon modes of the tip. Eventually, the molecule de-excites in a radiative way, generating a fluorescence signal. We use this technique to study two different molecular junctions. First, an emitting unit (fused-porphyrin) is suspended in the junction by means of organic linkers (oligothiophene). This type of junction generates a narrow-line emission of light whose color is controlled by selecting the chemical structure of the emitting unit. Moreover, control over the linewidth is obtained by progressively detaching the emitting unit from the surface. Also, we observe red-shifted vibronic features that provide a chemical fingerprint of the emitter, and blue- shifted vibronic features that are a sign of hot-luminescence. For the second type of junctions we use graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of atomically precise width and edge structure. When lifted in the junction, GNRs with a specific type of termination (C-terminated) exhibit a light emission spectrum with a main peak and two red-shifted vibrational features. The main peak is associated to an intra-ribbon transition between a localized state (Tamm) and a delocalized state
Ardhuin, Thibault. „Étude par STM et NC-AFM des mécanismes de charge de molécules individuelles sur substrats isolants“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30315.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn recent years, new techniques have emerged to control the charge of individual nano-objects (atom, molecule, metal aggregate or semiconductor, etc.) deposited on insulating substrates. This achievement has been made possible by the refinement of Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force (AFM) methods. By combining these tools, the precursors succeeded in controlling the state of charge of a gold atom deposited on a NaCl (001) bilayer on a Cu (111) substrate. Subsequently, this type of manipulation has been extended to molecular systems, in particular at the CEMES with Cu(dbm)2. This subject is part of the continuity of these studies. The objective was to analyze the impact of the increase of the thickness of the insulating film on the charge mechanisms. This problem requires a quantification of the state of the system charge as well as a measurement of the insulation thickness. In this work, we have been able to study KBr and NaCl films deposited on Cu(111) and Ag(111) surfaces. For these studies, whether in tunnel current (STM) or force gradient (NC-AFM), the control of the tip state is essential. When working on an insulating substrate, the tip tends to collect contaminants that change their electronic properties. However, to charge a system in a reproducible way, we must imperatively control the metallicity of the apex. This control requires a frequent re-preparation of the tip on a metal surface, difficult to find in the case of a thick film. To overcome this scarcity, we have implemented a deposition mask allowing a control of the gradient of the thickness of the insulating film while preserving clean metal zones. This allowed us to carry out our measurements with a better controlled state of the tip. The instability of the tip state has also led us to perform Z (V) regulated current spectroscopies. By controlling this current, it is then possible to minimize the interaction between the tip and the insulating film, thus making the tip last longer. These Z (V) spectroscopies also make it possible to increase the measurement voltage until reaching the field emission regime. We have observed a variation of the modulation of the field emission resonances (FER) amplitude as a function of the thickness of the insulating film. [...]
