Dissertationen zum Thema „Microenvironnement tumoral (TME)“
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Diaz, Herrero Alba. „Characterization of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Human Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma worldwide, characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mature B cells. It is an aggressive B-cell malignancy for which the current therapeutic strategies are still insufficient. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the dynamic network of cells and all elements surrounding and interacting with the tumor. It plays an important role in cancer development, treatment response, and patient survival. Consequently, investigating the TME in DLBCL patients is crucial to discover the mechanisms leading to relapse and identify prognostic biomarkers. However, its diffuse tissue structure presents a challenge in elucidating the cellular organization and communication within the TME. The objective of my Ph.D. thesis is to conduct a comprehensive multimodal characterization of the immune cells within the DLBCL tumor microenvironment.To facilitate access to human samples, I developed and implemented an ethically approved clinical research protocol and a circuit of tissue and blood samples from patients with DLBCL treated at Saint Louis hospital, ensuring that the patient cohort reflects the heterogeneity of the disease.First, I performed a deep characterization of T lymphocytes, with special focus on describing their role within the DLBCL tissue. Indeed, Tumor-infiltrating T-cells (TILS) are key players in the NHL TME, presenting different subtypes and cell states. I apply multiparametric flow cytometry and high-dimensional spectral cytometry to investigate the complex landscape of T diversity in DLBCL biopsies, as well as their communication patterns with other immune cells in the tissue. The unsupervised analysis approach identified unexpected T-cell subtypes at a protein level, compared to tissue control and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor expression analysis enabled the cell-cell communication study of those T-cell subpopulations within the TME context. Second, I aimed to characterize transcriptomic immune landscapes at a large scale within DLBCL tissue. However, RNA sequencing technologies characterize isolated cells from dissociated tissues with a loss of spatial context. I applied spatial transcriptomics, a cutting-edge technology that enables gene expression mapping in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of DLBCL biopsies, thus preserving their morphological information. I identified distinct anatomically restricted gene expression profiles in DLBCL samples, defying the historical notion of DLBCL diffuse architecture. These profiles can be classified into ecosystems that differ in cellular composition, functional patterns, and neighborhood characteristics. Moreover, their spatially resolved signatures classify patients with different overall survival revealing the prognostic potential of these spatial identities.Third, I evaluated the effects of altering the communication between NK cells and malignant B cells in DLBCL. I performed a functional in vitro assessment of a blocking antibody developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier. The functional assays demonstrated the effect of the molecular candidate in co-culture settings by improving cytotoxic functions of NK cells against tumor cells. These findings highlight the importance of targeting the interaction between effector cells and malignant B cells to develop effective therapies for DLBCL.This multidisciplinary project carried out on human samples provides a deep understanding of the heterogeneity of immune cells in DLBCL microenvironment at a protein and transcriptomic level while considering their spatial organization. Hence, this project holds significant therapeutic potential, by gaining insights into the disease heterogeneity and its impact on clinical outcome. This project could eventually lead to the discovery of new potential biomarkers and effective therapeutic strategies for DLBCL patients
Halse, Héloïse. „The Immunopathology of Primary and Metastatic tumors of the Liver“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASL126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnti-cancer immunotherapy can be highly effective for certain patients, but its success depends on the affected organ. Individuals with primary liver cancer or liver metastases from colorectal cancer often have limited responses to immunotherapy. This is largely due to the immune environment within the liver. In this study, we examined how immune cells, particularly mast cells and neutrophils, impact outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. We found that an increased presence of mast cells in tumors was associated with better outcomes for patients, while the presence of neutrophils was linked to a less favorable outcome. Furthermore, in the case of early-stage liver cancer, we discovered that patients could be grouped into different immune profiles, which could help personalize treatment. In summary, this study highlights the importance of understanding how the immune system reacts in the liver to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy for liver cancer and colorectal cancer. This information could also assist in identifying new therapeutic targets to improve treatments and patient survival in the future
