Dissertationen zum Thema „Microbiome bactérien“
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Nguyen, Do Ngoc Linh. „Mise au point de l’analyse par séquençage à haut-débit du microbiote fongique et bactérien respiratoire chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChronic pulmonary infection results in an irreversible decline in lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While several bacteria are known as main causes for these infections (for example: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cepacia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans...), more recently some fungal genera including filamentous fungi (such as Aspergillus, Scedosporium...) have also been identified as emerging or re-emerging pathogens able to cause invasive mycosis. Thus, the identification of the microorganisms involved in the respiratory colonizations and/or infections has become essential.Still now culture methods remain the gold standard for diagnostic of microbial infections. However, it could not identify non-culturable or difficult-to-cultivate microorganisms. Thanks to the development of high-throughput sequencing (next generation sequencing or NGS), recent studies have shown that the lung of patients with CF is a complex poly-microbial flora, also called the CF lung microbiota, which includes not only bacteria but also fungi (yeast and/or filamentous fungi), and viruses and phages. Dysbiosis (loss of abundance and/or diversity) of the lung microbiota has been associated with the patient's decreased lung function and poor clinical status.While lung bacteriota and its role in pathogenesis have widely been studied, few research studies focus on the fungal component (mycobiota/ mycobiome) of the lungs. Our thesis (PhD work) focuses on NGS analysis of pro- and eukaryotic lung microbiota in CF patients, in particular on the comparison of different methodological approaches to optimize and standardize the NGS protocol. This project has been developed under the supervision of Pr. Laurence Delhaes in the “Biology and Diversity of Eukaryotic Emerging Pathogens” team directed by Dr. Eric Viscogliosi.Firstly, we present a state of art on the current knowledge on the fungal colonization/infections risk in CF as well as the development of new concepts of lung microbiota and lung mycobiota on which our team focuses.Secondly, we applied the NGS approach to study the pro- and eukaryotic microbiota in the sputum samples of CF patient lung. Indeed, NGS is a powerful technique that may introduce biases on numerous methodological steps. One of the most important biases is that this technique could not differentiate among the living microorganisms, the dead or damaged cells, and the extracellular DNA. In the context of the CF lung microbiota which is often exposed to high-dose intravenous antibiotics, the analysis by NGS might evaluate4inaccurately the abundance and the diversity of the lung microbiota. Pretreatment of samples by propidium monoazide (PMA), which can target selectively the DNA of viable cells, could be a solution to overcome this limitation. Our study aimed to determine whether a sample pretreatment with PMA modified the lung pro- and eukaryotic microbiota analyzed by NGS. We discuss the clinical relevance of this approach "PMA - NGS" in the context of CF patients to a better quantification of living microorganisms
Sharma, Poonam. „Genome analysis of multidrug resistant bacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCystic fibrosis is an autosomal genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene. Pulmonary infection is the major problem faced by patients with cystic fibrosis. My work is divided into two main parts: first I made a review of the literature on the analysis of bacterial genomes isolated from CF patients compared to the genomes of the same species isolated in autrescontextes and other part I analyzed the genomes of three species of bacteria (Microbacterium yannicii, Chryseobacterium oranimense and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus). The comprehensive analysis of bacterial genomes from cystic fibrosis patients revealed an extraordinary evolution of these genomes with time and treatment received by these patients reflects the ability of these bacteria to adapt to their particular ecosystem the acquisition of new genes by lateral gene transfer. This work shows the extraordinary plasticity of bacterial genomes in a given environment and as the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis represents a unique model for understanding the evolution of bacterial genomes. In addition, our work has identified their molecular mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics. Future work on the study of metagenomes sampling in these patients could help to answer these questions in the future. The discovery of new species and / or emerging will allow us to have a more complete picture of cystic fibrosis which could lead to a better understanding of the disease and thus a better therapeutic management
Durand, Guillaume. „Incompatibilités de culture bactérienne“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0705/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGut microbiota is a major health concern for microbiologists. Its alterations were previously related to diseases. In the first step of this thesis, we have searched for new antimicrobials within the gut microbiota. Indeed, antibiotic resistance is a global health concern and research for new antibiotics is a cornerstone for fight against it, according to the WHO. Three quarter of all current antibiotics are natural products, or derived from them, synthesised by bacteria and fungi from soil. Gut microbiota is another complex ecosystem with strong competition. We have searched for antagonism in the gut microbiota species against most human pathogenic species. We found an inhibition of growth of S. aureus by P. avidum, of E.cloacae by B. fragilis, E. dispar, L. delbruckii, P. acidipropionici, S. equinus, S. gallolyticus,and an inhibition of E. aerogenes by B. vulgatus and E. dispar. We also found BGCs for all these species. This preliminary work confirm that gut microbiota is a potential source for new antibiotics. Despite the explosion of bacterial species isolated from gut, some fastidious species remains difficult to grow. We performed a metagenomic and culturomics analysis of a fresh stool sample before and after incubation into an anaerobic blood bottle supplemented with sheep blood and rumen fluid. This medium used in culturomics for enrichment was effective, allowing the isolation of higher number of species. This work show that the dynamic growth of bacteria is very variable. This work brings some precisions in the dynamic of bacterial growth that could improve the culturomics process
Tidjani, Alou Maryam. „Etude du microbiote digestif des enfants atteints de malnutrition sévère aiguë“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that the gut microbiota has a tremendous impact on human health. It is affected by several factors among which diet that has a big impact. In fact, according to the major macronutrient in a diet type, specific bacterial populations and functions are stimulated or inhibited. Several pathologies of the gut or linked to nutritional or metabolic disorders among which severe acute malnutrition are causally linked to an alteration of the diversity of the human gut microbiota. In fact, it has recently been shown by several studies that the gut microbiota of malnourished patients was different and colonized by Proteobacteria, Enterococci, Gram-negative bacilli and pathogenic species. The analysis of our data regarding the fecal microbiota of children afflicted with severe acute malnutrition from Niger and Senegal showed a dysbiosis observed through metagenomics and culturomics with an increase of aerobic bacteria, Proteobacteria and pathogenic species such as Streptococcus gallolyticus, and a depletion of anaerobic species associated with a loss of the antioxidant capacity of the gastro-intestinal tract exhibited by a total absence of Methanobrevibacter smithii, a methanogenic archaeon and one the most oxygen sensitive prokaryote of the gut microbiota alongside an increased fecal redox potential. Moreover, a loss of the overall diversity, known and unknown, was observed. Finally, through culturomics and metagenomics, we were able to identify a repertoire of missing microbes in malnourished children among which thirteen presented a probiotic potential and will be tested as such in an experimental model in the near future
Bilen, Melhem. „Description of the human gut microbiota by culturomics“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0177/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe human gut microbiota has been correlated in general health and diseases. Thus its description became mandatory to better understand its role and therapeutic potential. However, metagenomics has previously showed to be able to generate a lot of data, of which some are meaningless and constituted the “Dark matter”. Thus, culturomics was developed to complement metagenomics by targeting previously uncultured bacterial species. Using culturomics, we described the human gut microbiota of Pygmy people and succeeded in isolating a significant number of bacterial species out of which 38 were new species. Comparing metagenomics results to culturomics data, we see that only 26% of the isolated species were recovered by metagenomics and that up to 59% of the Operational taxonomic units detected corresponded to new bacterial species isolated by culturomics either in this study or in previous ones
Diop, Khoudia. „Caractérisation du microbiote des flores vaginales normales et de vaginose bactérienne“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0674/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the last decades, thanks to the technologic progresses including advanced molecular techniques and new OMICS strategies, many studies have focused on the vaginal microbiota. Thus, revealing the impact of the vaginal flora on women health. Indeed, the disruption of the vaginal bacterial community makes it prone to bacterial vaginosis and severe obstetrical and gynecological disorders. The pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis is still unknown, and relapses are very frequent. Conventional treatment with antibiotic therapy fails in more than 50% of cases. The analysis of 50 vaginal samples from bacterial vaginosis patients and healthy women living in France and Senegal, showed a higher bacterial diversity in patients compared to controls with the increase of species such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae as well as oxygen-sensitive prokaryotes including Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, and Prevotella spp. Healthy women harbored more Lactobacillaceae species and Proteobacteria in their microbiota. The combination of metagenomics and culturomics has allowed the identification of a complex of 11 bacterial species/genera associated with bacterial vaginosis. The use of the culturomics approach has extended the repertoire of human-associated bacteria, with the isolation of 27 new bacterial species. The low range overlap between metagenomic and culturomics data indicates the need to continue the isolation of bacteria by culturomics. Obtaining isolates will make it possible to explore in vitro the competitions between the bacteria but can also be used as primary material for the development new treatments by bacteriotherapy
Dione, Niokhor. „Exploration du microbiote digestif : stratégies de culture des bactéries anaérobies et de culture difficile“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0614.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe human gut microbiota is known to contain around 1012 to 1014 bacteria per gram of feces, with the majority being anaerobic. The latters were first discovered in 1865 by Louis Pasteur while working on fermentation. Anaerobic bacteria are known to play an important role in health and diseases and thus have taken a lot of attention in the medical field, especially in infectiousdiseases and metabolism. These bacteria are known for its sophisticated culture system because its growth requires little to no oxygen. Nevertheless, few is known about these type of microorganisms but with the advancement of molecular biology and sequencing techniques, its study became wider. Culturomics, is a recently developed culture-based approach that relies on optimizing culture conditions for bacterial growth and its identification by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. The present work aims to create and optimized culture condition for anaerobic bacteria along with testing its anaerobic activities. Also, we aim to demonstrate the efficiency of Culturomics and MALDI-TOF in culturing, identifying and describing anaerobic bacteria in clinical microbiology and in the human gut. This approach allowed us to isolate 19 new anaerobic species out of which 9 has been described in this work.Keywords: Human gut microbiota, culture of anaerobic bacteria, culturomics, MALDI-TOF
Villain, Adrien. „Étude génomique des interactions diatomées-bactéries“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0202/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiatoms are ubiquitous microalgae that contribute approximately 25% to the primary production worldwide. Many interactions, either positive, neutral or negative, have been documented between diatoms and bacteria. Diatom genomes also harbor numerous genes of putative bacterial origin.We are studying Asterionella formosa, a freshwater pennate diatom. We characterized the community using a combination of omics and laboratory techniques. We reconstructed of the genome of the diatom as well as 30 individual genomes from co-cultured bacterial species and investigated metabolisms that could support diatom-bacteria interactions. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the abundance of some bacterial species was highly variable over the course of A. formosa growth. Some species seemed preferentially attached to the diatom while others were mainly free-living. Then, the reference sequence of the A. formosa genome was improved by additional long-read (Pacbio) sequencing. Last, relationships between diatoms and bacteria were investigated at a broader evolutionary scale, by looking at horizontal gene transfers using transcriptomic data of a hundred marine diatoms.This work is a first step in the study of the dynamic and complex bacterial community associated with the diatom A. formosa. The accurate identification and the reconstruction of the genome of these bacteria will enable further in silico predictions based on metabolic networks and new omics experiments using transcriptomic or metabolomic. This work already contributes to a global effort to study diatoms by the means of genomics
Bellone, Rachel. „Aspects moléculaires de l'influence de la température sur la transmission du virus du chikungunya par le moustique Aedes albopictus“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Alphavirus which has widely spread around the world in the last two decades. The virus is transmitted to human hosts by Aedes mosquitoes, including the invasive species Aedes albopictus, which has today conquered more than half of the French territory. As a vector of several viral pathogens, Ae. albopictus poses a real threat to the health authorities. The emergence of arboviruses such as CHIKV, often results from a complex combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Since mosquitoes are poikilothermic ectotherms (i.e., internal body temperature is not constant and depends on environmental temperatures), they are acutely susceptible to temperature variations. The relation between temperature and arbovirus transmission is a complex phenomenon that remains poorly understood, especially at the molecular level. The aim of our project is to better understand how temperature affects mosquito-virus interactions and influences transmission cycles. We study the molecular aspects of CHIKV, its vector Ae. albopictus and their interactions under the influence of temperature. Our results show that temperature affects CHIKV evolution as well as mosquito genetic expression and microbial composition, especially in response to infection. These data provide important information on how vector systems can be affected by temperature. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus-mosquito interactions with the environment is essential in order to prevent epidemics
Traore, Sory Ibrahima. „Etude de microbiote digestif africain par culturomics et nouvelle technique d'isolement et de culture de Methanobrevibacter smithii“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0672/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of the digestive microbiota was a renewed interest in the early 2000s, with the advent of molecular techniques. The culturomics has demonstrated its complementarity since 2010 by reducing some of the biases of molecular methods. A review on the techniques of studying the digestive microbiota and the analysis of the microbiota of African subjects. Metagenomic studies in Africa have revealed an increase in biodiversity, especially Spirochaetes and Prevotella among Africans compared to Westerners. Of the 1162 bacteria isolated by culturomics, 476 were non-African, 445 were common, and 241 were of African origin, including 68 new species. For my participation in the work of culturomics, 102750 colonies tested by MALDI-TOF, identified 377 species including 40 new species, 17 new genera and 2 new families. These new species have been described by taxonogenomics or new species announcement.Methanogenic archaea have a prevalence of 97.4% for M. smithii and associated with pathologies such as brain abscess, periodontitis and so on. The cultivation is tedious and required an external source of hydrogen. Under anaerobic enclosure, we successfully cultivated M. smithii from a liquid culture medium inoculated with a stool sample. The isolation in pure culture was a success on agar medium by performing a coculture with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We have also successfully tested the co-culture of M. smithii with other known hydrogen-producing bacteria. Gas chromatographic tests showed that these strains produced hydrogen
