Dissertationen zum Thema „Microclimat de la vigne“
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Pillet, Jérémy. „Impact du microclimat sur le métabolisme de la baie de raisin“. Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21863/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlobal warming will affect berry metabolism, and especially phenylpropanoïd contents. This PhD work aimed to acquire a better understanding on the cellular processus linking the microclimate and the phenolic synthesis. By molecular and biochemical approaches, we extended this study to detail specific responses taking place in berries under heat and light stress.Transcriptomic analysis of heat-stressed and light-stressed berries showed the existence of two processes that occur in exposed berries. The first one triggers a rapid and transient expression of genes within the first hours of treatment. The second one mobilizes a set of genes showing increase in their expression after several days of stress exposure. Furthermore, this study validated the experimental set used to discriminate the effects of light and temperature, respectively.Expression analysis of 20 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway revealed strong differences among the transcriptional responses, depending on the nature of stress and the developmental stage of the berry. However, expression patterns of genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid could not fully explain the changes in anthocyanin and flavonol contents. This suggests that additional regulation processes such as post-traductional modifications of enzymes or metabolite degradation might take place in berries under abiotic stress. Anthocyanin content decreases under heat stress whereas flavonol content increases under high light. Malic acid increases in berry exposed to heat stress and high light. Moreover, heat-stressed berries showed an accumulation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine in skin but not in pulp.In parallel, a metabolomic analysis was initiated on stress exposed berry skins by using UPLC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap™ technology. The first experiments revealed contrasted metabolite contents in berries according to the stress applied, and highlighted several metabolites of interest. The preliminary assays will help optimize this powerful tool for futures analysis.Finally, expression of VvGOLS1 (Galactinol synthase 1) was strongly induced in grape berries exposed to heat stress, in good agreement with the observed galactinol accumulation. Role of galactinol as a signaling molecule is discussed. Transient expression experiments revealed that VvGOLS1 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level through VvHsfA2 action. VvHsfA2 expression is also stimulated under heat stress. In this context, characterization of the grapevine heat stress factors was initiated
Ferrer, Milka. „Etude du climat des régions viticoles de l'Uruguay, des variations climatiques et de l'interaction apportée par le microclimat et l'écophysiologie des systèmes de conduite Espalier et Lyre sur Merlot“. École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIGOUNET, OLIVIER. „Modifications des etats de surface des sols viticoles par paillages artificiels et par enherbement : incidences sur le microclimat de la vigne et la conservation des sols“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR1GE05.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is based on the double analysis of the "massif de la clape" (aude, france) climate. The analytical approach of the main climatological variables is used to precise its originaly and to set up the climatic conditions during my studies (1992-1995). The descriptive approach of the synoptic situations of the vegetative period of the vines (april-september) allows us to define seven weather types according to solar radiation, wind speed, its direction, temperature and rainfall level from which the frequencies of appearance will determine the "climate vintage". From an ecophysiological point of view, the temperature of the aerial organs of the vine explains the reaction of the plant of this climatic conditions of the vintage, especially through the control of the difference between the temperature of the leaves and the air. As far as the microclimat of vine is concerned, the thermal regime of the grapes (shiraz variety) during maturation is split into three phases depending on color evolution and berry development. At the biginning of the grape maturation the thermal response of grapes to the various climatic situations is low. After physical an chemical changes due to maturation this responses increases. The impact of weather types, according to their radiate characteristics, of the ventilation and the temperature becomes more important. The bioclimatic approach to the impact of modifications on surface conditions by artificial mulches allows us to define the light conditions and the thermal microclimat of the aerial organs of the vine. The increase of soil reflection to the vegetal cover influences the production, and the content of polyphenols and tannins in the must. The study of the modifications on surface conditions by green cover reveals the high impact of this technique to the fight against the hydroid erosion of viticulture soils. However, the influence on the production shows that this technique has be adapted in relation to the pedoclimatic conditions