Chaddad, Hassan. „Development of vascularized tumor spheroids mimicking the tumor environment : angiogenesis and hypoxia“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe tumor microenvironment, tumor angiogenesis, and hypoxia play a critical role in the tumor progression and therapy development of many cancers. Limitations in drug penetration, multidrug resistance phenomena, tumor vascularization, and oxygen deficiency are all parameters influencing drug effects. 3D cell culture allows to create a microenvironment that more closely mimics in vivo tissue architecture and function, thus, gene and protein expression modified by the 3D environment are further features that affect treatment outcome. In our first study, in order to develop a vascularized 3D model like in vivo tumors, we co-cultured 2D endothelial cells with 3D tumor cells. After 2 weeks of this combination, a vascular network was formed and organized with tubule-like structures presenting a lumen and expressing different angiogenic markers such as VEGF, CD31 and Collagen IV. In our second study, we developed an in vitro hypoxia model integrating the 3D environment and a hypoxia mimetic agent (CoCl2) to mimic the in vivo tumors and to show the importance of hypoxia in drug response and resistance. Results revealed that the best condition was the combination 3D+CoCl2 model, leading to overexpression oh hypoxia (GLUT1/3, VEGF) and drug resistance (ABCG2, MRP1) related genes. Taken together, angiogenesis and hypoxia are key factors for in vivo tumor microenvironment and they should be adopted in in vitro model design to better select and screen anticancer drugs
Cuny, Thomas. „New regulatory mechanisms in the growth of endocrine tumors : digestive neuroendocrine tumors, pitiutary adenomas“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlthough rare, endocrine tumors developed in Humans remain problematic, such as a better understanding of their regulatory mechanisms of growth represent a step forward to identify new therapeutical targets.In the first part of this thesis, we investigated the impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME), as defined by the factors surrounding the tumor primitive niche, on the growth of human digestive endocrine tumors. We, here, showed the occurrence of a reciprocal proliferation between human fibroblasts, a key cell within the TME, and human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines, suggesting that human fibroblasts may constitue a new therapeutical target of interest in the TME of digestive endocrine tumors. In a second part, we showed that pegvisomant (PEG), a growth hormone receptor antagonist currently used in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, did not impact in vitro the proliferation rate of GH-secreting adenoma cells and therefore is suitable in patients with a persisting GH-secreting pituitary adenoma residue after surgery
Schnipper, Julie. „The impact of the acidic tumor microenvironment on ion channel expression and regulation, in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe transient receptor potential canonical 1 channel (TRPC1) is one of the most prominent nonselective cation channels involved in several diseases, including cancer progression. TRPCs can be activated by different physio-chemical stimuli of their surroundings, for instance, pH. Another hallmark of cancer is the variable extracellular pH landscape, notably in epithelial cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC progression and development are linked to the physiology and microenvironment of the exocrine pancreas. There are strong indications that PDAC aggressiveness is caused by the interplay between the tumor acidic microenvironment and ion channel dysregulation. However, this interaction has never been studied before. Here, we investigate if TRPC1 is involved in PDAC progression in the form of proliferation and migration and if the pH fluctuations of the acidic tumor microenvironment affect these processes. We found that TRPC1 was significantly upregulated in PDAC tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue, and in the aggressive PDAC cell line PANC-1, compared to a duct-like cell line, hTERT-HPNE. To investigate if fluctuations of the acidic tumor microenvironment affect TRPC1 dysregulation, PANC-1 cells were incubated in a medium with a pH of 7.4 or 6.5 over 30 days, where after cells were recovered in pH 7.4 for 14 days (7.4R). Acid adaptation (6.5) reduced TRPC1 protein expression but favored its membrane localization compared to the control (7.4). pH recovery treatment (7.4R) resulted in an upregulation of TRPC1 expression with a high membrane localization, both in 2D and 3D models. We found that pH fluctuations and the siRNA-based knock-down (KD) of TRPC1 affected 2D and spheroid PANC-1 proliferation, respectively. In our 2D model, flow cytometry and cell cycle regulating protein immunoblotting showed that TRPC1 KD affected the progression through G0/G1 phase under all conditions and S-phase under control pH 7.4, which shifts to the G2/M phase