Zeitschriftenartikel: „Micro visualisation“

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Eilks, Ingo, Torsten Witteck und Verena Pietzner. „The Role and Potential Dangers of Visualisation when Learning about Sub-Microscopic Explanations in Chemistry Education“. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 2, Nr. 1 (16.01.2018): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.398.

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The core of theory-driven chemistry education consists of the constant shift between the different representational domains of chemical thinking: the macroscopic, the sub-microscopic, and the symbolic domains. Because the sub-microscopic domain can neither be seen nor directly visualised, it requires specific forms of visualisation, i.e. pictures andanimations illustrating the model-based level of discrete particles, atoms, or molecular structures. This paper considers the central role visualisations play when learning about the model-based, sub-microscopic level, but it also reflects the dangers inherent in employing insufficiently examined, poorly considered, or even misleading visualisations. This is outlined using different examples taken from both textbooks for lower secondary chemistry education (for students aged 10 to 15) and from the internet. Implications for structuring and using sub-micro visualisations in chemistry education are also given.

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Li, Wei, Shikai Liang, Wei Zhang, Xuelian Zhao, Huifang Zhang und Xianli Lv. „Liquid embolic agent Fe3O4-EVOH for endovascular arteriovenous malformation embolisation: Preliminary evaluation in an in vivo swine rete mirabile model“. Neuroradiology Journal 33, Nr. 4 (08.04.2020): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400920917130.

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Aim Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolisation is in peril after the ARUBA trial. Advancements that are needed to reduce procedural risk are better control and visualisation during micro-catheter injection of liquid embolic material. The injectability, radiographic visualisation, mechanical stability and biocompatibility of the embolic agent Fe3O4-EVOH was evaluated in an in vivo swine AVM model. Methods The swine AVM model is the rete mirabile (RM). Nine swine AVM models were embolised with the embolic agent Fe3O4-EVOH by using a 1.5 F micro-catheter. Procedure times, embolisation success (deﬁned as complete embolisation of the nidus), volume of embolic agent and histopathology were assessed. Results Six swine underwent embolisation of one side rete, and three underwent embolisation of both sides. We did not experience any technical complication during embolisation of each rete. The micro-catheter was easy to retrieve. Fluoroscopic visualisation of the Fe3O4-EVOH cast was adequate. The mean embolisation time for each RM was 7.5 minutes. The median volume of the embolic agent for each RM was 0.52 mL. At one, four and eight weeks following injection, microscopic and histological analysis demonstrated minimal inflammatory changes in the perivascular tissues and permanent occlusion of the embolised vasculature. Conclusion Fe3O4-EVOH embolic agent is an effective endovascular occlusion material, providing the initial in vivo characteristics of stability and biocompatibility.

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Hezel, Dominik C., Premkumar Elangovan, Sebastian Viehmann, Lauren Howard, Richard L. Abel und Robin Armstrong. „Visualisation and quantification of CV chondrite petrography using micro-tomography“. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 116 (September 2013): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.015.

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Wisshak, Max, Jürgen Titschack, Wolf-Achim Kahl und Peter Girod. „Classical and new bioerosion trace fossils in Cretaceous belemnite guards characterised via micro-CT“. Fossil Record 20, Nr. 2 (17.07.2017): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-173-2017.

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Abstract. The ongoing technical revolution in non-destructive 3-D visualisation via micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) finds a valuable application in the studies of bioerosion trace fossils, since their three-dimensional architecture is hidden within hard substrates. This technique, in concert with advanced segmentation algorithms, allows a detailed visualisation and targeted morphometric analyses even of those bioerosion traces that are otherwise inaccessible to the widely applied cast-embedding technique, because they either are filled with lithified sediment or cement or are preserved in inherently insoluble or silicified host substrates, or because they are established type material and should not be altered. In the present contribution selected examples of such cases are illustrated by reference to bioerosion trace fossils preserved in Late Cretaceous belemnite guards from the European Chalk Province. These case studies comprise an analysis of a diverse ichno-assemblage found associated with the lectotype of the microboring Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) in a belemnite from the upper Campanian to lower Maastrichtian chalk of Norfolk, England, and the description of two new bioerosion trace fossils with type specimens found in belemnite guards from the lower Campanian limestones of Höver, Germany. The latter are Lapispecus hastatus isp. n., a tubular and occasionally branched macroboring for which a sipunculan or a phoronid trace maker are discussed, and Entobia colaria isp. n., a camerate network formed by an excavating sponge that eroded diagnostic grated apertures at the locations of the presumed inhalant papillae or exhaling pores, adding to or replacing filtering devices that are otherwise made of tissue and spicules. As an added value to the non-destructive visualisation procedure, the processed X-ray micro-CT scans of the studied type material provide 3-D models that may now serve as digitypes that can be studied as digital facsimile without the necessity of consulting the actual type specimens.

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Karásek, Matěj, Mustafa Percin, Torbjørn Cunis, Bas W. van Oudheusden, Christophe De Wagter, Bart DW Remes und Guido CHE de Croon. „Accurate position control of a flapping-wing robot enabling free-flight flow visualisation in a wind tunnel“. International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (Januar 2019): 175682931983368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319833683.

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Flow visualisations are essential to better understand the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping wing flight. The issues inherent to animal experiments, such as poor controllability and unnatural flapping when tethered, can be avoided by using robotic flyers that promise for a more systematic and repeatable methodology. Here, we present a new flapping-wing micro air vehicle (FWMAV)-specific control approach that, by employing an external motion tracking system, achieved autonomous wind tunnel flight with a maximum root-mean-square position error of 28 mm at low speeds (0.8–1.2 m/s) and 75 mm at high speeds (2–2.4 m/s). This allowed the first free-flight flow visualisation experiments to be conducted with an FWMAV. Time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional flow patterns of the FWMAV wake. A good qualitative match was found in comparison to a tethered configuration at similar conditions, suggesting that the obtained free-flight measurements are reliable and meaningful.

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Khan, Mohammad, und Lian Loke. „LOCATIVE MEDIA INTERVENTIONISM – A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR CRITICAL REVIEW OF AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS IN THE PARTICIPATORY SPATIAL DESIGN CONTEXT“. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 11, Nr. 1 (30.03.2017): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i1.1140.

