Dissertationen zum Thema „Micro-Analyse des matériaux“
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Georges, Valentin. „Comportement de matériaux cimentaires en eau douce naturelle : analyse de l’influence des micro-organismes“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0220/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work focuses on the behavior of cement pastes of different cement bases exposed to natural fresh water and on the interactions with the biological elements. This study is based on the comparative analysis of samples immersed in natural environment (Moselle) and in artificial laboratory media. Whatever the media and microorganisms considered, the results show a change in the mineralogy of the surface and the porous network of the samples (porosity rate, transfer properties). Laboratory tests highlighted the specific influence of bacteria in bioleaching phenomena. The bacterial count also shows that the density of cells present in the biofilm covering the samples does not mainly depend on the cementitious grade, except for the limestone cements. The SEM observations revealed the abundant presence of diatoms on all samples. Diatoms are partly covered by a mineral layer resulting from secondary crystallization. The colonization of the surface by these diatoms is influenced by the geometry and mineralogical nature of the samples. The results of laboratory tests have shown that they interact with cement paste; the evolution of diatom population densities coincides with changes in porosity characteristics (porosity rate, transfer properties)
Saliou, Françoise. „Matériaux supraconducteurs en technologie couches épaisses pour applications aux circuits micro-ondes : analyse des comportements“. Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is the elaboration of YBCO superconducting thick film on substrates mainly YSZ. The technical deposit choice is screen-printing for its simplicty and because it is already overcome in industry. YBCO thick films were prepared by screen printing an ink, obtained by mixing YBCO powder in an organic binder, on the Y2O3-stabilized zirconia polycristalline substrates. The experimental study is based on the optimisation of the deposit technique,ink prepration, thermal treatments. We presented the results of a detailed invetsigation of the effects of two temperatures profiles on the properties (classical sintering and Melt Processed Technique). It was observed that these prpoerties are governed by the microstructure of YBCO ant the orientation factor (texturation). The peritectic mix of YBa2Cu3O7-8+BaCuO2+CuO gives interseting results for all tested YBCO compositions
Scarazzini, Riccardo. „Analyse par ToF-SIMS de matériaux fragiles pour les micro/nanotechnologies : évaluation et amplification de l'information chimique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, the micro and nanotechnology field integrates a wide range of materials that can be defined as “fragile” because of their shape, dimension or density. In this work, three materials of this kind, at different level of technological and industrial maturity are studied by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). These materials are: mesoporous silicon, thin polymethacrylate films deposited by initiated Chemical Vapour Deposition (i-CVD)and hybrid organosilicate (SiOCH) dielectric materials (low-k). The objective is to verify and validate the ToF-SIMS as a reliable characterisation technique for describing the chemical properties of these materials. Indeed, because of this intrinsic ‘fragility’ the consistency of the chemical information is connected to an appropriate interpretation of the specific ion/matter interactions taking place.For mesoporous silicon, a systematic analysis is carried out considering various sputtering ion sources (Caesium, Xenon and Oxygen); both sputtering and ionisation behaviours are examined relatively to the nonporous silicon, taking into account energy of the sputtering beam and porosity rate of the target material.Concerning nanometric thick polymer films, low damaging analysis conditions are applied by the use of argon cluster primary ion sources in order to obtain a significant molecular secondary ion information. In these conditions, a discrimination of quasi-identical nanometre thick structures is made possible and a quantification method for copolymers is then proposed. In addition, with the supplement of data principal component analysis (PCA) an innovative and significant correlation is obtained between main Principal Component and sample molecular weights.Finally, the effect of several industrial integration processes (such as etching or wet cleaning) applied on low-k materials are studied in order to understand their detrimental impact on low-k insulating properties. To achieve a depth-resolved chemical information, low energy caesium sputterings are shown to be the most adapted and sensitive strategy. In addition, PCA is shown to be almost essential to amplify differences between samples significantly. This approach allowed combining the variation of physical properties (dielectric constant) with the chemical ones