Bachellier, Nicolas. „On surface spin detection and doping of metallocenes“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE030/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main subject of this PhD thesis is the study of metallocenes deposited on copper surfaces. Their adsorptions and electronic properties are experimentally studied by scanning tunnelling microscopy(STM) and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS). Our results were confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) computations. More precisely, we studied how ferrocene FeC10H10 and nickelocene NiC10H10 are adsorbed on copper. We found that these metallocenes spontaneously create networks alternating horizontal and vertical molecules. We added a cobalt atom to the ferrocene in order to modify its structure and we characterized the magnetic properties of the new molecule we created, in particular the appearance of a Kondo effect showing that magnetic properties appeared in the molecule. The spectroscopic study of nickelocene revealed an excitation of the molecule at low bias. This excitation consist in a change in the spin orientation of the molecule, going from an orientation perpendicular to the main molecule axis to an orientation parallel to this axis. We finally transferred a nickelocene to the STM tip and used this molecular tip to probe the states of a second molecule. We consequently obtained a double spin excitation in our tunnel junction, with a significant increase of the conductance due to excitations
Woringer, Maxime. „Tools to analyze single-particle tracking data in mammalian cells“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS419.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work aims at providing tools to dissect the regulation of transcription in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on single-particle tracking of transcription factors in mammalian cells. The nucleus of an eukeryotic cell is an extremely complex medium, that contains a high concentration of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and other small molecules (ATP, etc). How these molecules interact with transcription factors, and thus influence transcription rates is an area of intense investigations. Although some of these interactions can be captured by regular biochemistry, many of them, including weak, non-covalent interactions remain undetected by these methods. Live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking (SPT) techniques are increasingly used to characterize such effects. The inference of biophysical parameters of a given transcription factor (TF), such as its diffusion constant, the number of subpopulations or its residence time on DNA, are crucial to understanding how TF dynamics and transcription intertwine. Accurate and validated SPT analysis tools are needed. To be used by the community, SPT tools should not only be carefully validated, but also be easily accessible to non-programmers. They should also be designed to take into account known biases of the imaging techniques. In this work, we first propose a tool, accessible through a web interface, based on the modeling of the diffusion propagator. We validate it extensively and show that it exhibits state-of-the art performance. We apply this tool to two experimental settings: (1) the study of catalysis-enhanced diffusion in-vitro and (2) the analysis of the dynamics of the c-Myc transcription factor in mammalian cells
Yang, Bin. „New approaches in super-resolution microscopy“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0075/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first technique aims at improving the imaging speed of super-resolution microscopy at roomtemperature for biological applications. As a scanning technique, STED (Stimulated EmissionDepletion) microscopy needs parallelization for fast wide-field imaging. Using well-designed opticallattices for depletion together with wide-field excitation and a fast camera for detection, we achievelarge parallelization of STED microscopy. Wide field of view super-resolved images are acquired byscanning over a single unit cell of the optical lattice, which can be as small as 290 nm * 290 nm.Lattice-STED imaging is demonstrated with a resolution down