Gnanguenon, guesse Girault. „Modélisation et visualisation des liens entre cinétiques de variables agro-environnementales et qualité des produits dans une approche parcimonieuse et structurée“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021MONTS139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of digital agriculture allows to observe at high frequency the dynamics of production according to the climate. Data from these dynamic observations can be considered as functional data. To analyze this new type of data, it is necessary to extend the usual statistical tools to the functional case or develop new ones.In this thesis, we have proposed a new approach (SpiceFP: Sparse and Structured Procedure to Identify Combined Effects of Functional Predictors) to explain the variations of a scalar response variable by two or three functional predictors in a context of joint influence of these predictors. Particular attention was paid to the interpretability of the results through the use of combined interval classes defining a partition of the observation domain of the explanatory factors. Recent developments around LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) models have been adapted to estimate the areas of influence in the partition via a generalized penalized regression. The approach also integrates a double selection, of models (among the possible partitions) and of variables (areas inside a given partition) based on AIC and BIC information criteria. The methodological description of the approach, its study through simulations as well as a case study based on real data have been presented in chapter 2 of this thesis.The real data used in this thesis were obtained from a vineyard experiment aimed at understanding the impact of climate change on anthcyanins accumulation in berries. Analysis of these data in chapter 3 using SpiceFP and one extension identified a negative impact of morning combinations of low irradiance (lower than about 100 µmol/s/m2 or 45 µmol/s/m2 depending on the advanced-delayed state of the berries) and high temperature (higher than about 25°C). A slight difference associated with overnight temperature occurred between these effects identified in the morning.In chapter 4 of this thesis, we propose an implementation of the proposed approach as an R package. This implementation provides a set of functions allowing to build the class intervals according to linear or logarithmic scales, to transform the functional predictors using the joint class intervals and finally to execute the approach in two or three dimensions. Other functions help to perform post-processing or allow the user to explore other models than those selected by the approach, such as an average of different models.Keywords: Penalized regressions, Interaction, information criteria, scalar-on-function, interpretable coefficients,grapevine microclimate
Mabrouk, Hatem. „Influence de la vigueur et du système de conduite de la vigne (Vitis vinifera L. ) sur sa structure géométrique et son microclimat lumineux en tant que facteurs de la qualité de la vendange“. Montpellier, ENSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENSA0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMorsi, Taher Hussein. „Effects of vine architecture on water use, microclimate, fruit composition, and yield of Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185700.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStephan, Jean. „Architecture 3D et microclimat lumineux de l'arbre“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21754.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSARI, HAYET. „L'interface vetement : echanges hygrothermiques et microclimat sous-vestimentaire“. Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE4745.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenharbit, El Alami Naïma. „Recherches sur le développement normal et anormal du gynécée de vitis vinifera L. Du bouton floral à la fleur fécondée : importance des tanins vacuolaires et relation avec la coulure“. Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR22007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDjedjig, Rabah. „Impacts des enveloppes végétales à l’interface bâtiment microclimat urbain“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS421/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study was conducted in the framework of the National Program "ANR-VegDUD Project : Role of vegetation in sustainable urban development, an approach related to climatology, hydrology, energy management and environments" (2010 -2013). It deals with the experimental and numerical modeling of green roofs and green facades to evaluate their thermohydric effects on buildings and urban microclimates. A physical model describing the thermal and water transfer mechanisms within the vegetated building envelopes has been developed. The model’s program has been implemented in a building simulation program. Using this tool, we are able to predict the impact of green roofs and green facades on building energy performance. This approach is extended to the street canyon in order to assess the microclimatic interaction in building simulation. An experimental mockup modeling an urban scene at reduced scale is designed to study the impact of different types of green roofs and walls. The comparison of the measurements carried out on vegetated buildings and streets with the reference highlights the hygrothermal and radiative impacts of vegetated buildings envelopes. In addition, these experimental data are used to verify and validate the reliability of developed tools. The results show that thermal and water transfers are strongly coupled. Hence, the thermal behavior of green roofs and green walls depend on the water availability within the growing medium. In summer and winter, measurements and numerical simulations show that green envelopes improve the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce the urban heat island