Ndongo, Sokhna. „Culture et description des bactéries anaérobies strictes du microbiote digestif“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0627.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntestinal microbiota was largely dominated by strict anaerobic bacteria, and many efforts have been devoted to isolate of these microorganisms. However, these efforts remain insufficient to report their increasing involvement in human infections and diseases. The isolation of strict anaerobic bacteria remains difficult, fastidious and at low throughput, probably due to obstacles such as a lack of information on their biology and ecology. Using Microbial Culturomics concept in this thesis, we have implemented strategies and culture techniques to optimize the isolation of oxygen-intolerant bacteria as well as species of major medical interest. In the first time, 200 fresh stool samples from the routine laboratory from Timone Hospital (France, Marseille) were analysed. We isolated 60 new bacterial species of which, 54 were strict anaerobic bacteria and one belonged to the Synergists phylum (very rare phylum). Thus, we were able to isolate 12 new strains of a species called Faecalibacterium massiliensis and another new species called Faecalibacterium timonensis from fresh stools of healthy volunteer donors. Several strains of Akkermansia muciniphila have been isolated during this work. In addition, we were also able to isolate two new species of Christensenella (C.massiliensis and C. timonensis). Through the Taxonogenomic approach, several species have been described and the diversity of species of the genus Faecalibacterium has been highlighted for the first time
Perrin, Yoann. „Étude des communautés bactériennes d’un réseau d’eau potable. Influence des paramètres environnementaux“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2289/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacteria are an indivisible component of drinking water distribution systems which, by colonizing them, form complex communities. It is assumed that variations in the structure and composition of this microbiome could reflect a change in water quality related to different events (stagnation, biocorrosion, pressure change, etc.). A major sampling campaign was conducted within the Paris drinking water distribution systems allowing to assess the diversity and the dynamic of these bacterial communities using three different methods: description of the community by metabarcoding, heterotrophic plate count and quantification by PCR of three opportunistic pathogens, Mycobacterium spp. L. pneumophila, and P. aeruginosa. This study revealed some diversity within the drinking water bacterial communities. Culture and quantitative PCR methods also reveal the ecological importance of the Mycobacterium genus. The integration of spatio-temporal and physico-chemical parameters of drinking water into analyses has highlighted a relative stability of bacterial communities. However, variations in the structure of the communities are visible following important climatic events, without consequences on the sanitary quality of the water. Altogether, our work suggests that the use in parallel of different methodologies, particularly metabarcoding, has improved our knowledge of the bacterial communities within the Paris drinking water distribution systems and better observe subtle changes, invisible to conventional methods
Guilhot, Elodie. „Techniques de culture pour l'étude du microbiote digestif anaérobie“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0611.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnaerobic microorganisms are characterized by their ability to grow and survive in the absence of oxygen. Indeed free oxygen molecules are not used for their metabolism and can be toxic to varying degrees, sometimes leading to cell death. Although it is known that these microorganisms are the predominant in our digestive microbiota and that they have a great impact on our health, their culture remain long, fastidious, costly, and in most cases impossible. Becteria culture is an indispensable tool for isolating strains, performing studies from living models, and identifying new ones. Thus, the laboratory in which my thesis tooks place created a new concept of culture "Microbial Culturomics" which made it possible to isolate 193 new anaerobic bacterial species. A work based on the use of antioxidants to enable the aerobic culture of anaerobic bacteria was also initiated: a promising optimization of the culture techniques from which my work was born. Our first project consisted in developing an innovative culture device allowing the cultivation of methanogenic archaea in aerobic and without an external source of dihydrogen. In our second project, we performed a single culture bottle in which the growth of all bacteria, aerobic and anaerobic, could be detected. Our third project was based on the comparison of anaerobic and aerobic culture with antioxidants through the example of three strictly anaerobic bacterial strains.Therefore the use of antioxidants enable to facilitate anaerobic bacteria cultivation. These results are very encouraging for clinical and environmental microbiology laboratories
Royet, David. „Nouvelle approche de décryptage de la diversité bactérienne environnementale par capture magnétique de populations spécifiques de bactéries au sein de microbiotes complexes“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacteria, the most abundant organisms on our planet, have a fundamental role in ecosystem functioning. Despite their importance, the characterization of bacterial communities is today still incomplete. This is due to the impossibility of completely decomposing taxonomically and functionally the microbial communities of these ecosystems and as a consequence to apprehend the whole bacterial diversity, either by cultural approaches (with only 1% of culturable bacteria) or by metagenomic, a limited approaches cause by biases in extraction, sequencing and analysis. The work undertaken in this thesis aims to develop a new exploratory pathway through the fractionation of microbiota in order to study separately genomes of different populations or groups of populations. Their sum should enable reconstitution of complete metagenome. This objective requires the development of a tool for the specific selection of bacteria (on taxonomic or functional criteria) and their isolation from the rest of the non-target microorganisms. The thesis work focused on the development of a magnetic labeling approach for bacteria based on molecular hybridization (in situ hybridization) complete by development of a microfluidic cell-sorting tool. Two methods have been developed, MISH and HCR, targeting the 23S rRNA gene, each based on the formation, during the hybridization process, of a secondary random structure (MISH) or organized structure (HCR) enabling binding to magnetic nanoparticles. Results obtained illustrate the potential of the two approaches initially for the specific labeling of target bacteria (E.coli and Pseudomonas putida) under laboratory conditions and then in soil samples. The microfluidic sorting was also optimized by the development of a novel magnetic cell-sorting device allowing the separation of the labeled cells under continuous flow using the injection of a magnetic composite polymer to integrate a series of magnetic parallel strips at the bottom of the microchannel. The proper functioning of the sorting device has been demonstrated, its simple production making it a tool of choice for a routine application in laboratories of microbial ecology. Despite promising results all this new approach for studying environmental bacterial diversity is still requiring many optimization steps
Guet-Revillet, Hélène. „Métagénomique bactérienne de l'hidrosadénite suppurée“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T065/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHidradenitis suppuratiav (HS) is an orphan skin inflammatory disease disease characterized by chronic or recurrent inflammatory lesions localized in the armpits, the inguinal and perineal folds. With a 1% prevalence of a general population, HS is an public health issue. The clinical severity of the disease is heterogeneous among patients. Most patients present the mild form of the disease with inflammatory nodules and abscesses (Hurley stage 1 lesions). More severe patients show extended chronically suppurating lesions (Hurley stage 2 and Hurley stage 3 lesions). The primary histological lesion of HS is characterized by epidermal follicular hyperplasia and perifollicular inflammation. The physiopathology of HS remains unclear. HS is probably a multifactorial disease, involving genetical, immunological and infectious factors. Indeed, wide-spectrum antibiotic treatments can significantly improve or induce prolonged clinical remissions of HS inflammatory lesions. Objective: The main objective of this work was to identify the bacterial species or flora specifically associated with Hurley stage 1, 2 and 3, using prolonged aerobic and anaerobic culture and bacterial metagenomics (454 sequencing of 16Sr DNA libraries). Results. Using bacterial culture, we identified two bacterial profiles associated with HS lesions . The first one was represented by Staphylococcus lugdunensis and rarely by other skin commensals (Propionibacterium acnes, coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus). Results. The second one corresponded to a mixted anaerobic flora including strict anaerobes, Actinomycetes and milleri group streptococci. The metagenomic approach allowed to identify the anaerobic flora associated with lesions : Gram positive cocci from the cutaneous flora (mainly Anaerococcus spp., Peptoniphilus spp., Finegoldia spp.) and Gram negative rods which do not belong to the cutaneous microbiota (Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp), Veillonellaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. This profile was typically associated with Hurley stage 2 and 3 lesions but was also observed in Hurley stage 1 lesions. Hurley stage 2 and 3 lesions presented an increased bacterial diversity as compared to Hurley stage 1 lesions, with a higher number of taxa taxa rarely associated with normal skin microbiota (Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Peptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichales). Conclusion. This study demonstrate that particular bacterial species are specifically associated with HS lesions. These species are cause soft tissue and skin infections, but also in severe infections arguing for their pathogenicity. These data provide a rationale for antibiotic use in HS, and suggests that the disease may be due to a primitive immune defect of the follicular skin barrier
Groh, Chloé. „Deciphering the interactions between plants and bacteria in the context of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIsoprenoids are a large class of molecules found in all living organisms that are implicated in diverse biological processes. The aim of my thesis was to decipher if they could be involved in the interactions between plants and bacteria. Therefore, I worked on Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and mutants, altered in the two isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways occurring in higher plants. An inventory of the communities interacting with wild-type and mutants highlighted some differentially abundant bacteria, despite the existence of a core microbiota. In addition, plants affected in the plastidial biosynthesis pathway, referred as the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, have been shown to be more affected than wild-type by Pseudomonas syringae, a well-known phytopathogen. Together, these results suggest that isoprenoids may play a role in the interactions between plants and bacteria. In addition, 230 strains were isolated from A. thaliana in the laboratory, among which some of them were tested for their impact on the plant fitness and resistance to P. syringae, and for the impact on isoprenoids on these strains
Goma, Loemba Roll. „Interactions ver de terre-bactéries au cours du transit intestinal“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn addition to bioturbation and ecosystem engineer activities, the impact of earthworms on the soil could be strongly linked to other processes dependent on transit of soil through his digestive tract. In particular, the interaction between earthworm and bacteria during digestive transit remains poorly established, although a number of works. In three species of temperate earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, Dendrobaena veneta et Aporrectodea caliginosa, belonging to three different ecological categories (epigeic, anecic, endogeic), we show by culture-independent DGGE 16S RNA, the structure in vivo of digestive tract bacterial communities is very different from that of the soil and varied from one part to another of the digestive tract. Indeed, among the three species of earthworms, the anterior parts of the digestive tract (crop-gizzard and foregut) appear as sites of maximun intensity disturbances in bacterial community structure of soil ingested , while in posterior parts (midgut and hindgut), the community structure is more similar to that of the soil. The water-soluble extracts of the digestive tract, characterized by their protein, reducing sugars, glucose and amino sugars content, present a quantitative and qualitative change perfectly correlated with the bacterial community structure observed in vivo, with very high quantities of soluble protein and reducing sugars (up to 270 µg/ mg dry weight of gut contents of L. terrestris) in the anterior parts of the digestive tract (crop-gizzard and foregut) but declined sharply in the posterior parts (midgut and hindgut). The in vitro simulation of the effect of soluble extracts of the digestive tract of a soil demonstrates their ability to alter the dominant bacterial community structure of soil in three species of earthworms studied. Their effect, particularly visible with the water-soluble extracts from crop-gizzard and foregut, decreases or disappears with water-sol uble extracts of the midgut and hindgut. In perspective, from these results, the concept of microbial savings is proposed to describe how the energy available in the soil (microbial biomass) could be used, transmitted and maintained in the digestive tract.Keywords: soil, gut, earthworm, microbiota, bacteria, DGGE 16S RNA, resilience, microbial savings, mutualism
Lopes, Helena de Fátima Silva. „Microbiome of Pinus pinaster“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16427.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePinus pinaster has a great environmental, historical and economical importance to Portugal. It represents the third place in occupation in forestry area. However, it has been losing area due to the modifications on land use, fires and diseases such as the pine wilt disease (PWD). Native from the North America the PWD has been spreading worldwide, it has spread through Asia and more recently was identified in Europe being detected in Portugal in 1999, representing a major threat to forests. Recently, the importance of the bacteria community to the PWD has been accessed and few studies address the microbiome of P. pinaster. Most of the existing studies uses culture-dependent techniques. This work aimed to reveal the bacterial community of healthy P. pinaster trees using culture-independent techniques. To observe the bacterial communities of healthy P. pinaster, stem samples from trees aged between 20 and 30 years were collected from 4 Portuguese locations: Comporta, Góis, Madeira Island and Vouzela. The trunks were cut into disks and the sawdust of the center of these disks were used to extract DNA. Samples were tested for the presence of the PWD nematode and all were negative. DGGE analysis was performed to compare the bacterial community of different samples and pyrosequencing was used to identify the community. After analyzing the DGGE profiles, a sample was cloned and sequenced, and the results showed that the most common and intense bands belonged to chloroplast genetic material. Pyrosequencing results had a great amount of reads belonging to chloroplast and they were eliminated from the study. With the pyrosequencing, six plyla were detected: Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Armatimonadetes and Actinobacteria. Proteobacteria was the most common, and from this plylum, Gammaproteobacteria was the most abundant class. Samples grouped by location and the location community differ significantly, only two OTUs were shared by all locations. Despite the low read number the bacterial community was characterized, and this information can be used for future studies.