to 70 nm at 12.5 frames per second.The second one extends super-resolution microscopy to liquid helium temperature for applications inquantum technologies. Optical resolution of solid-state single quantum emitters at the nanometer scaleis a challenging step towards the control of delocalized states formed by strongly and coherentlyinteracting emitters. ESSat (Excited State Saturation) microscopy operating at cryogenic temperaturesis based on optical saturation of the excited state of single fluorescent molecules with a doughnutshapedbeam. Sub-10 nm resolution is achieved with extremely low excitation intensities, more thanmillion times lower than those used in room temperature STED microscopy. Compared to superlocalisationapproaches, our technique offers a unique opportunity to super-resolve single moleculeshaving overlapping optical resonance frequencies, paving the way to the study of coherent interactionsbetween single emitters and to the manipulation of their degree of entanglement
Fernandez, Laurent. „Influence of gangliosides in the dynamics and partitioning of CD82 and its partners“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA member of the family of tetraspanins, CD82, is a transmembrane protein and one of the rare metastasis suppressors identified so far. However, the mechanism of CD82-induced metastasis suppression remains not fully revealed. Tetraspanins, including CD82, have the unique property to create a network of protein-protein interactions within the plasma membrane, called tetraspanin web. Within this network, tetraspanins interact with each other (eg. CD82 with CD9, CD81 and CD151) as well as with other proteins, such as: integrins, growth factor receptors and immunoglobulin-like proteins. Additionally previous work has identified that the interaction of CD82 with EGFR, other tetraspanins and integrins depends on the expression of gangliosides at the plasma membrane.To date, studies in this field have employed ensemble-averaging techniques which are unable to account for membrane dynamics and stochasticity. Nevertheless, it is now well established that the spatio-temporal organization of its components is crucial for cellular functions.Thus, during my PhD thesis I aimed to study both the dynamics and partitioning of CD82 and its partners at the plasma membrane of HB2 mammary cells. To achieve this aim, a TIRF-based Single Molecule Tracking (SMT) approach was employed to provide direct nanoscale insights by observing individual proteins in living cells. Our SMT experiments demonstrated that CD82 overexpression increased CD81 dynamics at the plasma membrane of HB2 cells and modified its interaction within the tetraspanin web. In contrast, CD9 and α3 integrin dynamics were not modified by CD82 expression. Moreover, by enzymatically tuning gangliosides expression, we showed that these lipids are involved in both dynamics and partitioning of tetraspanins at the plasma membrane. Indeed, gangliosides depletion resulted in an increase in CD82, CD81 and α3 integrin dynamics as well as a redistribution of tetraspanins at the plasma membrane. We also investigated the 2D migration of HB2 cells showing that CD82 and gangliosides differentially altered the cellular migration of HB2 cells.Taken together, our results demonstrate that both CD82 and gangliosides differentially modulate the dynamics and partitioning of tetraspanins and their partners at the plasma membrane of HB2 cells. Finally, this work suggests that CD82 activity as metastasis suppressor could be in part linked to its ability, in cooperation with gangliosides, to modulate the spatio-temporal organization of its partners within the tetraspanin web