Girard, Pascale. „Validation partielle et développement d'un modèle de microclimat urbain“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27403.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Bras Julien. „Le microclimat urbain à haute résolution : mesures et modélisation“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30078/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thermal comfort of the inhabitants of a city is mainly affected by the urban heat island (difference in air temperature between urban and surrounding area. This effect is caused by anthropogenic sources, low vegetated areas and heat stored in buildings and roads during the night. The urban heat island can reach 10°C at night for the biggest cities. But inside a neighborhood, the temperature variability can reach a few degrees with the effect of the shadow of the trees or the presence of lake or parks. This variability may have the same magnitude than the urban heat island. The objective of this thesis is to study the temperature variability at the city-scale and at the street-scale. The aim of this PhD work is to develop a modeling chain of the temperature at the street-scale from data from operational weather stations located in airports.The modeling chain has to be fast in order to simulate long term urban planning scenarios and have a low computational cost in order to be run outside of atmospheric sciences laboratories. The first step of the modeling chain is the spatialized urban weather generator, a numerical physical scheme which calculated the urban heat island at the neighborhood scale from data of an operational weather station located outside of the city and with sur urban surface model TEB. The second part is a statistical model of temperature variability at the street scale calculated with meteorological data coming from the generator and a mapping of the urban tissue. The statistical model relies on field campaigns achieved in 2013 and 2014 in the neighborhoods of Marseille, Paris and Toulouse
Hénon, Aurélien. „Températures mesurées, modélisées, et observées par télédétection infrarouge, dans la canopée urbaine : modélisation aéro-thermo-radiative des flux de chaleur urbains“. Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2093.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the case of an urban fragment the presence of horizontal, vertical, oblique, and very heterogeneous surface elements yields complex definitions of the surface and its associated temperatures. The objective is to establish parametric relationships between the sensible heat and infrared fluxes, which are both related to the surface temperature. Aero-thermo-radiative simulations of the urban canopy were carried out using the SOLENE model, by applying it to configurations of urban fragments of downtown dense areas documented during two series of measurements in two French cities: Marseilles and Toulouse. The detailed analysis of the model variables then makes it possible to understand the thermo-radiative interaction processes of the studied fragment. Moreover, the ability to change the parameter values around those of the real scene allows sensitivity studies, bringing information on both the model and the processes. In the case of Marseilles, the general thermo-radiative behavior of the various surface types during a summer diurnal cycle is studied first, in terms of temperatures and local and integrated fluxes. In the case of Toulouse, the results of the model are validated in a more precise way, the parameterization is improved by developing and optimizing a model of wind inside the canopy and a model of convection coefficient, and then the new tools are qualified. Last, the improvements to the evaluation of the sensible heat and upward infrared fluxes made it possible to highlight their correlation and to propose a method allowing to calculate the sensible heat flux from the measured upward infrared flux
Afifi, Maha. „Métabolisation de l'eutypine chez la vigne : Effet sur la biosynthèse des anthocyanes“. Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT013A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChaabane, Djamal-Eddine. „Influence d'un écran thermique sur le microclimat nocturne d'une serre agricole“. Perpignan, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PERP0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoriguzzi, Agnès. „La feuille de vigne rouge (Vitis vinifera L. Var. "Tinctioria") mise au point bibliographique et contribution analytique“. Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P141.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaigneau, Claude. „Le brouillard en France : influences de l'urbanisation“. Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040183.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFog generates poor horizontal and vertical visibility, thus directly intervenes on human activities. The growth of towns and cities has implied modifications in the environment, changing the frequency of fog as well. Urban areas are parts of climatic and topographic entities that influence the distribution of fog over the country. So, it is more frequent in towns situated in continental climate areas than in seaside or oceanic climate ones. The same occurs with relief: it will be observed less frequently on coastlines, plains plateaux or narrow valleys than in broad valleys and hollow, hilly or mountainous areas. If the necessary connotations for the fog to build up (temperature, wind speed, relative moisture, etc) are met, it will generally appear, though it may be exceptional in some places. Human conditions