Wautier, Antoine. „Analyse micro-inertielle des instabilités mécaniques dans les milieux granulaires, application à l'érosion interne“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0289/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDikes are most of the time built of compacted granular materials that are permeable and continuously subjected to internal fluid flows. In some cases, microstructure modifications resulting from internal erosion generate mechanical instability that will lead to unexpected failures in case of serious flooding. This thesis focuses on multi-scale analysis of mechanical instability in granular materials subjected to internal erosion. In this work, the mechanical behavior of such materials is simulated in three dimensions at the scale of representative elementary volumes subjected to different stress states and hydraulic gradients. Thanks to the use of the second order work criterion and micromechanical tools, the mechanical stability of these materials is tested before and after internal erosion. It is established that the micro-inertial origin of the observed instabilities is linked to force chain deconfinement and bending as well as to the development of large plastic strains resulting from force chain collapse. By preventing the development of such plastic strains, it is shown that rattlers contribute to ensure the mechanical stability of granular materials. This key finding is of a particular significance in relation with internal erosion as rattlers can be easily transported under the action of an internal fluid flow. Depending on whether they get clogged or eroded, an internal fluid flow has thus either a stabilizing or a destabilizing effect on the mechanical behavior of granular materials subjected to internal erosion
Orlando, Bastien. „Conception, réalisation et analyse de micro-inductances intégrées avec matériaux ferromagnétiques doux : applications aux inductances pour la conversion de puissance continue-continue et aux inductances variables MEMS pour circuits micro-ondes reconfigurables“. Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c6981dc3-3214-4915-bd18-247b0e2a044f/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4003.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur purpose is to make the best use of magnetic materials in integrated inductors. Two targets are followed : DC-DC power conversion and microwave tunable inductors. A process for the fabrication of integrated toroidal inductors including electroplated copper winding and PVD Ni80Fe20 core is used for the fabrication of devices showing inductance of 500nH up to 10MHz with DC resistance of 95mΩ and quality factor of 20 at 2MHz. −30% saturation current is measured at 180mA. Several innovative designs improvements are proposed in order to increase compactness, quality factor and saturation current. LLG model is used in order to estimate the performances of open or closed microwave magnetic cores. A new concept of tunable inductor MEMS with piezoelectric actuation relying on the inverse magnetostriction of a magnetic core is proposed and validated by simulation
Legoll, Frédéric. „Contributions à l'étude mathématique et numérique de quelques modèles en simulation multi-échelle des matériaux“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783334.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLes questions étudiées portent sur l'échantillonnage de la mesure de Boltzmann-Gibbs (avec des résultats concernant la non-ergodicité de certains systèmes dynamiques proposés dans la littérature), et sur la construction de dynamiques effectives: supposant que le système suit une dynamique X_t régie par l'équation de Langevin amortie, et se donnant une variable scalaire macroscopique xi(X), lente en un certain sens, nous proposons une dynamique mono-dimensionnelle fermée qui approche xi(X_t), et dont la précision est estimée à l'aide de méthodes d'entropie relative.
Une autre partie du travail consiste à développer de nouveaux schémas numériques pour des problèmes Hamiltoniens hautement oscillants (souvent rencontrés en simulation moléculaire), en suivant une démarche d'homogénéisation en temps. Nous avons aussi proposé une adaptation au contexte Hamiltonien de l'algorithme pararéel, permettant d'obtenir la solution d'un problème d'évolution par des méthodes de calcul parallèle.
La seconde partie du mémoire présente des travaux sur la dérivation de modèles à l'échelle du continuum à partir de modèles discrets (à l'échelle atomistique), pour les solides, et sur le couplage de ces deux modèles, discret et continu. Une première approche consiste à poser le problème sous forme variationnelle (modélisation à température nulle). Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés au cas de systèmes à température finie, modélisés dans le cadre de la mécanique statistique. Dans certains cas, nous avons obtenu des modèles réduits, macroscopiques, où la température est un paramètre, en suivant des approches de type limite thermodynamique.
La troisième partie du mémoire s'intéresse à des questions d'homogénéisation stochastique, pour des équations aux dérivées partielles elliptiques linéaires. Les matériaux sont donc modélisés à l'échelle du continuum. Le constat qui motive notre travail est le fait que, même dans les cas les plus simples sur le plan théorique, les méthodes numériques à ce jour disponibles en homogénéisation stochastique conduisent à des calculs très lourds. Nous avons travaillé dans deux directions. La première consiste à réduire la variance des quantités aléatoires effectivement calculées, seules accessibles en pratique pour approcher la matrice homogénéisée. La seconde est d'étudier le cas de problèmes faiblement stochastiques, en partant du constat que les matériaux hétérogènes, rarement périodiques, ne sont pas pour autant systématiquement fortement aléatoires. Le cas d'un matériau aléatoire pour lequel cet aléa n'est qu'une petite perturbation autour d'un modèle périodique est donc intéressant, et peut se traiter avec un coût calcul beaucoup plus abordable.