Kerlin, Maciej. „Gene coregulation in cis within the 3D genome – A single-molecule imaging study“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe eukaryotic genome is highly organized in both space and sequence. From entire chromosomes to individual genes the 3D organization of the genome is linked to transcription and many regulatory mechanisms likely coexist at different scales. At the sub-megabase scale, the genome is physically organized into self-interacting topologically associating domains (TADs) that are thought to constrain the range of action of gene regulatory elements called ‘enhancers’. Current data suggest that TADs serve as ‘regulatory units’ to coregulate multiple genes by exposing them to the same enhancers. Genes from the same TAD indeed often display correlated expression across different tissues and cell types. Interestingly, correlated expression is seen between functionally related genes. However, how 3D organization at an individual locus plays a mechanistic role in coregulating functionally related genes is unknown. Using single-molecule imaging, I observed in single cells the spatial positions and transcription of three adjacent functionally related genes regulated by the same/different enhancers. I used estrogen stimulation in MCF7 cells as a model system to study hormone-responsive genes and enhancers. Using combined RNA-DNA FISH, I measured the coupling between genes as the correlation in cis of their transcription. I found, that stimulation with estrogen increases the correlation in cis between genes belonging to the same TAD. Perturbation of the TAD boundary revealed the contribution of contact insulation to gene coregulation. Together, this work lays the ground towards an understanding of how enhancers and genes communicate and coordinate their activity within the 3D genome
Bechensteen, Arne. „Optimisation L2-L0 contrainte et application à la microscopie à molécule unique“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSparse optimization is crucial in today's society, as this is used in multiple domains, such as denoising, compression, machine learning, and variable selection. Sparse optimization is also vital in single-molecule localization microscopy, a microscopy method widely used in biology. However, obtaining a good sparse solution of a signal is computationally challenging. This thesis focuses on sparse optimization in the form of minimizing the least square loss function under a k-sparse constraint with an L0 pseudo-norm (the constrained L2-L0 problem). We also study the sum of the least square loss function and an L0 penalty term (the penalized L2-L0 problem). Both problems are non-convex, non-continuous, and NP-hard. We propose three new approaches to sparse optimization. We present first a continuous relaxation of the constrained problem and present a method to minimize the proposed relaxation. Secondly, we reformulate the L0 pseudo-norm as a convex minimization problem. This is done by introducing an auxiliary variable, and we present an exact biconvex reformulation of the constrained (CoBic) and penalized (PeBic) problems. Finally, we present a method to minimize the product of the data fidelity term and the regularization term. The latter is still an ongoing research work. We apply the three proposed methods (relaxation, CoBic, and PeBic) to single-molecule localization microscopy and compare them with other commonly used algorithms in sparse optimization. The proposed algorithms' results are as good as the state-of-the-art in grid-based methods. Furthermore, fixing the sparsity constraint constant is usually more intuitive than fixing the penalty parameter, making the constraint approach attractive for applications
Fiszman, Nicolas. „Etude de cinétique de la traduction eucaryote à l'échelle de la molécule unique“. Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00939858.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDouarche, Nicolas. „Modélisation d'expériences permettant la manipulation de molécules biologiques uniques“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011190.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUne étude statique de la formation de boucles dans la molécule d'ADN par exemple observable lors de la répression, à l'étape de transcription, de l'opéron Lac. Sont pris en compte : les effets liés à la taille des protéines fixant la boucle, des mécanismes entraînant une perte de rigidité du double brin - typiquement l'accrochage d'autres protéines - ainsi que son étirement au moyen d'une force extérieure. Nous avons calculé numériquement les diverses distributions en extension, ainsi que le facteur de cyclisation du modèle de polymère semi-flexible, dit "du ver". Seule la rigidité de courbure de l'ADN a été considérée. Nous avons adapté l'expression analytique obtenue par Shimada et Yamakawa en 1984.