must then be taken into account. As a matter of fact, as France is getting more urbanised, two contrary influences oppose each other in towns and cities for the building up of fog: pollution and urban heat island phenomenon. So, when the influence of urban heat outweighs the one of atmospheric pollution, the importance of the urban heat island is so high that the floating particles brought by pollution hinder the condensation of water vapour and thus the build-up of fog. On the contrary, when these conditions are reversed, the amount of particles is high, global radiation is lower and fog occurrence is higher. The decrease of fog is most frequently observed, particularly in stations progressively caught up by urbanization. This has been confirmed by the fact that stations situated in little or non-urbanised areas have counted up a growing number [. . . ]
Mache, Magdalena. „Représentation multi-échelle des transferts entre couche de canopée urbaine et atmosphère à l'échelle de la ville“. Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays informatics capacities do not permit yet to simulate en detail mass, moment, heat and humidity fluxes at city scale. The principal object of this thesis is to develop a method permitting a representation of the urban canopy at en intermediate scale between the neighbourhoods scale and the city scale. Firstly a drag force approach, initially developed for vegetation canopy studies, was adapted to urban canopy studies. It was introduced to the LES code ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System of Storms). This method permits to determine fluxes within the canopy, in domains extended to city scale, while different quarters are distinguished by their morphology. The flow within and above homogeneous canopies was then investigated for four densities. In the case of heterogeneous canopies, the transition between two canopies of different morphologies was studied before simulating the flow above a domain of the city of Nantes. The canopy was represented by morphological data extracted of the data base BDTopo with the tool OrbisGIS. In the last part of the thesis a thermal model was developed in order to permit to determine air temperature profiles influenced by the thermal fluxes of the buildings in function of the quantity of wall, roof and artificial soil surfaces
Robitu, Mirela. „Étude de l'interaction entre le bâtiment et son environnement urbain : influence sur les conditions de confort en espaces extérieurs“. Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the modelling of physical phenomena occurring in the urban microclimate. The aims of this work are, on one hand, to advance on the knowledge the urban microclimatology, especially concerning the presence of water and vegetation in urban environment and, on the other hand, to develop mathematical models of water ponds and vegetation. Furthermore, we propose a methodology of coupling of the models integrated in two simulation tools namely SOLENE (developed by CERMA Laboratory) and FLUENT. The final model proposed is based on the numerical solution of the systems of partial derivative equations which describe the phenomena of transfer of momentum, energy and mass taking into account the humidity and the radiation. The application of this model for the simulation of an urban scene, the Fleuriot Square in Nantes, made it possible to estimate the effect of water pond and trees on the urban microclimate and the conditions of thermal comfort
Zhang, Dapeng. „Conséquences physiologiques de la taille de la vigne : structure conductrice du vieux bois : autorégulation de croissance et régime hydrique selon divers types de taille mécanisables“. Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR20032.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAllegre, Mathilde. „Etude du rôle des stomates dans l’interaction vigne – Plasmopara viticola, agent du mildiou“. Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew enters through the uses stomata to enter the plant and to sporulate. It was observed that the infected plants wilted more rapidly than healthy ones when subjected to water starvation. Complimentary approaches were used to investigate stomatal opening/closure during infection. We have shown that the oomycete deregulates guard cell functioning, causing significant water losses during the night, from 3 days post-inoculation, before appearance of the first symptom. The second objective of this study was firstly, to determine whether stomatal closure could reduce infection and secondly, to determine if stomatal complex is the site of defence reactions associated with a reduction of the infection by Plasmopara viticola
Bortolami, Giovanni. „Impact des agents pathogènes sur le bilan hydrique et carboné de la vigne : conséquences pour le dépérissement de la vigne“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePerennial plant dieback is an increasing and complex phenomenon. Perennial plants experience many interacting stressing events leading to final plant mortality. These interactions, and how they may change regarding climatic conditions and plant physiological status, are key in understanding the dieback process. Although dieback events are increasing worldwide, the knowledge on the dieback mechanisms are scarce, given the many technical challenges in studying complex interactions. In this thesis, we studied the interaction between two stresses frequently experienced by grapevines, one of the most important perennial crops: drought and esca (a vascular disease). Esca is a disease in which there are many competing hypotheses regarding its pathogenesis. One of the main hypothesis is that leaf symptoms