Wangermez, Maxence. „Méthode de couplage surfacique pour modèles non-compatibles de matériaux hétérogènes : approche micro-macro et implémentation non-intrusive“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASN001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the priority objectives of the aeronautics industry is to reduce the mass of structures while improving their performances. This involves the use of composite materials and the increasing use of digital simulation to optimize structures.The major challenge of this project is to be able to accurately calculate the local variations of the microstructure - for instance detected by tomography and directly modelled from tomogram - on the behavior of an architectured material part. In order to take into account the whole structure and its load effects, a multi-scale approach seems to be a natural choice. Indeed, the related models to the part and its microstructure might use different formalisms according to each scale.In this context, a coupling formulation was proposed in order to replace, in a non-intrusive way, a part of a homogenized macroscopic finite-element model by a local one described at a microscopic level. It is based on a micro-macro separation of interface quantities in the coupling area between the two models. To simplify its use in design offices, a non-intrusive iterative resolution procedure has also been proposed. It allows the implementation of the proposed coupling method in an industrial software environment that often uses closed commercial finite element codes. Different mechanical problems under linear elasticity assumption are proposed. The proposed method is systematically compared with other coupling methods of the literature and the quality of the solutions is quantified compared to a reference one obtained by direct numerical simulation at a fine scale.The main results are promising as they show, for representatives test cases under linear elasticity assumption in two and three-dimensions, solutions that are consistent with first- and second-order homogenization theories. The solutions obtained with the proposed method are systematically the best approximations of the reference solution whereas the methods of the literature are less accurate and shown to be unsuitable to couple non-compatible models.Finally, there are many perspectives due to the different alternatives of the method which could become, in an industrial context, a real analytic tool that aims to introduce a local model described at a fine scale, into a homogenized macroscopic global one
Guidault, Pierre-Alain. „Une stratégie de calcul pour les structures fissurées : Analyse locale-globale et approche multiéchelle pour la fissuration“. Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVilleneuve, Joey. „Étude et analyse des effets d'une solution moussante sur le micro climat d'une serre, lorsqu'utilisée comme isolation et ombrage entre les matériaux de couvertures“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22073.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDib, Dayana. „Analyse théorique et numérique de l'endommagement par micro-fissuration descomposites à matrice quasi-fragile“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1099.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe initial problem treated in this thesis falls within the general framework of modeling deep tunnels. For this reason, the approach based on linear fracture mechanics was adopted. The study was based on the mixed criterion of Leguillon. Following This study, the mixed criterion was not insufficient but the way to approach the problem was. Where the transition to the consideration of the heterogeneity of the material component and the possibility of initing a crack under a compressive stress. A first approach was undertaken the study of periodic bilayer under the stress of vertical compression. The layer of the highest stiffness has appeared the seat of a transverse traction. Indeed the possibility to initiate a crack is quite likely always through the verification of the energy and the stress criteria. A second approach was to observe more closer the microstructure of the material; we have considered the problem of elliptic inclusion in an infinite matrix. By the method of complex variables and the technique of conformal mapping, we analyzed the stress field around the inclusion and were revealed the presence of a traction which depends strongly of the selected parameters. By the extended finite element method, we calculated the variation of the potential energy involved by creating a fracture. In a similar approach to the previous one, namely verification of the energy and the stress criteria, we concluded the possibility of initiating a crack. Keywords: linear fracture mechanics, mixed criterion of Leguillon, potential energy, energy release rate, extended finite element method, periodic bilayer, method of complex variables
Zhang, Tao. „Imagerie multi-résolution par tomographie aux rayons X : application à la tomographie locale en science des matériaux“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876871.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDallongeville, Sophie. „Etude des protéines dans les échantillons du Patrimoine Culturel par spectrométrie Raman et analyse protéomique“. Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrossin, David. „Développement du procédé de chauffage micro-ondes en vue de l'élaboration de céramiques à propriétés électriques particulières“. Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00147635.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle- Une première partie aborde l'élaboration par chauffage micro-ondes d'oxydes réfractaires dans une cavité résonante rectangulaire TE102. La synthèse par chauffage micro-ondes direct de la phase La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSMO) envisagée initialement n'est pas satisfaisante, un chauffage indirect est alors mis en place. Ce nouveau procédé a permis de synthétiser et de fritter avec succès en mode statique et en continu de longs barreaux de LSMO sans altérer les propriétés remarquables du matériau à magnétorésistance colossale. L'utilisation de ce procédé pour fritter également un matériau isolant BaZrO3 a conduit à une réussite.
- Une seconde partie est consacrée à la texturation de YBa2Cu3OΔ par procédé micro-ondes de fusion de zone. L'objectif est d'améliorer les propriétés supraconductrices en contrôlant l'orientation cristallographique. Ainsi deux procédés ont été développés. Le premier qui consiste à substituer partiellement l'Yttrium par du Calcium a permis une réelle optimisation de l'orientation et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. Le second combine la fusion de zone avec la croissance assistée par germe. Les échantillons élaborés par cette méthode possèdent des propriétés supraconductrices satisfaisantes. Ils ont été caractérisés par des méthodes d'analyses de texture comme : l'EBSD, DRX, neutron.
Gomes, Perini Luis. „PGD au service de la corrélation volumique pour l'analyse du comportement des composites à l'échelle micro“. Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2522/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMeasurements of displacement fields by digital volume correlation (DVC), in particular in its finite elements approach (FE-DVC), represents an attractive way for the improvement of the dialogue between tests-simulations during a mechanical design procedure. Associated with methods of 3D imaging as the micro-tomography, volumetric displacement fields can be obtained in-situ at the elementary constituent scale. The two main challenges, namely the size of the problems to be solved and the technological limitations are the subjects of this work. In the first part, the numerical method Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) is used to develop a new approach of DVC (PGD-DVC), allowing the reduction of the number of degrees of freedom and the computation time. The second part consists in using the algorithm PGD-DVC for the measure of the displacement field of a composite in fiberglass and epoxy resin under traction. The images are obtained by micro-tomography, allowing a refined resolution. To circumvent the problem of the lack of texture, a doping of the resin with opacifiers particles is used. Additionally, the development of a new experimental device was introduced to realize in-situ tests. In the long term, these works may allow for a better analysis of the 3D mechanical behavior of the composite at the scale of the constituents
Wilfinger, Claudia-Antonella. „Fabrication of full soft diamond implants for functional rehabilitation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UEFL2025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of new biomedical technologies permits to help people suffering from the loss of motor or cognitive functions to partially recover from their loss. Neural study highlighted the electrical nature of brain signals, leading to the fabrication of implants interfacing with them. The recording and stimulation of different parts of the central nervous system were made possible through implants. Nevertheless, introducing a foreign object into the human body is not without consequences, as materials used to fabricate implants should be stiff enough to endure the body’s attacks but should not harm the surrounding tissues. Given these requirements, a material has recently gained attention: diamond. It can be synthetized in labs and used in conventional microtechnology processes to fabricate diamond-based devices. Diamond can either be an electrical insulator in its “natural” state, meaning a simple carbon lattice, or acquire a metallic-like conduction if doped enough with boron. The excellent biocompatibility of the carbonated crystal places it as a serious candidate in terms of electrode material. The chemical, electrochemical and mechanical properties, guarantee an inert, solid and reliable material. The PhD work was focused around diamond material, to fabricate a full-diamond implant. This means that intrinsic polycrystalline diamond was used as a protection layer of the device, while the electrodes sites were made of boron-doped conductive diamond (BDD). The obtained device was designed to record signals from the brain. To do this, the control of the structuring of diamond is essential to be able to use it within microtechnological processes. It was chosen to make localized growths of diamond, both intrinsic and doped, using aluminum nitride (AlN) as a masking layer. The growth rate, the chemical composition and the analysis of the surface condition confirmed the good handling of the diamond process. Another key point to consider when fabricating the implants is the choice of materials that will carry the electrical signals. The development of the conductive layer was done by combining titanium nitride (TiN) and platinum (Pt) to take advantage of both materials. The encapsulation of platinum by TiN resulted in conductive tracks capable of withstanding the growth conditions of diamond without any damage. Following the fabrication of the diamond implants, characterization must be performed. Two electrochemical analysis procedures were therefore used to examine the BDD electrodes and probe the material: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The tests confirmed the presence of BDD at the electrode locations, good intrinsic diamond passivation, and low impedance at 1 kHz compared to implants with BDD-only electrodes. After ensuring proper functioning and reliability of the device, the implants were tested in vivo on rodents to probe their visual pathways. A craniotomy was performed on rats (at the Vision Institute) and mice (at EPFL) in order to place the electrodes on their visual cortex. The purpose of this surgical procedure is to make an acute recording of visual evoked potentials (VEPs), which are triggered by visual stimuli. The experiment was successful as the diamond implants were able to record VEPs in different experimental settings in both laboratories. These preliminary results pave the way for the future generation of diamond neural implants to ensure a reliable and stable chronic device
Elias, Victory. „An approach based on the µ-vibration concept contributes to the characterization and objective analysis of physiological fluids“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPHF0044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a world of continuous technological evolution, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors are becoming increasingly prominent in various fields such as biomedicine, the aerospace industry,and information and communication technologies. At the heart of this revolution, cantilever microbeams provide exceptional sensitivity, allowing the detection of minute physical variations. This thesis is dedicated to the design of a new cantilever microbeam sensor architecture aimed at optimizing their sensitivity and expanding their practical applications. The work undertaken focused on developing a theoretical model and experimental validation of a cantilever structure immersed in an incompressible Newtonian fluid, characterized by precise dimensions and an innovative design. The numerical part of the study allowed for testing the sensitivity of the proposed architecture against external loads, while the practical experiments involved the meticulous fabrication and assembly of the sensor components, including the integration of piezoelectric materials. Innovation does not stop here; the future envisions the incorporation of biochemical coatings for specific detection and the use of microfluidic techniques for real-time analysis, thereby marking a significant step forward in MEMS research and development. The quest for increased sensitivity in cantilever MEMS sensors has led us to the design and creation of an optimized structure, explored through this thesis work. The successful integration of the exponential architecture into the cantilever microbeam and the application of cutting-edge techniques in fabrication and numerical testing represent significant advancements in MEMS research. The results obtained open exciting prospects for the improvement and application of these sensors in complex environments. Future work, including the applicationof biochemical coatings and the development of microfluidic chambers, promises to further extend the scope of application and effectiveness of these sensitive devices. In summary, this thesis contributes to the advancement of science and technology in MEMS sensors, proposing innovative solutions for current and future challenges in fields requiring precise detection and increased sensitivity. It thus lays the groundwork for future developments that will undoubtedly benefit many scientific disciplines and industrial applications
Le, Thi Thu Huong. „Étude multi-échelle du comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique des matériaux cimentaires : approche morphologique pour la prise en compte de la mésostructure“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647896.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBounasser, Meriem. „Étude du comportement mécanique des renforts tressés pour les matériaux composites“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe use of textile composites is increasing in several areas, such as aerospace industries, transportation, civil engineering and others, due to their high strength-weight ratio. Braided structures are one of the textile reinforcements used in different industrial applications for the cost effectiveness of their manufacturing technique, its versatility and the wide range of shapes it can offer. The special structures with the special functionalities needed in each composite application make the braiding a delicate process that needs to be studied in order to fulfill the demands of each specific sector. This PhD project aims to achieve a proper understanding of the process, the structures, the various parameters and the behavior of the final products. The study is conducted using the Herzog 2D braiding machine of Ifth, which, combined with a 6 axes robot, can prototype 3D structures by over-braiding complex shaped mandrels. Multiple carbon fiber braided samples are produced by varying the process parameters (Braid angle, Braid's diameter ...) and characterized in order to assess the influence of these parameters on the braid's geometry and its mechanical properties. To reach a better understanding of the materials' behavior and to avoid the time-consuming trial and error manufacturing and testing way, a modeling procedure is necessary to support the experimental work and optimize the design phase of the braids. Different models have been developed by researchers to predict the properties of braids at different scales of the structure (microscopic - mesoscopic - macroscopic). This work will be focused on the finite element analysis at the meso-scale, i.e. the braid unit cell scale, which considers the orientation of the yarns and the braid's architecture. This analysis is conducted using a hypo-elastic constitutive law which is implemented in user subroutine Vumat in Abaqus/Explicit. In this work, the geometric model is obtained using micro-computed tomography, which is a nondestructive scanning technique that allows detailed and precise analysis of the geometry of a textile reinforcement
Chagnon, Lucie. „Formulation et caractérisation de revêtements polyuréthane hydrodiluables présentant des propriétés d'autoréparation“. Thesis, Mulhouse, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MULH8495.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the understanding of physical chemistry mecanisms who give to a material its abrasion / scratch resistance properties, surface protection and porosity of aqueous polymer formulations deposited in thin films for ‘industrial painting" applications. In a first step, all the physical and chemical properties of two aqueous polymer formulations containing polyhydroxy acrylic industrial resins were determined. The second step was, meanwhile, focused on the study of the impact of changes in the three-dimensional network structure on the properties of resistance to scratching and self-repairing films, particularly by thermal activation
Dowek, Rébecca. „Les gaz de fission dans les combustibles REP irradiés : un état détaillé à fort taux de combustion“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0248.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the irradiation of nuclear fuel pellets, fission reactions lead to a progressive accumulation of new atoms, some of which are gaseous. These fission gases, and the bubbles they form, contribute significantly to the fuel’s behavior, whether during operation in nominal conditions or in incidental or accidental cases. This Ph.D. work provides a better description of the fission gases’ state at a micrometer scale of high burn up PWR UO2 fuels, thanks to experimental characterization campaigns and improved or new methodologies for data acquisition, processing and analysis. These campaigns were carried out in a high activity laboratory (LECA-STAR), with different microanalysis devices. Two types of fuels were examined, with different initial grain sizes and different burn-ups. The study was conducted along three main axes: morphology of the bubbles, thanks to 2D and mainly 3D FIB-SEM examinations, the microstructural evolutions, thanks to EBSD characterizations, and the quantification of the gases in order to estimate the pressure of the fission gases in the bubbles, by combining microprobe analysis, SIMS and SEM-FIB measurements. This work has allowed to establish new methodologies for fission gas and microstructure analysis. The combination of the results obtained in these different areas has led to a synthetic representation of the gas state, as a function of the radial position, the burn-up, and the initial microstructure of the fuel. This work will allow to enrich, feed and validate the calculation codes for the modeling of the UO2 fuel behavior at high burn-up
Maalouf, Azar. „Contribution à l'étude des procédés de réalisation de circuits intégrés optiques en matériaux polymères“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00456179.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZaidi, Syed Sajid Hussain. „Méthode d'apport d'énergie sélective et sans contact : applications aux micro-actionneurs bistables“. Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1946.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this thesis is to develop a contactless and selective energy transfer method for a bistable micro-actuator as well as to independently control multiple micro-actuators place in a defined workspace. To attain this objective, laser beams and Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) are used. The laser beams are used to transfer the energy over long distances and the SMA active elements are the intermediate active element to actuate the bistable micro-actuator (curved-beam). The control strategy is achieved by depositing wavelength dependent optical filters directly onto the SMA active element and using the laser beams of different wavelengths. After that, the stability and the switching time of the bistable micro-actuator are studied. Finally, another goal which is attained in this thesis is the optimization of the proposed contactless bistable micro-actuator on the basis of the static and the dynamic performances. For this purpose, the robustness analysis is performed using the factorial experimental design. For all the possible experimental configurations, the long-life test of the micro-actuator is carried out to determine the thermo-mechanical fatigue within the micro-actuator due to the continuous functioning
Valette, Stéphane. „Effets thermiques dus à l'interaction laser-matière dans les métaux en régime femtoseconde“. Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004642.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePortebois, Léo. „Développement de matériaux réfractaires pour applications turbines aéronautiques : étude des effets microstructuraux sur le comportement en oxydation des alliages composites Nbss-Nb5Si3 et optimisation des solutions de protection associées“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0153/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProgress in the field of gas-Turbine engines for aircrafts is controlled by the availability of new structural materials able to withstand higher temperatures than nickel based superalloys. The present PhD work was conducted in this context, within the framework of the European FP7-HYSOP project, in which Nbss-Nb5Si3 alloys are studied. From a mechanical point of view, the physicochemical properties (room temperature fracture toughness and creep rate) are compatible with the targeted temperature (1300°C). However, starting from the intermediate temperatures (800°C), the oxidation resistance of those alloys is the major obstacle to their use. In this work, two ways are investigated to improve this behavior: The first one aims at studying the effect of a refinement of microstructure synthesizing the Nbss-Nb5Si3 alloy both by fusion method and powder metallurgy route. It was shown that refining the microstructure led to decrease the oxidation kinetics at 1100°C and suppressed the catastrophic breakaway oxidation (pesting) typical of the Nb-Si alloys with coarse microstructure at 815°C. Furthermore, diffusion models were proposed to describe oxidation kinetics both at 815°C and 1100°C. The second part of this study is devoted to the development of silica forming protective coatings. Diffusion silicide coatings were manufactured by the halide activated pack-Cementation method. The various conditions of oxidation/corrosion tests (isothermal or cyclic, in air, air containing water vapor, CMAS silicate melt) allowed assessing and ranking the performance of coated systems
Vandenbussche, Cédric. „Stabilité des strucutres en géotechnique : approche micro-macro et charges limites“. Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis consists on a study of the influence of the porosity on the plastic behavior of porous soil materials and on the presence of angular points on the layout those criterions. The studied material, rigid perfectly plastic, present cylindrical or spherical cavities randomly. It will be called in the continuation "porous Coulomb", the matrix answering the criterion of Coulomb. We will adopt to study it the model suggested by Gurson, As had done it Gurson in its work of '77, we will use the two approach of limit analysis to deduce the criterion from it from plasticity of studied material. The equivalence between real and homogenized material is obtained by the method of the averages according to the technique of type Kerner, Hashin-Rosen or Hashin in elasticity. For each approaches, the resulting problem of optimization is nonlinear. Several methods are exposed. Traditional technique of linearization, Piece- Wiese Linearization, and that proposed recently by Ben-Tal and Nemirovski lead both to a problem of linear optimization. Recently still appeared codes of conical optimization of the second order such Mosek. A great part of this thesis thus consisted in putting the limiting analysis problems relating to material of Coulomb in the form of conical optimization, in plane strain, in generalized plane strain, and in symmetry of revolution. The applications consist in determining the criterion of plasticity of material of "porous Coulomb" in the case of cylindrical or spherical cavities. The results obtained are finally compared with various analytical criteria such as Drucker-Prager, Cam Clay and Jeong and Pan
Legeay, Gérard. „Couches minces amorphes d'ITO : caractérisation, structure, évolution et fonctionnalisation sous rayonnements UV“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567155.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrossin, David. „Développement du procédé de chauffage micro-ondes en vue de l’élaboration de céramiques à propriétés électriques particulières“. Caen, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00147635/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is devoted to the development of microwave heating process with the view of elaborating ceramics with particular electric properties. The aim is to valorize this heating process through the synthesis of functional ceramics. The manuscript presents interesting results which can be separated in two parts. Firstly, we studied the microwaves heating of refractory oxides in a resonant rectangular cavity TE102. Initially the synthesis by direct microwave heating of La0. 8Sr0. 2MnO3 (LSMO) was selected but the obtained results were not satisfying and the direct heating was modified by an indirect one. This new process allowed the successful synthesis and sintering of long LSMO bars in both static and continuous mode without deteriorating the high colossal magneto-resistance properties of this material. This process was also employed with success for the insulator BaZrO3 sintering. Secondly, we studied the texturation of YBa2Cu3O prepared by the microwaves floating zone process. The objective was to improve the superconducting properties by controlling the crystallographic orientation. For that, two processes were developed. The first method consisted to substitute partially the calcium in the yttrium site, which allowed an effective optimization of the orientation and opened new perspectives for improving the processing and properties of superconducting materials. The second method combines the floating zone with the top seeding method. Samples obtained by this method showed satisfactory superconducting properties. The texture was analysed and studied by EBSD, XRD, and neutron diffraction
Ben, Ahmed Karim. „Etude de l'encrassement biologique de matériaux cimentaires en eau de rivière : analyse de l'influence des paramètres de surface des pâtes cimentaires“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD027/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe biological aspects are generally not considered in the design of civil engineering works, although the biocolonisation may affect their durability. This thesis focuses on biofouling of cementitious materials in river water. A laboratory accelerated test of phototrophic biocolonisation, simulating the river conditions, was developed and validated. It allowed the study of cement pastes of different formulations. Colonization was assessed by the recovery rate of the surface, estimated by a proposed method of image analysis. A study of the roughness influence on the bioreceptivity of the material was conducted through several roughness parameters of different natures, and the peaks density (a spacing parameter) showed the most decisive influence. A model was proposed to explain this influence and gave satisfactory results. The influences of porosity and pH appeared to be limited in the test conditions. Finally, micro-indentation was adapted to the mechanical evaluation of the deterioration of thin layers of cement pastes. This technique may be used to evaluate the biodeterioration