Suit un bilan posant les bases d'une simulation stochastique du mécanisme permettant, à l'étape de réplication, le Contrôle du Nombre de Copie (CNC) du plasmide ColE1. Ce travail numérique devrait compléter une future caractérisation tant théorique qu'expérimentale, de la robustesse au bruit.
Barbier, Nathalie. „Etude des erreurs programmées du ribosome par microscopie de fluorescence en molécule unique“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO005/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe synthesis of proteins is a central mechanism of cellular life whose understandingis an issue for biomedical research. Phenomena such as programmed errors of eukaryotic translation orinitiation by viral IRES structures are involved in virus and bacterial replication processes. A Betterunderstanding of these processes is an essential step towards the development of innovative therapeuticapproaches.Single molecule studies allow each reaction system to be observed individually and give accessto asynchronous events, such as protein translation, that are difficult to observe in overall measurements.This phD manuscript presents a single molecule approach to study translation by a eukaryotic(mammalian) ribosome.We observe the translational systems thanks to fluorescent primers linked to oligonucleotides thatare hybridized to the translated mRNA sequences. These markers are observed by Total InternalReflection Fuorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) ; with the mRNAs attached to the sample surface. Whilereading the mRNA, the ribosome detaches the primers, and their instants of departure give us access tothe translation dynamics of individual ribosomes. This method makes it possible to obtain statisticalkinetic data on a large number of parallel translational systems, which can then be fitted by probabilitylaws. On the basis of this principle, my phD work aimed at extending our experiments to a newbiological issue : the study of non-canonical events in eukaryotic translation. To this end, we havemade the modifications and optimizations necessary for the set-up and the experimental protocol toadapt them to these new challenges.Our measurements of the in vitro kinetics of eukaryotic elongation have revealed a delay due tonon-canonical initiation. Indeed, the ribosome are recruited on the mRNA thanks to a viral, IREStype structure. Under our experimental conditions, the incorporation of an amino acid takes aboutone second while this structure induces a translation delay of several tens of seconds. We carried outa comparative study of several of these viral structures and showed that the measured delay was acharacteristic preserved in the framework of the non-canonical initiation. This result opens up prospectsfor kinetic studies both to deepen our conclusions on IRES and to address other non-canonical eventssuch as programmed frameshifting or STOP codon readthrough
Douarche, Nicolas. „Modélisation d' expériences permettant la manipulation de molécules biologiques uniques“. Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011190.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGéron-Landre, Bénédicte. „Reconnaissance de courtes séquences d'ADN et détection en microscopie de fluorescence“. Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Gall Antoine. „Pince optique et microscopie de fluorescence pour l'étude de la synthèse des protéines en molécule unique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647915.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWinckler, Pascale. „Spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence : fluidité membranaire et détection de molécule unique en solution concentrée“. Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a single molecule technique very well suited for in vivo studies. We have used FCS to explore plasma membrane microfluidity of living cells. Measurements were conducted at the single cell level, which enabled us to get a detailed over-view of the typical plasma membrane microviscosity distribution of each cell line studied (LR73, MCF7, KB3. 1, MESSA and MDCKII). A Monte Carlo simulation based on a 2D diffusion model enables us to link the asymetric fluidity distribution profile with the plasma membrane micro-organization. This result was used to determine the membrane organisation related to the surexpression of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a protein implicated in multidrug resistance. We also compare the membrane structuration of various cancer cell lines, each comes in two versions, a sensitive one and a resistant one to a chemotherapeutic drug: the Doxorubicin. Secondly, we propose a new excitation scheme based on a nonradiative energy transfert. This approach allow us to reduce the illumination depth of the microscope at the nanometric scale. We demonstrate its potential through two applications: FCS in micromolar solutions and fluorescence imaging on cells adhesion areas
Martin, Kévin. „Hélicènes photo-et redox actifs : Molécules uniques et auto-assemblage sur surface“. Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of new chiral molecules is a major challenge since few decades. This PhD work focuses on the synthesis and the characterisation of a variety of molecules based on helicenes. Indeed, helicenes are chiral and show exceptional chiroptical properties. Therefore, combining these chiral entities with various motifs allow the modulation of their properties. In a first part of this manuscript, we were interested in the association of helicenes with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), thus combining the redox properties of TTF with the chirality of helicenes. The second part concerns the preparation of luminescent helicenes based on benzothiadiazole and BODIPY for circularly polarised light luminescence (CPL). In a third part we investigated the self-assembly and the reactivity of helicenes on gold and copper surfaces. Finally, we have prepared single molecule junctions based on helicenes. In Conclusion, we developed different redox and photoactive helicenes with applications towards the self-assembly on surfaces and single molecular junctions
Morel, Mathieu. „Développement de dispositifs microfluidiques pour l'étude du guidage axonal en molécules uniques“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066753.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllemand, Jean Francois. „Quelques expériences entre physique, chimie, biologie :formations de boucles dans l'ADN, moteurs moléculaires etségrégation chromosomique, excitation biphotonique,spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00141893.
Der volle Inhalt der Quellemicromanipulations de molécules d'ADN uniques avec des pinces magnétiques
pour étudier la cinétique et thermodynamique de formation de boucles
sur l'ADN par le répresseur GalR. Nous avons également étudié les propriétés
de la translocase à ADN FtsK impliquée dans la ségrégation des chromosomes
chez E. coli. Dans une seconde partie nous avons mis en place différentes
expériences utilisant l'excitation biphotonique. Tout d'abord nous
avons construit un dispositif pour mesurer les sections efficaces d'absorption
à deux photons de molécules synthétisées au laboratoire.Nous avons ensuite
mis en place la technique de corrélation de fluctuations de fluorescence pour
mesurer des coefficients de diffusion et des constantes cinétiques.