and plant death are caused by hydraulic failure in xylem vessels. For this reason, drought is thought to contribute synergistically with esca to grapevine dieback. In this context, this thesis has primarily explored the hydraulic failure hypothesis during esca pathogenesis. We found that during leaf symptom expression both leaves and stems suffer from hydraulic failure causing (on average) 69% loss of hydraulic conductance in midribs, 55% in petioles, and 30% in stems. Differing from classical air embolism during drought, we observed that hydraulic failure during esca was caused by the presence of plant-derived vascular occlusions (i.e. tyloses and gels) produced at a distance from the pathogen niche in the trunk. After this discovering, we explored the interaction between esca and drought, subjecting naturally infected plants to drought. We found that drought totally inhibits esca leaf symptoms, as none of the plants under water deficit (at ΨPD ≈ -1MPa for three months) expressed leaf symptoms in two consecutive seasons. At the same time, in order to understand the interaction between esca and drought, we recorded the whole-plant water relations and carbon economy of grapevine under both stresses. We highlight the distinct physiology behind these two stresses, indicating that esca and drought present different underlying mechanisms, and induce different plant responses and physiological consequences. Esca (and subsequent stomatal conductance decline) does not result from decreases in water potential, and generates different gas exchange and non-structural carbohydrate seasonal dynamics compared to drought. Finally, we observed that esca affected the recorded plant physiology only seasonally, and not over the long-term. This thesis highlights the importance in finding the physiological thresholds triggering the different interactions during plant dieback. Together, the results open new scientific and agronomical perspectives on plant-pathogen-environment interactions and vineyard sustainability
Caillon, Robin. „Biogéographie du microclimat foliaire : mécanismes et conséquences sur les relations plantes-insectes“. Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlant performance and leaf-dwelling arthropods are impacted by leaf surface temperatures. Leaf surface temperatures can show important deviation from air temperature and present different levels of heterogeneity depending on the spatial scale. The leaf buffers temperature extremes by getting closer in amplitude to air temperature. However, this physiological response decreases the heterogeneity of temperatures at the leaf surface and the opportunities for arthropods to behavioraly thermoregulate in this microclimate. Mean temperatures at the leaf surface show low buffering abilities in response to warming and locally determine photosynthetic performance. From the leaf to the canopy scale, plants show different responses to warming and scaling is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of global warming
Joly, Delphine. „Génétique moléculaire de la floraison de la vigne“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/JOLY_Delphine_2005.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe control of grapevine yield is a major element for viticulture. A decrease of yield would resolve the world wine overproduction, while increasing the quality of the harvest and the wines. The making of grapevine yield is primarily based on the number of inflorescences (bud fertility) and on the flower number produced by the vine. The whole stages leading to flowering was the subject of many researches since more than one century, but the molecular "keys" of grapevine flowering remained unknown until 2001. Many genes involved in the floral development of Arabidopsis thaliana, in particular the AtLEAFY gene, major actor, were characterized during last fifteen years, thus opening a new field of research on the developmental biology of the plants, and in particular on floral initiation. Based on this knowledge, we could clone VvLEAFY gene. The expression analysis of VvLEAFY, and other flowering genes VvTFL1, VvAP1, VvSEP3 and VvAG gave us the first molecular elements of the floral development in grapevine. From a Riesling clones collection showing a different fertility, a study was carried out to verify if the character "fertility" could be expressed by the transcripts level of VvLEAFY or VvTFL1 genes. A clone with strong fertility and one with weak fertility were studied. The analysis by quantitative RT PCR showed that the ratio of VvTFL1 and VvLEAFY transcripts were different between the two clones. Our results suggest that the transcripts level of VvLEAFY and VvTFL1 are associated to the numbers of inflorescences and flowers. Our work shows that a gene expression analysis could explain the phenotype differences in for the fertility. These approaches suggest that inter-clonale variability, appeared during the vegetative multiplication as a result of genetic evolutions. This work could be continued by the search of the origins of this expression variation. In addition, an application of these results could be to develop a tool for characterization of the clone yield (bud fertility and a number of berries per bunch) at the molecular level, which would facilitate the clonale selection for the yield
Ferras, Catherine. „Châteaux de la vigne en Biterrois et Narbonnais /“. Montpellier : Université Paul Valéry, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35091240z.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThèse soutenue sous le titre : "Architecture privée au XIXe siècle, les châteaux du vignoble en Bas-Languedoc occidental" Bibliogr. p. 135-153.