in pH 6.5 and 7.4R. In addition, pH 6.5 enhanced, and the KD of TRPC1 decreased cell migration, respectively. Furthermore, we found that TRPC1 interacted strongly with PI3K under acidic conditions and CaM under all conditions, and a KD of TRPC1 decreased both this interaction and the activation of AKT and ERK1/2. Finally, basal Ca2+ entry was significantly reduced upon the KD of TRPC1 in pH 6.5 and 7.4R, where the entry was enhanced. The reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration resulted in an additional decrease in proliferation and migration of cells transfected with siTRPC1 growing in pH 6.5 and 7.4R, but not in normal pH 7.4 conditions.Collectively, our results show that TRPC1 is upregulated in PDAC tissue and cell lines. The acidic tumor microenvironment favors its plasma membrane localization, and its interaction with PI3K/CaM and Ca2+ entry leads to PDAC cells proliferation and migration. In addition, we performed an expression profile screening of ORAI channels, their partner STIM1, and a voltage-activated sodium channel (Nav1.6), and an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC1) in PDAC tissues and cell lines, and investigated whether the acidic tumor microenvironment affects epigenetic regulation of ion channel expression. We found that ORAI3 was upregulated in PDAC tissue compared to normal tissue, where STIM1 and NaV1.6 were significantly downregulated. Moreover, ORAI3 was more localized in the plasma membrane in tumor tissue. Acid-adaptation had a differential effect on Ca2+ channel expression. Furthermore, our preliminary results show that the acidic tumor microenvironment does not affect the methylation levels of the ASIC1 or TRPC1 promoter region, but so some extend the SCN8A gene promoter
Flores, Violante Mario. „Role of the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins pathway in leukemic stem cell regulation and resistance in acute myeloid leukemia“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1118/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAcute myeloid leukemias (AML) are heterogeneous hematological malignancies characterized by a clonal proliferation of myeloid blasts which infiltrate the bone marrow, blood and other organs. Identified as the most common type of acute leukemia in adults with 80% of cases, AML is associated with high relapse and poor prognosis where 70% of patients face mortality within one year after diagnosis. Leukemic stem cell (LSCs) presence has been related to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and relapse in AML. The tumor microenvironment has been described for its key role regulating LSCs through the crosstalk of signaling pathways. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) pathway is highly involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regulation, but has also been recognized to regulate LSCs. Here, we have identified high concentrations of BMP2 and BMP4 in bone marrow (BM) AML samples at diagnosis. Furthermore, we have identified for the first time a new signaling cascade, involving the binding of BMP4 to BMPR1A receptor, which induces the expression of ΔNp73 and NANOG. Activation of this signaling promotes a stem-like phenotype in leukemic cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that this signaling is responsible for the resistant capacity of leukemic cells to chemotherapy. In addition, we have reported BMPR1A/ΔNp73/NANOG as potential AML prognosis markers, due to their overexpression at diagnosis associated to an increased rate of relapse of AML patients within three years. When we analyzed AML samples at relapse, higher levels of ΔNp73 isoform were found compared to patients at diagnosis. Moreover, we have identified high expression of the BMPR1A receptor, ΔNp73, NANOG, SOX2 and ID1 in short-term resistant primary leukemic cells. These results correlate with what we observed in AML resistant cells, where BMPR1A, ΔNp73, NANOG and ID1 seem to be implicated in driving the resistant capacity of AML cells to drug therapy. Therefore, modulation and targeting of the BMP pathway elements and related genes identified with our study, represent a promising approach towards the development of new and more effective therapeutic strategies against AML
Baginska, Joanna. „Study of the involvement of autophagy in the acquisition of tumor resistance to Natural Killer-mediated lysis“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T088/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatural killer (NK) cells are effectors of the antitumor immunity, able to kill cancer cells through the release of the cytotoxic protease granzyme B. NK-based therapies have recently emerged as promising anticancer strategies. However, it is well established that hypoxic microenvironment interferes with the function of antitumor immune cells and constitutes a major obstacle for cancer immunotherapies. Recent studies demonstrated that autophagy is an important regulator of innate immune response in this microenvironment, but the mechanism by which autophagy regulates NK cell-mediated antitumor immune responses remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia impairs breast cancer cell susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis in vitro via the activation of autophagy. This impairment was not related to a defect in target cell recognition by NK cells but to the degradation of NK-derived granzyme B in autophagosomes of hypoxic cells. Inhibition of autophagy by targeting beclin1 (BECN1) restored granzyme B levels in hypoxic cells in vitro and induced tumor regression in vivo by facilitating NK-mediated tumor cell killing. Together, our data highlight autophagy as a mechanism underlying the resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis and provides a cutting-edge advance in our understanding of the underlying mechanism. This study might pave the way for the formulation of more effective NK cell-based antitumor therapies