Vienne, Véronique. „Etude de la cinétique de scanning lors de l'initiation de la traduction par microscopie de fluorescence en molécule unique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASP161.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProtein synthesis is a complex multistep process involving many factors that need to interact in a coordinated manner to properly translate the messenger RNA. As translating ribosomes cannot be synchronized over many elongation cycles, single-molecule studies have been introduced to bring a deeper understanding of translation dynamics. This approach has been first applied to prokaryotic translation and, recently to eukaryotic systems. In our study, we are interested in a specific step of translation initiation called scanning. During this step, the pre-initiation complex (PIC), which contains the small ribosomal subunit and translation initiation factors, slides on the mRNA 5' toward 3' to localize the start codon. To assemble the PIC on the 5' end of our model mRNA,we use an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the EMCV virus. The initiation process starts when the PIC is recruited on the mRNA by the IRES. Than the PIC scans the mRNA downstream the IRES until it reaches the start codon. The objective of this work is to determine the scanning speed and to assess the impact of different secondary structures on the scanning kinetics. To do so, we use a total internal reflexion fluorescent microscopy set-up with single-molecule sensitivity. The major advantage of single-molecule techniques is that there is no need to synchronize the ribosomes to measure their speed. We monitor the passage of individual, unmodified mammalian ribosomes at specific fluorescent milestones along mRNA. These milestones are two fluorescent complementary oligonucleotides (emitting respectively in the green and the red) hybridized at distinct positions of the 5'UTR of the mRNA, and excited alternatively. While scanning, the PIC unwinds the secondary structure and thereby induces the release of the oligonucleotides. This causes the loss of the fluorescence signal from each oligonucleotide. The time lapse between signals due to the release of each oligonucleotide allows a precise assessment of the scanning speed. By using oligonucleotides at complementary to various positions in the 5'UTR we have access to the scanning speed distribution of single ribosomes
Wagner, Gaudeline. „Etude de la dynamique de la chromatine par des techniques de molécules uniques“. Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077176.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe investigated two sides of single chromatin fibers dynamics: (i) chromatin assembly kinetics in a shear flow, and (ii) chromatin mechanical behavior under supercoiling constraints. Chromatin assembly was studied using different assembly Systems, cellular extracts and purified histones. We optimized the existing set-up and developed a method to quantitatively analyze surface reactions. The influence of several factors on the assembly was then underlined. A magnetic tweezers set-up was then used to exert controled mechanical constraints on chromatin fibers. Under high positive supercoiling, the nucleosome was shown to undergo a structural transition towards an altered state we named reversome. The biological relevance of this transition was discussed. The mechanical response of fibers containing the centromeric variant of histone H3, CENP-A, was also investigated
Labeau, Olivier. „Détection et étude de nano-objets : nanocristaux de CdSe/ZnS et molécules uniques“. Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeo, Minyoung. „Dynamique fonctionnelle du moteur flagellaire bactérien entraîné par des stators marqués par des protéines fluorescentes et par des stators étrangers modifiés par évolution“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT080/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is the macromolecular complex which allows bacteria to swim in liquid media. Located at the base of the flagellum, anchored in the cell membrane, this remarkably small (~45nm) yet powerful rotary motor rotates each flagellum of the cell switching between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) direction. The motor rotation is generated at the interface between the two key components of the motor: the stator protein complexes (each composed of 4 MotA and 2 MotB proteins) and the C- ring protein complex at the base of the rotor. The stator complexes are structurally and functionally discernible modules of the motor, and their dynamical association and dissociation around the rotor controls the generation of torque.The first project of this study aims to investigate how the FP tag on the stator protein modifies the torque generation and switching of the motor. This is particularly important because the fluorescent protein tag lies at the interface between stator and rotor, where torque and switching are produced. Three different FPs (eGFP, YPet, Dendra2) were fused to MotB. Interestingly, despite the high similarity of their structures, our analysis revealed that the three fusion stators generate different torque. Furthermore, in the presence of fusion stators, the motor showed significantly impaired switching abilities. When switching direction of the rotation, the absolute value of the speed of WT motors does not change, whereas this symmetry of speed upon switching is not observed in the fusion stator motors, and switching can be accompanied with a significant (~30%) decrease in absolute speed. Both