Pinus pinaster possui uma grande importância ambiental, histórica e económica em Portugal, conquistando o terceiro lugar em ocupação florestal. Entretanto sua área está a diminuir devido a modificações na utilização dos terrenos, fogos e doenças como a da murchidão do pinheiro (DMP). Nativa da América do Norte, a DMP vem se espalhando em uma escala global, já está presente na Ásia e mais recentemente na Europa, sendo detectada em 1999 em Portugal, representando assim uma ameaça a florestas do mundo inteiro. Existem evidências que apontam para a importância da comunidade bacteriana no desenvolvimento da DMP e poucos estudos abordam o microbioma do P. pinaster, com a maioria utilizando metodologias baseadas em cultivo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revelar a comunidade bacteriana de árvores de P. pinaster saudáveis utilizando técnicas independentes de cultivo. Para observar a comunidade bacteriana do P. Pinaster saudável, árvores entre 20 e 30 anos de idade foram recolhida de 4 localidades portuguesas: Comporta, Góis, Ilha da Madeira e Vouzela. O tronco dessas árvores foi cortado em discos e o serrim do centro desses discos foi utilizado para extração de DNA. Todas as amostras foram testadas para a presença do nemátodo sendo que este estava ausente em todas as amostras. Foi feito DGGE com o objectivo de comparar a comunidade bacteriana de diferentes amostras, e esta foi identificada utilizando-se pirosequenciação. Tendo em conta os perfis de DGGE, foi feita a clonagem e sequenciação de uma das amostras, e verificou-se que as bandas mais intensas, e presentes em todas as amostras, eram material genético proveniente de cloroplastos. Os resultados de pirosequenciação revelaram uma grande quantidade de reads proveniente de cloroplastos que foram eliminadas do estudo. A análise dos resultados da pirosequenciação permitiu identificar seis filos: Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Armatimonadetes e Actinobacteria. Proteobacteria foi o filo mais comum e dele Gammaproteobacteria foi a classe mais abundante. As amostras se agruparam de acordo com o local de origem e as comunidades dos locais se diferenciavam significativamente. Apenas duas OTUs eram compartilhadas por todos os locais. Apesar do baixo número de reads, a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana foi caracterizada e essa informação pode ser agora utilizada em futuros estudos.
Donatin, Emilie. „Détection des bactéries entéropathogènes : approche polyphasique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe human body is a collection of microflora where cohabit bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotes. These complex ecosystems are called microbiota. Among these is the intestinal microbiota that counts 1011 to 1014 bacteria/g of stool. Changes in the intestinal flora can cause of pathologies such as infectious diarrhea. This is a real public health problem since about 2.16 million deaths are related to this disease each year. Enteric viruses play a preponderant role but bacterial infections are also important. The diagnosis of bacterial infections is complicated because the intestinal microbiota includes 75% non-cultivable species. In addition, there is not really a list of bacteria could be responsible for infectious diarrhea. We therefore decided to study the intestinal microbiota in normal stool and also pathological stools by a polyphasic approach combining a preliminary step of diarrheal stools concentration by lyophilization, with cultivation techniques and molecular biology methods. We developed a new technology for the detection of enteropathogens by hybridization on DNA microarray for the detection of bacteria and enteric viruses (DNA) in the presence of a control archaea. Our tool allows multiplexed diagnostic of infectious diarrhea since we correctly identified an adenovirus and Campylobacter jejuni present in a same sample. This is the first DNA microarray for multiplex detection of bacteria and viruses (DNA) enteropathogens. An improvement of our protocol for nucleic acid extraction is proposed to allow the detection of RNA viruses such as rotavirus and calicivirus which are currently dominant
Hoffmann, Christian. „Integrating the archaea, bacteria and fungi of the gut microbiome with human diet“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3160.
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A dieta influencia a saúde sendo uma fonte de nutrientes e toxinas, e por moldar a composição de populações microbianas residentes no corpo humano. Estudos prévios começaram a mapear as associações entre a dieta e bactérias e vírus do microbioma intestinal humano. Este trabalho investiga as associações entre a dieta e populações arqueanas e fúngicas, tomando vantagem de amostras oriundas de 98 indivíduos bem caracterizados, e integra esses dados novos com o conhecimento corrente relacionado a bactérias e o microbioma intestinal humano. A dieta foi quantificada utilizando questionários que acessam a dieta usual e recente, e arquêas e fungos foram caracterizados usando genes marcadores obtidos de amostras fecais através e sequenciamento de DNA em larga escala de última geração. Foram encontrados 66 gêneros de fungos, geralmente com uma presença mutuamente exclusiva dos filos Ascomycota e Basidiomycota. Quanto as arquêas, Methanobrevibacter foi o gênero mais prevalente, presente em 30% das amostras. Diversas outras arquêas foram detectadas com abundancia e frequência mais baixa. Uma miríade de associações foi observada entre fungos e arquêas e a dieta, entre fungos e arquêas, e entre estes e linhagens bacterianas. Metanobrevibacter e Candida foram positivamente associados com uma dieta rica em carboidratos, e negativamente com dietas ricas em amino acidos, proteínas e ácidos graxos. Dados publicados previamente enfatizam que a estrutura das populações bacterianas no intestino são primariamente com hábitos alimentares de longo prazo, porém, uma abundancia alta de Candida foi fortemente associada com a ingestao recente de carboidratos. A abundância de Methanobrevibacter foi associada tanto com a ingestão usual ou recente de carboidratos. Estes resultados confirmam estudos direcionados anteriores e provém varias novas associações a serem consideradas quando modelando os efeitos da dieta no microbioma intestinal e a na saúde humana.
Diet influences health as a source of nutrients and toxins, and by shaping the composition of resident microbial populations. Previous studies have begun to map out associations between diet and the bacteria and viruses of the human gut microbiome. This work investigates associations of diet with fungal and archaeal populations, taking advantage of samples from 98 well-characterized individuals, and integrates this novel data with the current knowledge regarding the bacteria of the human gut microbiome. Diet was quantified using inventories scoring both long-term and recent diet, and archaea and fungi were characterized by deep sequencing of marker genes in DNA purified from stool. For fungi, we found 66 genera, with generally mutually exclusive presence of either the phyla Ascomycota or Basiodiomycota. For archaea, Methanobrevibacterwas the most prevalent genus, present in 30% of samples. Several other archaeal genera were detected in lower abundance and frequency. Myriad associations were detected for fungi and archaea with diet, with each other, and with bacterial lineages. Methanobrevibacter andCandida were positively associated with diets high in carbohydrates, but negatively with diets high in amino acids, protein, and fatty acids. Previously published data emphasized that bacterial population structure was associated primarily with long-term diet, but high Candida abundance was most strongly associated with the recent consumption of carbohydrates. Methobrevibacter abundance was associated with both long term and recent consumption of carbohydrates. These results confirm earlier targeted studies and provide a host of new associations to consider in modeling the effects of diet on the gut microbiome and human health.
Drissi, Fatima. „Rôle des bactéries dans l'obésité : implication des génomes d'espèce Lactobacillus dans la prise de poids“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt has been shown that Lactobacillus consumption could affect the weight of the host, and led consequently to significant weight gain or loss, depending on the strain. We wanted to understand the mechanism by which these microorganisms induce weight change. We explored the various known mechanisms, including the production of bacteriocins, allowing Lactobacillus strains to grow at the expense of other microorganisms. We established a bacteriocin database, named BUR, and search for bacteriocins in the genomes of human gut bacteria. We observed an abundance of bacteriocins in the genomes of bacteria in the digestive tract, predominantly in Firmicutes. We also have deepened the study of the metabolic profile of Lactobacillus strains, both by a genomic approach and in an in vitro assay, to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity. We have found that Lactobacillus strains whose consumption induces weight loss possess enzymes which prevent obesity by reducing glucose levels in blood, serum triacylglycerols levels, body weight and the accumulation of fat, whereas the genomes of strains whose consumption leads to weight gain encode several enzymes promoting the production of fructose and mobilize energy and the carbon stored in the fatty acids. Therefore, we can say that Lactobacillus species are important in the digestion of nutrients and can have a great influence on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, with direct effect on weight change
Cambon, Marine. „Heterogeneity within infections : the case of the vector-borne insect pathogen, Xenorhabdus nematophila“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30308.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNumerous studies have considered infections as pairwise interactions between a single pathogen and its host, sometimes leading to an incomplete picture of infectious processes. In this work, we focused on more complex types of interactions that arise because infections are usually heterogeneous. More precisely, we have investigated two main issues: (I) how pathogen transmission is impacted by phenotypic heterogeneity which arises within the pathogen population during the infection, and (ii) how do pathogens interact with the bacterial community which is naturally associated to the host before infection? To assess these questions, we have been studying Xenorhabdus nematophila, an insect-killing bacterial pathogen which is transmitted by a nematode vector, Steinernema carpocapsae. One interesting feature of X. nematophila is that it produces different sub-populations during the course of an infection, each one having distinctive phenotypic features (e.g. one form produces antibiotics and is mobile, while the other does not produce antibiotics nor flagella). In this work, we first tried to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this diversification of phenotypes, and tested if phenotypic heterogeneity in X. nematophila has some adaptive value. We showed that some of these phenotypic forms were mutants, which seem to be under strong positive selection during infection. We also showed, however, that these mutants impair nematodes reproduction, which in turn reduces transmission. Therefore, the dynamics of phenotypic heterogeneity in X. nematophila seems to be determined by contradictory short-term and long-term selective pressures. A second interesting feature of X. nematophila is that it produces a lot of antimicrobial compounds which should allow it to dominate the bacterial community inside the insect it has killed. This can be key to ensure the re-association of X. nematophila with its nematode vector inside the insect cadaver. We investigated the bacterial composition of the microbial communities present in insects cadavers after infection by X. nematophila. We found that despite the numerous antibiotics it is able to secrete, X. nematophila is far from dominating microbial community after host death. It rather cohabits with microorganisms from the microbiota of both the insect host and the nematode vector. This raises numerous questions about the impact of these other microorganisms on Xenorhabdus-Steinernema interactions, and therefore on their potential influence on how this mutualistic association has evolved
Minard, Guillaume. „Écologie du microbiote bactérien associé au moustique tigre Aedes albopictus : une approche "omique" pour l'exploration de l'holobionte vecteur“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10299/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOriginated from South East Asia, the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is now established on 5 of the 6 continents. Control strategies to limit its introduction and expansion remain restricted. Those last years, studies on insect microbial communities highlighted the key role of symbionts in the biology of their hosts (nutrition, immunity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses…). Together, they constitute a super-organism called the holobiont. Therefore, a better knowledge of microbial ecology of Ae. Albopictus should increase the understanding of vectorial pathosystem. In this context, my thesis project consisted to improve the description of bacterial microbiota associated with the Asian tiger mosquito in relation with its ecology and population genetics. We first based our attention on specific models of symbiotic interactions and then we extended our study to the whole bacterial community and its variation factors using high throughput sequencing technologies. Our results open the way to new hypotheses about the function and dynamics of mosquito holobionte taking into account the symbiotic interactions as a major component of the vectorial pathosystem
Mansos, Lourenço Marta. „Deciphering in vivo efficacy of virulent phages in the mammalian gut“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS260.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mammalian gut is a heterogeneous environment inhabited by a large and diverse microbial community, including bacteria and their viral predators, bacteriophages (phages). Dynamic interactions between virulent phages and bacteria in the gut are still poorly understood, which is also an obstacle for the design of successful therapeutic interventions based on phages. Independent experiments have shown that virulent phages were found to have no major effects on their targeted bacteria in the gut, in spite of sustainable phage amplification. This suggests that there are unknown factors in the gut environment that modulate these interactions. Using comparative transcriptomics analysis of E. coli grown in vitro and in vivo (within the mammalian gut) we found that in the gut, bacteria downregulate the expression of genes related to phage receptors, which provides an explanation for the lack of selection of phage-resistant bacteria during in vivo experiments. We also found that the acquisition of a pathogenicity island commonly found in human E. coli isolates affects phage susceptibility possibility by downregulating a defense mechanism against invading DNA. Finally, we examined the repartition of phages and bacteria through mucosal and luminal gut sections and observed a heterogeneous spatial distribution of these two antagonist populations, supporting the hypothesis of source-sink dynamics. Altogether our data demonstrates that multiple factors encompassing, spatial distribution, bacterial physiology and defenses against foreign DNA modulate the interactions between bacteria and phages within the gut
Fernandez, Benoit. „Activité biologique et impact sur le microbiote intestinal des bactéries lactiques bactériocinogènes“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30845/30845.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacteriocins are proteinaceous compound naturally produced by several bacterial strains with an inhibition activity directed against closely related bacteria. Recently, the production of bacteriocins was proposed as an important mechanism of action involved in the antimicrobial activity of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of some bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria to produce their bacteriocins in the physiological and microbiological conditions of the digestive tract. Three strains, namely L. lactis biovar diacetylactis UL719 (producing nisin Z), P. acidilactici UL5 (producing pediocin PA- 1) and L. lactis ATCC 11454 (producing nisin A) were used as models throughout this thesis. Experiments performed with the TIM-1 digestive tract simulator have shown that P. acidilactici had a survival rate of 17 % in the stomach and small intestine. Passage in the proximal part of the digestive tract had little effect on the inhibitory activity of this strain. A slight over-expression of the genes encoding production of bacteriocin has been observed even at the end of the ileum. Unlike P. acidilactici UL5, L. lactis ATCC 11454 was less resistant to gastrointestinal stress, with a survival rate of less than 1 %. In addition, the three bacteriocin-producing strains considered in this study were proved able to grow and produce their bacteriocins in a culture medium simulating the colonic environment. In the case of P. acidilactici, we demonstrated significant inhibition of Listeria in the colonic medium and that this inhibition was directly correlated with the production of pediocin since no inhibition was observed with a non-producing mutant. Finally, we studied the ability of P. acidilactici to survive and produce its bacteriocin in the ileac conditions and the impact of this inhibitory activity on the balance of ileac microbiota of healthy humans. Microbiological analyzes revealed that P. acidilactici survived throughout the transit although it was not able to grow, probably due to a weak competitivity compared to the ileac microbiota. These observations may explain the low inhibitory activity of P. acidilactici against L. monocytogenes that we measured.
