Dissertationen zum Thema „Microorganismes – Génie génétique – Essais“
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Chartrel, Valentine. „Fonctionnalisation d’une matrice végétale à base de pois protéagineux (Pisum sativum) par voie microbienne“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleROQUETTE transforms and valorizes peas (Pisum sativum) to produce proteins, fibers and starches. During this process, various secondary fractions are generated, including the pea soluble, designated LAB 4960 after atomization. This fiber-rich co-product is unfit for human consumption in its current form as it can cause digestive disorders, caused by the high content of α-GOS, α-galactooligosaccharides formed from 1 to 3 galactose units linked by α-(1-6) bonds. Among the α-GOS are raffinose, stachyose and verbascose which are not digested by humans, but fermented by the intestinal microbiota. The aim of this thesis project is therefore to reduce the α-GOS content of LAB 4960 by microbial fermentation in order to improve its digestibility. To achieve this objective, a twofold strategy has been implemented. In a first part, a microbial collection that is very diverse in terms of species and ori-gins (plant vs. animal) was built up from pea seeds with the characteri-zation of the microbial diversity of peas from different terroirs and from the private collections of the INRAE Laboratory and the ROQUETTE Company. In a second part, the constituted collection was tested for its ability to hydrolyze the α-GOS from LAB 4960. The screening of the strains was split into three steps, involving different selection criteria. Step 1 allowed the selection of strains capable of growing on LAB 4960 agar under two conditions of oxygenation (aerobic and anaerobic) and pH (acidic and neutral). Step 2 allowed the identification of sugars by Thin-layer chromatography after 72 hours of culture on the liquid LAB 4960. The strains that reduced the α-GOS were selected in step 3 for the quantification of sugars by High performance liquid chromatog-raphy coupled to mass spectrometry. In the first part, the metagenetic study of pea surface diversity according to different terroirs after soak-ing, showed a strong dominance of bacterial species belonging to Proteobacteria (57%) and Firmicutes (28%) and fungal species be-longing to Ascomycota (89%) and Basidiomycota (11%). The structure of the epiphytic community associated with the pea seed was strong-ly influenced by its origin (storage cooperatives and countries). From the pea seed soaking juice, 102 strains were isolated and assigned to 52 species. The 52 pea strains representative of each identified spe-cies were added to the 157 strains representative of 82 microbial species in the internal collections. Screening of the collection showed that 89% of the strains tested were capable of growing on LAB 4960 agar. About 20% of the strains degraded only sucrose. The occurrence of sugars as melibiose, manninotriose and manninotetraose, known to be the product of defructosylation, suggested that 19% of the strains hydrolyzed α-GOS by a β-fructosyltransferase of which 4% came from peas. Finally, 4% of the strains hydrolyzed α-GOS by an α-galactosidase, of which 1% came from peas. Among the 23% strains hydrolyzing α-GOS, two strains stood out for their strong hydrolytic activity: Candida pseudoglaebosa CBS 6715T and Serratia liquefa-ciens GBM09. A study on minimum medium, LAB 4960 medium and in a bioreactor on LAB 4960 of different concentrations showed that, under optimal growth conditions, the GBM09 bacterium is capable of hydrolyzing the α-GOS in increasing order of degree of polymeriza-tion at neutral pH and at 20°C whereas the yeast CBS 6715T hydro-lyzes all the α-GOS simultaneously at acid pH and at 28°C.These preliminary trials have made it possible to validate a proof of con-cept for a fermented functional food and hold out promise of their development on an industrial scale, paving the way for many innova-tions
Foissac, Xavier. „Insertion du Transposon TN4001 dans le génome de Spiroplasma Citri : sélection d'un mutant non transmissible par la Cicadelle Circulifer Haematoceps et d'un mutant non phytopathogene : contribution à l'étude de la spiraline protéine majeure de la membrane des spiroplasmes du groupe I“. Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28367.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBurucoa, Christophe. „Caracterisation de deux proteines d'enveloppe de Campylobacter jejuni impliquees dans l'adherence aux cellules humaines“. Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POITA001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRevardel, Emmanuelle. „Etude de mutants de Saccharomyces cerevisiae altérés dans la viabilité et la morphologie en phase stationnaire : analyse du gène NUM1, analyse de suppresseurs des mutations rvs“. Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28277.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Gall Fabrice. „Ingénierie d'un anticorps recombinant et son expression par le tabac : évaluation comme méthode de lutte contre un mollicute phytopathogène, le phytoplasme du Stolbur“. Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28594.