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This paper offers an analytical framework for a critical review of augmented reality visualisations in the domain of participatory spatial design in general and Participatory Architecture in particular. By offering this framework the paper aims to respond to the concern in published discourse that augmented reality visualisations are insufficient on their own to accomplish participation’s ultimate objective of social inclusion. To derive this framework the paper turns to augmented reality itself, that is, the realm of locative media practice as a whole. Illustrative examples have been reviewed to identify an overarching commonality of purpose, namely proactive spatial intervention for social inclusion. This common underpinning concept has been labelled as Locative Media Interventionism, or LMI. Finally, this compact framework has been used to evaluate augmented reality applications in participatory spatial design. A cursory evaluation of micro as well as macro scale examples indicates that the usage of this visualisation technology has yet to undergo the process of maturation that locative media in general has undergone. It has yet to evolve out from being a mere novelty to becoming a politically charged platform for delivering social inclusion

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Kogan, Mikhail, Igor Popov, Boris Mitrin, Ilya Popov, Evgeniy Sadyrin, Dmitry Pasetchnik, Alexey Ermakov, Natia Ugrekhelidze und Natalia Kulikova. „Visualisation of penile structures of laboratory rabbit: ultrasound, histology, and micro-CT“. E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021006016.

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Current imaging methods in pre-clinical and animal model studies of penile disease are limited because of the small penis of a rat – standard laboratory animal used in this type of research. Routine visualization methods of surface and inner structures of the penis used in clinical medicine are not suitable in experimental animal researches. The only method available for these purposes is histopathological analysis, which does not provide complex view on penile structures due to two-dimensional imaging per slide. In the pre study we evaluated and compared capability of ultrasound, histopathological and micro-computed tomography imaging methods to visualize anatomical structures of laboratory rabbit penis. Ultrasound provides limited imaging in comparison with other methods. However, it could be useful in assessment rough structural alterations of tunica albuginea and corpora cavernosa as a secondary and supportive method. Micro computed tomography provides nearly the same image quality as histopathological analysis. Moreover, it gives a complex view on the whole penile sample due to three-dimensional reconstruction. This fact gives reason to use this method as a basic one in the pre-clinical trials and animal model studies.

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Bribiesca-Contreras, Fernanda, und William I. Sellers. „Three-dimensional visualisation of the internal anatomy of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) forelimb using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography“. PeerJ 5 (15.03.2017): e3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3039.

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BackgroundGross dissection is a widespread method for studying animal anatomy, despite being highly destructive and time-consuming. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be a non-destructive alternative for studying anatomical structures. However, in the past it has been limited to only being able to visualise mineralised tissues. In recent years, morphologists have started to use traditional X-ray contrast agents to allow the visualisation of soft tissue elements in the CT context. The aim of this project is to assess the ability of contrast-enhanced micro-CT (μCT) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of the musculoskeletal system of the bird wing and to quantify muscle geometry and any systematic changes due to shrinkage. We expect that this reconstruction can be used as an anatomical guide to the sparrowhawk wing musculature and form the basis of further biomechanical analysis of flight.MethodsA 3% iodine-buffered formalin solution with a 25-day staining period was used to visualise the wing myology of the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). μCT scans of the wing were taken over the staining period until full penetration of the forelimb musculature by iodine was reached. A 3D model was reconstructed by manually segmenting out the individual elements of the avian wing using 3D visualisation software.ResultsDifferent patterns of contrast were observed over the duration of the staining treatment with the best results occurring after 25 days of staining. Staining made it possible to visualise and identify different elements of the soft tissue of the wing. Finally, a 3D reconstruction of the musculoskeletal system of the sparrowhawk wing is presented and numerical data of muscle geometry is compared to values obtained by dissection.DiscussionContrast-enhanced μCT allows the visualisation and identification of the wing myology of birds, including the smaller muscles in the hand, and provides a non-destructive way for quantifying muscle volume with an accuracy of 96.2%. By combining contrast-enhanced μCT with 3D visualisation techniques, it is possible to study the individual muscles of the forelimb in their original position and 3D design, which can be the basis of further biomechanical analysis. Because the stain can be washed out post analysis, this technique provides a means of obtaining quantitative muscle data from museum specimens non-destructively.

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Shearer, Tom, Robert S. Bradley, L. Araida Hidalgo-Bastida, Michael J. Sherratt und Sarah H. Cartmell. „Three-dimensional visualisation of soft biological structures by X-ray computed micro-tomography“. Journal of Cell Science 129, Nr. 13 (08.06.2016): 2483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.179077.

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Si-Mohamed, S., I. Aïchoun, I. Schuster, M. Di Rienzo, M. Dauzat, A. Pérez-Martin und S. Bouly. „Visualisation du passage de micro-emboles cérébraux par ultrasonographie en mode B-Flow“. Journal des Maladies Vasculaires 40, Nr. 3 (Mai 2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmv.2015.03.002.

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Szynkowska-Jóźwik, Małgorzata I., Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, Jacek Rogowski, Magdalena Gajek, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, Marcel de Puit und Andrzej Parczewski. „Visualisation of Amphetamine Contamination in Fingerprints Using TOF-SIMS Technique“. Materials 14, Nr. 21 (20.10.2021): 6243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216243.

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Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was applied to detect traces of amphetamine on fingerprints. In the present study, three different lift tapes and latent powder fingerprints were tested. The obtained results show that it is possible to identify traces of a drug as well as its distribution over the tested fingerprint after its transfer from the primary base onto an adhesive lifter (secondary base). Moreover, images obtained by the TOF-SIMS technique enable the observation of very small areas of the analysed fingerprint as well as the identification of micro-objects (residues of a contaminant) that were left on the fingerprint. The use of the black latent fingerprint powder did not interfere with the TOF-SIMS analysis, which makes it possible to effectively use this technique to study the traces of substances on the revealed fingerprints.

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Leszczyński, B., J. Skrzat, M. Kozerska, A. Wróbel und J. Walocha. „Three dimensional visualisation and morphometry of bone samples studied in microcomputed tomography (micro-CT)“. Folia Morphologica 73, Nr. 4 (28.11.2014): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.2014.0064.

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Wang, Yuan, Khellil Sefiane und Zhen Guo Wang. „Evaporating Meniscus of Ethanol and Ethanol-Based Nanofluids in Single Micro-Channels“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.685.