Birer, Caroline. „Le microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des fourmis de Guyane : pouvoir antibiotique et écologie des communautés“. Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0003/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe bacterial microbiota of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is known to have a defensive role in social insects, particularly for leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) due to the use of antimicrobial molecules produced by cuticular actinobacteria. In this thesis, we studied the bacterial microbiota of ants in French Guyana using different approaches based on natural products chemistry and molecular ecology. The first chapter describes the isolation, identification, culture and biological evaluations of 43 cuticular actinobacteria. Antagonism bioassays of isolated strains and antibiotic activities of the culture extracts against human pathogens are presented as well as the identification of an antimicrobial cyclic dipeptide (Cyclo (LPro-LPhe)) isolated from a strain close to Streptomyces thioluteus. Moreover, the implementation of molecular networks applied to UPLC/MS/MS analysis of actinobacterial cocultures allowed us to explore the diversity of metabolites produced under these conditions. The second chapter presents a methodological study to evaluate the capacity of four DNA extraction methods, in terms of richness and composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota, in high-throughput sequencing from Atta cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex penetrator. The results of metabarcoding highlight two methods of extraction and reveal inter- and intraspecific differences in the composition of cuticular bacterial communities. Finally, chapter three describes the composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in ant garden and the results reveal the acquisition in the environment of a part of the microbiota. In parallel, metabolomic analyses of ant’s cuticle show, on the contrary, a greater specificity related to the ant species. Future researches focusing on statistical analysis strategies combining metabarcoding and metabolomics data are discussed
Renoud, Sébastien. „Phytostimulation du maïs par la bactérie Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 : impact sur des communautés fonctionnelles du microbiote racinaire“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1143/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlant development is influenced by interactions established with root microbiota. Microbiota functioning relies on individual functions carried out by functional groups, which often contain multiple microbial taxa. Some of these groups include plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which stimulate plant growth thanks to several plant-beneficial functions. PGPR inoculation may impact plant physiology and microbial partners of roots, and inoculated PGPR can modify the genetic structure of the root microbiota. However, it is not known how this impact materializes at the level of particular microbial functional groups. The hypothesis of this thesis is that inoculated PGPR will also modify the structure/composition of microbial functional groups important for plant development. This work assessed the impact of inoculation with the PGPR Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 on the size and/or diversity of diazotrophs, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase producers and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producers (as well as the total bacterial community) colonizing the maize rhizosphere in three fields and under different nitrogen fertilization regimes. Our work showed that diazotrophs and ACC deaminase producers could be co-selected in maize rhizosphere and that PGPR inoculation modified the taxonomic composition of functional groups. To conclude, PGPR inoculation modulates rhizospheric selection of microbial members of functional groups important for plant growth, which may mediate some of the plant-beneficial effects of PGPR inoculants
Lopez, Maryeimy Varon. „Descrição da microbiota relacionada às transformações do enxofre em sedimentos de manguezais“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-30102013-144329/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMangroves are transitional environments between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, essential for the growth and development of many species with high ecological and economical interests. Despite its recognized importance, mangroves are constantly impacted by various pollutants, affecting its stability. These ecosystems are characterized as anaerobic, rich in sulfate and organic matter, where the microorganisms are essential to the nutrient cycling, particularly those involved in the sulfur cycle, where sulphate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) appear as frequent and taking an important role. The present study showed that communities of archaea, bacteria and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) are abundant, diverse and responsive to state intervention of the mangrove. The abundance measured by qPCR showed that the quantities of archaea and bacteria increase with the contamination. The diversity studied by pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA ribosomal gene indicated that these groups are diverse, showing Euryarcheota and Crenarcheota phyla of the domain Archaea, and Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes of the domain Bacteria, as the most frequent groups. The structure of these communities, as assessed by analysis of network, revealed that the microbiota responds to contamination, reducing and simplifying interactions in the higher contamination. The diversity of groups related with the sulfur cycle studied by DGGE (aprA and dsrB), pyrosequencing (dsrB) and GeoChip (aprA, dsrB) showed that Deltaproteobacteria, represented by orders Desulfobacterales and Desulfovibrionales, is a prevalent group in the sulfate reduction, while Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria are frequent in the sulfur oxidation (sulfur-oxidising bacteria - SOB). The GeoChip (aprA, dsrB) was the only method that allowed to detect sulfate-reducing archaea (genera Archaeoglobus and Pyrobaculum), which is the first description of these organism on mangrove ecosystems. Thus, these results show that the microbiota in mangroves areas responds to contamination, having a high frequency of SRB and SOB, thus highlighting the importance of the sulfur cycle in mangrove environments.
Ramalho-Sanchez, Manuela de Oliveira. „Microbioma de formigas com ênfase em Camponotini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) /“. Rio Claro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151247.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOrientador: Odair Correa Bueno
Coorientadora: Corrie Saux Moreau
Banca: Fernando Carlos Pagnocca
Banca: Cíntia Martins Perinotto
Banca: James Montoya Lerme
Banca: Priscila Cintra Socolowski
Resumo: A interação simbiótica tem sido uma das responsáveis pela evolução e a biodiversidade de espécies existentes no planeta. Mais estudos abordando diferentes hospedeiros mostram-se necessários para aumentar o conhecimento do significado evolutivo desta associação na natureza. As formigas pertencentes aos gêneros Polyrhachis e Camponotus estão contidas na tribo Camponotini e são estreitamente relacionadas além de possuírem ampla distribuição, hábitos diversificados, e estão frequentemente associadas à endossimbiontes. Entretanto existem poucos estudos nesta área, permanecendo então muitas questões a respeito destas associações. Desta maneira, por meio da técnica de Sequenciamento de Nova Geração (NGS) Illumina MiSeq2000, o presente estudo teve como objetivo: I. explorar a comunidade microbiana de diversas espécies de Polyrhachis distribuídas em toda sua extensão e verificar os fatores que a influenciam. II. caracterizar a comunidade bacteriana associada aos gêneros Colobopsis e Camponotus, e analisar se há diferenças na composição da comunidade bacteriana quando comparada entre os diferentes gêneros, colônias e em todos os estágios de desenvolvimento; III. averiguar como se dá a distribuição da comunidade bacteriana nas diferentes partes do corpo (cabeça, mesossoma e gáster) de Camponotus, e se esta diversidade está associada ao ambiente onde estas Camponotus foram coletadas; IV. caracterizar o ovário de Camponotus textor, utilizando técnicas de histologia (HE), documentar a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Symbiotic interaction has been one of the factors responsible for the evolution and biodiversity of species on the planet. More studies addressing different hosts are necessary to increase the knowledge of the evolutionary meaning of this association in nature. The ants belonging to the genera Polyrhachis and Camponotus are contained in the Camponotini tribe and they are closely related in addition to having wide distribution, diversified habits, and are often associated with endosymbionts. However, there are few studies in this area, and many questions remain about these associations. In this way, through the New Generation Sequencing technique (NGS) Illumina MiSeq2000, the present study aimed: I. To explore the microbial community of several species of Polyrhachis distributed throughout its range and to verify the factors that influence it. II. Characterize the bacterial community associated with the genus Colobopsis and Camponotus, and analyze if there are differences in the composition of the bacterial community when compared between different genera, colonies and at all stages of development; III. To determine how the distribution of the bacterial community occurs in the different parts of the body (head, mesosome and gaster) of Camponotus, and if this diversity is associated with the environment where these Camponotus were collected; IV. To characterize the ovary of Camponotus textor using histology techniques (HE), to document the location of Blochmannia and Wolbachia in oogenesis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to suggest the mechanism of development that these bacteria use to reach the egg . These studies have demonstrated that there are several factors that can influence the ant-associated bacterial community, such as host phylogeny, genera, colony, ontogeny, different body parts, and the environment the ant was ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Biaggini, Kelly. „Etude du dialogue système entéro-endocrinien/microbiote intestinal“. Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by approximatively 10 to the power of 14 bacteria which are in contact with the entero-endocrine system and its hormonal mediators. The influence of these eukaryotic factors on the gut microbiota is not very well known. Therefore, in the present work, we investigated the effect of several entero-endocrine factors on the growth and virulence of P. Fluorescens. Interestingly the results showed that entero-endocrine factors can led to a modulation of bacterial virulence depending on the eukaryotic substances tested and the origin of bacterial strain (clinical or environmental). In further work, we decided to study the impact of epinephrine on two opportunistic pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Enterococcus faecalis V583. We showed that epinephrine can modulate the cytotoxic potential and adhesion of these bacteria on Caco-2/TC7 cells. We thus conclude that this neurotransmitter is able to act on both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Our work suggests that P. Aeruginosa and E. Faecalis could have sensors to epinephrine even if their nature still has to be determinated. In our study, we could highlight that Substance P enhances the pathogenicity of E. Faecalis V583. To evaluate the global effect of hormonal imbalances on the composition of intestinal microbiota, caecal contents of activity-Based anorexia (ABA) mice were compared to control and limited food access (LFA) mice. We observed that several bacterial genera appeared or disappeared among the gut microbiota of ABA mice, such as Psychrobacillus. Taken together, our study demonstrates that intestinal factors may be sensed by the gut microbiota and could probably participate in health and disease. Entero-endocrine factors can modulate bacterial virulence while precisely hormonal imbalances are noticed in pathologies such as Crohn disease or anorexia. This work opens new perspectives for a better understanding of diseases linked to the gut/brain axis
Potiron, Aline. „Conversion du cholestérol en coprostanol par les bactéries du microbiote intestinal humain et impact sur la cholestérolémie“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCholesterol (CH) level management is a keystone to limit cardiovascular diseases. The contrasted efficiency of the drugs currently available as well as the interest around the intestinal microbiota in regulating the host physiology lead us to consider this pathway as a therapeutic alternative. The production of coprostanol (CO), a very poorly absorbed CH derivative, by bacteria of this microbiota has been positively correlated with low CH plasma level. The aims of this thesis are (i) isolate and identify new bacterial strains possessing this activity, (ii) identify the bacterial genes responsible for this transformation and (iii) determine the impact of this metabolism on host physiology. We isolated 22 new strains producing CO from the stools of a high-coprostanol producing individual. We chose Bacteroides sp. D8 and Bacteroides sp. BV for the construction of two genomic libraries and eight others for in vivo implantation tests in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of germ-free mice. We identified 55 potentially positive clones by functional screening of these genomic libraries. Their additional analyzes should provide us with information about the genes involved in this activity. All selected bacteria are capable of colonizing the GIT of germ-free mice. Parabacteroides distasonis is the best strain producing CO in vivo. We tested its effect on blood cholesterol level in germ-free mice subjected to an 11-week CH-rich diet compared to an in vitro non-producing strain, B. dorei, and with conventionalized mice as control. The B. dorei strain produces CO in vivo, emphasizing the importance of the environment in the CO production activity already assumed from the literature and our results in vitro. Genes involved in the excretion of CH from body to feces are overexpressed in these mice and those colonized with P. distasonis. However, only the latter have lower cholesterolemia than conventional mice. The mechanism involved appears to be independent of CO production and CH excretion because the same amounts of these compounds are found in feces independently of bacterial status. Total biliary acids concentrations in bile and feces are higher for monocolonized mice compared to conventionalized mice. The feces of mice colonized with P. distasonis exhibited more urso- and chenodeoxycholic acids than conventionalized mice and more cholic acid than mice colonized with B. dorei. In conclusion, we have isolated new strains and identified potentially positive clones. In vivo studies tend to show that coprostanol production activity has no effect on plasma cholesterol. In contrast, P. distasonis seems to decrease plasma cholesterol by a still unknown mechanism