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoutte, François. „Production sélective de lipopeptides par Bacillus subtilis en bioréacteur à membrane : du génie moléculaire au génie des procédés“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10115/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacillus subtilis produces up to three families of lipopeptides through a non-ribosomal mechanism, i.e., iturins, surfactins and fengycins or plipastatins. These molecules show a broad range of biological properties.Their biosynthesis is most often subject to complex regulation. In addition, the surface properties of these molecules make the production of the lipopeptide in an aerated bioreactor difficult because of the foaming, rendering difficult their large-scale production. This work was based on two approaches to optimize the production of the lipopeptide. On the one hand, an innovative process based on the technology of membrane bioreactor was developed for the production of lipopeptide to circumvant the massive foaming problem. For the first time, different bubbleless bioreactors were used for lipopeptide production by B. subtilis using hollow fiber membranes as air-liquid contactor. The performance of this bubbleless bioreactor enabled us to conduct a study of the lipopeptide production in a bubbleless bioreactor coupled with a continuous lipopeptide membrane extraction. On the other hand, a genetic optimization of the production of surfactin was undertaken to release its synthesis from a complex regulation and to obtain a single surfactin producer strain derived from B. subtilis 168, named BBG131. The different mutant strains obtained in this genetic optimisation process allow us to demonstrate some synergistic or antagonistic effect of surfactin and fengycin co-production on biological properties of Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, the use of BBG131 in the integrated process previously developed led to the production, extraction and purification of several tens of grams of surfactin, pointing out the feasibility of this integrated process at the industrial scale
Norais, Nathalie. „Isolement et caractérisation de la sous-unité d de l'ATPsynthétase mitochondriale de saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28174.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCabasson, Cécile. „Régénération de la mandarine commune (Citrus deliciosa Ten. ) par embryogénèse somatique en milieu liquide : Fusions somatiques et essais de transformation génétique“. Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20257.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDhali, Debarum. „Correlation between lipopeptide biosynthesis and their precursor metabolism in Bacillus subtilis“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10155.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenetic and metabolic engineering approaches were implemented to increase the precursor availability required for the biosynthesis of a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis. A metabolic network of amino acids metabolism in B. subtilis was first formalized through biocomputing tools. Then gene knock-out prediction was made using abstract interpretation and constraint solving. Predictions were based on genes which are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acid residues or in central carbon metabolism pathways. A markerless gene deletion strategy (Pop-in Pop-out technique) was adopted to carry out multiple deletions in a single strain and avoid antibiotic limitation. It was observed that the deletion of these genes have varied impact on lipopeptide production quantitatively and qualitatively. This work establishes that the precursor limitation problem of lipopeptide biosynthesis can be overcome by using this integrative approach
Brück, Hannah Luise. „Strain engineering and process design for continuous surfactin production in biofilm bioreactors with Bacillus subtilis 168“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiofilm bioreactors show promise for continuous microbial biosurfactant production due to the natural robustness of self-immobilized cells and the possible design of processes avoiding foam formation. The widely used bacterial strain B. subtilis 168 has the potential to produce surfactin, a powerful biosurfactant with exceptional biological activities and various industrial applications. However, B. subtilis 168 exhibits only poor biofilm formation capacities and thus entails limited cell adhesion capacities. In order to improve the natural cell immobilization of B. subtilis 168 to adapt this strain better to biofilm cultivation, filamentous mutant strains with restored exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were generated. The impacts of the genetic modifications were evaluated through colonization assays and by measuring the biofilm formation capacity under low shear stress in a drip-flow reactor (DFR). Subsequently, the most performant strains were selected and cultivated in a newly designed continuous trickle-bed biofilm bioreactor containing highly structured metal packing elements for biofilm formation. Moreover, a bacterial growth model was built able to describe the growth dynamics of the planktonic cell and biofilm population in the system. The colony development was strongly affected by filamentous cell growth and EPS production which was manifested through an enhanced surface spreading and colonization capacity. In the DFR and trickle-bed biofilm bioreactor, the EPS+ mutants showed significantly increased performances regarding the biofilm formation and surfactin production capacities. Whereas cell filamentation had a minor impact on the processes, but contributed to a better cell cohesion in the biofilm and led to reduced cell detachment during the cultivation. Thus, EPS production and filamentous cell growth contributed considerably to an improved process performance in the system. In addition, continuous fermentation has shown to be favorable for a high surfactin productivity. The experimental data from the trickle-bed biofilm bioreactor were in good accordance with those obtained by simulations with the developed growth model. Hence, the growth model has been successfully validated and could be used for further process optimization