Bonnardot, Valérie. „Le climat et la vigne en Bourgogne orientale : climatologie appliquée et recherches d'indices climatiques pour la vigne en Côte de Beaune“. Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOL031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with climate and vineyard in burgundy. Climatic resources and risks results for burgundy winegrowing area has been established. The great lines of the climate, which depend on the geographical situation, where the oceanic, continental and mediterranean influences are meeting, has been displayed using a comparison with other great winegrowing areas in France. But the real climatic advantages for the vineyard is realised in the inferior scale, the cote, between plateau and the eastern plain of Saône. Some main topoclimatic elements are given. The second point of the research is orientated towards the determination of climatic indices for pinot noir grape in the cote de Beaune. Phenological dates (of budding, flowering, ripening and harvest) are estimated using correlations, composite analysis and linear regression methods. Results show that differences between real and estimated dates are small by 3 or 6 days
Lespy-Labaylette, Philippe. „Recherches sur les polyamines des baies de raisin au cours de leur développement et des pépins au cours de leur germination“. Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR20242.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFournioux, Jean-Claude. „Facteurs de l'édification de la tige de Vitis vinifera L. Dans différentes conditions de culture“. Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOS015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeterrier, Marina. „Régulation et rôle physiologique du gène VvHT1 (Vitis vinifera hexose transporter 1) exprimé durant la maturation de la baie de raisin“. Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2270.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWine quality strongly depends on the ratio acid/sugar of the grape berries at harvest. Grapevine berries (Vitis vinifera) mainly store hexoses. This accumulation which starts suddenly at the ripening stage named vraison, involves hexoses transporters. A complete clone (VvHT1: Vitis vinifera hexose transporter 1) was previously isolated in the laboratory. Its expression increases around vraison, suggesting that VvHT1 could be involved in hexose accumulation during berry ripening. The work presented here deals with the regulation of VvHT1promoter, using the GUS reporter gene, and with its physiological role, using a sense/antisense strategy in tobacco plants. The data provide the first example of a putative hexose transporter induced by sugars in higher plants and demonstrate an original sugar sensing phenomenon. Some of the plants transformed with VvHT1 cDNA show a marked phenotype and are clearly affected in source/sink partitioning, glucose uptake and sugar metabolism in leaves
Larignon, Philippe. „Contribution à l'identification et au mode d'action des champignons associés au syndrome de l'esca de la vigne“. Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR22015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDai, Zhan Wu. „Analyse et modélisation de la croissance et de la composition biochimique des baies de raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ) en réponse à la disponibilité carbonée et hydrique“. Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0612.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe responses of berry growth and composition (sugars and acids) to intrinsic properties (seed and berry position within a cluster) and exterior factors (assimilate supply and water availability) were studied using both ecophysiological and modelling approaches. During two successive growth seasons, experiments were conducted on two red wine grape (Vitis vinifera L. ) cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, which grew in greenhouse and/or vineyard. Leaf removing together with berry thinning and shoot girdling were applied to obtain different levels of assimilate supply. In addition, water supply was controlled to provide two level of water availability in one year. With the assistance of a mathematical growth function, seed effect on the final berry size was identified to control berry growth during the first rapid growth phase, while its effect on berry composition is indirect. In addition, number of seeds per berry was a major reason causing intra-cluster variation in berry size and malic acid concentration but not for concentrations of sugars and tartaric acid. Increasing assimilate supply resulted in increases in the average berry fresh weight and sugar concentration, decreases in acid concentration, and decline in the degree of variability in berry traits. Position effect on berry fresh weight, sugars and acid only occurred under assimilate limited conditions. This position effect was not due to differences in seed distribution or berry potential sink size between positions, but was likely ascribed to the relative position of a berry to the assimilate source. A refined SUGAR model (Génard and Souty, 1996) was adopted to grape berry and correctly simulated the negative effect of lowered leaf-to-fruit ratio and the positive effect of water shortage on sugar concentration. Model simulation further indicated that the decreasing leaf-to-fruit ratio reduced sugar import more than sugar metabolism and water dilution, causing a net decrease in sugar concentration. In contrast, the water shortage decreased sugar import less than sugar metabolism and water dilution, resulting in a net increase in sugar concentration. Similarly, berry fresh and dry mass was well reproduced by adopting the Fishman and Génard's (1998) growth model, accurately simulating the reduced berry fresh and dry mass caused by the low leaf-to-fruit ratio. Furthermore, model simulation of the intra-cluster variation in berry fresh and dry