Picard, Marion. „Étude de l'implication d’une voie MyD88/IL-22 dans le contrôle de la colonisation par la bactérie segmentée filamenteuse“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB107/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mammalian intestine is heavily colonized by a huge microbial community. During a long coevolution process, the host has evolved mutualistic relationships with its microbiota. Thes relationships, mainly based on metabolstic advantages, also allow the full maturation of the host immune system, which development is initiated in utero by a genetic program. In mice, only SFB has been yet described to display strong immunostimulant properties allowing the coordination of a large panel of immune responses, more specifically IgA and Th17 responses, which preferential induction sites might be the Peyer's patches. The first part of my thesis contributed to complete a work dedicated to the characterization of the IgA et Th17 responses induced by SFB. We have underscored SFB capacity to stimulate the post-natal maturation of isolated lymphoid follicles and also tertiary lymphoid tissues that would substitute to Peyer's patches as inductors sites of both IgA and Th17 responses induced by SFB. However, this microbiote also constitutes a potential antigenic threat for the host integrity. Notably, the SFB could provoke chronic deleterious inflammation in peripheric compartment in genetically predisposed individuals. It suggests the establishment of highly regulated mechanisms regulating SFB colonization, to avoid compromising events for the host homeostasis. In a second part of my thesis, with the help of immunodeficient axenic mice, we have shown a role of TLR signaling pathways in the control of SFB colonization. However, antimicrobial peptides, IgA, IL-17 or IL-22 seem to be involved int eh control of SFB colonization
Benjdia, Alhosna. „Maturation des sulfatases chez les procaryotes : caractérisation d'une enzyme de la famille des SAM radical et étude de son rôle dans le dialogue bactéries-hôte“. Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112312.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSulfatases are widespread enzymes found from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. This class of hydrolases is unique in requiring an essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue to Calpha-formylglycine (FGly). This conversion depends on a strictly conserved sequence called “sulfatase signature”: C/SxPxR. We have isolated from C. Perfringens a sulfatase enzyme with a new motif containing an alanine instead of the conserved proline residue. Nevertheless, the critical residue of this sulfatase is also converted into FGly. Our work has also established that this modification is catalyzed by a new enzyme called “anaerobic Sulfatase Maturating Enzyme” (anSME). The spectroscopic and biochemical characterizations of anSME have demonstrated that this enzyme possesses a [4Fe-4S]2+,+ center which interacts with S-adenoysl-L-methionine to produce 5’-deoxyadenosine (AdoH). AnSMEs thus belong to the so-called radical SAM superfamily. Furthemore, mechanistic investigations have established that anSMEs are dual substrate enzymes able to catalyze both the oxidation of cysteinyl and seryl residue. We have also demonstrated that these enzymes abstract a protium on the beta-carbon atom of the critical residue. In order to investigate the role of sulfatases in host-bacteria relationships, we inactivated the anSME gene in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. In presence of the wild type strain, the mutated strain exhibited a fitness defect during the colonization of the digestive tract. AnSME is thus one of the first enzyme involved in commensal bacteria-host relationships
Beaumont, Martin. „Effets des régimes hyperprotéiques et des métabolites bactériens dérivés des acides aminés sur la muqueuse du gros intestin“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract: High-protein diets are frequently consumed but the consequences for the large intestine are not well described. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of high-protein diets and of amino-acid derived bacterial metabolites on the large intestine mucosa. Animal and in vitro studies showed that two amino acid derived bacterial metabolites (hydrogen sulfide and p-cresol) are toxic for the epithelium when present at high concentration. The results obtained in a clinical trial indicate that quantity and quality of dietary protein do not have major effects on the fecal microbiota composition but modify the fecal and urinary concentration of bacterial metabolites.These changes in luminal environment were not associated with an increase in fecal water cytotoxicity in vitro. Nevertheless, in the rectal mucosa, the increase in protein intake regulated the expression of genes implicated in homeostatic processes and these effects were modulated by the source of protein. However, the level of protein intake had no effect on immune and histological parameters in the mucosa. These results were completed with a study in rats showing a clear transcriptome profile in colonocytes induced by a high-protein diet but that was not associated with detrimental effects in terms of DNA integrity, epithelial renewal and barrier function
RIBEIRO, Sarana Héren Pereira. „Efeitos isolados de cipermetrina e metomil na microbiota humana“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/23475.
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CAPES
O Brasil é o maior consumidor de pesticidas. Cipermetrina é um pesticida no grupo dos piretróides, altamente tóxico (classe II). Metomil é um metilcarbamato, extremamente tóxico (classe I). Ambos são credenciados para uso em várias culturas e diversos resíduos de agrotóxicos têm sido encontrados nos alimentos, dos mais variados tipos, no Brasil. Isto levanta o problema que envolve o consumo desenfreado de pesticidas e seus efeitos sobre a microbiota humana. A colonização adequada da microbiota normal impede o adoecimento do organismo, por diversos mecanismos funcionais e de defesa que dependem da atuação de micro-organismos comensais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos isolados da Cipermetrina e Metomil sobre a microbiota humana. Os testes realizaram-se com bactérias e leveduras comensais, utilizando espécies comuns da microbiota humana (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermond). Para os testes foram usados métodos de microtitulação em caldo Mueller-Hinton (para bactérias) e caldo Saboreaud (para leveduras), conforme norma técnica da ANVISA. Cipermetrina e Metomil provaram ser capazes de destruir esses micro-organismos. A ênfase é sobre cipermetrina, cujas concentrações bactericida (0,03 mg) e fungicida (0,03 mg) ficaram muito próximas à Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) estabelecida pela ANVISA (0,05 mg/ kg peso). Portanto, os níveis de consumo de cipermetrina estabelecidos como ingestão segura podem gerar riscos para a saúde. Não se exclui o risco do Metomil que, com ação microbicida em concentrações maiores, é igualmente comprometedor, porque as doses bactericidas e fungicidas também se aproximaram de sua IDA.
Brazil is the largest consumer of pesticides. Cypermethrin is a pesticide in the highly toxic (Class II) pyro-trophic group. Methomyl is an extremely toxic methylcarbamate (class I). Both are accredited for use in several crops and various agrotoxic residues have been found in foods in Brazil. This raises the problem that involves the uncontrolled consumption of pesticides and their effects on a human microbiota. An adequate colonization of the normal microbiota prevents the organism from becoming diseased, through several functional and defense mechanisms that depend on the performance of commensal microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the isolated effects of Cypermethrin and Methomyl on a human microbiota. The tests were carried out with bacteria and commensal yeasts, using common species of the human microbiota (E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermond). For the tests, microtiter methods were used in Mueller-Hinton broth (for bacteria) and Saboreaud broth (for yeasts), according to the ANVISA technical standard. Cypermethrin and Metomil proved to be capable of destroying these microorganisms. The emphasis is on cypermethrin, whose bactericidal (0.03 mg) and fungicidal (0.03 mg) were very present in the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) established by ANVISA (0.05 mg / kg bw). Therefore, the levels of cypermethrin consumption established as safe intake may lead to health risks. The risk of Metomil, which with the bactericidal and fungicidal doses also approached its ADI, is not excluded.
Nishisaka, Caroline Sayuri. „Impactos da mudança do uso e cobertura do solo na emissão de óxido nitroso e abundância de bactérias desnitrificantes no solo“. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/10139.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Agriculture is responsible for 80% of nitrous oxide emissions on earth's atmosphere, the most potential greenhouse gas among the three main gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O). Citriculture and silviculture play an important role on Brazilian economics due to the high demand of orange and wood products for exportation. Thus, in order to get a better understand about the role of those cultures on N2O emission, this research aims to evaluate N2O emissions from Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus spp. crops, adjacent forests of each agriculture field were used as control. Citrus and eucalyptus sites are located in Sorocaba and Salto de Pirapora municipality, both in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In each agriculture field and adjacent forest, eight static chambers were randomly installed, and gas sample were collected during dry and wet region season. Soil samples were collected in each field of study from five random sampling points, for further physicochemical, molecular analysis and microcosm incubation. Gas samples were collected from microcosm after moisture adjustment in 70% of field capacity. All gas samples were analyzed by gas chromatography technique. The number of copies of genes related to denitrifying process (nirK, nirS e nosZ) was determined by quantitative real time PCR. Seasonality had significant (P<0.05) influence on N2O emission in field, and N2O fluxes in incubated soil. It was observed positive correlation among dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration on soil, soil and plant residue total carbon and nitrogen content and N2O emissions. High nirK, nirS and nosZ gene abundance was found on soil collected during wet season, comparing to those collected on dry season, in both field and microcosm, which was correlated with DOC content and soil moisture. However, there were not significant differences on genes abundance comparisons between cultivated soils and adjacent forests. In conclusion, the seasonality has influence in both N2O emission and denitrifying bacteria abundance present in citrus- and eucalyptus-cultivated soils, mainly through the effects on soil and plant residue physicochemical characteristics, especially those related to COD and soil moisture.
A agricultura é responsável por 80 % do óxido nitroso (N2O) emitido para a atmosfera terrestre, o qual é considerado, dentre os principais gases causadores do efeito estufa, aquele com maior potencial de aquecimento global. A citricultura e a silvicultura são culturas agrícolas que apresentam importante papel na economia brasileira, devido a alta demanda de exportação de produtos derivados da laranja e da madeira. A fim de entender como essas culturas influenciam na emissão do N2O, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as emissões de N2O a partir de solos cultivados com Citrus sinensis e Eucalyptus spp. Solos florestais adjacentes às áreas agrícolas foram utilizados como controle. As áreas cultivadas com citros e eucalipto estão localizadas nos municípios de Sorocaba e Salto de Pirapora, respectivamente, ambos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Em cada área agrícola e florestal, oito câmaras estáticas foram aleatoriamente instaladas e amostras de gases foram coletadas durante o período seco e úmido. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em cada área de estudo a partir de cinco pontos amostrais, as quais foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas, moleculares e incubação em microcosmo. Amostras de gases também foram coletadas a partir dos ensaios de incubação do solo em microcosmos após ajuste da umidade em 70 % da capacidade de campo. Todas as amostras de gases foram analisadas pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa. O número de cópias de genes relacionados com o processo de desnitrificação (nirK, nirS e nosZ) foi determinado por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. A sazonalidade mostrou efeito significativo (P<0,05) nas emissões de N2O em campo, e nos fluxos de N2O determinados a partir do solo incubado. Foi mostrada correlação positiva entre a concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) no solo, o teor de carbono e nitrogênio total em solos e resíduos vegetais e as emissões de N2O. Maior abundância dos genes nirK, nirS e nosZ foi encontrada nas amostras de solo coletadas no período úmido em comparação com aquelas coletadas no período seco, tanto em campo como em microcosmo, a qual foi correlacionada com a concentração de COD e a umidade do solo. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na abundância de tais genes quando comparadas amostras de solos cultivados e florestais adjacentes. Tomados conjuntamente, os resultados permitiram concluir que a sazonalidade influencia tanto a emissão de N2O quanto a abundância de bactérias desnitrificantes presentes em solos cultivados com citros e eucalipto, mediante, principalmente, os efeitos nas características físicas e químicas do solo e dos resíduos vegetais, especialmente aqueles relacionados com o COD e umidade do solo.