Guelin, Emmanuel. „L'ATP synthase mitochondriale de levure : clonage et séquençage des gènes mitochondriaux ATP6 et ATP8. Clonage, séquençage et délétion du gène nucléaire ATP-E“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28205.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbeyrac, Bertille de. „Application des techniques d'hybridation au diagnostic des infections à mycoplasmes et chlamydia trachomatis et à la détection du gène de résistance aux tetracyclines TET(M) chez certaines bactéries responsables d'infections génitales“. Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28307.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeblanc, Pierrick. „Sélection et mise en oeuvre "optimale" de souches microbiennes en bioréacteur, pour la production d'acide hyaluronique“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0228/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work intended to develop a laboratory scaleproduction process ofhyaluronic acid (HA), a biopolymer of health and cosmetic interest, using a naturally AH producing lactic acid bacterium, Streptococcus zooepidemicus. A literature review allowed to identify the following critical points: firstly, the composition of the culture medium (identification of essential nutrients for microbial growth and synthesis of HA), secondly, the oxygenation level (oxygen transfer and associated redox modifications), and finally, in relation with, the production and metabolism abilities of the considered strains. A preliminary step was dedicated to the developmentorthe improvementof analytical techniques in order todispose of appropriate tools for the monitoring of Streptococcus zooepidemicus metabolism. The quantification of the biomass without considering capsular HA fraction as well as detection of hyaluronidase activity have been developed while other chromatographic and enzymatic methods have been more basically applied to and validated with the substrates and metabolites considered. The laboratory scale cultures of collection (ATCC) as well as “environmental” strains were initially used to formulate a workable cultivation broth and to define suitable culture conditionsfor a use at a larger scale to produce HA. Very positive results were obtained with higher production of HA in comparison with literature assays, while critical influencing factors such as the initial glucose concentration or the oxygenation levelin cultures were highlighted. The influence of these factors was thoroughly studied with bioreactor cultures in both batch and fed-batch modes leading to improved cultivation conditions and culture mode. In parallel, another important step consisted in the highly performance improvement of initially low HA producing "environmental" strains via random mutagenesis. Very promising overproducing mutants have therefore been generated, characterized in their kinetic and metabolic capabilities and long-term stored. At last, one of the best and most reliable mutant has been cultivated with the best previously selected medium composition and operating conditions. Both the HA production level, productivity and size observed validated the findings of this process development work, while helping to identify new improvement domains and strategies
Defosse, Tatiana. „Développement d'outils moléculaires standardisés pour les espèces levuriformes du clade CTG“. Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3803/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe fungal CTG clade includes well-known yeasts of clinical importance and/or biotechnological potential. Thus, albeit being intensively studied over the last 30 years, their uncommon genetic code precludes the use of the widely available markers and reporter systems for genetic approaches in these microorganisms. We provide here a toolbox to genetically manipulate a wide range of CTG clade species. Firstly, we developed a new series of versatile controllable expression vectors for M. guilliermondii. After, we characterized MPA-resistant gene IMH3.2 et used it as a drug resistance marker in several yeast species. Finaly, we provide a molecular toolbox suitable to genetically manipulate a broad range of prominent species from the CTG clade. This versatile toolkit represents a new starting point for successful developments of research in medical mycology in the CTG clade but also will expedite synthetic biology strategies in these microorganisms for biotechnological applications
Veaudor, Théo. „Vers la reprogrammation métabolique de la cyanobactérie modèle Synechocystis pour la production durable de biocarburants : structuration des flux du carbone par CP12 et implications sur l’équilibre bioénergétique, l’hydrogénase et l’intégrité génomique“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS257/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiotechnology is a powerful tool allowing exploitation of biological circuits to produce compounds with multiple uses (medicine, nutrition, industrial…). Cyanobacteria have valuable genetic and trophic properties which could reduce the costs and the environmental footprint of these processes (photosynthesis, CO₂ fixation, assimilation of diverse nitrogen sources…). They also naturally produce energetic molecules such as H₂ from which new and sustainable biofuels sectors may rise. However, a global and fine understanding of their physiology is required in order to design an efficient biological chassis with these organisms. They are genetically manipulable but also exhibit a strong versatility favoring fixation of mutations that can be either beneficial or harmful to their large-scale cultivation. Over the course of my PhD, I constructed and studied mutants of a CO₂ fixation regulator whose activation is linked to photosynthesis. I showed that the Calvin cycle activity synchronizes carbon fluxes and redox status in Synechocystis and that its deregulation affects the metabolism in a pleiotropic manner. I was specifically interested into the carbon/nitrogen balance in this species and its urea metabolism which is of prime interest in biotechnology. I demonstrated that the latter was in competition with the hydrogenase for the insertion of nickel into their respective catalytic centers. Scarcity of this metal leads to selection of mutants thriving upon prolonged exposure to urea that retained a high capacity of H₂ production in presence of this nitrogenic substrate. This work shows that the metabolism of Synechocystis can be altered in favor of other cellular processes. Omics approaches allow global identification of the physiological responses induced as well as the biological compensation mechanisms. These observations are discussed with regards to biotechnological implications of genetic instability and the need to strengthen our understanding of metabolic and genetic plasticity in cyanobacteria