the impaired torque generation and the switching ability were improved by introducing a rigid linker between the stator and the FP tag. Taken together, this study provides a further insight into the dynamics of the stator and rotor interaction at its interface.When the cells carrying the fluorescently labeled stators were observed in a custom made TIRF-fluorescence microscope with single molecule capability, the fluorescence signals were detected as concentrated clusters in the membrane as expected for these membrane proteins around the motors, together with a population of stators diffusing in the membrane. Fluorescent clusters were visible at the center of rotating cells tethered to the glass slide by a single flagellum, confirming that the fluorescent tags can be visualized in functioning motors.In a second project developed in Bertus Beaumont lab at TU Delft, taking BFM as an experimental evolutionary model system, its modularity and evolvability have been explored to learn the molecular details of the evolution of molecular machines. The stators of E.coli have been exchanged by a set of 21 homologue foreign stators. The experiments revealed that the stator proteins can be exchanged between distant bacteria species, and some of the non-compatible stators can be positively modified by evolution to become functional. Those evolved strains accumulated beneficial mutations in their foreign motA and motB genes, especially on their functional domains. Identical mutations in different stators were common, indicating that evolution is repeatable. The functional investigation at the single motor level revealed that those beneficial mutations improved the torque generation and/or the switching ability of the motor. The detailed genotype and phenotype investigations of the evolutionary modified BFM may bring an insight into how molecular machines such as BFM have evolved as well as the functional effects of the beneficial mutations that facilitate functional integration
Arthaud, Christopher. „Etude de la morphogénèse et de la division chez Streptococcus pneumoniae par microscopie de localisation de molécule unique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe morphogenesis of ovovcocci, which include the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, involves elongation and division processes associated with cell wall synthesis. The main component of the cell wall is the peptidoglycan, a polymer made of glycan chains cross-linked by peptide chains, which confers the bacterial shape and is essential for cell survival. Peptidoglycan synthesis required for cell elongation and division is performed by large protein complexes called “elongasome” and “divisome”, respectively. The assembly mechanisms and activity of these complexes in the bacterial cell remain mysterious. To image the activity of the peptidoglycan synthesis complexes in vivo at the nanoscale, I developed a method combining D-amino acid derivatives, click chemistry and single-molecule localization microscopy (dSTORM or direct Stochastic reconstruction microscopy). This method allowed obtaining images at a resolution of about 20 nm resolution, revealing unexpected features of peptidoglycan synthesis and challenging the role of some proteins in pneumococcus morphogenesis. By combining these observations with data from the literature, a simplified model of ovococci morphogenesis is proposed
Kawahara, Seiji Léo. „Spectroscopie à effet tunnel d'adatomes Kondo et de molécules uniques sur une surface magnétique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00927225.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKawahara, Seiji Leo. „Spectroscopie à effet tunnel d'adatomes Kondo et de molécules uniques sur une surface magnétique“. Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with two spintronics problems. In a first part, the Kondo effect induced by a 3d single atom adsorbed on a ferromagnetic surface is investigated using tunneling spectroscopy. We find that the tunneling spectra measured above Co adatoms on Fe/Au(l 11) islands can be split by the interaction with the substrate. We have successfully fit the tunneling signatures with a two levels Fano resonance, which allows to extract the Kondo temperature and the magnetic field that would induce such a splitting if it was due to a Zeeman effect. This field of several tens of Teslas is in good agreement with the expected Weiss field at thee iron surface. Some atoms were found to switch easily between two adjacent sites and show perfectly reproducible split/non split signatures. In a second part, we investigate the polarization of the local density of states of single C₆₀ molecules adsorbed on a Cr(OOl) surface using spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The spin resolved conductance maps and spectra show a significant tunneling magnetoresistance above the molecules. Tight-binding and ab initio simulations allow the identification of the polarized state, which derives from a lifting of degeneracy of one of the free molecule orbitals. The magnetoresistance is ascribed to a spin-splitting of this state and its spin-dependant hybridization with the Cr(OOl) surface. The Julliere magnetoresistance reaches several tens of percents at tunneling bias of hundreds of mV and its sign changes as a function of the bias