Thibaut, Ronan. „Bystander IFN-Y activity promotes widespread and sustained cytokine signaling altering the tumor microenvironment“. Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTumor growth can be detected and restricted by the immune system. Innate immune cells, such as Natural Killer (NK) cells or invariant NK T (iNKT) cells, as well as adaptive immune cells such as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, are able to kill tumor cells and cooperate towards tumor elimination. Their action can also be achieved through their secretion of cytokines like IFN-γ. IFN-γ has pleiotropic effects in the tumor microenvironment. It enhances Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I expression on tumor cells, which makes them more sensitive to T cell-mediated lysis. It can also reduce their proliferation or directly induce cell death but also act indirectly on the tumor microenvironment by reducing angiogenesis. Despite a good understanding of IFN-γ−mediated effects, little is known about its spatiotemporal activity in the tumor. During my Ph.D, I thus wondered whether IFN-γ specifically acted in discrete areas of the tumor around the immune cells that produce it, or whether it is able to diffuse and widely act in the whole tumor microenvironment. I also focused on understanding the duration to which tumor cells need to be exposed to IFN- γ in order for the cytokine to alter their function and phenotype. I was able to show that, despite being produced locally, T cell-derived IFN-γ had a broad bystander activity in the tumor. Using two-photon intravital imaging and a reporter of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) nuclear translocation, I showed that IFN-γ signaling was occuring at distant sites from producing T cells. Those findings suggest an extensive diffusion of IFN- γ following its secretion which leads to a cyokine field bathing the entire tumor microenvironment Finally, my work demonstrated that sustained IFN-γ exposure is needed to alter tumor cell phenotype and functions
Devi, Priyanka. „Role and prognostic importance of regulatory T cells in lung cancer patients, according to the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066345/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTumor comprise complex niche of the immune and non-immune components. The complex interaction between the tumor cells with its environment turns into either eradication or the growth and metastasis of the tumors. We have previously demonstrated the role of TLS (tertiary lymphoid structures) in lung tumors, in protective anti-tumor responses. Despite of this, tumors do develop via exploiting the regulatory mechanisms, particularly includes, infiltration of the Tregs (regulatory T cells). The aim of thesis was to study the putative role of Tregs in regulating the immune responses in lung cancer. This study strongly demonstrates the presence of FoxP3+ Tregs in the TLS as well as non-TLS areas of the lung tumors. Tregs mainly exhibit central and effector memory phenotype expressing vast repertoire of the activation and immune checkpoint molecules. The gene expression and flow cytometry data showed that Tregs express the co-stimulatory and inhibitory markers which are known to be involved in the their activation and immune suppression. The high density of the Ti-Tregs either in TLS or in nonTLS areas is associated with the poor survival of the NSCLC patients. When combined with the density of TLS mature DC or B cells or CD8+ T cells, a group of patients with the low DC, B cells and CD8+ T cells but high Tregs densities, had the worst clinical outcome. This allowed, to identify the NSCLC patients with highest risk of death. Thus, it be concluded that the Tregs create the immunosuppressive environment in the lung tumors by acting in both TLS and nonTLS areas of the tumors and thus could be possible reason for the reduced survival of the lung cancer patients