Arnold, Claire. „Ecologie de la vigne sauvage, Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, dans les forêts alluviales et colluviales d'Europe /“. Zürich : Vdf, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39974811f.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGLAD, CHRISTINE. „Origine gestion et transport des assimilats chez la vigne“. Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066696.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarković, Zvjezdana. „Cryoconservation et cryothérapie de la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.)“. Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0026/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study aimed at establishing a cryopreservation protocol for grapevine shoot tips and at testing the efficiency of cryopreservation in eliminating selected grapevine viruses. In vitro cultures of healthy genotypes of eight Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars Plavac mali, Maraština, Pošip, Debit, Grk, Lasina, Plavina and Vugava and of virus-infected genotypes of Plavac mali were successfully established. Differences in survival, regrowth and growth parameters were genotype-specific. Infected cultivars were less reactive compared to healthy ones. A PVS2-based cryopreservation protocol was successfully established. Modifications in sucrose preculture conditions and use of PVS2-derived alternative vitrification solutions did not improve growth recovery. By contrast, the physiological state of the plant material played a critical role in cryopreservation. Actively growing buds sampled from single-node microcuttings displayed higher regrowth compared to buds sampled directly on in vitro plantlets. The position of buds on the stem of in vitro mother-plants affected regrowth after cryopreservation. The addition benzylaminopurine in the shooting medium had a positive effect on regrowth after liquid nitrogen exposure, while no such positive effect was observed with zeatine riboside or proline. The cryopreservation protocol established led to approximately 50% recovery with cultivar Portan and three of the four international cultivars tested. By contrast, no or very low recovery was noted with the Croatian cultivars tested. Based on ELISA tests, the GFLV virus was eliminated from 82.4% of non-cryopreserved samples and from 77.78% of cryopreserved samples in cultivar Chardonnay and the GLRaV-3 virus was eliminated from 100% of both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples in cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. These results may be related with our immunolocalisation studies, which showed that GFLV was found in the apical dome and meristematic tissues in cultivar Pinot Noir and GLRaV-3 in sieve elements of cultivar Merlot. Genetic stability of plants regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips was studied using AFLP markers. With the eight AFLP primer combinations employed on the 43 plants tested, no polymorphism was observed after sucrose preculture, treatment with the loading solution and half-strengthPVS2. However, polymorphic fragments were observed in non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved samples treated with PVS2 solution, the number of which increased with increasing durations of exposure to PVS2 solution
Koussa, Tayeb. „Recherches sur l'acide abscissique et l'abscissate de ß-D-glucopyranose des feuilles et des bourgeons de vigne“. Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR20186.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleREDON, CHRISTOPHE ELIAN. „Identification-caracterisation des histones de la vigne (vitis vinifera l. ). Mise en evidence d'une relation entre histone linker et developpement de la vigne“. Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLehtihet, Khrofa. „Analyse microclimatique d'espaces urbains méditerranéens : cas de la ville de Marseille“. Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEssekkouri, Taoufik. „Optimisation du microclimat des potées fleuries produites en serre dans une optique d'économie d'énergie“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30758/30758.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTOURNEBIZE, REGIS. „Microclimat lumineux et transpiration d'une association arbuste/herbe en milieu tropical : mesures et modelisation“. Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbier, Hugues. „Recherche de marqueurs associés à la contrainte en azote et en carbone chez la vigne (vitis vinifera var. Cabernet Sauvignon)“. Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe stake of the vine growing, is to produce fruits of quality suitable for the manufacture of wine. For that, the growing methods related to the control of the nitrogen contribution (nitrate fertilizers and the availability of carbon (limitation of leaf aera). This thesis work concerned the search for biochemical and molecular markers on grape (Vitis vinifera var Cabernet Sauvignon) associated with nitrogen and carbon constraints. He biochemical (sugar concentration, free amino acids, and ecophysiologic (growth of the vegetative parts) studies of fruit-bearing cuttings showed that the growth (size if the plants and leaf aera) is the more discriminating character between the plants under constraint and control conditions. But they did not allow to disciminate the nitrogen and the carbon constraint. A molecular study was thus undertaken by realization of SSH libraries (Subtractive Suppressive Hybridization) for the plants placed in nitrogenized constraint vs control plants. The screening of these libraries by microarrays highlighted 137 clones induced or repressed by the nitrogen constraint