FAPESP: 2016/15289-4
FAPESP: 2017/17441-0
Lastours, Victoire de. „Impact des fluoroquinolones sur la résistance bactérienne dans les microbiotes humains“. Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFluoroquinolones (FQ) are among the most prescribed antibiotics in the vvorld. The significant increase in prescriptions of FQ is accompanied by the alarming emergence of bacterial resistance responsible for clinicat failures and the emergence of mufti- resistant bacteria. FQ diffuse very well in ecosystems, explaining the magnitude of their impact on microbiota. Yet, microbiota are major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. In a first epidemiological chapter, we determined the prevalence of carriage of FQ resistance in different microbiota of hospitalized patients and the rates of emergence of resistance in microbiotas of patients treated with FQ. We showed that each microbiota behaved independently in terms of risk factors for carriage of resistant strains, as well as in terms of emergence of resistance after treatment. In a second chapter, we showed that in the nasal and intestinal microbiota, the emergence of quinolone resistance was a common phenomenon which dynamics were variable, predominantly the result of acquisition of exogenous resistant strains. Finally, we showed that resistant E. Coli strains could persist in the gut, because they were particularly well adapted to commensalism, conferring them a selective advantage. This probably explains high rates of quinolone-resistant strains found in the intestinal microbiota. These strains seem to be able to persist in the long term with the double effect of increasing the risk of further interindividual transmission and the risk of infections by these resistant strains
Berrou, Kevin. „Développement d’outils innovants pour l'étude de l’infection chronique“. Thesis, Nîmes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NIME0001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the major challenges in the management of diabetic foot wounds is to obtain information to anticipate the evolution of these infections. Currently, there are no sufficiently effective tools to distinguish a colonized wound to an infected wound. The proposed approach is based on the discrimination of several bacteria frequently found in chronic diabetic foot wounds from their metabolic profile, and more specifically the volatile metabolites they produce. Indeed, the dynamism of bacterial metabolism would be able to highlight the changes that are occurring in the wound. First, a new methodology for the concentration of volatile metabolites by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) was developed. It is based on the use of stir bars that are placed both in the culture medium and in headspace, followed by GC-MS analysis. The method was then compared with another concentration method using the fibres (SPME) and we highlighted a better concentration capacity with a more sensitive detection. This methodology was then used to monitor the metabolic production of six bacterial strains grown under conditions mimicking the chronic wound. Their metabolic profile allowed us to distinguish bacterial species. Moreover, more surprisingly, it was possible to distinguish two strains of Staphylococcus aureus with different virulence profiles. Finally, a co-culture was performed and we showed that 83% of the metabolites produced in simple culture were found, proving the interest of the methodology to distinguish bacterial strains of the same species within a wound
Ferreira, Mércia de Freitas [UNESP]. „Bactérias endofíticas em tecidos de cafeeiro sob diferentes concentrações de CO2“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151319.
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Os microrganismos endofíticos ocorrem naturalmente em todas as partes do cafeeiro e produzem metabólitos secundários que podem influenciar as características da expressão da bebida, bem como a resistência da planta às doenças e pragas. O aumento da concentração atmosférica de CO2 vem sendo observado nas últimas décadas e pode afetar positiva, negativamente ou ser neutro na planta de café, e também influenciar na comunidade de microrganismos endofíticos. A melhor forma de se realizar os estudos com o aumento da concentração de CO2 é por meio de experimento tipo FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichement), o qual possibilita obter uma resposta sem alterar o microclima em áreas extensas de amostragens. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a comunidade bacteriana endofítica em folhas, frutos e ramos de cafeeiro da variedade Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, cultivados no experimento ClimapestFACE da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, bem como identificar as bactérias endofíticas presentes em frutos e ramos de café por meio de sequenciamento em larga escala. O experimento FACE é composto por 12 anéis, dos quais seis com a concentração atual de CO2 que é de aproximadamente 400 ppm e os outros seis enriquecidos com CO2 até uma concentração de 550 ppm. Em cada anel, foram coletados folhas, ramos e frutos nas safras de 2013 a 2015. Com os tecidos amostrados foi realizada análises por meio da técnica de T-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), onde na amplificação do gene 16S rDNA de todas as amostras foram utilizados primers específicos para bactérias universais. Para a identificação da comunidade endofítica foi utilizado 16S rDNA de oito amostras de frutos e de três fragmentos de ramos, provenientes de quatro anéis com CO2 ambiente e quatro anéis enriquecido com CO2 de uma mesma planta, dos dois anos de coleta, totalizando 16 amostras selecionadas para o sequenciamento realizado pela técnica Ion Torrent. Os dados da técnica de T-RFLP foram analisados pelo teste ANOSIM e observadas diferenças quando comparados os agrupamentos entre folhas, frutos e ramos, contudo não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos com CO2 ambiente e com enriquecimento de CO2. A Análise de Componentes Principais veio a confirmar o resultado do teste ANOSIM revelando que a estrutura das comunidades bacterianas endofíticas apresentam maior dissimilaridade quando comparadas as partes das plantas (folha, fruto e ramo). Mas ao comparar os tratamentos com CO2 ambiente e com enriquecimento de CO2, houve uma similaridade e em alguns casos havendo sobreposição, o que mostra que não houve distinção das comunidades entre os tratamentos. O sequenciamento em larga escala de amostras de frutos e ramos de cafeeiro revelou que a microbiota endofítica, que habita estes tecidos vegetais, são na sua grande maioria bactérias pertencentes aos filos Proteobactéria, Actinobactéria e Firmicutes. Quando se comparou os tecidos em que estes microrganismos vivem (frutos e ramos), a maior abundância foi encontrada colonizando os tecidos dos ramos. As plantas desenvolvidas na concentração de CO2 ambiente apresentaram maior predominância de bactérias endofíticas que as cultivadas em ambiente enriquecido com CO2.
Endophytic microorganisms occur naturally in coffee plant and produce secondary metabolites that can influence the beverage characteristics, as well as the resistance of plant diseases and pests. The increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration has been observed in the last decades and can affect positively, negatively or be neutral to coffee plant, and also influence the endophytic microorganisms. The best way to carry out the studies with the increase of CO2 concentration is in FACE experiment (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichement). The objective of this study was to study the endophytic bacterial community in leaves, fruits and branches of coffee grown in the ClimapestFACE experiment at Embrapa Environment, as well as to identify the endophytic bacteria in fruits and branches of through large-scale sequencing. The FACE experiment consists of 12 rings, of which six maintains the ambient CO2 concentration (400 pm) and other six enriched with CO2 at 550 ppm. In each ring were collected leaves, branches and fruit between 2013 and 2015. Samples were analyzed using T-RFLP technique, where specific universal bacteria primers were used in the amplification of 16S rDNA gene. For identification of endophytic community sequencing was performed through Ion Torrent technique. The data of T-RFLP technique were analyzed by ANOSIM test and differences were observed when comparing the groupings between leaves, fruits and branches, however no differences were observed between treatments with or without CO2 enrichment. The Principal Component Analysis confirmed the ANOSIM test and revealed that the structure of endophytic bacterial communities presents greater dissimilarity when comparing leaf, fruit and branch. However, in the comparison between treatments with and without CO2 enrichment there was a similarity and in some cases overlap, which shows that there was no distinction between communities. The largescale sequencing of coffee fruit and branches revealed that endophytic microbiota, which inhabits these plant tissues, are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. When comparing the community of microorganisms in the tissues, the branches present greater abundance than the fruits. Plants developed in the ambient CO2 concentration had a greater predominance of endophytic bacteria than those grown in an environment enriched with CO2.
Biscola, Vanessa. „Interações entre bactérias láticas produtoras de bacteriocinas e a microbiota autóctone de charque“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-06062013-154005/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharqui is a Brazilian traditional meat product, salted and sun-dried, still manufactured without control of the fermentation step, which is performed by the indigenous microbiota. This fact interferes on the standardization of the product and can negatively affect the sensorial properties and microbiological quality. The application of a known microbiota would be an alternative to minimize this problem and the bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria can can fit in this purpose. The charqui indigenous microbiota mainly includes lactic acid bactéria and halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms, therefore, this product presents a potencial as a source for the isolation of new bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria. The aim of the present work was to isolate and identify bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria from charqui, characterize the bacteriocins produced by the isolated culture, evaluate its potential as biopreservative in charqui and its influence on the microbial populations during the manufacture of the product. A bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain was isolated from charqui through the triple-layer agar technique. This strain produces a nisin-like bacteriocin capable to inhibit in vitro medium and highly halotolerant bacteria isolated from charqui and other food-borne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The application of this strain for charqui manufacturing caused a reduction of up to 2 log in the halotolerant bacteria population, evidencing its potential application for charqui biopreservation. Studies in the populational dynamics using DGGE indicated that the presence of the bacteriocinogenic strain did not affect the microbial populations in the product.
Ferreira, Mércia de Freitas 1980. „Bactérias endofíticas em tecidos de cafeeiro sob diferentes concentrações de CO2 /“. Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151319.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoorientador: Rodrigo Mendes
Banca: Kátia de Lima Nechet
Banca: Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício
Banca: Adriana Zanin Kronka
Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni
Resumo: Os microrganismos endofíticos ocorrem naturalmente em todas as partes do cafeeiro e produzem metabólitos secundários que podem influenciar as características da expressão da bebida, bem como a resistência da planta às doenças e pragas. O aumento da concentração atmosférica de CO2 vem sendo observado nas últimas décadas e pode afetar positiva, negativamente ou ser neutro na planta de café, e também influenciar na comunidade de microrganismos endofíticos. A melhor forma de se realizar os estudos com o aumento da concentração de CO2 é por meio de experimento tipo FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichement), o qual possibilita obter uma resposta sem alterar o microclima em áreas extensas de amostragens. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a comunidade bacteriana endofítica em folhas, frutos e ramos de cafeeiro da variedade Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, cultivados no experimento ClimapestFACE da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, bem como identificar as bactérias endofíticas presentes em frutos e ramos de café por meio de sequenciamento em larga escala. O experimento FACE é composto por 12 anéis, dos quais seis com a concentração atual de CO2 que é de aproximadamente 400 ppm e os outros seis enriquecidos com CO2 até uma concentração de 550 ppm. Em cada anel, foram coletados folhas, ramos e frutos nas safras de 2013 a 2015. Com os tecidos amostrados foi realizada análises por meio da técnica de T-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), onde na amplificação do gene 16... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Endophytic microorganisms occur naturally in coffee plant and produce secondary metabolites that can influence the beverage characteristics, as well as the resistance of plant diseases and pests. The increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration has been observed in the last decades and can affect positively, negatively or be neutral to coffee plant, and also influence the endophytic microorganisms. The best way to carry out the studies with the increase of CO2 concentration is in FACE experiment (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichement). The objective of this study was to study the endophytic bacterial community in leaves, fruits and branches of coffee grown in the ClimapestFACE experiment at Embrapa Environment, as well as to identify the endophytic bacteria in fruits and branches of through large-scale sequencing. The FACE experiment consists of 12 rings, of which six maintains the ambient CO2 concentration (400 pm) and other six enriched with CO2 at 550 ppm. In each ring were collected leaves, branches and fruit between 2013 and 2015. Samples were analyzed using T-RFLP technique, where specific universal bacteria primers were used in the amplification of 16S rDNA gene. For identification of endophytic community sequencing was performed through Ion Torrent technique. The data of T-RFLP technique were analyzed by ANOSIM test and differences were observed when comparing the groupings between leaves, fruits and branches, however no differences were observed between treatments with or without CO2 enrichment. The Principal Component Analysis confirmed the ANOSIM test and revealed that the structure of endophytic bacterial communities presents greater dissimilarity when comparing leaf, fruit and branch. However, in the comparison between treatments with and without CO2 enrichment there was a similarity and in some cases overlap, which shows that there was no distinction between communities...