Cadassou, Octavia. „Cancer and microenvironment : the functional interplay between intra- and extracellular nucleotide metabolisms“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1189/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNucleotides play a major role in nucleic acids constitution and are involved in various cell phenomena. Indeed, intracellular ATP, GTP, AMP, GMP and their cyclic forms are components of cell signaling and define the energetic balance. Extracellularly, they also play multiple roles. Thus, when nucleotide pools are deregulated various processes are impacted. For example, a low availability of nucleotides supports genetic instability and aberrant levels of extracellular adenosine can lead to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Interestingly, the cited parameters are among the Cancer Hallmarks described by Hanahan and Weinberg. These observations confirm the possibility of a key role of these molecules in this pathology. cN-II and CD73 are 5’-nucleotidases, involved in intra- and extracellular nucleotide metabolism respectively and have been identified as possible targets for new anti-cancer therapies. Nevertheless, very little is known about their biological roles on cancer cells and what parameters of cell biology could be impacted by such strategies. Considering the involvement of these purines in cell metabolism, we wondered what changes a decrease in cN-II and/orCD73 expressions or their silencing could trigger in cancer cells as well as in the interplay with their microenvironment.We studied cancer cell aggressiveness and the interplay with innate immune cells under cN-II and CD73 modulations. We observed that cN-II is involved in metabolic adaptability. The association of cN-II and CD73 invalidations results in glucose-metabolism-related gene modifications. CD73 can regulate migration-related genes expression but does not affect the process. cN-II is also involved in cell migration, via the COX-2/PGE2 axis. Again, these characteristics are accentuated when associated with CD73 deficiency. Here, cN-II and CD73 do not seem to be involved in cancer cell proliferation or in their interplay with a subset of innate immune cells
Arakelian, Tsolère. „Impact of Targeting the Autophagy Related Gene Beclin 1 on the Immune Landscape of Melanoma“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS193.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImmune Checkpoint Blockades (ICBs)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for melanoma patients; however only a small subset of patients reaps a long term benefit. One of the major challenges to enhance the efficacy and extend the benefit of ICBs to non-responder patients is to design innovative approaches allowing the switch of “immune desert cold tumors” to “immune infiltrated hot tumors" which are eligible for ICB-based therapies. Here, we investigated the impact of targeting the early autophagy gene Beclin1 on the immune landscape of B16-F10 melanoma tumors. We found that targeting Beclin1 (Becn1-) significantly inhibited B16-F10 tumor growth and increased the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes into the tumor bed. Immune phenotyping revealed an increased infiltration of active Natural Killer (NK) cells, inflammatory and resident type 1 macrophages, dendritic cells, and active CD8+ T lymphocytes. The inhibition of Becn1- tumor growth was no longer observed by depleting host CD8+ T cells, thus highlighting their major role in the control of Becn1- B16-F10 tumor development. We showed that Beclin1-dependent regulation of the immune landscape was associated with profound modulation of the cytokine/chemokine network in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, we revealed that Becn1- tumors displayed an inflammatory cytokine signature (comprised, but not restricted to, CCL5, CXCL10 and IFNg) that could be responsible for the switch from cold non T-inflamed to hot T-inflamed tumors. Mechanistically, we reported that the overexpression of IFNg in Becn1- TME was responsible for the induction of Programed Death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells through the activation of JAK/STATs pathway. Overall, this study highlights Beclin1 as a valuable target, able to drive immune effectors cells into the melanoma tumors by inducing an inflammatory signature. This study provides the proof of concept for combining drugs inhibiting early autophagy process along with ICBs as a cutting-edge approach to improve their efficacy
Czerwińska, Urszula. „Unsupervised deconvolution of bulk omics profiles : methodology and application to characterize the immune landscape in tumors Determining the optimal number of independent components for reproducible transcriptomic data analysis Application of independent component analysis to tumor transcriptomes reveals specific and reproducible immune-related signals A multiscale signalling network map of innate immune response in cancer reveals signatures of cell heterogeneity and functional polarization“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTumors are engulfed in a complex microenvironment (TME) including tumor cells, fibroblasts, and a diversity of immune cells. Currently, a new generation of cancer therapies based on modulation of the immune system response is in active clinical development with first promising results. Therefore, understanding the composition of TME in each tumor case is critically important to make a prognosis on the tumor progression and its response to treatment. However, we lack reliable and validated quantitative approaches to characterize the TME in order to facilitate the choice of the best existing therapy. One part of this challenge is to be able to quantify the cellular composition of a tumor sample (called deconvolution problem in this context), using its bulk omics profile (global quantitative profiling of certain types of molecules, such as mRNA or