Jreij, Rana. „Incidence des itinéraires culturaux : fertilisation foliaire azotée, irrigation et hauteur de haie végétale, sur la composition azotée des baies de Vitis vinifera en climat méditerranéen“. Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON13517.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleValtaud, Christophe. „Biologie des agents de l'esca et impacts sur la vigne (Vitis vinefera L. Cv Ugni blanc)“. Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2315.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsca disease is a grapevine damage induced by pathogenic fungi localized in the xylem especially Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum. We evaluated the effect of various environmental factors, such as temperature and pH on the development of these two fungal pathogens and determined the corresponding cyto-physiological criteria leading to their in vitro characterization. In selectively infected cuttings we observed that these agents invaded different areas: P. Chlamydospora developed mainly in vessels and fibres whereas P. Aleophilum was detected predominantly in protoxylem and pith areas. Our data also highlighted P. Aleophilum capacity to degrade lignified wall layers whereas P. Chlamydospora only disorganized pectocellulose walls. In addition, co-inoculations of the two fungi showed the synergistic capacity of these two fungi to invade wood and cause cell wall damage. In canes and leaves of Vitis vinifera cv Ugni blanc we determined specific phenotypic and structural features of the esca disease and compared this to those of black dead arm and eutypa dieback. We observed the impact of esca on glutathione in leaves, focusing on gene expression corresponding to enzymes involved in its metabolism, as well as glutathione S-transferases. Apart from an initial perturbation in primary metabolism, levels and redox state of glutathione and expression of glutathione S-transferases can be considered as stress markers in vine: their detection might constitute an early indicator for infection of grapevine by esca disease in the field
Deswarte, Corine. „L'eutypiose de la vigne : mode d'action et détoxication de l'eutypine, toxine produite par Eutypa lata“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT017A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Clech Bernard. „Fonctionnement hydrique de la vigne, de l'échelle de la journée à celle de l'année : étude de quelques conséquences en viticulture“. Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20436.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleColrat, Ségolène. „L'eutypiose de la vigne : caractérisation d'un mécanisme de l'eutypine, toxine produite par Eutypa lata“. Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT006A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoukharta, Mohamed. „Étude des flavanoïdes [i. E. Flavonoïdes] de Vitis vinifera : structure des proanthocyanidines des pépins de raisin, de sarments et de feuilles de vigne“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTelebak, Tripo. „Évaluation des rendements en fonction de différents moyens de protection de la vigne contre le gel hivernal au Québec“. Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenAttia, Faouzi Garcia Marc Pierre Lamaze Thierry. „Effet du stress hydrique sur le comportement écophysiologique et la maturité phénolique de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. Etude de cinq cépages autochtones de Midi-Pyrénées /“. Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000654.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZIRN, MYRIAM. „Panonuchus ulmi, l'araignee rouge de la vigne : pullulation et methodes de lutte“. Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTisserant, Leo-Paul. „Développement de racines transformées de vigne pour l'étude des stilbènes“. Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work aims at the setting up and the study of a new in vitro culture for a cost-effective production of highly pure resveratrol derivatives. To answer that need, hairy root lines of Vitis vinifera L. were established, stabilized and screened. Their low growth rate was improved by testing various culture media and different sucrose concentrations. The best growth rate was obtained with ½ SH medium with 2% (w/v) sucrose. The growth and stilbene production kinetics were assessed in these conditions. A constitutive production of stilbenes was observed in roots, though they showed a strong response to eliciting treatments such as methyl jasmonate and cyclodextrines. In these conditions, the hairy roots yielded high stilbene production in terms of concentrations as well as diversity. The diversity of the stilbenes obtained has been described by biochemical profiling of both root and their culture medium extracts using CPC-NMR and LC-MS. Together with the study of hairy roots, we used cell suspensions cultures as a simplified model to study the excretion of t-resveratrol. Candidate transporters have been screened for using a global plasma membrane proteomic approach based of iTRAQ. ABC G transporters were pointed out as promising candidates and were further characterized by studying their gene expression. Together, these results support the interest of grapevine hairy root cultures for the study of stilbenes metabolism and their bioproduction