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Evaporating meniscus of ethanol and ethanol-based nanofluids (0.01vol.%) in micro-channels were experimentally studied. Visualisation and thermographic results of the stationary meniscus confined in high-aspect-ratio rectangular micro-channels (hydraulic diameters are 571 μm, 727 μm and 1454 μm, channel cross sectional aspect ratio is 20, 20, 10 respectively) were obtained. It was found that interface evaporation rate increases with heat flux. The meniscus interface becomes deformed when the evaporation rate increases. The use of nanofluids largely enhances the interface stability even though the particle volume fraction is at a very low level. Besides, a stick-slip and back-jump behaviour of the nanofluids meniscus was captured during the transition from stable to deformed interface. Moreover, sink effect at the liquid-vapour interface was discussed based on the IR results.

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Sudhakar, S., A. Chandankumar und L. Venkatakrishnan. „Influence of propeller slipstream on vortex flow field over a typical micro air vehicle“. Aeronautical Journal 121, Nr. 1235 (17.11.2016): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2016.114.

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ABSTRACTAn experimental study has been carried out to explore the effect of propeller-induced slipstream on the vortex flow field on a fixed-wing Micro Air Vehicle (MAV). Experiments were conducted at a freestream velocity of 10 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number based on a root chord of about 1.6 × 105. Surface flow topology on the surface of the MAV wing at propeller-off and propeller-on conditions was captured using surface oil flow visualisation at four angles of incidence. The mean off-body flow over the MAV was documented in the four spanwise planes at different chord position using Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technique at angle-of-attack of 24° for both conditions. The oil flow visualisation showed minimal differences in flow patterns for propeller-off and propeller-on conditions at 10° and 15° incidence. The small asymmetry between port and starboard side observed at 20° during the propeller-off condition became significantly pronounced at 24°. The fuselage stub which is necessary for housing the motor of the propeller was seen to have a significant effect on the flow symmetry at large incidences that can occur when the MAV encounters sudden vertical gusts. Switching on the propeller restored the symmetry at both incidences. SPIV measurements were carried out at the incidence of 24° which exhibited the highest asymmetry. The off-body data shows the re-establishment of symmetry during propeller-on condition owing to the increase in the magnitude of spanwise and vertical velocities as a result of the propeller slipstream. The findings emphasise the importance of considering the propeller flow and design of the motor housing while evaluating the aerodynamics of low-aspect-ratio MAVs.

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Zhou, Desheng, Shun Liu, Tianjiang Wu, Haien Yang, Yafei Liu, Yuhan Shi und Xiong Liu. „Visualisation and investigation of water retention in tight oil reservoir via real sandstone micro-models“. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 1, Nr. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2021.10035086.

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Xiao, Z., T. Stait‐Gardner, S. A. Willis, W. S. Price, F. J. Moroni, V. Pagay, S. D. Tyerman, L. M. Schmidtke und S. Y. Rogiers. „3D visualisation of voids in grapevine flowers and berries using X‐ray micro computed tomography“. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 27, Nr. 2 (06.01.2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12480.

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Liu, Yafei, Yuhan Shi, Haien Yang, Tianjiang Wu, Xiong Liu, Shun Liu und Desheng Zhou. „Visualisation and investigation of water retention in tight oil reservoir via real sandstone micro-models“. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 27, Nr. 2 (2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2021.115542.

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Gates, Will P., Gift Dumadah und Abdelmalek Bouazza. „Micro X-ray visualisation of the interaction of geosynthetic clay liner components after partial hydration“. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 46, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2018): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.07.006.

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Du, Jianjun, Ying Zhang, Xinyu Guo, Liming Ma, Meng Shao, Xiaodi Pan und Chunjiang Zhao. „Micron-scale phenotyping quantification and three-dimensional microstructure reconstruction of vascular bundles within maize stalks based on micro-CT scanning“. Functional Plant Biology 44, Nr. 1 (2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16117.

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Vascular bundles within maize (Zea mays L.) stalks play a key role in the mechanical support of plant architecture as well as in water and nutrient transportation. Convenient and accurate phenotyping of vascular bundles may help phenotypic identification of germplasm resources for breeding. Based on practical sample preparation procedures for maize stalks, we acquired serials of cross-sectional images using a micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging device. An image processing pipeline dedicated to the phenotyping of vascular bundles was also developed to automatically segment and validate vascular bundles from the cross-sectional images of maize stalks, from which phenotypic traits of vascular bundles, i.e. number, area, and spatial distribution, were calculated. More profound quantification of spatial distribution was given as area ratio of vascular bundles, which described the distribution of vascular bundles associated with the centroid of maize stalks. In addition, three-dimensional visualisation was performed to reveal the spatial configuration and distribution of vascular bundles. The proposed method significantly improves computation accuracy for the phenotypic traits of vascular bundles compared with previous methods, and is expected to be useful for illustrating relationships between phenotypic traits of vascular bundles and their function.

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Thorpe Lowis, Casper G., Zhaoyang Xu und Ming Zhang. „Visualisation of facet joint recesses of the cadaveric spine: a micro-CT and sheet plastination study“. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, Nr. 1 (Februar 2018): e000338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000338.

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ObjectivesThe size and shape of a joint cavity are the key determinates for the mobility of the joint. The anatomy and configuration of the facet joint (FJ) recesses at different levels of the spine remain unclear and controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the configuration of the FJ recesses in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine using a combination of micro-CT and sheet plastination techniques.MethodsOf 19 cadavers (9 males, 10 females, age range of 54–89 years), the FJ cavities of 3 spines were injected with contrast filling and scanned with micro-CT, and 16 plastinated spines were prepared as the series of sagittal (9 sets), transverse (5 sets) or coronal (2 sets) sections with a thickness of 2.5 mm and examined under a stereoscopic microscope.ResultsThis study characterised the FJ spaces and recesses of the spine and found that (1) the configuration and extent of the FJ recesses varied along the spine. The optimal needle approach to the FJ cavity was via an anterolateral or posterolateral recess at the cervical level, along the tip of the inferior articular process at the thoracic level and via the posteromedial recess at the lumbar level. (2) The FJ cavity did not communicate with the retrodural space.ConclusionThe anatomical features of the FJ recesses at different levels of the spine confirm no direct communication between the FJ cavity and retrodural space.