epigenetic markers). In recent years, there was a remarkable explosion in the number of methods approaching this problem in several different ways. Most of them use pre-defined molecular signatures of specific cell types and extrapolate this information to previously unseen contexts. This can bias the TME quantification in those situations where the context under study is significantly different from the reference. In theory, under certain assumptions, it is possible to separate complex signal mixtures, using classical and advanced methods of source separation and dimension reduction, without pre-existing source definitions. If such an approach (unsupervised deconvolution) is feasible to apply for bulk omic profiles of tumor samples, then this would make it possible to avoid the above mentioned contextual biases and provide insights into the context-specific signatures of cell types. In this work, I developed a new method called DeconICA (Deconvolution of bulk omics datasets through Immune Component Analysis), based on the blind source separation methodology. DeconICA has an aim to decipher and quantify the biological signals shaping omics profiles of tumor samples or normal tissues. A particular focus of my study was on the immune system-related signals and discovering new signatures of immune cell types. In order to make my work more accessible, I implemented the DeconICA method as an R package named "DeconICA". By applying this software to the standard benchmark datasets, I demonstrated that DeconICA is able to quantify immune cells with accuracy comparable to published state-of-the-art methods but without a priori defining a cell type-specific signature genes. The implementation can work with existing deconvolution methods based on matrix factorization techniques such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) or Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Finally, I applied DeconICA to a big corpus of data containing more than 100 transcriptomic datasets composed of, in total, over 28000 samples of 40 tumor types generated by different technologies and processed independently. This analysis demonstrated that ICA-based immune signals are reproducible between datasets and three major immune cell types: T-cells, B-cells and Myeloid cells can be reliably identified and quantified. Additionally, I used the ICA-derived metagenes as context-specific signatures in order to study the characteristics of immune cells in different tumor types. The analysis revealed a large diversity and plasticity of immune cells dependent and independent on tumor type. Some conclusions of the study can be helpful in identification of new drug targets or biomarkers for immunotherapy of cancer
Veith, Irina. „Lung Cancer On-Chip for Immunotherapy Response Profiling Apoptosis Mapping in Space and Time of 3D Tumor Ecosystems Reveals Transmissibility of Cytotoxic Cancer Death“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the few tumor diseases, with melanoma and vesical carcinoma, for which immuno-oncology drugs led to a therapeutic revolution. Only 20 to 30% of the NSCLC patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) monotherapy with durable responses, while combinations led up to 40% of long responder patients. Our study aims to better characterize the modulation of the tumor microenvironment upon ICI treatment, plus or minus concurrent chemotherapy, in order to guide more compelling immunotherapy strategies. Inspired by the organ-on-a-chip technology, we implemented the reconstitution ex vivo of a simplified immunocompetent lung tumor microenvironment by performing 3D co-cultures in microfluidic devices. This approach allowed us to perform live-imaging and quantification of the effects of ICI on the tumor ecosystem.The design of the chip consists of three parallel micro-chambers, separated by micro-pillars that allow the confinement of a biomimetic hydrogel in the central channel by capillarity. By co-culturing autologous NSCLC cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (harvested from the TILs of the same patient and furtherly amplified in vitro) we could recapitulate, visualize and quantify an efficient and specific cytotoxic activity of the T cells against the autologous cancer cells. For this purpose, we developed a novel algorithm that could localize the cancer cells and, thanks to a fluorescent reporter of the caspase activity, measure their death in a time- and space-specific manner. In these 3D co-cultures the cytotoxic activity of T cells was enhanced by the treatment with PD-1 inhibitor and PD-L1 inhibitor, therefore reconstituting on-chip an ICI response. Furthermore, this method allowed us to extract a parameter, the potential of death induction, which mathematically estimates the “contagiousness of death” by computing the proximity in space and time of death signals. Interestingly, this analysis revealed us that the death of cancer cells caused by either chemotherapy or cytotoxic T cells is contagious, whereas in control conditions the cancer cells death is stochastic. This observation may have biological and clinical implications, for instance regarding the bystander effect, observed after radiotherapy treatment. Furthermore, in order to have a molecular insight on the impact