Doutor
Bernard, Lucie. „Utilisation de bactéries du microbiote pulmonaire pour moduler le système immunitaire local à l’état basal et pendant l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis chez la souris“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman mucosal sites (such as the gut) are colonized from birth by trillions of microorganisms that form the microbiota (or commensal flora), living in symbiosis with our organism. Survival of the host and of its microbiota is dependent on the activation status of our immune system. While poor immune activation results in sensitivity to infections, its uncontrolled activation or inflammation compromises host tissue integrity. Bacteria from the gut microbiota naturally interact with cells of our immune system to preserve an equilibrium. Administration of such commensals as probiotics improve many disease outcomes and is currently studied to improve respiratory infection treatment. The primary infectious cause of death, tuberculosis, a respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, involves an over-activation of the immune system causing lung damages. In this thesis project, I investigated whether bacterial strains from the microbiota influence the immune response in tuberculosis to assess the potential of probiotics to improve tuberculosis treatment. In particular, we hypothesized that pulmonary commensal bacteria modify the local immune response to tuberculosis, as recently demonstrated in an asthma murine model. Through intranasal administration in mice, I first identified different lung commensal bacterial strains with a strong ability to modulate the lung CD4+ T cell compartment at steady state. Indeed, these strains induced T-helper (Th) cells involved in pro-inflammatory immunity, such as Th1 and Th17, and regulatory T cells (Treg) involved in anti-inflammatory responses. In particular, they increase proliferation of a specific Treg subtype, expressing RORt (a transcription factor characteristic of Th17). These RORt+ Treg were recently described in the gut, where they are induced by the microbiota and are able to decrease inflammation occurring in the mouse model of colitis. We show for the first time that these cells are induced in the lungs of mice treated with pulmonary bacterial strains from the Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus and Neisseria genera, and characterize their phenotype. As in the gut, these cells seem to have a strong anti-inflammatory profile, supported by their high expression of the inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1, activation marker ICOS, and suppressive cytokine TGF- associated to a poor production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-. Interestingly, I demonstrate that pulmonary Lactobacillus strains induced the same lung leukocyte populations in the mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection as in naïve mice, including RORt+ Treg. While none of the tested strains reduced M. tuberculosis burden in lung or spleen, the Lactobacillus murinus (CNCM I-5314) strain, which induce a high number of Th17 and RORt+ Treg accompanied by a reduced leukocyte infiltration in the lung, suggesting a capacity to reduce lung inflammation associated with M. tuberculosis infection. The role of Th17 and RORt+ Treg in this phenotype remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, our results clearly indicate that the administration of pulmonary commensal bacteria strongly modulate the local immunity, even during chronic infections such as tuberculosis. Therefore, a better characterization of the lung microbiota components and of the mechanisms by which they interact with our immune system to maintain health in the respiratory system, might lead to the emergence of a new generation of probiotics, of lung origin, to better prevent and treat pulmonary diseases
Viaud, Sophie. „Etude des effets du cyclophosphamide sur l’immunité anti-tumorale : relations avec le microbiote intestinal“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConventional cancer chemotherapies were developed to target cancer cells either by directly eliminating them or by inhibiting the growth of dividing tumor cells. Proliferating endothelial cells at the origin of intratumoral vascularization are known to be sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic agents. Many studies have shown that some conventional therapies can be exploited for their anti-angiogenic capabilities (Browder et al. Cancer Research 2000). The adopted strategy, called metronomic chemotherapy, consists of administering low doses of drug that do not induce myelosuppression, on a more frequent schedule as compared to conventional therapies (Hanahan et al. JCI 2000, Gasparini et al. Lancet Oncology 2001). Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is an alkylating agent commonly used as a metronomic chemotherapy. In the 1980s, two studies demonstrated that when used at a metronomic dosing, CTX could impact the immune response particularly in reducing the suppressive function of a CD4+ T lymphocyte population in an experimental tumour model (Awwad et al. Cancer Research 1989) and in cancer patients (Berd et al. Cancer Research 1987). Since then, knowledge has evolved and now CTX used as a metronomic or low-dose therapy is administered to limit expansion and functions of regulatory T cells (Treg) (Ghiringhelli et al. EJI 2004, Lutsiak et al. Blood 2005), leading to a helper T cell polarization toward a Th1 profile (Matar et al. Eur J cancer 2000 et Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002). When used in combination, CTX turns out to be a potent drug in the antineoplastic treatments armamentarium (Hermans et al. Cancer Research 2003, Taieb et al. JI 2006). Our results demonstrate the importance of CTX effects on IL-17 and IFNg secreting CD4+ T lymphocytes
Dittmer, Jessica. „Diversity of endosymbiotic bacterial communities in terrestrial isopods : the role of feminizing Wolbachia and other major players“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2322/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn recent years, there has been a shift of focus in symbiosis studies, away from the traditional 'one host-one symbiont' concept towards a more holistic, community-based approach. This concept takes into account that a host is not only associated with one bacterium, but harbours and interacts with a diverse bacterial community, the microbiome. Terrestrial isopods represent an excellent model system for the understanding of complex multipartite symbioses due to their well-characterised association with feminizing Wolbachia bacteria. To date, three different feminizing Wolbachia strains have been identified in Armadillidium vulgare, presumably representing different host-symbiont co-evolutionary histories. The aim of this PhD was to get a more complete picture of the terrestrial isopod microbiome and the role of Wolbachia within the bacterial community. In order to achieve this, quantitative and metagenomic techniques were combined to characterize the microbiome of A. vulgare on multiple levels: (i) Field vs. lab populations, (ii) in different host tissues, and (iii) in relation to Wolbachia infection status, i.e. presence/absence of Wolbachia as well as infection with different Wolbachia strains. Wolbachia represented the predominant member of the bacterial community in infected individuals and was identified as an important factor influencing bacterial community structure. Apart from Wolbachia, we detected a second highly abundant bacterium: Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum, a facultative symbiont previously reported from the midgut caeca, was for the first time observed in all tested host tissues. The potential interactions of Wolbachia and Ca. H. crinochetorum constitute an interesting example for symbiont-symbiont relationships between two highly abundant members of a diverse bacterial community
Cuffaro, Bernardo. „Analyse fonctionnelle de bactéries du microbiote intestinal humain et évaluation de leurs propriétés bénéfiques contre l’obésité et l’inflammation intestinale“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LIL2S007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlterations in the gut microbiota composition are suggested to play a role in the development of chronic diseases, including obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This dysbiosis leads to the disruption of several key biological processes known to regulate the host physiology, notably the gut barrier integrity and the immune responses leading to a pro-inflammatory state. There is also an alteration in the production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), key bacterial metabolites that regulate host metabolism by stimulating the secretion of endocrine peptides. Microbiota-targeting interventions therefore represent interesting tools in the management of chronic diseases. The knowledge on the composition and functions of the gut microbiota has extended the range of microorganisms with potential health benefits. These microorganisms are likely to be fully adapted to the gastrointestinal tract environment and to have important interactions with the host and for these reasons they are being evaluated as next generation probiotics (NGPs). We selected dominant bacteria from the gut microbiota and we checked their robustness to environmental conditions such as oxygen-tolerance and their capacity to survive to gastric stress and observed a strain-dependent capacity. We further characterized their potential beneficial activities using different in vitro models. Most of them were able to induce the release of SCFA in the culture supernatants, mainly acetate and to a lower extend propionate or butyrate. Among the screened strains, a majority was able to restore the gut barrier in an in vitro gut epithelial (Caco-2) barrier model and several strains exhibited an anti-inflammatory potential after human immune cells (PBMC) stimulation and/or were good inducers of GLP-1 after STC-1 endocrine cell line stimulation. Interestingly some ofthem combined several properties. We then evaluated in vivo the most promising strains in different murine models of diet-induced obesity and colitis. We identified three strains exhibited promising abilities against obesity. We also showed a strain-dependent effect of Parabacteroides distasonis strains against colitis and selected three effective strains. These studies provide us better insights on the functionality of commensal bacteria and crucial clues to select next-generation probiotics able to target inflammatory chronic diseases such as obesity and related disorders or IBD
Mirande, Caroline. „Dégradation des fibres pariétales et système xylanolytique de Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1A et Roseburia intestinalis XB6B4, espèces bacteriennes du microbiote intestinal humain“. Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF22007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrito, Maria Luísa Saragoça Falcão de. „Metagenomic analysis of saliva microbiome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMicrobiome is a community of microorganisms living in a particular environment that englobes all microorganisms with their genes and environmental interactions. The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in human physiology and metabolism being associated to development, nutrition, immunity, and resistance to pathogens and has recognized implications for health and disease. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a pulmonary disease characterized by persistent and progressive and nonreversible airflow obstruction. The role of bacteria as a potential pathogenic and etiologic factor in COPD has been a topic of debate for many years. It is thought that lung colonization by particular bacterial strains, in patients with COPD, is responsible for the chronic bronchitis phenotype, increased risk of exacerbations, and loss of lung function. Even though saliva is one of the most easily collectable samples, few studies have been conducted to characterize the saliva microbiome in patients with COPD and even fewer to identify biomarkers that might be informative for disease onset and progression. The aim of this study was to implement the methodology to study the saliva microbiome in patients suffering with COPD, to understand the dynamics of saliva microbiome in the setting of an exacerbation and how the microbiome evolve after that. For that a metagenomic approach was carried out, using the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, to analyze 17 samples from 7 patients with COPD, collected at 3 different time points, i.e. at exacerbation, 2 weeks after exacerbation, and at clinical full recovery. In this study, we found microbial shifts in the samples collected at different time points. We also detected high sample variability, especially between samples collected from different individuals. These results suggest that saliva might me a good source of biomarkers for COPD management and may represent an improvement to the implementation of personalized medicine in this population. However, more and larger studies must be conducted.
Microbioma é definido como sendo uma comunidade de microrganismos presente num dado ambiente, que engloba todos os microorganismos com seus genes e interações ambientais. O microbioma humano desempenha um papel importante na fisiologia humana e no seu metabolismo, estando associado ao desenvolvimento, nutrição, imunidade e resistência a agentes patogénicos com implicações na saúde e doença. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) é uma doença pulmonar caracterizada por uma obstrução das vias aéreas persistente progressiva e não reversível. O papel das bactérias como potencial fator patogénico e etiológico na DPOC tem sido tema de debate nos últimos anos. Pensa-se que a colonização dos pulmões por determinadas bactérias, em pacientes com DPOC, é responsável pelo aumento do risco de exacerbações e perda de função pulmonar. Embora a saliva seja uma das amostras mais facilmente recolhida, são ainda poucos os estudos para caracterizar o microbioma da saliva em pacientes com DPOC, e ainda menos para identificar nele biomarcadores informativos sobre o diagnóstico e progressão desta doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi implementar a metodologia que permita estudar o microbioma da saliva em pacientes com DPOC, compreender a dinâmica do microbioma da saliva no contexto de uma exacerbação e como o microbioma evolui depois disso. Para isso, utilizou-se uma abordagem metagenómica utilizando a sequenciação do gene 16S rRNA, para analisar 17 amostras de 7 pacientes com DPOC, recolhidas em 3 momentos diferentes, i.e. em exacerbação, 2 semanas após a exacerbação e após recuperação clínica. Neste estudo foram encontradas e serão descritas diferenças na composição microbiana das amostras colhidas em tempos diferentes. Verificou-se também uma grande variabilidade nos resultados, com grandes diferenças entre as amostras colhidas de diferentes pacientes. Estes resultados sugerem que a saliva pode ser uma boa fonte de biomarcadores para a DPOC e poderá representar um avanço para a implementação da medicina personalizada nesta população. No entanto mais estudos com amostras alargadas são ainda necessários. Contudo, mais estudos deverão ser realizados.
