Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Micro-endemism“

AbstractWe used distribution data of 121 cactus species endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert to test the effectiveness of the region’s protected area network. The analysis of species distribution using a 30′ latitude × 30′ longitude grid facilitated the identification and categorization of areas of endemism. We found a low degree of coincidence between protected areas and the areas of cactus endemism, and only 63.6% of the 121 species occur in protected areas. A complementarity analysis showed that 10 of the protected areas contain the 77 species that occur in protected areas. The four top priority areas protect 65 (84.4%) of these 77 species The 44 unprotected species are mainly micro-endemic and taxonomically distinctive taxa widely scattered in the region. The complementarity analysis applied to these species showed that all of them can be contained in a minimum of 24 grid squares, representing 32.9% of the total area occupied. Their strong spatial dispersion, along with their narrow endemism, is a major conservation challenge. We conclude that the current protected area network is insufficient to protect the rich assemblage of cacti endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert. Conservation efforts in this region should be enhanced by increasing the effectiveness of the already existing protected areas and by the creation of additional protected areas, specifically micro-reserves, to provide refuge for the unprotected species.

Abstract The distribution of the highly diversified and species-rich snake genus Atractus was assessed in search for endemism areas. The dataset of 6000 museum specimens was used to run an Endemicity Analyses in order to identify areas of biogeographic relevance for the genus Atractus. By using distinct methodological approaches and modifying the size and shape of grid cells we obtained a better adjustment to each species range, taking into account species distributed along the Andean and Atlantic Forest mountain ranges or certain vegetation constraints. Three scales of endemism were observed: micro endemic areas, represented by three different regions; intermediate sized endemic areas, represented by nine different regions; and macro-endemic areas, represented by four different provinces. Although most assessed regions corroborate well-defined biogeographic units according to the scientific literature, some, mainly located in the Colombian Andes, are not regularly considered in biogeographic syntheses carried out for vertebrates. Methodological approaches, along with a well curated database and taxonomic accuracy, may significantly influence the recovery of endemism areas, mainly considering mountain topography and local niche structure. The results present herein highlight the relevance of three Colombian Cordilleras, in order to completely understand Neotropical biota patterns of distribution. It is important to note that a well-resolved taxonomy represents both the framework and the first step toward a comprehensive biographical synthesis reducing Wallacean shortfalls in biodiversity.

Rarely have studies assessed Odonata diversity for the entire Nearctic realm by including Canada, the United States, and Mexico. For the first time, we explored Odonata diversity in this region according to a definition of natural community assemblages and generated species distribution models (SDMs). Species occurrence data were assembled by reviewing databases of specimens held by significant Odonata repositories and through an extensive search of literature references. Species were categorized as forest-dependent or non-forest-dependent, as lentic or lotic-dependent, and according to conservation status. Predicted distributions were stacked for all species across their entire ranges, including areas outside of the Nearctic. Species richness and corrected weighted endemism (CWE) were then calculated for each grid cell. We found a pattern of greater species richness in the eastern portion of the Nearctic, which can be explained by the higher aquatic habitat diversity at micro and macroscales east of the Rocky Mountains, promoting niche partitioning and specialization. In the Nearctic region, the southeastern US has the highest number of endemic species of dragonflies and damselflies; this degree of endemism is likely due to glacial refuges providing a foundation for the evolution of a rich and unique biota.

The Espinhaço Range in Brazil is one of the richest regions in the world in plant species. It is also the main center of diversity and endemism of many taxa, including Paepalanthus. This genus is the second largest in Eriocaulaceae, and the third largest genus of the Brazilian flora. This work aims to survey the Paepalanthus richness in the Central Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais. A checklist of 116 Paepalanthus species and two varieties is presented here, with data and comments about richness, endemism, and conservation, together with a new synonym for Paepalanthus bonsai and a new combination for Actinocephalus, both endemic species. Among the 116 recorded species, 56 occur inside at least one Protected Area, 54 are endemic to the Central Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, of which 17 are micro-endemic. Ten species known only from the type specimen or poorly known were rediscovered, while 15 species remain known only from the type. The novelties presented here result from extensive and intensive field efforts, but there are areas of difficult access that remain poorly explored. Further investigation in these areas might lead to the discovery of unknown and rare species.

The diversity of the subgenus Panophrys within the genus Megophrys has been revealed to be extremely underestimated from southeastern China. Herpetological surveys coupled with extensive sampling in a longitudinal mountain belt located in southeastern China resulted in the discoveries of six new species of the subgenus Panophrys. Furthermore, the new discoveries support the findings of “micro-endemism”, “sympatric phenomenon” and “sympatric but distant phylogenetically” which appear to be common among Panophrys species, and also indicates that the Asian horned toads would be good candidates for studies on speciation and biogeography, and additionally emphasizes the conservation difficulties of these toads.

Crocidura Wagler, 1832 is a widespread genus with high micro-endemism. Unfortunately, its Javan species lacks adequate information on its geographic distribution. Here, we present the first record of Crocidura umbra Demos, Achmadi, Handika, Maharadatunkamsi, Rowe & Esselstyn, 2016 from Mount Papandayan, which was previously thought to be endemic to Mount Gede, expand the geographic range of Crocidura orientalis Jentink, 1890 on Mount Papandayan and Crocidura monticola Peters, 1870 on Mount Sawal, and rediscover Crocidura brunnea Jentink, 1888 in Javan lowland forest. The new data provide important information to better understand this inadequately studied genus of small mammal on Java.

Abstract Species inhabiting broad altitudinal gradients are particularly exposed to the effects of global climate change (GCC). Those species reaching mountain tops are the most negatively affected. Here, using ecological niche models we estimated the climate change exposure of endemic amphibians of the most important extra-Andean mountain system of Argentina: the Sierras Pampeanas Centrales. Our results pinpoint that micro-endemic amphibians of this mountain system are heavily exposed to the effects of GCC, with important constraints of suitable climatic conditions for the six analyzed species. Among the most important findings, our models predict a high probability of a total disappearance of suitable climatic conditions for two of the species, currently restricted to mountain tops. This high exposure, in synergy with their very restricted ranges, and other important human induced threats (as fish invasion and emergent diseases), pose a serious threat to these endemic species, which can enter into the “extinction pathway” in a near future if no concrete conservation actions are taken. Our findings provide additional evidence of the great negative impact of GCC in high-altitude centers of endemism.

Les systèmes insulaires sont considérés comme des modèles à petite échelle permettant l'étude de systèmes de plus grande envergure. L'isolement relatif de ces systèmes a permis à la recherche de mieux comprendre la dispersion, la spéciation et l'évolution de la biodiversité. Bien que de nombreuses îles aient servi de refuge à d'anciennes lignées, les systèmes insulaires sont particulièrement sensibles aux perturbations et leur biodiversité représente une grande proportion des extinctions connues. Étant donné l'état alarmant de la biodiversité sur les îles et dans le monde, il est nécessaire de veiller à ce que les connaissances produites puissent être rapidement utilisées pour l'action directe et d'assurer que la recherche sur la biodiversité représente un soutien pour les acteurs de la conservation. Des efforts considérables sont nécessaires afin d'assurer la pérennité des connaissances produites via leur transparence, leur accessibilité et leur réutilisation. L'archipel de Nouvelle-Calédonie-Kanaky, connue pour abriter une diversité endémique exceptionnelle ainsi que des roches riches en métaux lourds (ultramafiques) largement exploitées, est un exemple de biodiversité insulaire menacée. Les mares fonctionnent comme un système insulaire et leur biodiversité est mal connue sur l'archipel. De nombreuses espèces de crustacés sont inféodées à certaines mares en fonction de facteurs tels que la turbidité, le pH et le régime trophique.Afin d'étudier la diversité génétique intra-spécifique des crustacés de mares, des analyses de génétique des populations ont été utilisées. En ce qui concerne la diversité spécifique, les espèces ont été identifiées à l'aide de la morphologie et, pour certains taxons, de la génétique. Des phylogénies basées sur un ou plusieurs marqueurs génétiques ont été calculées pour plusieurs genres. Les assemblages d'espèces ont été délimités à l'aide d'un réseau espèces-sites partitionné. Des modèles statistiques ont été calculés pour tenter de définir les facteurs environnementaux déterminant la répartition de certaines espèces et des assemblages d'espèces. Sur la base de ces modèles, la distribution la plus probable des espèces et des assemblages a été établie. Enfin, tous les protocoles, analyses et résultats ont été partagés de manière transparente, accessible et réutilisable afin de garantir que le processus scientifique puisse être appliqué dans divers contextes biologiques. La structuration de la diversité des crustacés des mares, de la génétique aux assemblages d'espèces, est fortement influencée par les massifs ultramafiques. En effet, sur les massifs ultramafiques, la diversité génétique intraspécifiques est plus élevée et géographiquement structurée, indiquant une faible connectivité dans ces régions. En outre, un endémisme localisé a été démontré pour plusieurs genres dans les massifs ultramafiques. Ensuite, sur la base de la répartition des espèces, deux assemblages principaux ont été délimités et les principaux facteurs de répartition de ces assemblages ont été déterminés comme étant la précipitation et les types de roches (ultramafiques ou non). Une plus grande richesse spécifique a été constatée dans l'assemblage qui a des affinités avec les massifs non ultramafiques et les zones à faibles précipitations, tandis qu'un taux plus élevé d'espèces rares a été observé dans l'assemblage présent sur les massifs ultramafiques et zones à fortes précipitations. Certaines localités ont semblé intermédiaires en termes de composition d'espèces, suggérant l'existence d'autres assemblages peu échantillonnés. En outre, plusieurs espèces ont été identifiées pour la première fois sur l'archipel, dont certaines sont nouvelles pour la science.L'étude de systèmes insulaires imbriqués démontre la pertinence des crustacés de mares en tant que modèle biologique pour l'évaluation de la biodiversité. Ceci souligne la valeur de la mise à disposition de connaissances prêtes à l'emploi
Insular systems are considered as small-scale laboratories for understanding larger scale mechanisms. Indeed, their relative isolation from more continuous systems has helped biodiversity scientists to have a better understanding of dispersion, speciation and evolution. Although it is acknowledged that many islands have acted as refugia for ancient lineages, insular systems are particularly sensitive to perturbations and insular biotas represent a large portion of historically recorded extinctions. Considering the alarming state of biodiversity on islands and worldwide, there is a need to ensure that knowledge produced can be rapidly implemented in direct actions and establish the research on biodiversity as a significant support to stakeholders. This will require significant efforts to ensure the long-term sustainability of the knowledge produced through transparency, accessibility and reusability. The New Caledonia-Kanaky archipelago is an example of threatened insular biodiversity as it is known for hosting outstanding endemic diversity along with extensively capitalised heavy metal-rich rocks called ultramafic massifs. Ponds are a type of insular system and are poorly known on the archipelago regarding their inhabiting biodiversity. Many crustacean species are deeply affiliated to certain ponds depending on the environment characteristics such as turbidity, pH and trophic regime.To investigate intra-specific genetic diversity in pond crustaceans, population genetics methods such as haplotype networks, Analysis of Molecular Variance and genetic population differentiation tests were performed. Regarding specific diversity, species were identified using morphological and, for a few taxa, genetic identification. Phylogenies based on one or several genetic markers were computed for several genera. Species assemblages were delineated using a species-site network on which a clustering algorithm was computed. An attempt to determine main drivers for the distribution of some species and of delineated species assemblages has been made using statistical models. Prediction of most probable distribution of these species and delineated assemblages was made based on these models. Finally, all protocols, analyses, and results were made available in a transparent, accessible and reusable manner to ensure that the scientific process could be applied in similar or different biological contexts by researchers or other publics.In this thesis, the structuration of ponds crustacean diversity from genetics to species assemblages is shown to be highly shaped by the ultramafic massifs. Indeed, intra-specific diversity in several species endemic to ultramafic massifs is higher and is geographically structured, hinting for low connectivity on ultramafic massifs. Additionally, short-range endemism was also evidenced for several genera on ultramafic massifs. Then, based on species distributions, two main species assemblages were delineated and main drivers of the distribution of these assemblages were determined to be precipitation levels and rock types (ultramafic or non-ultramafic). Higher global species richness was evidenced in the assemblage that has affinity with non-ultramafic massifs and low precipitation areas while higher rate of rare species was shown in the assemblage preferring ultramafic massifs and high precipitation areas. Some sampling locations seemed to be intermediate regarding species composition, suggesting other assemblages could exist on the archipelago but were insufficiently sampled. Additionally, several species were identified for the first time on the archipelago, some of which were entirely new to science.Through the study of nested insular systems, the relevance of ponds crustaceans as a suitable biological model for biodiversity evaluation is evidenced which highlights the value of providing ready-to-use knowledge for researchers and stakeholders

This thesis investigates opportunities, challenges and limitations for plant ecological research in the context of Mediterranean cliffs. In particular, chasmophytic species, whose natural habitats are very steep, limestone mountain slopes in the proximity of the sea, in the Central and Western part of the Mediterranean area are considered as study objects. Studies were carried out in the coastal mountain belts of both North-western Sicily and Dianic coasts in the Valencian Community (Spain). The first chapter, entitled “The complexity of environmental factors: cliff microclimate”, investigates the variability of cliff microclimate in three different areas in Sicily and Spain, analysing the environmental conditions created by the cliff at very fine scale. Six independent and comparable datasets including the main meteorological variables were compiled in a total period of 18 months. The resulting spectra of environmental conditions are compared pairwise along two key environmental gradients: North/South cliff orientation and proximity to the sea. Intraspecific leaf traits are used in order to investigate variations in the functional response of plants living on opposite orientations. The resulting variation is then correlated with the influence of microclimatic conditions created by slope and functional aspects of the aforementioned plant traits. The second chapter, entitled “Compositional data and analyses of areas and plant communities in the coastal cliffs of the Valencian Community (Spain)”, presents an ordination of the study sites and of the plant species inhabiting the cliff zones of the mountain belt along the coasts of the Dianic region in Eastern Spain. The study revealed significant correlations between the vegetation units and the sites with reference to the broad North/South geographical orientation. However, it was poorly informative in respect to reveal the major differences observed in the structure of the plant assemblage related to the micro- topographic variations recorded in the dataset. In the third chapter, entitled “UAV (drone) surveys for the study of plant- microtopography relationships and for the conservation of rare species”, a proposed survey methodology for investigating inaccessible vertical environments is described. Challenges and opportunities of plant ecological research in these typically inaccessible areas were also analysed. A first set of data is comprised of partial and total visual census of two narrow endemic cliff species in the Spanish and Italian study areas. Through the use of aerial close- range photogrammetry and 3D modelling, it was possible to study the effects of micro- topography on niche segregation, both at community and species level. Ordination methods were used to correlate selected endemic species and entire plant assemblages to environmental factors such as local and global aspect, slope and distance from cliff edges. The fourth chapter, entitled “Distribution, ecology, conservation status and phylogeography of Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia, a paleo-endemic chasmophytic species from Sicily (Italy)”, is addressed to analyse in details the phylogeographic structure of a cliff narrow endemic species, Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (VAHL) DEVESA (Caprifoliaceae, subfamily Dipsacaceae), also taking in consideration its closest sister taxa. Furthermore, its total distribution was determined by field surveys, characterizing its habitat, and assessing its conservation status as Vulnerable according to IUCN red list guidelines.

[ES] Esta tesis investiga las oportunidades, desafíos y limitaciones para la investigación en el campo de la ecología vegetal, en el contexto de los acantilados mediterráneos. En concreto, las especies casmofiticas, cuyos hábitats naturales se caracterizan por su acusada pendiente. Las laderas de las montañas de piedra caliza en la proximidad del mar, en la parte central y occidental del área mediterránea se consideran objetos de estudio. Los estudios se llevaron a cabo en los cinturones costeros de montaña de las costas del noroeste de Sicilia y la costa diánica en la Comunidad Valenciana. El primer capítulo, titulado "The complexity of environmental factors: cliff microclimate", investiga la variabilidad del microclima del acantilado en tres áreas diferentes en Sicilia y España, analizando las condiciones ambientales creadas por el acantilado en una escala muy estrecha. Se recopilaron seis conjuntos de datos independientes y comparables que recogen las principales variables meteorológicas a lo largo de un período total de 18 meses. La gama resultante de condiciones ambientales se compara por pares a lo largo de dos gradientes ambientales principales: la orientación del acantilado Norte/Sur y la proximidad al mar. Además, los rasgos foliares intraespecíficos se utilizan para estudiar la variación en la respuesta funcional de las plantas que viven en las orientaciónes opuestas en una misma área de investigación. La variación resultante se correlaciona con la influencia de las condiciones microclimáticas creadas por la pendiente y el aspecto en los rasgos de la planta antes mencionados. El segundo capítulo, titulado "Compositional data and analyses of areas and plant communities in the coastal cliffs of the Valencian Community (Spain)", presenta una ordenación de los sitios de estudio y de las especies vegetales que habitan en las zonas de acantilados del cinturón montañoso a lo largo de las costas de la región diánica en el este de España. El estudio reveló correlaciones significativas entre las unidades de vegetación y los sitios con referencia a la amplia orientación geográfica Norte/Sur. Sin embargo, fue poco informativo con respecto a revelar las principales diferencias observadas en la estructura del conjunto de plantas relacionadas con laa variaciones microtopográficas registradas en el conjunto de datos. En el tercer capítulo, titulado "UAV (drone) surveys for the study of plant- microtopography relationships and for the conservation of rare species", se describe la metodología propuesta para investigar entornos verticales poco accesibles. También se analizaron los desafíos y las oportunidades de la investigación ecológica vegetal en estas áreas tipicamente inaccesibles. Un primer conjunto de datos comprende un censo visual parcial y total de dos especies endémicas de acantilados estrechos en las áreas de estudio españolas e italianas. Mediante el uso de la fotogrametría aérea de corto alcance y el modelado 3D, fue posible estudiar los efectos de la micro topografía en la segregación de nichos, tanto a nivel de comunidad como de especie. Se utilizaron métodos de ordenación para correlacionar las especies endémicas seleccionadas y conjuntos de plantas con factores ambientales como el aspecto local y global, la pendiente y la distancia desde los bordes de los acantilados. En el cuarto capítulo, titulado "Distribution, ecology, conservation status and phylogeography of Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia, a paleo-endemic chasmophytic species from Sicily (Italy)", se analiza en detalle la estructura filogeográfica de una especie endémica de acantilados, Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (Caprifoliaceae, subfamilia Dipsacaceae), también considerando las relaciones filogeográficas con sus taxones más próximos. Además, su distribución total se determinó mediante observaciones de campo, caracterizando su hábitat y evaluando su estado de conservación como Vulnerable de acuerdo con las
[CA] Aquesta tesi va investigar les oportunitats, reptes i limitacions per a la investigació en el camp de l'ecologia vegetal, en el context dels penya-segats mediterranis. En concret, les espècies casmofitiques, amb hàbitats naturals que es caracteritzen pel seu acusat pendent. Les vessants de les muntanyes de pedra calcària en la proximitat del mar, a la part central i occidental de l'àrea mediterrània són considerats objectes d'estudi. Els estudis es portaren a terme als cinturons costers de muntanya de les costes del nord de Sicília i la costa diànica a la Comunitat Valenciana. El primer capítol, titulat "The complexity of environmental factors: cliff microclimate", investiga la variabilitat del microclima del penya-segat en tres àrees diferents de Sicília i Espanya, analitzant les condicions ambientals creades pel penya-segat a una escala molt estreta. Es recopilen sis conjunts de dades independents i comparables que reconeixen les principals variables meteorològiques a llarg termini durant un període total de 18 mesos. Les dades resultants de les condicions ambientals es comparen per parells al llarg de dos gradients ambientals principals: l'orientació del penya-segat Nord/Sud i la proximitat a la mar. A més, els trests foliars intraespecífics s'utilitzen per estudiar la variació en la resposta funcional de les plantes que habiten orientacions oposades dins d'un àrea d' investigació. La variació resultant es correlaciona amb la influència de les condicions microclimàtiques creades pel vessant i els aspectos funcionals dels trets vegetals esmentats. El segon capítol, titulat "Compositional data and analyses of areas and plant communities in the coastal cliffs of the Valencian Community (Spain)", presenta una ordenació dels llocs d'estudi i de les espècies de plantes que habiten a les zones de penya- segats del cinturó de muntanya al llarg de les costes de la regió diànica de España. L'estudi va a revelar correlacions significatives entre les unitats de vegetació i els llocs amb referència a l'amplias orientació geogràfica Nord/Sud. No obstant aixó, va ser poc informatiu per poder revelar les diferències observades en l'estructura del conjunt de plantes relacionades amb les variacions microtopogràfiques registrades al conjunt de dades Al tercer capítol, titulat "UAV (drone) surveys for the study of plant-microtopography relationships and for the conservation of rare species", es descriu la metodologia proposada per a investigar entorns verticals poc accessibles. També es van analitzar els reptes i les oportunitats de la investigació ecològica vegetal en aquestes àrees normalment inaccesibles. Un primer conjunt de dades inclou el cens visual parcial i el total de dues espècies endèmiques de penya-segats a les àrees d'estudi espanyoles i italianes. Mitjançant la fotogrametria aèrea a curt abast i el modelat 3D, va ser possible estudiar els efectes de la microtopografia en la segregació de nínxols, tant a nivell comunitari com d'espècies. Es van utilitzar mètodes d'ordenació per a correlacionar les espècies endèmiques seleccionades i conjunts vegetals sencers amb factors ambientals com ara l'aspecte local i global, el pendent i la distància de les vores dels penya-segats. En el quart capítol, titulat "Distribution, ecology, conservation status and phylogeography of Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia, a paleo-endemic chasmophytic species from Sicily (Italy)", que s'analitza en detall l'estructura filogeográfica d'una espècie endèmica de penya-segats, Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (Caprifoliaceae, subfamilia Dipsacaceae), considerant tambè les relacions filogeogràfiques amb els seus taxons més propers. A més, la seva distribució total es va determinar mitjançant observacions de camp, caracteritzant el seu hàbitat i avaluant el seu estat de conservació com a Vulnerable, d'acord amb les directrius de la llista roja de la UICN.
[EN] This thesis investigated opportunities, challenges and limitations for plant ecological research in the context of Mediterranean cliffs. In particular, chasmophytic species, whose natural habitats are very steep, limestone mountain slopes in the proximity of the sea, in the Central and Western part of the Mediterranean area are considered as study objects. Studies were carried out in the coastal mountain belts of both North-western Sicily and Dianic coasts in the Valencian Community (Spain). The first chapter, entitled "The complexity of environmental factors: cliff microclimate", investigates the variability of cliff microclimate in three different areas in Sicily and Spain, analysing the environmental conditions created by the cliff at very fine scale. Six independent and comparable datasets including the main meteorological variables were compiled in a total period of 18 months. The resulting spectra of environmental conditions are compared pairwise along two key environmental gradients: North/South cliff orientation and proximity to the sea. Intraspecific leaf traits are used in order to investigate variations in the functional response of plants living on opposite orientations. The resulting variation is then correlated with the influence of microclimatic conditions created by slope and functional aspects of the aforementioned plant traits. The second chapter, entitled "Compositional data and analyses of areas and plant communities in the coastal cliffs of the Valencian Community (Spain)", presents an ordination of the study sites and of the plant species inhabiting the cliff zones of the mountain belt along the coasts of the Dianic region in Eastern Spain. The study revealed significant correlations between the vegetation units and the sites with reference to the broad North/South geographical orientation. However, it was poorly informative in respect to reveal the major differences observed in the structure of the plant assemblage related to the micro- topographic variations recorded in the dataset. In the third chapter, entitled "UAV (drone) surveys for the study of plant- microtopography relationships and for the conservation of rare species", a proposed survey methodology for investigating inaccessible vertical environments is described. Challenges and opportunities of plant ecological research in these typically inaccessible areas were also analysed. A first set of data is comprised of partial and total visual census of two narrow endemic cliff species in the Spanish and Italian study areas. Through the use of aerial close- range photogrammetry and 3D modelling, it was possible to study the effects of micro-topography on niche segregation, both at community and species level. Ordination methods were used to correlate selected endemic species and entire plant assemblages to environmental factors such as local and global aspect, slope and distance from cliff edges. The fourth chapter, entitled "Distribution, ecology, conservation status and phylogeography of Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia, a paleo-endemic chasmophytic species from Sicily (Italy)", is addressed to analyse in details the phylogeographic structure of a cliff narrow endemic species, Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (VAHL) DEVESA (Caprifoliaceae, subfamily Dipsacaceae), also taking in consideration its closest sister taxa. Furthermore, its total distribution was determined by field surveys, characterizing its habitat, and assessing its conservation status as Vulnerable according to IUCN red list guidelines.
De Simone, L. (2020). Ecological aspects of plants inhabiting Mediterranean cliffs. Challenges and prospects of life in vertical environments [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159877
TESIS