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Younes, Eliane, Michal Himl, Zdenek Stary und Teodor Burghelea. „In-situ visualisation of the micro-structure of a Carbopol gel during a confined microscopic flow“. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 296 (Oktober 2021): 104630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2021.104630.

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Buffiere, J. Y., E. Ferrie, H. Proudhon und W. Ludwig. „Three-dimensional visualisation of fatigue cracks in metals using high resolution synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography“. Materials Science and Technology 22, Nr. 9 (September 2006): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x114135.

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De Wilde, D., B. Trachet, C. Van der Donckt, B. Vandeghinste, B. Descamps, R. Van Holen, C. Vanhove, G. R. Y. De Meyer und P. Segers. „P2.02 IN VIVO VISUALISATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MOUSE CEREBRAL VASCULATURE USING CONTRAST ENHANCED MICRO-CT“. Artery Research 7, Nr. 3-4 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2013.10.064.

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Niemitz, Lorenzo, Stefan D. van der Stel, Simon Sorensen, Walter Messina, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Theo J. M. Ruers und Ray Burke. „Microcamera Visualisation System to Overcome Specular Reflections for Tissue Imaging“. Micromachines 14, Nr. 5 (17.05.2023): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051062.

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In vivo tissue imaging is an essential tool for medical diagnosis, surgical guidance, and treatment. However, specular reflections caused by glossy tissue surfaces can significantly degrade image quality and hinder the accuracy of imaging systems. In this work, we further the miniaturisation of specular reflection reduction techniques using micro cameras, which have the potential to act as intra-operative supportive tools for clinicians. In order to remove these specular reflections, two small form factor camera probes, handheld at 10 mm footprint and miniaturisable to 2.3 mm, are developed using different modalities, with line-of-sight to further miniaturisation. (1) The sample is illuminated via multi-flash technique from four different positions, causing a shift in reflections which are then filtered out in a post-processing image reconstruction step. (2) The cross-polarisation technique integrates orthogonal polarisers onto the tip of the illumination fibres and camera, respectively, to filter out the polarisation maintaining reflections. These form part of a portable imaging system that is capable of rapid image acquisition using different illumination wavelengths, and employs techniques that lend themselves well to further footprint reduction. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system with validating experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with high surface reflection, as well as on excised human breast tissue. We show that both methods can provide clear and detailed images of tissue structures along with the effective removal of distortion or artefacts caused by specular reflections. Our results suggest that the proposed system can improve the image quality of miniature in vivo tissue imaging systems and reveal underlying feature information at depth, for both human and machine observers, leading to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

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Rau, E. I., und VNE Robinson. „Principles and Possibilities of Backscattered Electron Micro-Tomography in the Scanning Electron Microscope“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009375.

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Multi layer structures are widely used in micro electronics devices and visualisation of their sub surface layers is important to understand the nature and properties of these devices. One of the more common methods of sub surface imaging is ion beam milling, in which sections of the overlaying material are removed to reveal sub surface details. Some disadvantages of this technique are that the equipment required is expensive and the technique is destructive. Another technique is to image a device at different accelerating voltages and determine at which voltage a particular feature is first detected. A major disadvantage of this technique is that the underlying layers are always observed partially obscured by the overlaying material. The development of a non destructive technique for three dimensional characterisation of electronic, physical, compositional and/or topological properties of these structures could be useful.One such technique is micro tomography using the backscattered electron (BSE) signal in the scanning electron microscope SEM [1].

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Wang, Xue-Man, Ying Tang, Pei-Hao Peng und Hua Peng. „Hemipilia avisoides (Orchidaceae), a new species from Sichuan Province, China“. PhytoKeys 213 (07.11.2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.213.90377.

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A new orchid species, Hemipilia avisoides, is described from Songpan County and Maoxian County, Sichuan Province, China. Morphologically, H. avisoides is most similar to H. hui, but can be distinguished by the combination of its involute middle lip lobe that is smaller than the lateral lobes, floral bracts that are 5 mm long and are always shorter than the ovary, a leaf that is appressed to the substrate and is adaxially green with white lines along 7–9 principal veins and the subterranean stem with a solitary sheath at its base. The floral morphology of H. avisoides is presented by utilising in vivo micro-CT scanning and 3D visualisation.

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Chandra, Anu, Yohannes Soenjaya, Judy Yan, Paul Felts, Graeme McLeod und Christine Demore. „Real-time visualisation of peripheral nerve trauma during subepineural injection in pig brachial plexus using micro-ultrasound“. British Journal of Anaesthesia 127, Nr. 1 (Juli 2021): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2021.03.036.

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Landesman, Jean-Pierre. „Micro-photoluminescence for the visualisation of defects, stress and temperature profiles in high-power III–V's devices“. Materials Science and Engineering: B 91-92 (April 2002): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5107(01)00969-2.

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Benyó-Korcsmáros, Réka, Sándor Gulyás, Dániel Sebők, Dániel Benyó, Péter Cseh und Pál Sümegi. „Methodological add-ons to a non-destructive, micro-CT-based taxonomic/morphometric analysis of characean remains“. Geologos 29, Nr. 2 (04.08.2023): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.08.

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Ever since its introduction, computed tomography has come a long way. No longer is it merely a method that is used in clinical diagnostics, but it is becoming more and more popular among palaeontologists because it can be used to analyse both external and internal structures of fossil remains, such as small insects, snail shells and plant remains. The present study describes non-destructive analyses of Late Cretaceous and early Holocene charophyte gyrogonites by using the micro-CT technique, from sample preparation (embedding, fixing) to visualisation and assessment of images obtained. In addition to this non-destructive examination, we wished to test whether or not computed tomography could be used to examine the gyrogonites. Our preliminary results have made it clear that the micro-CT technique is worth employing for further research. It has proved possible to visualise the samples in 3D, rotate them, and observe them from different directions. By using the appropriate parameters, we have also been able to observe density differences between parts of characean remains and to study several important defining features of these.

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Cheng, Kai, Ian Curthoys, Hamish MacDougall, Jonathan Robert Clark und Payal Mukherjee. „Human Middle Ear Anatomy Based on Micro-Computed Tomography and Reconstruction: An Immersive Virtual Reality Development“. Osteology 3, Nr. 2 (23.05.2023): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/osteology3020007.

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Background: For almost a decade, virtual reality (VR) has been employed in otology simulation. The realism and accuracy of traditional three-dimensional (3D) mesh models of the middle ear from clinical CT have suffered because of their low resolution. Although micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging overcomes resolution issues, its usage in virtual reality platforms has been limited due to the high computational requirements. The aim of this study was to optimize a high-resolution 3D human middle ear mesh model suitable for viewing and manipulation in an immersive VR environment using an HTC VIVE VR headset (HTC and Valve Corporation, USA) to enable a seamless middle ear anatomical visualisation viewing experience in VR while preserving anatomical accuracy. Methods: A high-resolution 3D mesh model of the human middle ear was reconstructed using micro-CT data with 28 μm voxel resolution. The models were optimised by tailoring the surface model polygon counts, file size, loading time, and frame rate. Results: The optimized middle ear model and its surrounding structures (polygon counts reduced from 21 million polygons to 2.5 million) could be uploaded and visualised in immersive VR at 82 frames per second with no VR-related motion sickness reported. Conclusion: High-resolution micro-CT data can be visualized in an immersive VR environment after optimisation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on overcoming the translational hurdle in middle ear applications of VR.

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Price, William S., Hiroyuki Ide, Yoji Arata und Masaya Ishikawa. „Visualisation of Freezing Behaviours in Flower Bud Tissues of Cold-hardy Rhododendron japonicum by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Micro-Imaging“. Functional Plant Biology 24, Nr. 5 (1997): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp97049.

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1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) micro-imaging was used to study the freezing behaviour of wintering flower buds of Rhododendron japonicum (A. Gray) Suringer. Amulti-slice multi- echo pulse sequence was used to acquire images at different subfreezing temperatures. The images obtained predominantly reflected the density of mobile (i.e. non-ice) protons mainly from unfrozen water. By comparing these images taken at various subfreezing temperatures, we could determine which tissues produced high temperature exotherms and low temperature exotherms in differential thermal analyses. In flower buds of the cold-hardy R. japonicum, typical extra-organ freezing was successfully imaged. The scales readily froze at –7°C but some florets remained supercooled even at –21°C. The size of the supercooled florets was reduced with decreasing temperature which indicated a gradual decrease in floret water content. With decreasing temperature, there was a gradual decrease in the signal intensity of the flower bud axis including the peduncle and immature pith tissues, which implies either dehydration or partial freezing of these tissues. Deep supercooling in the entire mature pith tissues was also clearly visible in these images. Due to its non-invasive nature, NMR micro-imaging is a useful tool for studying freezing behaviours in various plant tissues, especially for imaging organised or harmonised freezing in complex organs as well as for clarifying the diversity and mechanisms involved in freezing behaviours.

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Ujang, U., S. Azri, M. Zahir, A. Abdul Rahman und T. L. Choon. „URBAN HEAT ISLAND MICRO-MAPPING VIA 3D CITY MODEL“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10 (12.09.2018): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w10-201-2018.

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Abstract. Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon has been a topic of intense study over the past several years. However, to visualise UHI model is still an issue. Common visualisation of UHI by using digital thematic maps shows that it is hard to perceive its impacts especially in a sophisticated micro-area such as in urbanized cities. Moreover, different building façade’s material gives different UHI value. Therefore, there is a need in computing and visualising this phenomenon in three-dimensional (3D) perspectives. Recently, the development of 3D city modelling shows the potential of solving these gaps. This can be seen from the characteristics of 3D city models that are suitable in representing micro-areas (complex cities) for UHI studies. Based on this issue, this research aims to produce a 3D UHI model by using 3D city models as a tool for efficient and sustainable building design. The main objective is to produce a new approach in visualising UHI in 3D perspectives by instigating 3D city models. Thus, the UHI effect could be predicted precisely by calculating the building façades value. This research explores the 3D shadow analysis, 3D solar radiation and 3D orientation analysis in UHI modelling via 3D city models. From the analyses, the results show that the 3D city models are capable in presenting the solar radiation value for each building façade. Furthermore, this approach can be used to simulate future UHI analysis-prediction and advantageous for pre-development planning.

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Rakauskas, Arnas, Max Peters, Paul Martel, Peter S. N. van Rossum, Stefano La Rosa, Jean-Yves Meuwly, Beat Roth und Massimo Valerio. „Do cancer detection rates differ between transperineal and transrectal micro-ultrasound mpMRI-fusion-targeted prostate biopsies? A propensity score-matched study“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 1 (18.01.2023): e0280262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280262.

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Introduction High-resolution micro-ultrasound (micro-US) is a novel precise imaging modality that allows targeted prostate biopsies and multiparametric magnet resonance imaging (mpMRI) fusion. Its high resolution relying on a 29 MHz transducer allows real-time visualisation of prostate cancer lesions; this might overcome the inaccuracy of conventional MRI-US fusion biopsy strategies. We compared cancer detection rates in patients who underwent transrectal (TR-B) versus transperineal (TP-B) MR-micro-US fusion biopsy. Materials and methods 1:2 propensity score matching was performed in 322 consecutive procedures: 56 TR-B and 266 TP-B. All prostate biopsies were performed using ExactVuTM micro-US system with mpMRI image fusion. Clinically significant disease was defined as grade group ≥2. The primary objective was to evaluate the detection of clinically significant disease according to access route. The secondary outcomes were to compare the respective detection rates of random and targeted biopsies stratified per access route and to evaluate micro-US for its potential added value. Results 47 men undergoing TR-B and 88 undergoing TP-B were matched for age, PSA, clinical stage, prostate volume, PIRADS score, number of mpMRI-visible lesions and indication to biopsy. The detection rates of clinically significant and of any prostate cancer did not differ between the two groups (45% TR-B vs 42% TP-B; p = 0.8, and 57% TR-B vs 59% TP-B; p = 0.9, respectively). Detection rates also did not differ significantly between random (p = 0.4) and targeted biopsies (p = 0.7) stratified per access route. Micro-US targeted biopsy detected 36 MRI-invisible lesions in 33 patients; 19% of these lesions were positive for clinically significant disease. Overall, micro-US targeted biopsies upgraded 2% of patients to clinically significant disease that would have been missed otherwise. Conclusions MR-micro-US-fusion TR-B and TP-B have similar diagnostic yields in terms of detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer. Micro-US targeted biopsy appears to have an additional diagnostic value over systematic and MRI-targeted biopsies.

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Lauridsen, Torsten, Kyriaki Glavina, Timothy David Colmer, Anders Winkel, Sarah Irvine, Kim Lefmann, Robert Feidenhans’l und Ole Pedersen. „Visualisation by high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography of gas films on submerged superhydrophobic leaves“. Journal of Structural Biology 188, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2014.08.003.

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Somashekar, A. A., S. Bickerton und D. Bhattacharyya. „Compression deformation of a biaxial stitched glass fibre reinforcement: Visualisation and image analysis using X-ray micro-CT“. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.10.017.

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Vandersteen, C., T. Demarcy, H. Delingette, P. Franken, C. Raffaelli und N. Guevara. „Outil numérique d’enseignement et de visualisation de l’anatomie du rocher par fusion de micro-scanner et de scanner“. Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale 131, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2014): A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aforl.2014.07.119.

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Gülçür, Mert, Paul Wilson, Michael Donnelly, Kevin Couling, Vannessa Goodship, Jérôme Charmet, Mark A. Williams und Gregory Gibbons. „X-ray computed tomography for predictive quality assessment, 3D visualisation of micro-injection mouldings and soft-tool deformation“. Materials & Design 227 (März 2023): 111741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111741.

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Berganzo-Besga, Iban, Hector A. Orengo, Joan Canela und Maria Carme Belarte. „Potential of Multitemporal Lidar for the Detection of Subtle Archaeological Features under Perennial Dense Forest“. Land 11, Nr. 11 (02.11.2022): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111964.

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This paper presents a method for the merging of lidar-derived point clouds of the same area taken at different moments, even when these are not co-registered. The workflow also incorporates the filtering of vegetation allowing the classification of unclassified point clouds using the ground points of reliable coverages. The objective is to produce a digital terrain model by joining all ground points to generate a higher resolution model than would have been possible using a single coverage. The workflow is supplemented by a multi-scale relief visualisation tool that allows for better detection of archaeological micro-reliefs of variable size even in areas of complex topography. The workflow is tested in six Iberian Iron Age sites, all of them located in mountain areas with dense Mediterranean perennial forests and shrub vegetation.

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Akhondzadeh, Hamed, Alireza Keshavarz, Faisal Ur Rahman Awan, Ahmed Z. Al-Yaseri, Stefan Iglauer und Maxim Lebedev. „Coal fracturing through liquid nitrogen treatment: a micro-computed tomography study“. APPEA Journal 60, Nr. 1 (2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19105.

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Low permeability of coal has been a constant obstacle to economic production from coalbed methane reservoirs, and liquid nitrogen (LN2) treatment has been investigated as one approach to address this issue. This study examined LN2 fracturing of a bituminous coal at pore-scale through 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography. For this purpose, a cylindrical sample was immersed into LN2 for 60 min. The micro-CT results clearly showed that the rapid freezing of the coal with LN2 generated fracture planes with large apertures originating from the pre-existing cleats in the rock. This treatment also connected original cleats with originally isolated pores and micro-cleats, thereby increasing pore network connectivity. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy highlighted the appearance of continuous wide conductive fractures with a maximum opening size of 9 µm. Furthermore, a nano-indentation technique was used to test the effect of LN2 on coal mechanical properties. The indentation moduli decreased by up to 14%, which was attributed to the increase in the cracked rock compressibility, showing considerable fracturing efficiency of the LN2 treatment. Through in-situ microscopic visualisation and surface investigation, this study quantified the pore structure and connectivity evolution of the rock based on the morphological alteration, and demonstrated the promising effect of LN2 freezing on fracturing of bituminous coals, thus aiding coalbed methane production. The significance of this study was investigating the mechanisms associated with and the efficiency of LN2 treatment of a coal rock in a 3D analysis inside the rock.

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Marques, Carla, Carmem Leal, João Ferreira und Vanessa Ratten. „The formal-informal dilemma for women micro-entrepreneurs: evidence from Brazil“. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, Nr. 5 (02.08.2018): 665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-03-2016-0008.

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Purpose The present study aims to identify women microentrepreneurs’ motivations that may influence the legalisation of their businesses and their capacity to reconcile the demands of family and work in a developing country (i.e. Brazil). Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data on women’s microentrepreneurial initiatives in three northern Brazil cities: Salvador da Bahia (Bahia), Fortaleza (Cear) and Belm (Par). Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse textual data from the 30 interviews. The content was standardised and subsequently analysed using NVivo and IBM’s Many Eyes data visualisation software. Findings The results suggest that these women opt for legalised individual entrepreneurship to access the benefits of formalising their businesses and to search for mechanisms that encourage a work–family balance. However, in the more rural city studied, women show greater resistance to, and more distrust of, the benefits of legalising their business, as opposed to women from the two more urban cities. Practical implications The results contribute to a better understanding of women’s motivations to legalise their microbusiness. In Brazil, the writing and passing of a law geared towards this type of entrepreneur (e.g. individual microentrepreneurs) has had a quite positive effect on the legalisation of businesses, in particular for women. However, this law has had a more positive effect in urban areas, which suggests that further dissemination is needed of the benefits of formalising microbusinesses in rural areas. Originality/value This study contributes to research that seeks to understand better entrepreneurial preferences (i.e. formal vs informal) and the role played by gender and legal, financial and family contexts.

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Chatzi, P., A. Antoniadou, T. Efstathiadis und A. I. Kalfas. „Thermal performance investigation of metal foam heat exchanger for micro-gas turbine“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2511, Nr. 1 (01.05.2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2511/1/012013.

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Abstract This study presents the experimental monitoring of heat transfer performance of metal foams in transient state. Micro gas turbines require a compact recuperator with high effectiveness to achieve higher thermal efficiency. Porous media such as metal and ceramic foams are characterised by high surface-to-volume ratio. They are known to increase heat transfer and potentially can be incorporated in recuperators. Their structure is ideal for thermal management of compact and lightweight applications. The idea is to combine excellent thermal properties of metal foams with turbine gases heat fluxes exploitation, in order to elevate the temperature of a different working fluid such as water or compressed air before it enters the combustor. A novel facility was designed and developed for monitoring heat transfer mechanisms that occur in metal foams. A copper cylinder is filled with metal foam which is heated in transient state by a sudden switch from cold to hot water flow whereas a cold stream cools the device in a crossflow configuration. The study demonstrates a method based on computerisation of true-colour analysis of digital images for surface temperature visualisation using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). Results of temperature as well as local and mean heat transfer coefficient were obtained showing that the hot flow inside the foam was more dominant in heat transfer than the cold flow in the empty channel. The method is promising for the evaluation of transient phenomena in a tube that is filled with porous media.

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PFAFF, Cathrin, Jürgen KRIWET, Kyle MARTIN und Zerina JOHANSON. „Ontogenetic development of the otic region in the new model organism, Leucoraja erinacea (Chondrichthyes; Rajidae)“. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109, Nr. 1-2 (März 2018): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000993.

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ABSTRACTCartilaginous fishes have a long evolutionary history dating back 440 million years and include model organisms in a number of fields of biological research. However, comparative developmental studies of these organisms, particularly neuroanatomical investigations, still remain sparse. Here, pre-hatching to adult developmental stages of the Little Skate, Leucoraja erinacea, are investigated using micro-computed tomography scanning in conjunction with staining procedures designed to improve visualisation of soft tissues. Within the ear, the anatomy of the skeletal labyrinth changes during ontogeny and differs substantially from the underlying membranous system, contrary to previous observations in sharks. Additionally, substantial morphological remodelling characterises the parietal fossa, which appears initially as a massive and hook-like structure and subsequently becomes slender and surrounded by soft tissue. The sizes of the vestibular system and neurocranium increase isometrically from pre- to post-hatching phases, and then exponentially after the post-hatching stages.

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Thompson, Haydn F., Celine Lesaulnier, Claus Pelikan und Tony Gutierrez. „Visualisation of the obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria Polycyclovorans algicola and Algiphilus aromaticivorans in co-cultures with micro-algae by CARD-FISH“. Journal of Microbiological Methods 152 (September 2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.016.

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Koudelka, Petr, Tomas Fila, Vaclav Rada, Petr Zlamal, Jan Sleichrt, Michal Vopalensky, Ivana Kumpova et al. „In-situ X-ray Differential Micro-tomography for Investigation of Water-weakening in Quasi-brittle Materials Subjected to Four-point Bending“. Materials 13, Nr. 6 (20.03.2020): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061405.

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Several methods, including X-ray radiography, have been developed for the investigation of the characteristics of water-saturated quasi-brittle materials. Here, the water content is one of the most important factors influencing their strength and fracture properties, in particular, as regards to porous building materials. However, the research concentrated on the three-dimensional fracture propagation characteristics is still significantly limited due to the problems encountered with the instrumentation requirements and the size effect. In this paper, we study the influence of the water content in a natural quasi-brittle material on its mechanical characteristics and fracture development during in-situ four-point bending by employing high-resolution X-ray differential micro-tomography. The cylindrical samples with a chevron notch were loaded using an in-house designed four-point bending loading device with the vertical orientation of the sample. The in-house designed modular micro-CT scanner was used for the visualisation of the specimen’s behaviour during the loading experiments. Several tomographic scans were performed throughout the force-displacement diagrams of the samples. The reconstructed 3D images were processed using an in-house developed differential tomography and digital volume correlation algorithms. The apparent reduction in the ultimate strength was observed due to the moisture content. The crack growth process in the water-saturated specimens was identified to be different in comparison with the dry specimens.

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Almatrouk, Bodor, Hongying Meng und Mohammad Rafiq Swash. „Holoscopic Elemental-Image-Based Disparity Estimation Using Multi-Scale, Multi-Window Semi-Global Block Matching“. Applied Sciences 14, Nr. 8 (15.04.2024): 3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083335.

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In Holoscopic imaging, a single aperture is used to acquire full-colour spatial images like a fly’s eye by gently altering angles between nearby lenses with a micro-lens array. Due to its simple data collection and visualisation methods, which provide robust and scalable spatial information, and its motion parallax, binocular disparity, and convergence, this technique may be able to overcome traditional 2D imaging issues like depth, scalability, and multi-perspective problems. A novel disparity-map-generating method uses angular information from a single Holoscopic image’s micro-images, or Elemental Images (EIs), to create a scene’s disparity map. Not much research has used EIs instead of Viewpoint Images (VPIs) for disparity estimation. This study investigates whether angular perspective data may replace spatial orthographic data. Using noise reduction and contrast enhancement, EIs with a low resolution and lack of texture are pre-processed to calculate the disparity. The Semi-Global Block Matching (SGBM) technique is used to calculate the disparity between EI pixels. A multi-resolution approach overcomes EIs’ resolution constraints, and a content-aware analysis dynamically modifies the SGBM window size settings to generate disparities across different texture and complexity levels. A background mask and nearby EIs with accurate backgrounds detect and rectify EIs with erroneous backgrounds. Our method generates disparity maps that outperform two state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and VPIs in real images.

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Quinci, Manuela, Silvia Sabattini, Chiara Agnoli, Giuliano Bettini und Alessia Diana. „Ultrasonographic honeycomb pattern of the spleen in cats: correlation with pathological diagnosis in 33 cases“. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, Nr. 8 (20.09.2019): 800–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19873197.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the ultrasonographic (US) diffuse honeycomb pattern (HCP) of the spleen and a pathological diagnosis in cats, and to assess the influence of transducer type on HCP visualisation. Methods Abdominal ultrasounds of cats with an HCP were reviewed and splenic size, shape, margination, other parenchymal alterations and splenic hilar lymphadenopathy were recorded. When applicable, images acquired with high-frequency linear and curvilinear transducers were compared to determine if an HCP was more frequently demonstrated on high-resolution images. A retrospective review of the corresponding splenic cytohistopathological samples was also performed. Results Thirty-three cats met the inclusion criteria. Five cases were diagnosed by histology and 28 by cytology, confirmed by PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) in uncertain cases. There were 15 cases of lymphoid hyperplasia, eight cases of lymphoma (four B cell, three T cell and one large granular lymphocytes), six cats with splenitis, three with extramedullary haematopoiesis and one with histiocytic sarcoma. The prevalence of lymphoma in cats with an HCP of the spleen was 24%. Splenomegaly was the most frequent US feature associated with an HCP and was observed in all lymphoma cases. In the images obtained from both high-frequency linear and micro-convex transducers the visualisation of an HCP was enabled in all cases (24/24) and in 62.5% (15/24), respectively. Conclusions and relevance: Based on our findings, a US HCP of the spleen in cats can be associated with benign and malignant disorders and is infrequently associated with lymphoma in comparison with dogs. Cytological or histological examination, possibly supplemented by PARR, should always be performed for diagnostic support. Use of high-frequency linear transducers is recommended to properly recognise an HCP or subtle changes in splenic parenchyma.

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Specht, Sebastian, und Bernd Kramer. „Detail or Disclosure – Towards a Visualisation of Confidentiality Related Spatial Damage to Demographic Grids“. Abstracts of the ICA 2 (08.10.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-14-2020.

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Abstract. Statistical data on demography is the basis for many population-related scientific questions, economic questions of health care and questions of planning public services. Population data in equal-area cartographic grid cells appears to be a good basis, especially for use cases in inter-municipal contexts of administration and planning (Specht et al. 2019). Census results have been used, since the 2011 census made available small-scale population data for the entire Federal Republic of Germany on a 100m grid for the first time. Unfortunately, this data is not updated by the statistical offices.This presentation describes a use case of demographic grids implemented in a context of inter-municipal cooperation in the region of Bremen. As the calculation of population forecasts was an objective, small-scale data on migration was required. Similar to the approach in the census, demographic data and data on migration are recorded in the residents' registration offices (EMA) of the cooperating municipalities. However, since outside the census other legal frameworks apply, the process cannot be adopted as is. In the EMAs, individual-related micro-data are available, serving as a base file. Under the respective legal framework, the data is anonymised, geo coded and converted into an aggregated tabular form on site.Aggregated data may still contain individual cases worthy of protection. The higher the number of queried characteristics (region, gender, age, nationality etc.) and their differentiation (100m grid or 1km grid, age years or age groups, etc.), the higher the probability to encounter such cases. A number of procedures for statistical disclosure control are available, of which the SAFE procedure (Höhne 2015) (used in the 2011 census) is currently implemented in the project. As other methods or strategies are up for consideration, how can they be evaluated in a specific regional context? From the perspective of confidentiality, space is at first just one feature dimension among others, although there are approaches that explicitly take spatial interrelation into account (Young, Martin, and Skinner 2009).From a geographical point of view, however, high resolution data, especially in sparsely populated areas, can generally be expected to show high before-and-after deviations as a result of confidentiality procedures. Depending on the subject matter, these spatial errors can have different degrees of relevance and thus be ultimately relevant for the selection of the confidentiality strategy. To support a decidedly spatial comparison of the effects of different classification, aggregation and confidentiality strategies, a set of indicators together with an interactive visualization for the project area under consideration is presented for discussion.

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Vavro, Leona, Martin Vavro, Kamil Soucek, Tomás Fíla, Petr Koudelka, Daniel Vavrík und Daniel Kytýr. „Study of fracture processes in sandstone subjected to four-point bending by means of 4D X-ray computed micro-tomography“. ACTA IMEKO 11, Nr. 2 (04.05.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v11i2.1220.

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High-resolution X-ray computed micro-tomography (CT) is a powerful technique for studying the processes of crack propagation in non-homogenous quasi-brittle materials such as rocks. To obtain all the significant information about the deformation behaviour and fracture characteristics of the studied rocks, the use of a highly specialised loading device suitable for the integration into existing tomographic setups is crucial. Since no adequate commercial solution is currently available, a completely newly-designed loading device with a four-point bending setup and vertically-oriented scanned samples was used. This design of the loading procedure, coupled with the high stiffness of the loading frame, allows the loading process to be interrupted at any time and for CT scanning to be performed without the risk of the sudden destruction of the scanned sample.This article deals with the use of the 4D CT for the visualisation of crack initiation and propagation in clastic sedimentary rocks. Two types of quartz-rich sandstones of Czech provenance were used for tomographic observations during the four-point bending loading performed on chevron notched test specimens. It was found that the crack begins to propagate from the moment that ca. 80 % of the maximum loading force is applied.

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Xia, Qingfeng, und Shan Zhong. „An experimental study on the behaviours of circular synthetic jets at low Reynolds numbers“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, Nr. 11 (24.01.2012): 2686–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212436454.

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In the work presented in this article, the behaviour of circular synthetic jets issuing into quiescent surrounding fluid at low Reynolds numbers is experimentally studied for potential mixing applications of synthetic jets at micro-scales or in highly viscous fluids. Sugar solutions and silicone oil are used as the flow media in order to achieve the required low Reynolds numbers. The conditions for jet instability, vortex rollup and synthetic jet formation are investigated using both flow visualisation techniques and particle image velocimetry, and the typical behaviour of synthetic jets at a Reynolds number around unity is also illustrated. The roles of Reynolds number, dimensionless stroke length and Stokes number in determining the characteristics of synthetic jets are examined and found to be largely consistent with the finding obtained at higher Reynolds numbers. Finally, a parameter map of synthetic jet flow patterns is produced based on the results from this study, which can be used to aid the choice of synthetic jet operating conditions for specific applications or anticipate if a desired vortex structure can be obtained at a given synthetic jet operating condition.

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Broeckhoven, Chris, und Anton du Plessis. „X-ray microtomography in herpetological research: a review“. Amphibia-Reptilia 39, Nr. 4 (2018): 377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181102.

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Abstract Herpetological research, like any other (palaeo)biological science, relies heavily on accurate data collection, particularly visualisation and quantification of anatomical features. While several high-resolution imaging methods are currently available, one technique in particular, x-ray microtomography or micro-computed tomography, is on the verge of revolutionising our understanding of the morphology of amphibians and reptiles. Here, we present a review on the prevalence and trends of x-ray microtomography in herpetological studies carried out over the last two decades. We describe its current use, provide practical guidelines for future research that focusses on the morphological study of reptiles and amphibians, and highlight emerging trends including soft-tissue and in vivo scanning. Furthermore, while x-ray microtomography is a rapidly evolving field with great potential, various important drawbacks are associated with its use, including sample size effect and measurement errors resulting from differences in spatial resolution and preparation techniques. By providing recommendations to overcome these hurdles, we ultimately aim to maximise the benefits of x-ray microtomography to herpetological research.

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