Marchiori, Ana Carolina [UNESP]. „Diversidade e evolução na simbiose entre bactérias e formigas Attini“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110397.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As formigas da tribo Attini são conhecidas pelo hábito de cultivar fungos mutualistas (Basidiomycota) em uma variedade de materiais coletados para formar o que é chamado de jardim de fungo. Este hábito teve início há cerca de 50 milhões de anos na América do Sul e deu origem a cinco tipos de agricultura, que diferem no tipo de fungo e material coletado. As attíneas utilizam os jardins de fungos como fonte de nutrientes e enzimas, os quais são produzidos não somente pelo fungo mutualista, mas também por outros microrganismos presentes no ninho. Portanto, para as formigas e fungos terem acesso a nutrientes são necessárias associações com outros microrganismos. Estudos das comunidades microbianas associadas às formigas Attini, na maioria das vezes, estão relacionados aos jardins de fungo e objetivam explorar os mecanismos de degradação da biomassa vegetal. Informações sobre a microbiota associada ao corpo das formigas e sua função ainda são insuficientes. As attíneas dependem dos simbiontes para sua nutrição e proteção contra parasitas. Mas alguns desses microrganismos são ameaças às formigas e outros parecem ser apenas comensais. No presente trabalho, as bactérias associadas às formigas Attini Atta laevigata, Trachymyrmex urichi eMycocepurus goeldii foram identificadas por métodos independentes de cultivo e um cenário no qual a evolução das formigas Attini é moldada pela interação com estes microrganismos foi proposto. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um protocolo de lavagem das formigas para eliminar bactérias externas e ser utilizado para amostrar os microrganismos do interior das formigas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre as comunidades bacterianas abrigadas pelas formigas Attini estudadas. A discriminação de bactérias internas e externas ao corpo das formigas foi possível devido à padronização e aplicação do protocolo de lavagem desenvolvido. Foi descoberto que nos intestinos da Attini mais basal M. goeldii predomina uma única espécie de Spiroplasma. No entanto, durante a evolução, esta bactéria foi progressivamente substituída por duas espécies de Rhizobiales no intestino da attínea filogeneticamente intermediária T. urichi, e finalmente uma única espécie de Rhizobiales prevaleceu como a espécie bacteriana única nos intestinos da formiga cortadeira mais derivada A. laevigata. As cortadeiras também carregam em suas cutículas, quantidades consideráveis de Acetobacter. Rhizobiales e Acetobacter pertencem a grupos de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio. Assim, é concebível que a especialização em mutualistas fixadores de nitrogênio possa ter desempenhado um papel no aumento do tamanho da população e do tamanho do corpo ao longo da evolução das formigas Attini. O aumento da população pode estar associado com o aumento nas taxas de infecção, mas esta tendência foi aparentemente compensada pela alta complexidade social das cortadeiras e pela manutenção de espécies de Burkholderiales e Actinomycetales, encontradas na sua cutícula. Estas bactérias produtoras de antibióticos podem ter assumido o papel protetor que está atribuído a Pseudonocardiaceae nas demais espécies de Attini. Também foi detectada uma associação com espécies de Wolbachia que parecem ser mutualistas e externas ao corpo das attíneas, provavelmente nas cutículas. Esta associação pode ter iniciado na Attini mais basal, se especializado na intermediária, mas foi perdida na mais derivada. As associações mutualistas parecem ser recentes e ter se originado a partir de uma única aquisição das fixadoras de nitrogênio e múltiplas aquisições de bactérias que produzem antibióticos.
Ants of the Attini tribe are known for the habit of cultivating mutualistic fungi (Basidiomycota) on a variety of harvested materials to form what is called the fungus garden. This habit originated approximately 50 million years ago in South America and gave rise to five agricultural systems, which differ in the type of fungus and collected material. Attine ants utilize the fungus garden as a source of nutrients and enzymes, which are not only produced by the mutualistic fungus, but also by other microbes present in the garden. Therefore, for ants and fungi have access to these nutrients associations with other microorganisms became necessary. Studies of microbial community associated with attine ants are mostly related to the fungus gardens and aim to explore the mechanisms of plant biomass degradation. Information on the microbiota associated with the body of ants and its function are still lacking. Attine ants rely on microbial symbionts for nutrition and protection against parasites. On the other hand, some microbes threatens these ants and others appear to be only commensals. In this work, the bacteria associated with the attine ants Atta laevigata, Trachymyrmex urichi and Mycocepurus goeldii were identified by culture-independent methods and a scenario in which the evolution of attine ants is shaped by the interaction with these microorganisms has been proposed. In the present study a washing protocol was also developed to remove external bacteria, and used to sample microorganisms living inside the ants and possibly other insects. The results showed differences between the bacterial communities harbored by the attine ants studied. Discrimination of internal and external ants’ body bacteria was possible due to the standardization and application of the developed washing protocol. It was observed that the intestines of most basal attine M. goeldii are dominated by a single species of Spiroplasma. However, during the attine ants’ evolution, this bacterium was progressively replaced by two Rhizobiales species in the gut of the phylogenetically intermediate T. urichi, and finally a single species of Rhizobiales prevailed as the unique bacterial species in the gut of the most derived leaf-cutter ant A. laevigata. Leaf-cutters also harbor on their cuticles considerable amounts of Acetobacter sp. Both Rhizobiales and Acetobactersp. species are in the group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Thus, it is conceivable that specialization in nitrogen-fixing mutualists may have played a role in increasing population and body size during Attini evolution. A larger population is thought to be associated with increases in infection rates, but this tendency was apparently counterbalanced by high social complexity of leaf-cutters and by the maintenance of Burkholderiales and Actinomycetales species, which we only found in the cuticle of ants. These antibiotic-producing bacteria may have assumed the protective role that is currently attributed to Pseudonocardiaceae in the remaining Attini species. We also detected an association with cuticular Wolbachia mutualists, which may have begun in the more primitive Attini, then specialized in the intermediate ones, and finally being lost in the more derived leaf-cutters. Mutualistic associations appear to be recent and originated from a single acquisition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and multiple acquisitions of antibiotic producing microbes.
FAPESP: 09/09258-5
Marchiori, Ana Carolina. „Diversidade e evolução na simbiose entre bactérias e formigas Attini /“. Rio Claro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110397.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBanca: André Rodrigues
Banca: Henrique Ferreira
Banca: Fernando Dini Andreote
Banca: Richard Ian Samuels
Resumo: As formigas da tribo Attini são conhecidas pelo hábito de cultivar fungos mutualistas (Basidiomycota) em uma variedade de materiais coletados para formar o que é chamado de jardim de fungo. Este hábito teve início há cerca de 50 milhões de anos na América do Sul e deu origem a cinco tipos de agricultura, que diferem no tipo de fungo e material coletado. As attíneas utilizam os jardins de fungos como fonte de nutrientes e enzimas, os quais são produzidos não somente pelo fungo mutualista, mas também por outros microrganismos presentes no ninho. Portanto, para as formigas e fungos terem acesso a nutrientes são necessárias associações com outros microrganismos. Estudos das comunidades microbianas associadas às formigas Attini, na maioria das vezes, estão relacionados aos jardins de fungo e objetivam explorar os mecanismos de degradação da biomassa vegetal. Informações sobre a microbiota associada ao corpo das formigas e sua função ainda são insuficientes. As attíneas dependem dos simbiontes para sua nutrição e proteção contra parasitas. Mas alguns desses microrganismos são ameaças às formigas e outros parecem ser apenas comensais. No presente trabalho, as bactérias associadas às formigas Attini Atta laevigata, Trachymyrmex urichi e Mycocepurus goeldii foram identificadas por métodos independentes de cultivo e um cenário no qual a evolução das formigas Attini é moldada pela interação com estes microrganismos foi proposto. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um protocolo de lavagem das formigas para eliminar bactérias externas e ser utilizado para amostrar os microrganismos do interior das formigas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre as comunidades bacterianas abrigadas pelas formigas Attini estudadas. A discriminação de bactérias internas e externas ao corpo das formigas foi possível devido à... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Ants of the Attini tribe are known for the habit of cultivating mutualistic fungi (Basidiomycota) on a variety of harvested materials to form what is called the fungus garden. This habit originated approximately 50 million years ago in South America and gave rise to five agricultural systems, which differ in the type of fungus and collected material. Attine ants utilize the fungus garden as a source of nutrients and enzymes, which are not only produced by the mutualistic fungus, but also by other microbes present in the garden. Therefore, for ants and fungi have access to these nutrients associations with other microorganisms became necessary. Studies of microbial community associated with attine ants are mostly related to the fungus gardens and aim to explore the mechanisms of plant biomass degradation. Information on the microbiota associated with the body of ants and its function are still lacking. Attine ants rely on microbial symbionts for nutrition and protection against parasites. On the other hand, some microbes threatens these ants and others appear to be only commensals. In this work, the bacteria associated with the attine ants Atta laevigata, Trachymyrmex urichi and Mycocepurus goeldii were identified by culture-independent methods and a scenario in which the evolution of attine ants is shaped by the interaction with these microorganisms has been proposed. In the present study a washing protocol was also developed to remove external bacteria, and used to sample microorganisms living inside the ants and possibly other insects. The results showed differences between the bacterial communities harbored by the attine ants studied. Discrimination of internal and external ants' body bacteria was possible due to the standardization and application of the developed washing protocol. It was observed that the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Oliveira, Gabriel Silva. „Biofilme multiespécie formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite cru“. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/21495.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A formação de biofilmes nas indústrias de alimentos é caracterizada, inicialmente, pelo acúmulo de materiais orgânicos em superfícies, sobre as quais comunidades bacterianas podem se formar. Estas estruturas tornam as células mais resistentes e de difícil remoção durante o processo de higienização e representam fonte potencial de contaminação dos alimentos. Objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar a formação de biofilmes multiespécie em cupons de aço inoxidável pela microbiota contaminante do leite cru e analisar sua diversidade. Foram utilizadas duas amostras de leite, um recém-ordenhado e outro granelizado, com contaminação média de 10 4 UFC/mL e 10 6 UFC/mL de aeróbios mesófilos, respectivamente. Cupons de aço inoxidável foram mantidos imersos no leite a 7 + 2 oC e, a cada dois dias, o leite cru foi trocado por outro de mesma procedência. A formação do biofilme foi acompanhada por contagem padrão em placas das células sésseis e por microscopia de epifluorescência ao longo de 10 dias. No décimo dia, os biofilmes foram observados também por microscopia confocal a laser para determinar a estrutura em seu estado hidratado e visualizar a viabilidade celular. Para analisar a diversidade do biofilme multiespécie, foi utilizada a Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE). As bandas de DNA foram obtidas após amplificação do material genético extraído das células do biofilme utilizando oligonucleotídeos universais para o domínio Bacteria. O número de células sésseis no biofilme formado a partir do leite recém-ordenhado alcançou contagem de 10 5 UFC/cm 2 de psicrotróficos no décimo dia, enquanto o biofilme formado na presença do leite granelizado atingiu 10 6 UFC/cm 2 . A partir do 4o dia de incubação foi observado, pela microscopia de epifluorescência, nos cupons imersos no leite granelizado, aglomerados celulares que possivelmente se tratavam de biofilme, enquanto nos cupons imersos no leite recém- ordenhado essas estruturas foram observadas a partir do 8o dia. Nos cupons que ficaram imersos no leite recém-ordenhado não se visualizou biofilme pela microscopia confocal a laser, enquanto que cupons imersos no leite granelizado foram observados biofilmes com espessuras em torno de 18 μm, com células viáveis desde a base até o ápice. Houve similaridade de 85 % entre a comunidade do biofilme formado na presença das amostras de leite utilizadas. Entretanto, no biofilme formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite recém-ordenhado, a diminuição na diversidade foi observada ao longo dos dias 6, 8 e 10 de incubação, enquanto no biofilme formado pela microbiota contaminante do leite granelizado a diversidade aumentou ao longo do tempo de incubação. Pode-se concluir que a microbiota contaminante do leite cru refrigerado pode se aderir nas superfícies de aço inoxidável e formar biofilmes multiespécies e o grau de contaminação influencia no tempo de formação dessas estruturas.
The formation of biofilms in the food industry is characterized initially by the accumulation of organic materials on surfaces on which bacterial communities can form. These structures make the cells more resistant and difficult to remove during the hygiene process and represent a potential source of food contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of multispecies biofilms in stainless steel coupons by the contaminating microbiota of raw milk and to analyze its diversity. It used two milk samples, one freshly milked and the other bulk tanks, with a mean contamination of 10 4 CFU/mL and 10 6 CFU/mL of mesophilic aerobes, respectively. Stainless steel coupons were kept immersed in the milk at 7 ± 2 oC and, every two days, raw milk was exchanged for another of the same origin. Biofilm formation was monitored by standard counting on sessile cells and by epifluorescence microscopy over 10 days. On the tenth day, biofilms were also observed by laser confocal microscopy to determine the structure in its hydrated state and visualize cell viability. In order to analyze the diversity of the multispecies biofilm, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) was used. The DNA bands were obtained after amplification of the genetic material, extracted from the biofilm cells and using universal oligonucleotides for the Bacteria domain. The number of sessile cells in the biofilm formed from the freshly milked milk reached a count of 10 5 CFU/cm 2 of psychrotrophs on the tenth day, while the biofilm formed in the presence of the bulk tanks milk reached 10 6 CFU/cm 2 . From the 4 th day of incubation was observed by epifluorescence microscopy, in the coupons immersed in the bulk tanks milk, cell agglomerates that were possibly biofilms, while in the coupons immersed in the freshly milked milk these structures were observed from the 8 th day. In the coupons that were immersed in the freshly milked milk, no biofilm was visualized by laser confocal microscopy, while coupons immersed in the bulk tanks milk were observed biofilms with thicknesses around 18 μm, with viable cells from the base to the apex. There was a similarity de 85% between the community of the biofilm formed in the presence of the milk samples used. However, in the biofilm formed by the contaminating microbiota of freshly milked milk, a decrease in diversity was observed throughout days 6, 8 and 10 of incubation, while in the biofilm formed by the contaminating microbiota of bulk tanks milk the diversity increased over the time of incubation. It can be concluded that the contaminating microbiota of the refrigerated raw milk can adhere to the stainless steel surfaces and form multispecies biofilms and the degree of contamination influences the formation time of these structures.
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