Bercy, Mathilde. „Les structures secondaires dans l'ARN : une étude par mesure de forces sur molécules uniques“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066718/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTraditionally, RNA has been considered as a mere intermediate between DNA, keeper of the genetic information, and proteins, which assume cells self-sustenance. With the discoveries of the transfert RNA in the 70s, and of the ribozymes in the 80s, RNA took on both roles: it can store information in its linear sequence, and tridimensional structuration enables catalytic functions. Since then, numerous roles devoted to RNA have been discovered, particularly for gene expression regulation. Most of these functions rely on tridimensional structuration of single stranded RNA. In this work, we used an optical tweezers setup to study several aspects of RNA structuration by single molecule force measurement. In a first part, we compared the dynamic behaviour of a model secondary structure made of either RNA or DNA, the hairpin. Then we considered the interaction of a secondary structure with a protein, the RNA helicase DbpA. Finally, within a wider study of ribosome assembly, we worked on the development of a new method to study tridimensional structuration. This method relies on the overstretching of a hybrid ribosomal RNA / DNA molecule
Tresset, Guillaume. „Compartimentation microscopique: depuis les microchambres femtolitriques jusqu'aux particules pseudo-virales“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00848365.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHouel, Julien. „Polarons de boîtes quantiques InAs/GaAs : microscopie et spectroscopie d’absorption de boîtes uniques et d’ensembles“. Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112290.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarhaba, Salem Pellarin Michel. „Influence de la morphologie sur les propriétés optiques de nano-objets métalliques uniques“. [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/35/62/12/PDF/These_de_doctorat_de_Salem_Marhaba.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchäfer, Philip Sudadyo. „Tuning of color and polarization of the fluorescence of nano-ribbons using laser microscopy and controlled self-assembly“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0435/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaterials with specific emissive properties can be obtained by the controlled organization of fluorophores at the molecular, nano- and microscales. In this work, polarized blue light emission is achieved by the highly anisotropic self-assembly of alkoxylated n-acenes into nano-ribbons. Fluorescence microscopy techniques were used to determine the growth mechanism and were combined to X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular packing in the nano-objects. The study revealed that the formation of the nano-ribbons is induced not only by the very common Ostwald ripening mechanism but also by an oriented attachnment growth, rarely observed with such evidence in organic systems. Besides more common techniques, single molecule fluorescence polarization microscopy contributed to characterize the molecular packing, although the nano-objects with high chromophore density represent very challenging samples. In this work, the properties of the nano-ribbons have been controlled at the microscopic level by the growth conditions, as well as by the addition of dopants Thereby, combining different molecules and photochemistry at the sub-micrometer scale under the microscope, colorful patterned ribbons could be obtained. In addition, orthogonal assembly was exploited to grow interpenetrated networks. The latter demonstrated dual color-emission, as well as inter-object energy transfer and electroluminescence at junctions
Du, Roure Olivia. „Adhésion homophile entre fragments de cadhérines : mesures de forces par microscopie à force atomique à l'échelle de la molécule unique“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066504.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlwan, Monzer. „Etude experimentale de contacts métalliques et moléculaires ponctuels : de l'objet individuel aux statistiques“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4106/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe present here an experimental work which contributes to the study of metallic and molecular point contacts using broken junctions-based devices developed in our team. Under ambient environmental conditions, these techniques are particularly adapted to two disciplinary fields: molecular electronics and nano-mechanics.We have studied the lifetime of gold contacts, which rarely exceed ten milliseconds at room temperature.Through statistical analyses of conductance measurements, we show that this lifetime is limited by the mechanical strain applied to the junction. These results allowed us to propose a breaking mechanism, and to define optimal conditions for the formation of the contacts at room temperature. We present then a preliminary study of conductance measurements of a single molecule, using a broken junction device as well as a scanning tunneling microscope.The results indicate that, despite the conductance measure of a single molecule is possible the observed stability should be considered before envisaging applications
Dulin, David. „Observation de l'activité traductionnelle d'un ribosome unique par microscopie de fluorescence couplée à un système microfluidique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538401.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGirod, Stéphanie. „Vers la mesure de nano-objets uniques, réalisation de nanogaps par électromigration“. Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00727574.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle