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1
Murphy, N. P., M. Adams, M. T. Guzik und A. D. Austin. „Extraordinary micro-endemism in Australian desert spring amphipods“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66, Nr. 3 (März 2013): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.013.
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Vyverman, Wim, Elie Verleyen, Annick Wilmotte, Dominic A. Hodgson, Anne Willems, Karolien Peeters, Bart Van de Vijver, Aaike De Wever, Frederik Leliaert und Koen Sabbe. „Evidence for widespread endemism among Antarctic micro-organisms“. Polar Science 4, Nr. 2 (August 2010): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2010.03.006.
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Lopez, Luiz Carlos Serramo, Rômulo Romeu Da Nóbrega Alves und Ricardo Iglesias Rios. „Micro-environmental factors and the endemism of bromeliad aquatic fauna“. Hydrobiologia 625, Nr. 1 (12.01.2009): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9704-1.
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Hernández, Héctor M., und Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa. „Areas of endemism of Cactaceae and the effectiveness of the protected area network in the Chihuahuan Desert“. Oryx 45, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001079.
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AbstractWe used distribution data of 121 cactus species endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert to test the effectiveness of the region’s protected area network. The analysis of species distribution using a 30′ latitude × 30′ longitude grid facilitated the identification and categorization of areas of endemism. We found a low degree of coincidence between protected areas and the areas of cactus endemism, and only 63.6% of the 121 species occur in protected areas. A complementarity analysis showed that 10 of the protected areas contain the 77 species that occur in protected areas. The four top priority areas protect 65 (84.4%) of these 77 species The 44 unprotected species are mainly micro-endemic and taxonomically distinctive taxa widely scattered in the region. The complementarity analysis applied to these species showed that all of them can be contained in a minimum of 24 grid squares, representing 32.9% of the total area occupied. Their strong spatial dispersion, along with their narrow endemism, is a major conservation challenge. We conclude that the current protected area network is insufficient to protect the rich assemblage of cacti endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert. Conservation efforts in this region should be enhanced by increasing the effectiveness of the already existing protected areas and by the creation of additional protected areas, specifically micro-reserves, to provide refuge for the unprotected species.
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Pomar-Gómez, Andrés D., Paulo Cordeiro, Thaís B. Guedes und Paulo Passos. „The striking endemism pattern of the species-richest snake genus Atractus (Dipsadidae: Serpentes) highlights the hidden diversity in the Andes“. Amphibia-Reptilia 42, Nr. 2 (28.01.2021): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10044.
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Abstract The distribution of the highly diversified and species-rich snake genus Atractus was assessed in search for endemism areas. The dataset of 6000 museum specimens was used to run an Endemicity Analyses in order to identify areas of biogeographic relevance for the genus Atractus. By using distinct methodological approaches and modifying the size and shape of grid cells we obtained a better adjustment to each species range, taking into account species distributed along the Andean and Atlantic Forest mountain ranges or certain vegetation constraints. Three scales of endemism were observed: micro endemic areas, represented by three different regions; intermediate sized endemic areas, represented by nine different regions; and macro-endemic areas, represented by four different provinces. Although most assessed regions corroborate well-defined biogeographic units according to the scientific literature, some, mainly located in the Colombian Andes, are not regularly considered in biogeographic syntheses carried out for vertebrates. Methodological approaches, along with a well curated database and taxonomic accuracy, may significantly influence the recovery of endemism areas, mainly considering mountain topography and local niche structure. The results present herein highlight the relevance of three Colombian Cordilleras, in order to completely understand Neotropical biota patterns of distribution. It is important to note that a well-resolved taxonomy represents both the framework and the first step toward a comprehensive biographical synthesis reducing Wallacean shortfalls in biodiversity.
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Abbott, John C., Cornelio A. Bota-Sierra, Robert Guralnick, Vincent Kalkman, Enrique González-Soriano, Rodolfo Novelo-Gutiérrez, Seth Bybee, Jessica Ware und Michael W. Belitz. „Diversity of Nearctic Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)“. Diversity 14, Nr. 7 (18.07.2022): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14070575.
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Rarely have studies assessed Odonata diversity for the entire Nearctic realm by including Canada, the United States, and Mexico. For the first time, we explored Odonata diversity in this region according to a definition of natural community assemblages and generated species distribution models (SDMs). Species occurrence data were assembled by reviewing databases of specimens held by significant Odonata repositories and through an extensive search of literature references. Species were categorized as forest-dependent or non-forest-dependent, as lentic or lotic-dependent, and according to conservation status. Predicted distributions were stacked for all species across their entire ranges, including areas outside of the Nearctic. Species richness and corrected weighted endemism (CWE) were then calculated for each grid cell. We found a pattern of greater species richness in the eastern portion of the Nearctic, which can be explained by the higher aquatic habitat diversity at micro and macroscales east of the Rocky Mountains, promoting niche partitioning and specialization. In the Nearctic region, the southeastern US has the highest number of endemic species of dragonflies and damselflies; this degree of endemism is likely due to glacial refuges providing a foundation for the evolution of a rich and unique biota.
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COSTA, FABIANE NEPOMUCENO, CAROLINE OLIVEIRA ANDRINO, PAULO TAKEO SANO, MARCELO TROVÓ und LÍVIA ECHTERNACHT. „Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in the Central Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Brazil: checklist, endemism, and nomenclatural changes“. Phytotaxa 367, Nr. 2 (04.09.2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.3.
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The Espinhaço Range in Brazil is one of the richest regions in the world in plant species. It is also the main center of diversity and endemism of many taxa, including Paepalanthus. This genus is the second largest in Eriocaulaceae, and the third largest genus of the Brazilian flora. This work aims to survey the Paepalanthus richness in the Central Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais. A checklist of 116 Paepalanthus species and two varieties is presented here, with data and comments about richness, endemism, and conservation, together with a new synonym for Paepalanthus bonsai and a new combination for Actinocephalus, both endemic species. Among the 116 recorded species, 56 occur inside at least one Protected Area, 54 are endemic to the Central Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, of which 17 are micro-endemic. Ten species known only from the type specimen or poorly known were rediscovered, while 15 species remain known only from the type. The novelties presented here result from extensive and intensive field efforts, but there are areas of difficult access that remain poorly explored. Further investigation in these areas might lead to the discovery of unknown and rare species.
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Wang, Jian, Zhi-Tong Lyu, Zu-Yao Liu, Cheng-Kai Liao, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jian Zhao, Yu-Long Li und Ying-Yong Wang. „Description of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from southeastern China based on molecular and morphological data“. ZooKeys 851 (03.06.2019): 113–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.851.29107.
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The diversity of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys has been revealed to be extremely underestimated from southeastern China. Herpetological surveys coupled with extensive sampling in a longitudinal mountain belt located in southeastern China resulted in the discoveries of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys. Furthermore, the new discoveries support the findings of “micro-endemism”, “sympatric phenomenon” and “sympatric but distant phylogenetically” which appear to be common among Panophrys species, and also indicates that the Asian horned toads would be good candidates for studies on speciation and biogeography, and additionally emphasizes the conservation difficulties of these toads.
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Samawi, Maha Yudha, Aditya Dimas Pramudya, Ganjar Cahyadi, Jefta Natanael, Anton Nofianto, Ade Samsuli, Ihsan Jaya et al. „Rediscovery and range extension of Crocidura spp. (Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) in West Java, Indonesia“. Check List 20, Nr. 5 (11.10.2024): 1127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/20.5.1127.
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Crocidura Wagler, 1832 is a widespread genus with high micro-endemism. Unfortunately, its Javan species lacks adequate information on its geographic distribution. Here, we present the first record of Crocidura umbra Demos, Achmadi, Handika, Maharadatunkamsi, Rowe & Esselstyn, 2016 from Mount Papandayan, which was previously thought to be endemic to Mount Gede, expand the geographic range of Crocidura orientalis Jentink, 1890 on Mount Papandayan and Crocidura monticola Peters, 1870 on Mount Sawal, and rediscover Crocidura brunnea Jentink, 1888 in Javan lowland forest. The new data provide important information to better understand this inadequately studied genus of small mammal on Java.
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Cordier, Javier M., Julián N. Lescano, Natalia E. Ríos, Gerardo C. Leynaud und Javier Nori. „Climate change threatens micro-endemic amphibians of an important South American high-altitude center of endemism“. Amphibia-Reptilia 41, Nr. 2 (12.06.2020): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191235.
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Abstract Species inhabiting broad altitudinal gradients are particularly exposed to the effects of global climate change (GCC). Those species reaching mountain tops are the most negatively affected. Here, using ecological niche models we estimated the climate change exposure of endemic amphibians of the most important extra-Andean mountain system of Argentina: the Sierras Pampeanas Centrales. Our results pinpoint that micro-endemic amphibians of this mountain system are heavily exposed to the effects of GCC, with important constraints of suitable climatic conditions for the six analyzed species. Among the most important findings, our models predict a high probability of a total disappearance of suitable climatic conditions for two of the species, currently restricted to mountain tops. This high exposure, in synergy with their very restricted ranges, and other important human induced threats (as fish invasion and emergent diseases), pose a serious threat to these endemic species, which can enter into the “extinction pathway” in a near future if no concrete conservation actions are taken. Our findings provide additional evidence of the great negative impact of GCC in high-altitude centers of endemism.
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RENOULT, JULIEN P., und ACHILLE P. RASELIMANANA. „A new species of Malagasy blind snake of the genus Typhlops Oppel (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)“. Zootaxa 2290, Nr. 1 (16.11.2009): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2290.1.7.
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Madagascar is the third hottest biodiversity hotspot in the world with regard to the reptile fauna, after the Caribbean and middle-America (Myers et al. 2000). Moreover, 92% of the 365 described species are endemic to the island (Glaw & Vences 2007). Malagasy snakes of the family Typhlopidae are no exception to this pattern of endemism: except for the cosmopolitan, widespread and introduced Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803), all the other species of the family encountered in Madagascar are endemic to the island. The species are allocated into two genera: Xenotyphlops (endemic to Madagascar) and Typhlops (with a worldwide distribution). However, when contrasted with other tropical forests worldwide, and given the extraordinarily high rates of micro-endemism characterizing several reptile lineages on Madagascar (Yoder et al. 1995), the current species richness in Malagasy blind snakes is relatively low: only eight species are recognized in the genus Typhlops and two in Xenotyphlops (Glaw & Vences 2007). The opportunistic discovery of a Typhlops, that could not be assigned to any named taxon, close to a widely frequented research station of the eastern humid forest highlights the limited survey efforts in this region. The purpose of this paper is to describe this new taxon and to stress the need to increase field investigations in the eastern rain forest.
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Munzinger, Jerome. „Novitates neocaledonicae I: An additionnal new species of Planchonella (Sapotaceae) endemic to the Roches de la Ouaième“. Phytotaxa 201, Nr. 1 (25.02.2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.201.1.5.
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A new species of Planchonella, endemic to the Roches de la Ouaième in northeastern New Caledonia, is described and illustrated. Planchonella ulfii morphologically resembles P. roseoloba, while molecular data indicate a closer relation to P. minutiflora and P. koumaciensis, with all three species belonging to a clade characterized by ridged fruits. The new species brings the total for the genus to 37 species in New Caledonia, 36 of which are endemic to the archipelago. With a single known population comprising 10 individuals, a preliminary risk of extinction assessment using the IUCN Red List criteria indicates that it is Critically Endangered due to risk of fire faced by the shrubby vegetation found of the summit crest of the Roches de la Ouaième. The level of micro-endemism found at this site is discussed.
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Abdullah, Mohamad Farid, Salwana Md Jaafar, Norhayati Ahmad und Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri. „TROPICAL PALMS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS AND DIVERSITY, WITH A FOCUS ON Pinanga DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA“. BIOTROPIA 31, Nr. 2 (07.08.2024): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb.2024.31.2.2023.
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ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- The palm genus Pinanga is the most diverse in Southeast Asia. - Limited ecological studies on Pinanga show the influence of environmental factors.- High Pinanga endemism in Borneo requires conservation action.ABSTRACTPalms represent some of the keystone species in tropical forests, providing numerous ecosystem services. They are widely studied by botanists because of their iconic and majestic appearance, although ecological studies of palm abundance, distributions, and diversity have only recently begun to gain attention. The abundance and diversity of palms at different spatial scales can be influenced by various factors, such as climate, soil properties, hydrology, topography and forest structure; understanding these influences is essential for conservation. This review details four abiotic factors (climate, soil chemistry, hydrology and topography) and one biotic factor (forest structure) affecting palm distribution and diversity. The genus Pinanga, one of the most diverse genera of palms, is discussed in terms of its distribution and diversity in Southeast Asia. Ecological studies on Pinanga diversity in the region are examined, revealing the influence of micro- and macro-scale variation in environmental factors, such as litter depth and thickness, canopy openness and crown cover, elevation, slope, aspect, light intensity, humidity and air temperature. The existing knowledge gaps on Pinanga ecology in Southeast Asia are discussed, and the need for more studies on population structures, functional traits and determinants of Pinanga diversity and distributions within different lowland forest types in the region are highlighted. The high endemism shown by Pinanga necessitates a more comprehensive ecological understanding of this genus to better inform its conservation and protection.
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Nicolas, Violaine, Vincent Herbreteau, Arnaud Couloux, Kham Keovichit, Bounneuang Douangboupha und Jean-Pierre Hugot. „A Remarkable Case of Micro-Endemism in Laonastes aenigmamus (Diatomyidae, Rodentia) Revealed by Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data“. PLoS ONE 7, Nr. 11 (14.11.2012): e48145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048145.
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Carrara, Rodolfo, und Gustavo E. Flores. „Endemic tenebrionids (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Patagonian steppe: a preliminary identification of areas of micro-endemism and richness hotspots“. Entomological Science 16, Nr. 1 (19.09.2012): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2012.00542.x.
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Caesar, Maram, Philippe Grandcolas und Roseli Pellens. „Outstanding micro-endemism in New Caledonia: More than one out of ten animal species have a very restricted distribution range“. PLOS ONE 12, Nr. 7 (20.07.2017): e0181437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181437.
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LÜCKING, Robert, Bibiana MONCADA und Clifford W. SMITH. „The genus Lobariella (Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in Hawaii: late colonization, high inferred endemism and three new species resulting from “micro-radiation”“. Lichenologist 49, Nr. 6 (November 2017): 673–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282917000470.
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AbstractWe assessed the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Hawaiian species of the neotropical genus Lobariella. A single species was previously reported from the archipelago, the widespread neotropical L. crenulata. We targeted three loci of the mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal rDNA gene cistron (mtSSU, nuLSU, ITS) and also performed a molecular clock analysis. Our results show that L. crenulata s. str. is seemingly present in the archipelago based on older herbarium collections. However, Hawaiian Lobariella includes three additional, presumably endemic, species unrelated to L. crenulata and new to science: L. flynniana Lücking, Moncada & C. W. Sm., with richly branched marginal phyllidia giving the thallus a fruticose appearance; L. robusta Lücking, Moncada & C. W. Sm., with a rather thick thallus and abundant, large, laminal phyllidia; and L. sandwicensis Lücking, Moncada & C. W. Sm., with a delicate thallus producing apothecia. Lobariella flynniana represents a novel morphotype within the genus, thus far known only from Hawaii. All three species are very closely related, forming a well-supported, monophyletic clade in spite of their morphological differences, suggesting local micro-radiation. Molecular clock analysis indicates that this clade colonized the islands between 1–8 mya and diverged between 0–2 mya. We interpret recent colonization as one of the main reasons why this clade has not diversified further.
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Gebremeskel, Angesom, Maria Salnitska, Valeria Krivosheeva und Alexey Solodovnikov. „Micro-endemism pattern and Wolbachia infection of Quedius obliqueseriatus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), a montane rove beetle endemic of the North-Western Caucasus“. Alpine Entomology 7 (05.10.2023): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.7.111214.
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We conducted an integrative taxonomic study of a forest floor dwelling montane rove beetle Quedius obliqueseriatus Eppelsheim, 1889. It is one of many endemic species of the North-Western Caucasus, a region considered a global biodiversity hotspot. Examination of the morphological characters in 93 specimens of Q. obliqueseriatus and phylogenetic assessment of the COI barcode for 28 of them, revealed that this species in fact consists of two distinct (p-distance of 4.0%) allopatric lineages, western and eastern. They subtly differ in the structure of the aedeagus, which was not noticed in the previous revision of this species. Nuclear DNA markers (H3, ITS1, ITS2, Wg and 28S) sampled in both lineages, did not show any divergence. Variation of the non-genitalic morphological characters, such as body size or coloration, is continuous across both lineages. Discovery of microendemic lineages within an endemic rove beetle species highlights how little is understood about the patterns and drivers of endemism in arthropods of the North-Western Caucasus. We refrained from the description of a new species due to shortage of data from the area where newly discovered western and eastern lineages meet. As Q. obliqueseriatus was found to be largely infected with Wolbachia, we gave a review of this infection among insects and other arthropods and its impact on speciation. Finally, we described our method of removal of the WolbachiaCOI amplicon by endonuclease restriction enzyme in order to get the desired beetle amplicon from infected specimens.
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Jaffré, Tanguy, Frédéric Rigault und Jérôme Munzinger. „Identification and characterization of floristic groups in dry forests relicts of a West Coast region of New Caledonia“. Pacific Conservation Biology 14, Nr. 2 (2008): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080128.
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We describe the floristic composition of dry forest relicts on the west coast of New Caledonia. Using multivariate techniques, four floristic groups were defined from 71 floristic samples. The large proportion of species with rain forest affinities in all floristic groups shows similarities with the ?dry? rainforest of Australia. The two more open and disturbed groups have the highest proportion of species associated with dry areas, the strongest level of endemism and more ?most threatened? species. The two more closed groups have the highest proportion of rain forest species, but are slightly less original and have fewer threatened species. This raises the question of the exact relation of the dry forest still present in the study area to mesic forest, which has not yet been studied separately from dense humid forest in New Caledonia. The influence of the local micro-climatic conditions on the distribution of floristic groups appears critical. A good knowledge of these conditions is necessary for a sound delimitation of new protected areas, and for the implementation of protective and restorative measures appropriate to each vegetation category.
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Keppel, Gunnar, Marika V. Tuiwawa, Alifereti Naikatini und Isaac A. Rounds. „Microhabitat specialization of tropical rain-forest canopy trees in the Sovi Basin, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, Nr. 5 (02.08.2011): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000241.
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Abstract:Island biotas often have lower species diversity and less intense competition has been hypothesized as a result. This should result in lower habitat specificity compared with mainland habitats due to larger realized niches. We investigate microhabitat associations of canopy trees with regard to differences in topography on an oceanic island (Viti Levu, Fiji) using twenty 10 × 60-m plots. We find high tree-species diversity (112 species with dbh ≥ 10 cm in a total of 1.08 ha) and high endemism (c. 60%), compared with other islands in Western Polynesia. Our sample plots aggregate into three distinct groups that are mostly defined by micro-topography: (1) ridges and steep slopes (well-drained sites), (2) moderate slopes and ridge flats (moderate drainage), and (3) flats (poor drainage). Associations with microhabitat are found for more than 50% of the 41 most common species but only one species is apparently restricted to a single habitat. These findings are similar to other rain forests and demonstrate considerable niche differentiation among island rain-forest tree species.
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Serrano, Miguel, Lyuboslava Dimitrova und Santiago Ortiz. „Nomenclature and Typification of the Jasione L. (Campanulaceae) Groups from the Eastern Mediterranean Basin“. Plants 13, Nr. 1 (22.12.2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010050.
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In this research, all the published names of Jasione (Campanulaceae) in the species, subspecies, and variety ranks for populations from the Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas are reviewed, including names of taxa allied to these groups in surrounding areas. These two areas are among the main centers of diversity of the genus, albeit no recent revisions to address the regional taxonomical complexity of the genus have been published for the Balkans and Anatolia. In this work, the taxonomic status and typification of twenty-six published names are discussed, including the plethora of names within the Jasione heldreichii, J. supina, and J. orbiculata taxonomic complexes. In total, eleven lectotypes and one neotype are designated for names from the aforementioned regions, plus one from southern Italy. This nomenclatural clarification establishes a reference for ongoing and future taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Jasione in the Mediterranean basin. In a genus prone to micro-endemism and cryptospeciation, a number of the historically described forms, despite being disregarded by current taxonomic treatments, may, therefore, deserve further attention.
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Markolf, Matthias, und Peter M. Kappeler. „Phylogeographic analysis of the true lemurs (genus Eulemur) underlines the role of river catchments for the evolution of micro-endemism in Madagascar“. Frontiers in Zoology 10, Nr. 1 (2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-10-70.
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Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos, Panayiotis Trigas, Maria Tsakiri, Ioannis P. Kokkoris, Eleni Koumoutsou, Panayotis Dimopoulos, Dimitris Tzanoudakis, Gregoris Iatrou und Maria Panitsa. „Climate and Land-Cover Change Impacts and Extinction Risk Assessment of Rare and Threatened Endemic Taxa of Chelmos-Vouraikos National Park (Peloponnese, Greece)“. Plants 11, Nr. 24 (15.12.2022): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243548.
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Chelmos-Vouraikos National Park is a floristic diversity and endemism hotspot in Greece and one of the main areas where Greek endemic taxa, preliminary assessed as critically endangered and threatened under the IUCN Criteria A and B, are mainly concentrated. The climate and land-cover change impacts on rare and endemic species distributions is more prominent in regional biodiversity hotspots. The main aims of the current study were: (a) to investigate how climate and land-cover change may alter the distribution of four single mountain endemics and three very rare Peloponnesian endemic taxa of the National Park via a species distribution modelling approach, and (b) to estimate the current and future extinction risk of the aforementioned taxa based on the IUCN Criteria A and B, in order to investigate the need for designing an effective plant micro-reserve network and to support decision making on spatial planning efforts and conservation research for a sustainable, integrated management. Most of the taxa analyzed are expected to continue to be considered as critically endangered based on both Criteria A and B under all land-cover/land-use scenarios, GCM/RCP and time-period combinations, while two, namely Alchemilla aroanica and Silene conglomeratica, are projected to become extinct in most future climate change scenarios. When land-cover/land-use data were included in the analyses, these negative effects were less pronounced. However, Silene conglomeratica, the rarest mountain endemic found in the study area, is still expected to face substantial range decline. Our results highlight the urgent need for the establishment of micro-reserves for these taxa.
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Rogers, Alex D., Eugene J. Murphy, Nadine M. Johnston und Andrew Clarke. „Introduction. Antarctic ecology: from genes to ecosystems. Part 2. Evolution, diversity and functional ecology“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, Nr. 1488 (21.05.2007): 2187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2135.
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The Antarctic biota has evolved over the last 100 million years in increasingly isolated and cold conditions. As a result, Antarctic species, from micro-organisms to vertebrates, have adapted to life at extremely low temperatures, including changes in the genome, physiology and ecological traits such as life history. Coupled with cycles of glaciation that have promoted speciation in the Antarctic, this has led to a unique biota in terms of biogeography, patterns of species distribution and endemism. Specialization in the Antarctic biota has led to trade-offs in many ecologically important functions and Antarctic species may have a limited capacity to adapt to present climate change. These include the direct effects of changes in environmental parameters and indirect effects of increased competition and predation resulting from altered life histories of Antarctic species and the impacts of invasive species. Ultimately, climate change may alter the responses of Antarctic ecosystems to harvesting from humans. The unique adaptations of Antarctic species mean that they provide unique models of molecular evolution in natural populations. The simplicity of Antarctic communities, especially from terrestrial systems, makes them ideal to investigate the ecological implications of climate change, which are difficult to identify in more complex systems.
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Parnell, Nicholas F., und J. Todd Streelman. „The macroecology of rapid evolutionary radiation“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1717 (05.01.2011): 2486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1950.
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A long-standing debate in ecology addresses whether community composition is the result of stochastic factors or assembly rules. Non-random, over-dispersed patterns of species co-occurrence have commonly been attributed to competition—a particularly important force in adaptive radiation. We thus examined the macroecology of the recently radiated cichlid rock-fish assemblage in Lake Malawi, Africa at a spectrum of increasingly fine spatial scales (entire lake to depth within rock-reef sites). Along this range of spatial scales, we observed a signal of community structure (decreased co-occurrence of species) at the largest and smallest scales, but not in between. Evidence suggests that the lakewide signature of structure is driven by extreme endemism and micro-allopatric speciation, while patterns of reduced co-occurrence with depth are indicative of species interactions. We identified a ‘core’ set of rock-reef species, found in combination throughout the lake, whose depth profiles exhibited replicated positive and negative correlation. Our results provide insight into how ecological communities may be structured differently at distinct spatial scales, re-emphasize the importance of local species interactions in community assembly, and further elucidate the processes shaping speciation in this model adaptive radiation.
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Martínez Betancourt, Julio Ismael. „Proyectos comunitarios del Jardín Botánico Nacional como contribución al desarrollo local en Cuba“. E-CUCBA 10, Nr. 20 (29.06.2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi20.298.
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Environmental educators from the National Botanical Garden of Cuba executed five community projects between 1996 and 2022;four of them in Havana: Ceiba SOS (1996-2000), in the municipality of Playa; Alert Community (1998-2022) and Save the Globe(2006-2010), Boyeros municipality; Álamo barrio adentro (2010-2022), Arroyo Naranjo municipality; and Salvemos a la Petate(2005-2017), in the western province of Artemisa, Bahía Honda municipality. The objective of this work is to highlight thedifferent community projects developed by specialists from the National Botanical Garden as a contribution to local development.The documentary study, participant observation, group work and open interviews and surveys served as a theoretical andmethodological basis for the work carried out. The projects involved different community actors, such as artisans, decision makers,students (from primary, secondary and pre-university education), gardeners, family doctors, the elderly and people with disabilities,and religious, among others. These contributed to fostering interest in local history and an adequate environmental andconservationist culture among those involved, as well as solving local environmental problems, including the elimination of micro-dumps, the planting of native trees in parks and gardens, the restitution of endemism in situ.
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KHANDEKAR, AKSHAY, TEJAS THACKERAY, ISHAN AGARWAL, SATPAL GANGALMALE, SAURABH KININGE und SUNIL M. GAIKWAD. „Two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the far northern peaks of the Western Ghats, India“. Zootaxa 5463, Nr. 4 (07.06.2024): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5463.4.1.
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We describe two new species of South Asian Cnemaspis from far northern peaks of the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. The two new species are the most northernly distributed representatives of the girii clade and are phylogenetically and morphologically allied to C. uttaraghati. The new species are 15.0% divergent from C. uttaraghati in pairwise uncorrected ND2 sequence data, 9.9 % from each other, and over 17.5–18.8% from other members of the girii clade. The two new species can easily be distinguished from most members of the girii clade by a combination of non-overlapping morphological characters such as body size (maximum snout to vent length 35–43 mm), low number of dorsal tubercle rows (6–11), having irregular paravertebral tubercles, and high subdigital lamellae counts; and from each other and C. uttaraghati by the number of midventral scales across belly, the number of subdigital lamellae, and the number of poreless scales separating series of femoral pores. The new species and C. uttaraghati are distributed within 10–25 km of each other, providing an example of extreme micro-endemism in the Northern Western Ghats.
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Höffner, Hanna, Son Truong Nguyen, Phuong Huy Dang, Masaharu Motokawa, Tatsuo Oshida, Dennis Rödder, Truong Quang Nguyen, Minh Duc Le, Hai Tuan Bui und Thomas Ziegler. „Conservation priorities for threatened mammals of Vietnam: Implementation of the IUCN´s One Plan Approach“. Nature Conservation 56 (07.11.2024): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.56.128129.
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Vietnam belongs to one of the most well-known global biodiversity hotspots. However, its biodiversity is being threatened by multiple factors such as rapid growth of the human population, habitat destruction, overexploitation, and climate change. To better prioritize conservation measures for Vietnam’s mammal fauna, this study attempts to identify the threat status, level of endemism, and protected area coverage for approximately 329 recognized taxa. In addition, ex situ conservation measures are investigated by analyzing zoo databases. Our results show that as many as 112 mammal species (~34%) in Vietnam are officially listed as threatened, 36 (~11%) are country endemics, and nine (~3%) are micro-endemic. Nearly all threatened species are currently covered by protected areas, except for two species of high conservation importance, i.e., the micro-endemic Murina harpioloides (Chiroptera) and the threatened Lepus sinensis (Lagomorpha). Our results also suggest that such areas as Hoang Lien Range, northeastern Vietnam, and the central and southern Annamite Mountains require more conservation attention, as they harbor a high number of endemic species. Analyses of the Zoological Information Management System reveal that roughly 60% (67 species) of threatened species are currently kept in zoos (ex situ) across the world, while none of the species listed as “Data Deficient” are currently represented in any ex situ program. Up to 66% of 89 species kept in zoos show a good number of breeding successes in the past 12 months. It is recommended that future conservation efforts focus on unprotected threatened mammals and on evaluating the threat status for “Data Deficient” species. Additionally, the existing protected area system's effectiveness should be improved by creating corridors to provide connectivity for highly mobile and widely distributed mammal species.
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Hershler, Robert, Hsiu-Ping Liu und Jeffrey S. Simpson. „Assembly of a micro-hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern Nevada desert, with a description of a new species of Tryonia (Truncatelloidea, Cochliopidae)“. ZooKeys 492 (30.03.2015): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.492.9246.
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Fiorini, Cecilia F., Marina Dutra Miranda, Viviane Silva-Pereira, Ariane Raquel Barbosa, Ubirajara De Oliveira, Luciana Hiromi Yoshino Kamino, Nara Furtado De Oliveira Mota, Pedro Lage Viana und Eduardo Leite Borba. „The phylogeography of Vellozia auriculata (Velloziaceae) supports low zygotic gene flow and local population persistence in the campo rupestre, a Neotropical OCBIL“. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 191, Nr. 3 (01.10.2019): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz051.
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Abstract The campo rupestre is a Neotropical azonal vegetation. Its disjoint distribution and the fact that it is an old climatic buffered infertile landscape (OCBIL) have been associated with the high diversity and endemism observed in this environment. Here, we tested whether a micro-endemic species from campo rupestre shows: (1) limited zygotic gene flow; (2) lower gametic than zygotic gene flow structure; (3) substrate-driven genetic structure and (4) no evidence of Pleistocene local extinction or recolonization. By sequencing intergenic plastid regions, phenotyping inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and modelling present and past species suitability distributions for Vellozia auriculata we conclude that (1) zygotic gene flow is limited; (2) gametic gene flow is recurrent, but limited by elevation and distance; (3) there is no support for genetic structure driven by substrate and (4) Pleistocene climatic changes did not restrict the species to refugia, with local persistence. As long-term gene flow restrictions may lead to differentiation and speciation, our data helps to corroborate that the campo rupestre is both a cradle (due to low zygotic gene flow, prolonged isolation and consequent differentiation) and a lineage museum (due to local survival during climate oscillations). We highlight two distinct evolutionarily significant units (ESU), providing information for better conservation practice.
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Fernández, Rosa, und Gonzalo Giribet. „Unnoticed in the tropics: phylogenomic resolution of the poorly known arachnid order Ricinulei (Arachnida)“. Royal Society Open Science 2, Nr. 6 (Juni 2015): 150065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150065.
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Ricinulei are among the most obscure and cryptic arachnid orders, constituting a micro-diverse group with extreme endemism. The 76 extant species described to date are grouped in three genera: Ricinoides , from tropical Western and Central Africa, and the two Neotropical genera Cryptocellus and Pseudocellus . Until now, a single molecular phylogeny of Ricinulei has been published, recovering the African Ricinoides as the sister group of the American Pseudocellus and providing evidence for the diversification of the order pre-dating the fragmentation of Gondwana. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first phylogenomic study of this neglected arachnid order based on data from five transcriptomes obtained from the five major mitochondrial lineages of Ricinulei. Our results, based on up to more than 2000 genes, strongly support a clade containing Pseudocellus and Cryptocellus , constituting the American group of Ricinulei, with the African Ricinoides nesting outside. Our dating of the diversification of the African and American clades using a 76 gene data matrix with 90% gene occupancy indicates that this arachnid lineage was distributed in the South American, North American and African plates of Gondwana and that its diversification is concordant with a biogeographic scenario (both for pattern and tempo) of Gondwanan vicariance.
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González-Elizondo, M. Socorro, Anton A. Reznicek und Jorge A. Tena-Flores. „Cyperaceae in Mexico: Diversity and distribution“. Botanical Sciences 96, Nr. 2 (19.06.2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1870.
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<p><strong>Background</strong>: Cyperaceae, with about 5,500 species and 90 genera worldwide, are the third largest family among Monocots. A unique combination of morphological and karyotypical features, among which stand holokinetic chromosomes, favors a rapid evolution and diversification and a high level of endemism in some groups. Preliminary checklists of Mexican sedges have been published but an updating of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the group for the country is required.</p><p><strong>Questions</strong>: How many and which species and genera of Cyperaceae are in Mexico?, what patterns of geographic distribution display those species?, which are the main gaps in the systematic knowledge in the family?</p><p><strong>Study site and years of study</strong>: Mexico, 1990 to 2016.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: A database of Mexican Cyperaceae was generated with basis in literature review, study of herbarium specimens (11 herbaria in Mexico and the United States) and field work, the last mainly focused on <em>Carex</em>. Diversity and endemism level were calculated. Besides, we analyzed in different space scales their distributional range.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Our dataset includes 460 species and 20 infraspecific taxa in 21 genera that belong to 10 of the 17 tribes of the family. Subfamily Cyperoideae includes almost 100 % of the Mexican sedges, as only one representative of subfamily Mapanioideae is known for the country. At the generic level, a drastic reduction in number (21) in comparison to previous inventories (27) results of recent phylogenetic and taxonomic rearrangements. The most diverse genera are <em>Carex</em> (138 taxa) and <em>Cyperus</em> (125), followed by <em>Rhynchospora</em> (65) and <em>Eleocharis</em> (57). Sedges in Mexico are found from sea level to above 4,300 m, in all types of vegetation. The highest diversity was found for Chiapas (237 taxa, 52 % of the total) and Veracruz (206 taxa, 45 %), followed by Oaxaca and Jalisco. Two genera (<em>Cypringlea</em> and <em>Karinia</em>) and 111 species or infraspecific taxa are endemic to Mexico (24 %), 43 of them micro-endemic (only known from one state in the country). Endemism increases to 57 % when the biogeographic extension known as Megamexico is included. Forty six names are excluded from the Mexican flora.</p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Regardless of the addition of taxa and refining of the databases, the checklist presented here is still preliminary. Collection deficiencies and insufficient taxonomic revision for Mexican sedges are reflected in gaps in their knowledge. There are at least 45 undescribed species; including them the richness of Mexican sedges would exceed 500 species. Many complexes of species are in need of taxonomic revision, mainly in <em>Carex</em> but also in<em> Bulbostylis</em>, <em>Cyperus</em>, <em>Eleocharis</em>, <em>Rhynchospora</em> and <em>Scleria</em>. To advance in the inventory and better understanding of the diversity of Mexican Cyperaceae, we propose some research topics to be addressed in the short term.<p> </p>
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Bichuette, Maria Elina, und Eleonora Trajano. „Diversity of Potamolithus (Littorinimorpha, Truncatelloidea) in a high-diversity spot for troglobites in southeastern Brazil: role of habitat fragmentation in the origin of subterranean fauna, and conservation status“. Subterranean Biology 25 (23.05.2018): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23778.
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The Alto Ribeira karst area, southeastern Brazil, is a high-diversity area for troglobites. Three species of freshwater gastropodsPotamolithusoccur in the area:P.ribeirensis, only found in epigean waters at the Iporanga and Ribeira rivers;P.troglobius, which is endemic to the Areias cave system; andP.karsticus, a troglophilic species from Calcário Branco Cave and an epigean stream nearby. We investigated their distribution based on shell morphology and internal anatomy of epigean species, troglophilic populations, and troglobitic species. Distribution patterns ofPotamolithuswere compared to those of other aquatic taxa from the region (such as crustaceans and fishes). Besides the three species already described for the region, we recorded 12 additional ones, for a total of 15 species/morphs (six troglobites, seven troglophiles, and two epigean).Potamolithusspp. are restricted to micro-basins and/or caves, showing small areas of distribution and probably a high degree of endemism. Geomorphology (irregular landscape, with limestone outcrops intercalated with insoluble rocks, which probably act as geographic barriers for cave populations), paleoclimatic evidence, and ecological/biological factors, such as the low degree of mobility of these gastropods (sedentary habit), explain the distributional patterns. We observed troglomorphisms such as reduction/absence of eyes and pigmentation (body and periostracum), and a coiled intestine. Apparently, there is no cause-and-effect between miniaturization and intestine coiling forPotamolithus, in contrast to observations for other cave snails.Potamolithussnails are threatened in the region due to water pollution, uncontrolled tourism, and overcollection.
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Hyseni, Chaz, und Ryan Garrick. „Ecological Drivers of Species Distributions and Niche Overlap for Three Subterranean Termite Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA“. Insects 10, Nr. 1 (21.01.2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10010033.
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In both managed and unmanaged forests, termites are functionally important members of the dead-wood-associated (saproxylic) insect community. However, little is known about regional-scale environmental drivers of geographic distributions of termite species, and how these environmental factors impact co-occurrence among congeneric species. Here we focus on the southern Appalachian Mountains—a well-known center of endemism for forest biota—and use Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) to examine the distributions of three species of Reticulitermes termites (i.e., R. flavipes, R. virginicus, and R. malletei). To overcome deficiencies in public databases, ENMs were underpinned by field-collected high-resolution occurrence records coupled with molecular taxonomic species identification. Spatial overlap among areas of predicted occurrence of each species was mapped, and aspects of niche similarity were quantified. We also identified environmental factors that most strongly contribute to among-species differences in occupancy. Overall, we found that R. flavipes and R. virginicus showed significant niche divergence, which was primarily driven by summer temperature. Also, all three species were most likely to co-occur in the mid-latitudes of the study area (i.e., northern Alabama and Georgia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina), which is an area of considerable topographic complexity. This work provides important baseline information for follow-up studies of local-scale drivers of these species’ distributions. It also identifies specific geographic areas where future assessments of the frequency of true syntopy vs. micro-allopatry, and associated interspecific competitive interactions, should be focused.
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KHANDEKAR, AKSHAY, TEJAS THACKERAY und ISHAN AGARWAL. „Five new species of the Cnemaspis beddomei clade (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from high elevation, evergreen forests of the Southern Western Ghats, India“. Zootaxa 5469, Nr. 1 (14.06.2024): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5469.1.1.
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We describe five new species allied to Cnemaspis beddomei from the Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India using morphological data and mitochondrial sequence divergence. The new species are members of the beddomei and anamudiensis subclades within the beddomei clade and are from boulder habitats in evergreen forests in Tenkasi (Cnemaspis tenkasiensis sp. nov.), and the Agamalai (C. agamalaiensis sp. nov.), Anaimalai (C. anaimalaiensis sp. nov. and C. valparaiensis sp. nov.) and Palani Hills (C. anuradhae sp. nov.). The new species can be distinguished from other members of the beddomei clade and each other by a combination of non-overlapping morphological characters including body size, distinct colouration in males, the number or arrangement of dorsal tubercles around the body and paravertebral tubercles, the number of ventral scales across midbody and longitudinal scales from mental to cloaca, tail tuberculation and arrangement of subcaudal scales, besides uncorrected pairwise ND2 and 16S sequence divergence of ≥ 5.4 % and ≥ 2.3 %. The beddomei clade is another example of extreme micro-endemism, all 23 known species are evergreen forest dwellers and are each known from just one or a few closely spaced localities, with three non-sister species known from within one kilometre straight-line distance of each other on the Valparai Plateau, Anaimalai Tiger Reserve. The beddomei subclade is distributed from Agasthyamalai to the Anaimalais while the anamudiensis subclade is restricted to the Anaimalai, Palani and Kannan Devan Hills.
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Lannuzel, Guillaume, Joan Balmot, Nicolas Dubos, Martin Thibault und Bruno Fogliani. „High-resolution topographic variables accurately predict the distribution of rare plant species for conservation area selection in a narrow-endemism hotspot in New Caledonia“. Biodiversity and Conservation 30, Nr. 4 (22.02.2021): 963–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02126-6.
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AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) represent a widely acknowledged tool to identify priority areas on the basis of occurrence data and environmental factors. However, high levels of topographical and climatic micro-variation are a hindrance to reliably modelling the distribution of narrow-endemic species when based on classic occurrence and climate datasets. Here, we used high-resolution environmental variables and occurrence data obtained from dedicated field studies to produce accurate SDMs at a local scale. We modelled the potential current distribution of 23 of the 25 rarest species from Mount Kaala, a hotspot of narrow-endemism in New Caledonia, using occurrence data from two recent sampling campaigns, and eight high-resolution (10 m and 30 m) environmental predictors in a Species Distribution Modelling framework. After a first sampling operation, we surveyed six additional areas containing, overall, 13 of the 20 species modelled at this stage, to validate our projections where the highest species richness levels were predicted. The ability of our method to define conservation areas was largely validated with an average 84% of predicted species found in the validation areas, and additional data collected enabling us to model three more species. We therefore identified the areas of highest conservation value for the whole of Mount Kaala. Our results support the ability of SDMs based on presence-only data such as MaxEnt to predict areas of high conservation value using fine-resolution environmental layers and field-collected occurrence data in the context of small and heterogeneous systems such as tropical islands.
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Paredes-Montero, Jorge R., Q. M. Imranul Haq, Amr A. Mohamed und Judith K. Brown. „Phylogeographic and SNPs Analyses of Bemisia tabaci B Mitotype Populations Reveal Only Two of Eight Haplotypes Are Invasive“. Biology 10, Nr. 10 (15.10.2021): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10101048.
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The Bemisia tabaci cryptic species contains 39 known mitotypes of which the B and Q are best recognized for having established outside their extant endemic range. In the 1980s, previously uncharacterized haplotype(s) of the B mitotype rapidly established in tropical and subtropical locales distant from their presumed center of origin, leading to displacement of several native mitotypes and extreme damage to crops and other vegetation particularly in irrigated agroecosystems. To trace the natural and evolutionary history of the invasive B haplotypes, a phylo-biogeographic study was undertaken. Patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and signatures potentially indicative of geographic isolation were investigated using a globally representative mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) sequence database. Eight haplotype groups within the North Africa-Middle East (NAFME) region were differentiated, NAFME 1–8. The NAFME 1–3 haplotypes were members of the same population that is associated with warm desert climate niches of the Arabian Peninsula and east coastal Africa-Ethiopia. The NAFME 4 and 5 haplotypes are endemic to warm and cold semi-arid niches delimited by the Irano-Turanian floristic region, itself harboring extensive biodiversity. Haplotypes 6 and 7 co-occurred in the Middle East along eastern Mediterranean Sea landmasses, while NAFME 8 was found to be endemic to Cyprus, Turkey, and desert micro-niches throughout Egypt and Israel. Contrary to claims that collectively, the B mitotype is invasive, NAFME 6 and 8 are the only haplotypes to have established in geographical locations outside of their zone of endemism.
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Zelaya, Diego Gabriel, Marina Güller und Rüdiger Bieler. „Doubling the known diversity of a remote island fauna: marine bivalves of the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas oceanic archipelagos (Southeastern Pacific Ocean)“. PeerJ 12 (28.06.2024): e17305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17305.
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Juan Fernández and Desventuradas are two oceanic archipelagos located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean far off the Chilean coast that received protected status as marine parks in 2016. Remoteness and access difficulty contributed to historically poor biodiversity sampling and limited associated research. This is particularly noticeable for bivalves, with most prior regional publications focused on single taxa or un-illustrated checklists. This study investigates marine bivalves collected between the intertidal and 415 m depth during (1) the 1997 IOC97 expedition aboard the M/V Carlos Porter, with special focus on scuba-collected micro-mollusks of both archipelagos, (2) two expeditions by the R/V Anton Bruun (Cruise 12/1965 and Cruise 17/1966), and (3) Cruise 21 of USNS Eltanin under the United States Antarctic Program, which sampled at Juan Fernández in 1965. Also, relevant historical material of the British H.M.S. Challenger Expedition (1873–1876), the Swedish Pacific Expedition (1916–1917), and by German zoologist Ludwig H. Plate (1893–1895) is critically revised. A total of 48 species are recognized and illustrated, including 19 new species (described herein) and six other potentially new species. The presence of two species mentioned in the literature for the region (Aulacomya atra and Saccella cuneata) could not be confirmed. The genera Verticipronus and Halonympha are reported for the first time from the Eastern Pacific, as are Anadara and Condylocardia from Chilean waters. Lectotypes are designated for Arca (Barbatia) platei and Mytilus algosus. These findings double the number of extant bivalve species known from the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas archipelagos, highlighting the lack of attention these islands groups have received in the past. A high percentage of species endemic to one or both archipelagos are recognized herein, accounting for almost 78% of the total. The newly recognized level of bivalve endemism supports the consideration of Juan Fernández and Desventuradas as two different biogeographic units (Provinces or Ecoregions) of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Spjut, Richard, Antoine Simon, Martin Guissard, Nicolas Magain und Emmanuël Sérusiaux. „The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): their diversity and evolutionary history“. MycoKeys 73 (11.09.2020): 1–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.73.47287.
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We present phylogenetic analyses of the fruticose Ramalinaceae based on extensive collections from many parts of the world, with a special focus on the Vizcaíno deserts in north-western Mexico and the coastal desert in Namibia. We generate a four-locus DNA sequence dataset for accessions of Ramalina and two additional loci for Niebla and Vermilacinia. Four genera are strongly supported: the subcosmopolitan Ramalina, the new genus Namibialina endemic to SW Africa, and a duo formed by Niebla and Vermilacinia, endemic to the New World except the sorediate V. zebrina that disjunctly occurs in Namibia. The latter three genera are restricted to coastal desert and chaparral where vegetation depends on moisture from ocean fog. Ramalina is subcosmopolitan and much more diverse in its ecology. We show that Ramalina and its sister genus Namibialina diverged from each other at c. 48 Myrs, whereas Vermilacinia and Niebla split at c. 30 Myrs. The phylogeny of the fruticose genera remains unresolved to their ancestral crustose genera. Species delimitation within Namibialina and Ramalina is rather straightforward. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Vermilacinia are fully resolved, except for the two youngest clades of corticolous taxa, and support current taxonomy, including four new taxa described here. Secondary metabolite variation in Niebla generally coincides with major clades which are comprised of species complexes with still unresolved phylogenetic relationships. A micro-endemism pattern of allopatric species is strongly suspected for both genera, except for the corticolous taxa within Vermilacinia. Both Niebla and saxicolous Vermilacinia have chemotypes unique to species clades that are largely endemic to the Vizcaíno deserts. The following new taxa are described: Namibialinagen. nov. with N. melanothrix (comb. nov.) as type species, a single new species of Ramalina (R. krogiae) and four new species of Vermilacinia (V. breviloba, V. lacunosa, V. pustulata and V. reticulata). The new combination V. granulans is introduced. Two epithets are re-introduced for European Ramalina species: R. crispans (= R. peruviana auct. eur.) and R. rosacea (= R. bourgeana auct. p.p). A lectotype is designated for Vermilacinia procera. A key to saxicolous species of Vermilacinia is presented.
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Zeballos, Sebastián R., Alicia T. R. Acosta, Walter D. Agüero, Rodrigo J. Ahumada, Martín G. Almirón, Daihana S. Argibay, Daniel N. Arroyo et al. „Vegetation types of the Arid Chaco in Central-Western Argentina“. Vegetation Classification and Survey 4 (24.07.2023): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs.100532.
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Aims: We address the following questions: 1) Which are the main vegetation types that currently occur in the Arid Chaco? 2) Do those vegetation types differ in terms of floristic composition, endemism, chorotypes and life forms? and 3) Is there any spatial association between the vegetation types and the environmental heterogeneity of the Arid Chaco? Study area: The southwestern extreme of the Gran Chaco, in Central-Western Argentina. Methods: The survey was based on a dataset comprising 654 relevés collected according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Data were classified by the hierarchical ISOmetric feature mapping and Partition Around Medoids (ISOPAM), and ordinated through isometric feature mapping (ISOMAP). Bioclimatic and edaphic variables were related to the ISOMAP ordination. Results: We recorded 439 vascular plant species, 62 endemic at the national level and 22 endemic species restricted to the study and surrounding environments in Central-Western Argentina. A total of nine vegetation types, belonging to four major clusters, were identified. The most prominent chorotypes included species distributed in the Chaco region and in the Arid Chaco/Monte phytogeographic units. The predominant life forms were micro- and nano-phanerophytes, followed by hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes and mesophanerophytes. Conclusions: Major results highlighted that xerophytic shrublands are the most common vegetation types in this area as a result of the historical and present use, while old growth forests were constrained to areas with low anthropogenic disturbance in the last decades or to protected areas. Most vegetation types (with the exception of halophytic environments) are poorly differentiated from a floristic point of view; however, they clearly differ in physiognomy. The floristic composition of the vegetation types described revealed numerous species in common with other sectors of the Chaco of northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Although the number of species restricted to the Arid Chaco was quite low, the most relevant chorotype included species with Western and Eastern Chaco distribution, conferring a clear Chaquenian identity to this area and discriminating it from other phytogeographic units. Taxonomic reference: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Zuloaga et al. 2008) and its online update (http://www.darwin.edu.ar). Abbreviations: ISOMAP = isometric feature mapping; ISOPAM = isometric partitioning around medoids.
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Marques de Paiva, Alessandra. „Rubiaceae in Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants: floristic similarity and implications for conservation“. Revista de Biología Tropical 64, Nr. 2 (13.05.2016): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.19087.
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<p>The Atlantic Forest presents great biological complexity and high richness and endemism levels, but it is one of the most threatened phytogeographic domain on the planet. Brazil is one of the Rubiaceae diversity centers in the Neotropics. The relevance and representativeness of the Rubiaceae family in the Atlantic Forest is highlighted in floristic composition studies and tropical forest community structures. However, despite the urban expansion in the state of Rio de Janeiro, we still find large areas of continuous vegetation with high connectivity degree. Recently, Rubiaceae flora and floristic surveys were conducted in <em>Restinga</em> and forest areas of Rio de Janeiro state protected by Conservation Units. New Rubiaceae species also have been described in the fluminense flora and they showed localized distributions and small populations. The current paper analyzes the floristic composition of the Rubiaceae in eight Atlantic Forest remnants in the State of Rio de Janeiro - Área de Proteção Ambiental de Grumari, Área de Proteção Ambiental Palmares, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Jurubatiba, Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas, Reserva Biológica do Tinguá e Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima - using the PAST software ("<em>Paleontological Statistics</em>") with Sørensen coefficient. Low similarity levels were found due to the habitats’ heterogeneity. <em>Restinga</em> and forest remnants formed distinct groups. The dendrogram showed the formation of three groups, but only Área de Proteção Ambiental de Grumari and Parque Nacional de Jurubatiba (<em>Restinga</em> areas) showed strong bootstrap support (98%). The current study pointed out 19 micro endemic species from the Atlantic Forest, thus conservation strategies were herein discussed. Discrepancies between the Catalogue of Flora of Rio de Janeiro and the Red Book of Brazilian Flora (two of the main reference catalogs of Brazilian flora) have been identified. We also highlight the need for recollecting microendemic species from the Atlantic Forest. We have suggested developing the Red Book of Endangered Species Plant of the State of Rio de Janeiro and launching research projects based on the phylogeographic approach and on conservation biology to faster broadcast information about species that face restricted distribution in the Atlantic Forest.</p>
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Stilwell, Jeffrey D., und Robert A. Henderson. „Description and paleobiogeographic significance of a rare Cenomanian molluscan faunule from Bathurst Island, northern Australia“. Journal of Paleontology 76, Nr. 3 (Mai 2002): 447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000037306.
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A middle Cenomanian faunule from the Moonkinu Formation of Bathurst Island in Northern Australia contains the best-preserved suite of benthic Mollusca known from the Cretaceous of the Australian region. Twenty-four species of bivalves, gastropods, and scaphopods, many exquisitely preserved with original aragonitic nacre, are recognized. Thirteen are new: Nucula s.l. meadinga n. sp. (Nuculidae), Nuculana bathurstensis n. sp. (Nuculanidae), Jupiteria? n. sp. A (Nuculanidae), Varicorbula cretaustrina n. sp. (Corbulidae), Vanikoropsis demipleurus n. sp. (Vanikoridae), Euspira n. sp. A (Naticidae), Amuletum praeturriformis n. sp. (Turridae), Granosolarium cretasteum n. sp. (Architectonicidae), Echinimathilda moonkinua n. sp. (Mathildidae), Acteon bathurstensis n. sp. (Acteonidae), Biplica antichthona n. sp. (Ringiculidae), Goniocylichna australocylindricata n. sp. (Cylichnidae), and Dentalium (Dentalium) n. sp. A (Dentaliidae). Nominal species of Nuculana, Grammatodon, Cylichna, and Laevidentalium also are present. The occurrence of ammonites, including taxa that occur in the type Cenomanian, securely establishes the fauna as middle Cenomanian (Acanthoceras rhotomagense Zone). The Moonkinu Formation and its faunule were deposited in a high-energy, shallow-shelfal setting, as part of a large-scale regressive cycle recognized as the Money Shoals Platform of northern Australia. The assemblage represents a parauthochthonous suite which experienced little or no post mortem transport. Epifaunal and infaunal suspension feeders (some 60 percent) dominate the bivalve fauna with a subordinate representation of deposit-feeding infaunal burrowers (some 40 percent). Nearly all of the gastopods were carnivores with the aporrhaid Latiala mountnorrisi (Skwarko), probably a deposit feeder, the only exception. The scaphopods were probably micro-carnivores. Concentrations of the ammonite Sciponoceras glaessneri are likely the result of mass kills in surface waters. The cosmopolitan nature of the Bathurst Island fauna at the genus-level reflects unrestricted oceanic circulation patterns and an equitable climate on a global scale during the Cenomanian. The retreat and disappearance of the Australian epicontinental sea at the close of the Albian coincided with reduced endemism in the molluscan faunas, after which time the continental shelves hosted a rich suite of cosmopolitan affinity. The high number of endemic species in the Moonkinu Formation probably represents an early stage of broad-scale genetic separation among Southern Hemisphere molluscan stocks, a trend that became increasingly pronounced through the Late Cretaceous. The new records of Varicorbula, Amuletum, Granosolarium, Echinimathilda, and Goniocylichna represent the oldest occurrences recorded for these genera and are suggestive of Southern Hemisphere origins.
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Taylor, Peter J., Teresa C. Kearney, Vincent Ralph Clark, Alexandra Howard, Monday V. Mdluli, Wanda Markotter, Marike Geldenhuys et al. „Southern Africa's Great Escarpment as an amphitheater of climate‐driven diversification and a buffer against future climate change in bats“. Global Change Biology 30, Nr. 6 (Juni 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17344.
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AbstractHosting 1460 plant and 126 vertebrate endemic species, the Great Escarpment (hereafter, Escarpment) forms a semi‐circular “amphitheater” of mountains girdling southern Africa from arid west to temperate east. Since arid and temperate biota are usually studied separately, earlier studies overlooked the biogeographical importance of the Escarpment as a whole. Bats disperse more widely than other mammalian taxa, with related species and intraspecific lineages occupying both arid and temperate highlands of the Escarpment, providing an excellent model to address this knowledge gap. We investigated patterns of speciation and micro‐endemism from modeled past, present, and future distributions in six clades of southern African bats from three families (Rhinolophidae, Cistugidae, and Vespertilionidae) having different crown ages (Pleistocene to Miocene) and biome affiliations (temperate to arid). We estimated mtDNA relaxed clock dates of key divergence events across the six clades in relation both to biogeographical features and patterns of phenotypic variation in crania, bacula and echolocation calls. In horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), both the western and eastern “arms” of the Escarpment have facilitated dispersals from the Afrotropics into southern Africa. Pleistocene and pre‐Pleistocene “species pumps” and temperate refugia explained observed patterns of speciation, intraspecific divergence and, in two cases, mtDNA introgression. The Maloti‐Drakensberg is a center of micro‐endemism for bats, housing three newly described or undescribed species. Vicariance across biogeographic barriers gave rise to 29 micro‐endemic species and intraspecific lineages whose distributions were congruent with those identified in other phytogeographic and zoogeographic studies. Although Köppen–Geiger climate models predict a widespread replacement of current temperate ecosystems in southern Africa by tropical or arid ecosystems by 2070–2100, future climate Maxent models for 13 bat species (all but one of those analyzed above) showed minimal range changes in temperate species from the eastern Escarpment by 2070, possibly due to the buffering effect of mountains to climate change.
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Gâteblé, Gildas, Laure Barrabé, Gordon McPherson, Jérôme Munzinger, Neil Snow und Ulf Swenson. „One new endemic plant species on average per month in New Caledonia, including eight more new species from Île Art (Belep Islands), a major micro-hotspot in need of protection“. Australian Systematic Botany, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb18016.
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The New Caledonian biodiversity hotspot contains many micro-hotspots that exhibit high plant micro-endemism, and that are facing different types and intensities of threats. The Belep archipelago, and especially Île Art, with 24 and 21 respective narrowly endemic species (1 Extinct, 21 Critically Endangered and 2 Endangered), should be considered as the most sensitive micro-hotspot of plant diversity in New Caledonia because of the high anthropogenic threat of fire. Nano-hotspots could also be defined for the low forest remnants of the southern and northern plateaus of Île Art. With an average rate of more than one new species described for New Caledonia each month since January 2000 and five new endemics for the Belep archipelago since 2009, the state of knowledge of the flora is steadily improving. The present account of eight new species from Île Art (Bocquillonia montrouzieri Gâteblé & McPherson, Cleidion artense Gâteblé & McPherson, Endiandra artensis Munzinger & McPherson, Eugenia belepiana J.W.Dawson ex N.Snow, Eugenia insulartensis J.W.Dawson ex N.Snow, Macaranga latebrosa Gâteblé & McPherson, Planchonella serpentinicola Swenson & Munzinger and Psychotria neodouarrei Barrabé & A.Martini) further demonstrates the need both to recognise the Belep Islands as a major New Caledonian micro-hotspot and to formulate concrete conservation programs for the archipelago.
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Campbell, Timothy. „Under-documented micro species and the end of Carolinian endemism: bivalves of the Waccamaw Formation (basal Pleistocene, S.E. USA)“. Journal of Molluscan Studies 90, Nr. 4 (30.09.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyae045.
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ABSTRACT The Waccamaw Formation is a Gelasian (basal Pleistocene, 2.5–1.8 Ma) muddy shell-sand found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina, USA. It has a diverse molluscan fauna but has never been monographed. Previous studies documented about 650 species of molluscs, including about 215 bivalves. Extensive sampling of three sites and examination of other unpublished collections has increased those figures to 1,250 and 335 species, respectively. In addition to numerous geographical and chronological range extensions, this study has also discovered 52 undescribed species of bivalves and 8 apparently undescribed genera of bivalves (two of those are extant and known from previous studies) and 9 families of bivalves new to the formation. Galeommatoidea has seen the greatest increase in documented diversity, going from 21 to 53 species known from the formation; the next most dramatic is Anomalodesmata, going from 14 to 32 species known to be present. The molluscan fauna of the Waccamaw Formation has a species richness more typical of tropical areas, but with a distinctive mix of subtropical shallow to mid-shelf taxa, and a few typically cold-water groups. The Recent fauna in the region with the most comparable average water temperature, South Carolina to northern Florida, has much lower diversity (about 775 species of molluscs, with about 280 of them bivalves) and lower endemism (almost no recent endemics) in a comparable amount of geographic area to the Waccamaw Formation deposits. A dramatic drop in typical winter water temperatures c. 1.8–1.7 Ma seems to be the most likely cause for these changes. Bivalve groups which have had the greatest drop in regional diversity are Noetiidae, Carditidae, Astartidae, Galeommatoidea, Ungulinidae and Pandoridae. Contrastingly, the local diversities of Arcidae, Mytiloidea, Lucinidae, Cardiidae and Pholadidae have all increased between the Gelasian and the recent, overwhelmingly through northwards range expansions.
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Hita-Garcia, Francisco, Ziv Lieberman, Tracy L. Audisio, Cong Liu und Evan P. Economo. „Revision of the Highly Specialized Ant Genus Discothyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropics with X-Ray Microtomography and 3D Cybertaxonomy“. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3, Nr. 6 (01.11.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz015.
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Abstract Discothyrea Roger, 1863 is a small genus of proceratiine ants with remarkable morphology and biology. However, due to cryptic lifestyle, Discothyrea are poorly represented in museum collections and their taxonomy has been severely neglected. We perform the first comprehensive revision of Discothyrea in the Afrotropical region through a combination of traditional and three-dimensional (3D) cybertaxonomy based on microtomography (micro-CT). Species diagnostics and morphological character evaluations are based on examinations of all physical specimens and virtual analyses of 3D surface models generated from micro-CT data. Additionally, we applied virtual dissections for detailed examinations of cephalic structures to establish terminology based on homology for the first time in Discothyrea. The complete datasets comprising micro-CT data, 3D surface models and videos, still images of volume renderings, and colored stacked images are available online as cybertype datasets (Hita Garcia et al. 2019, http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3qm4183). We define two species complexes (D. oculata and D. traegaordhi complexes) and revise the taxonomy of all species through detailed illustrated diagnostic character plates, a newly developed identification key, species descriptions, and distribution maps. In total, we recognize 20 species; of which, 15 are described as new. We also propose D. hewitti Arnold, 1916 as junior synonym of D. traegaordhi Santschi, 1914 and D. sculptior Santschi, 1913 as junior synonym of D. oculata Emery, 1901. Also, we designate a neotype for D. traegaordhi to stabilize its status and identity, and we designate a lectotype for D. oculata. The observed diversity and endemism are discussed within the context of Afrotropical biogeography and the oophagous lifestyle.
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Pillon, Yohan, Tanguy Jaffré, Philippe Birnbaum, David Bruy, Dominique Cluzel, Marc Ducousso, Bruno Fogliani et al. „Infertile landscapes on an old oceanic island: the biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia“. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 06.11.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa146.
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Abstract The OCBIL theory comprises a set of hypotheses to comprehend the biota of old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). Here, we review evidence from the literature to evaluate the extent to which this theory could apply to the biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia. We present geological, pedological and climatic evidence suggesting how the island might qualify as an OCBIL. The predictions of OCBIL theory are then reviewed in the context of New Caledonia. There is evidence for a high rate of micro-endemism, accumulation of relict lineages, a high incidence of dioecy, myrmecochory and nutritional specializations in plants. New Caledonian vegetation also exhibits several types of monodominant formations that reveal the importance of disturbances on the island. Fires and tropical storms are likely to be important factors that contribute to the dynamic of New Caledonian ecosystems. Although naturally infertile, there is archaeological evidence that humans developed specific horticultural practices in the ultramafic landscapes of New Caledonia. Further comparisons between New Caledonia and other areas of the world, such as South Africa and Southwest Australia, are desirable, to develop the OCBIL theory into a more robust and generalized, testable framework and to determine the most efficient strategies to preserve their outstanding biodiversity.
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Lichter-Marck, Isaac H., und Bruce G. Baldwin. „Edaphic specialization onto bare, rocky outcrops as a factor in the evolution of desert angiosperms“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, Nr. 6 (30.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214729120.
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Understanding the processes that enable organisms to shift into more arid environments as they emerge is critical for gauging resilience to climate change, yet these forces remain poorly known. In a comprehensive clade-based study, we investigate recent shifts into North American deserts in the rock daisies (tribe Perityleae), a diverse tribe of desert sunflowers (Compositae). We sample rock daisies across two separate contact zones between tropical deciduous forest and desert biomes in western North America and infer a time-calibrated phylogeny based on target capture sequence data. We infer biome shifts using Bayesian inference with paleobiome-informed models and find evidence for seven independent shifts into desert habitats since the onset of aridification in the late Miocene. The earliest shift occurred out of tropical deciduous forests and led to an extensive radiation throughout North American deserts that accounts for the majority of extant desert rock daisies. Estimates of life history and micro-habitat in the rock daisies reveal a correlation between a suffrutescent perennial life history and edaphic endemism onto rocky outcrops, an ecological specialization that evolved prior to establishment and diversification in deserts. That the insular radiation of desert rock daisies stemmed from ancestors preadapted for dry conditions as edaphic endemics in otherwise densely vegetated tropical deciduous forests in northwest Mexico underscores the crucial role of exaptation and dispersal for shifts into arid environments.
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Orrù, Luigi, Loredana Canfora, Alessandra Trinchera, Melania Migliore, Bruno Pennelli, Andrea Marcucci, Roberta Farina und Flavia Pinzari. „How Tillage and Crop Rotation Change the Distribution Pattern of Fungi“. Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (17.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.634325.
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Massive sequencing of fungal communities showed that climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial variables, are feasible predictors of fungal richness and community composition. This study, based on a long-term field experiment with tillage and no-tillage management since 1995 and with a crop rotation introduced in 2009, confirmed that tillage practices shape soil properties and impact soil fungal communities. Results highlighted higher biodiversity of saprotrophic fungi in soil sites with low disturbance and an inverse correlation between the biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. We speculated how their mutual exclusion could be due to a substrate-mediated niche partitioning or by space segregation. Moreover, where the soil was ploughed, the species were evenly distributed. There was higher spatial variability in the absence of ploughing, with fungal taxa distributed according to a small-scale pattern, corresponding to micro-niches that probably remained undisturbed and heterogeneously distributed. Many differentially represented OTUs in all the conditions investigated were unidentified species or OTUs matching at high taxa level (i.e., phylum, class, order). Among the fungi with key roles in all the investigated conditions, there were several yeast species known to have pronounced endemism in soil and are also largely unidentified. In addition to yeasts, other fungal species emerged as either indicator of a kind of management or as strongly associated with a specific condition. Plant residues played a substantial role in defining the assortment of species.
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Pizzardo, Raquel C., Eimear Nic Lughadha, Juliana Gastaldello Rando, Félix Forest, Anselmo Nogueira, Luana S. Prochazka, Barnaby E. Walker und Thais Vasconcelos. „An assessment of methods to combine evolutionary history and conservation: A case study in the Brazilian campo rupestre“. Applications in Plant Sciences, 29.05.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11587.
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AbstractPremiseConservation policies typically focus on biodiversity hotspots. An alternative approach involves analyzing the evolutionary history of lineages in geographic areas along with their threat levels to guide conservation efforts. Mountains exhibit high levels of plant species richness and micro‐endemism, and biogeographic studies commonly point to recent and rapid evolutionary radiations in these areas. Using a nearly endemic clade of legumes, our study evaluates conservation prioritization approaches in the campo rupestre, a Neotropical ecosystem associated with mountaintops that is located between two biodiversity hotspots.MethodsWe compared the EDGE and EDGE2 metrics, which combine the evolutionary distinctiveness and the extinction risk of a species in a single value. These metrics are compared with traditional metrics used to assess conservation priority, such as phylogenetic diversity.ResultsThe EDGE values reported are lower than those of other studies using this metric, mostly due to the prevalence of threatened species with short phylogenetic branch lengths (low values of evolutionary distinctiveness). Certain areas of campo rupestre with relatively high phylogenetic diversity and EDGE values do not correspond to areas with high species richness, agreeing with previous studies on biodiversity hotspots.DiscussionOur study highlights the necessity of conservation of the campo rupestres as well as advantages and disadvantages of using EDGE, EDGE2, and phylogenetic diversity for appropriate selection of conservation areas with rapid evolutionary radiations. The selection of the metrics will depend primarily on the life history of the focus group and the data availability, as well as the conservation approach.