of the co-culture on T cells, in presence or absence of ICI, we analyzed by flow cytometry the expression of several T cell markers. After 3 days of co-culture on chip, the T cells showed an increased expression of activation markers, such as CD69 and CD25, as well as an increased expression of exhaustion markers, notably PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137 and OX-40. The coupling of image analysis and the study of T cell plasticity, allowed us to associate for the first time the finely quantified cytotoxic activity of the T cells and their activation/exhaustion status and describe a responsive phenotype to immunotherapies. In this thesis, we demonstrated that the tumor-on-chip is suitable to evaluate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, to potentially assess the effect of combined drugs and to study the mechanisms of cancer cell primary resistance
Girard, Pauline. „Pathophysiologie des pDCs et des Lymphocytes Tγδ en contexte de mélanome, et potentiel de leur interaction pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies The features of circulating and tumor-infiltrating gdT cells in melanoma patients display critical perturbations with prognostic impact on clinical outcome Potent Bidirectional Cross-Talk Between Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and γδT Cells Through BTN3A, Type I/II IFNs and Immune Checkpoints“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoth pDCs and γδT cells harbor critical roles in immune responses induction and orientation. Their unique features, high functional plasticity and ability to interact with many immune cell types allow them to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. They actively contribute to protective and pathogenic immune responses, which render them very attractive both as targets and vectors for cancer immunotherapy. Yet, γδT cells have not been extensively explored in melanoma, and despite strategic and closed missions, cross-talks between pDCs and γδT cells have not been deciphered yet, neither in healthy context nor in cancers, especially in melanoma where the long-term control of the tumor still remains a challenge. We provided here a detailed investigation of the phenotypic and functional properties of circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδT cells in melanoma patients, as well as their impact on clinical evolution. We also characterized the bidirectional cross-talks between pDCs and γδT cells both from healthy donor’s blood, patient’s blood and tumor micro-environment. Our study highlighted that melanoma hijacked γδT cells to escape from immune control, and revealed that circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδT cell features are promising potential biomarkers of clinical evolution. We also demonstrated crucial bidirectional interactions between these key potent immune players though type I and II IFN and BTN3A that are dysfunctional in the context of melanoma. Reversion of the dysfunctional bidirectional cross-talks in melanoma context could be achieved by specific cytokine administration and immune checkpoint targeting. We also revealed an increased expression of BTN3A on circulating and tumor-infiltrating pDCs and γδT cells from melanoma patients but stressed out its potential functional impairment.Thus, our study uncovered that melanoma hijacked pDCs/ γδT cells bidirectional interplay to escape from immune control, and pointed out BTN3A dysfunction. Such understanding will help harnessing and synergizing the power of these potent immune cells to design new therapeutic approaches exploiting their antitumor potential while counteracting their skewing by tumors to improve patient outcomes. Our findings pave the way to manipulate these potent and promising cell partners to design novel immunotherapeutic strategies and restore appropriate immune responses in cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases
Trimaglio, Giulia. „An orthotopic syngeneic mouse model to study the role of DCIR in colorectal cancer“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second deadliest cancer worldwide accounting for 900.000 deaths in 2018. Consequently, there is a strong need for new biomarkers as well as an improvement of the current treatments. Tumors develop in complex microenvironments where cancer cells constantly crosstalk with, and modulate, the local immune response to persist and replicate. C-type lectins receptors, expressed in particular by immune cells, actively regulate the immune response to cancer cells and, therefore, tumor development. Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), a C-type lectin expressed by myeloid cells, has been shown to play a major role in immunity to infectious and autoimmune diseases. Yet, the role played by DCIR in tumor immunity remains unknown. Analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data from two cohorts of CRC patients revealed an association between high DCIR gene expression and improved survival of patients. In this context, the principal objective of my PhD thesis was to determine the role played by DCIR in the immune response during CRC development. First, I developed an orthotopic syngeneic pre-clinical CRC mouse model consisting in the intra-caecal injection of engineered MC38 tumor cells expressing firefly luciferase (MC38-fLuc+) in C57BL/6 mice. Monitoring of the tumor growth by bioluminescence revealed that, despite an initial growth of solid tumors in all the mice, only 30% of mice developed a progressive lethal CRC, while the remaining animals spontaneously rejected their solid tumor and survived more than 100 days. No rejection of tumors was observed in the absence of adaptive immunity, nor when MC38-fLuc+ cells were injected in other anatomical locations (i.e., liver and skin). Immunophenotyping by transcriptomic and flow cytometry showed that mice with progressive CRC tumors exhibited a pro-tumor immune response, characterized by a regulatory T cell pattern, discernible shortly post-tumor implantation, as well as myeloid suppressor cells that are well-known to favor tumor growth. By contrast, tumor-rejecting mice presented an early pro-inflammatory response and an anti-tumor microenvironment enriched with CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a preponderant role of the colon-specific microenvironment in regulating the balance between anti- or pro-tumor immune responses and underline the importance of using orthotopic mouse models for in vivo studies. In a second part of my thesis, we used this CRC mouse model to compare the tumor development in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice or mice deficient for mDcir1 (mDcir1-KO), a murine homologue of human DCIR. While the lack of mDCIR1 has no impact on the percentage of mice developing or rejecting CRC tumors, we observed that mDcir1-KO animals developed bigger tumors than their WT counterparts. In line with this result, we found a lower infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ and decreased activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (i.e., T-BET+, CD44high, CTLA-4+) in CRC tumors from mDcir1-KO mice compared to WT mice. Altogether, our data point to a protective and anti-tumor role of DCIR during CRC development, probably due to a dysregulation of the balance existing between the tumor and the immune response. Overall, this study paves the way for the potential future development of pharmacological biomolecules targeting DCIR to trigger an efficient anti-tumor immune response in the context of CRC and beyond
Palacio, Lina. „Study of the role of the p16INK4a gene in tumor progression and tissue regeneration/function following exposure to ionizing radiation“. Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24855.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSenescence is an important cellular mechanism that prevents tumorigenesis and is characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest orchestrated by cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (i.e p16INK4a). Senescence is an important hallmark of aging and unbalanced levels of senescence is considered deleterious for tissue regeneration, and paradoxically for tumor progression. Irradiation (IR) is commonly used therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. Together with surgery and chemotherapy, it has helped to increase the life expectancy of patients and, in some cases, leads to complete remission. However, long-after therapy, children who survive cancer encounter alterations in the integrity of tissues/organs associated with premature aging. The accumulation of senescent cells may be responsible for this accelerated aging by limiting tissue proliferation and secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our group has previously demonstrated that the p16INK4a gene is increased in a delayed manner (approximately 8 weeks) following exposure to IR. It has not yet been investigated whether this delayed expression occurs in response to IR-induce damage of tissue homeostasis or as tumor suppression mechanisms. One objective of this thesis was to determine whether it was possible to modulate / inhibit the expression of p16INK4a in order to increase tissue regeneration without necessarily increasing the risk of cancer incidence. Indeed, this may be possible since p16INK4a-induced senescence is also irreversible in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of p16INK4a expression in conditional-p16INK4a null mice , induces both an increase in tissue regeneration but unfortunately also an increase in the incidence of cancer. We also wanted to know the impact of the accumulation of these senescent cells on the tissues, more specifically on the function of the immune cells in the spleen. We have demonstrated that alterations (p16INK4a-dependent) within the splenic microenvironment can alter the intrinsic functions of macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells. In addition, the systemic elimination of p16INK4a positive cells (mouse model p16-3MR) has led to a partial restoration of the function of these immune cells. The combination of these data allows us to better understand the role and function of the p16INK4a gene in the irradiation-induced senescence process. Our results suggest that it is conceivable to use pharmacological agents such as senolytic compounds, capable of inducing apoptosis in senescent cells specifically, in order to potentially reduce the effects of premature aging induced by cellular senescence in cancer survivors.