Shen, Wanqing. „Modélisations micro-macro du comportement mécanique des matériaux poreux ductiles : application à l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10144/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work focused on the plasticity modeling of ductile porous materials. Different classes of porous media (with or without plastic compressibility of the matrix) are considered. Concerning the case of incompressible matrix obeying to the von Mises criterion, by using limit analysis combined with homogenization techniques, we obtained, a closed form expression of the macroscopic yield function for materials containing randomly oriented spheroidal cavities. An extension of the Gurson criterion is proposed for materials whose matrix is plastically compressible and obeys to an elliptic criterion. The obtained results are applied and illustrated in the case of double porous media. Then, an emphasis is put on porous geomaterials. The Callovo Oxfordian argilite, a geomaterial which is of a primary interest in this study, is modeled as a heterogeneous medium made, at the mesoscale, of a porous elastoplastic matrix and elastic inclusions. The micro-meso transition leading to the constitutive law of the clay matrix is performed for an associated or a non-associated Drucker-Prager solid phase and spherical cavities. The meso-macro transition is performed by means of a Hill incremental homogenization method. The predictive capabilities of the micro-macro model based on a non-associated solid phase have been demonstrated via a wide experimental validation. Finally, a simplified version of the micro-macro model is formulated by assuming rigid inclusions. The introduction of a macroscopic non-associated flow rule allows to obtain excellent predictions for the argillite
Löw, Peter. „Thermométrie submicrométrique par fluorescence : caractérisation de micro et nanostructures en milieux sec et liquide“. Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/303/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the development of an improved fluorescent thermometry approach for the thermal characterization of Joule-heated submicrometer wires in dry and liquid conditions. The design parameters of the wire systems are studied by the use of finite element modeling (FEM) in order to optimize their thermal behavior. A high spatial confinement of the temperature changes is experimentally demonstrated when using a nickel submicrometer wire on a silicon substrate as a heat source. The thermal time constants of the wire systems are shown to lie below one millisecond. The results of this thesis are of great interest in the development of new tools for the sensing, recognition and fundamental studies of molecules (for instance the folding of proteins and DNA) based on fast temperature modulation
De, Andrade Vincent. „De l'imagerie chimique à la micro-cartographie pression-température-déformation : évolution minéralogique et transport de matière dans des systèmes en déséquilibre thermomécanique : applications aux métapélites et aux matériaux de stockage de déchets radioactifs“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe mineralogical composition of metamorphic rocks or industrial materials evolves when they are submitted to thermomechanical disequilibria, i. E. A spatial or temporal pressure and temperature evolution, or chemical disequilibria as variations in redox conditions, pH. . . For example, during low temperature metamorphic processes, rocks reequilibrate only partially, and thus record localy thermodynamic equilibria increasing so the spatial chemical heterogeneities. Understanding the P-T evolution of such systems and deciphering modalities of their mineralogical transformation imply to recognize and charaterize the size of these local “paleoequilibria”, and so to have a spatial chemical information at least in 2 dimensions. In order to get this information, microprobe X-ray fluorescence maps have been used. Computer codes have been developped with Matlab to quantify these maps in view of thermobarometric estimations. In this way, P-T maps of mineral crystallisation were produced using the multi-equilibria thermodynamic technique. Applications on two metapelites from the Sambagawa blue-schist belt (Japan) and from the Caledonian eclogitic zone in Spitsbergen, show that quantitative chemical maps are a powerfull tool to retrieve the metamorphic history of rocks. From these chemical maps have been derived maps of P-T-time-redox-deformation that allow to characterize P-T conditions of minerals formation, and so, the P-T path of the sample, the oxidation state of iron in the chlorite phase. As a result, we underline the relation between deformation and cristallisation, and propose a relative chronology of minerals cristallisation and deformations. The Fe3+ content map in chlorite calculated by thermodynamic has also been validated by a µ-XANES mapping at the iron K-edge measured at the ESRF (ID24) using an innovative method. Another application relates to an experimental study of clay materials, main components of an analogical model of a nuclear waste storage site. Chemical maps allowed to charaterize the 2D mineralogical evolution of clays toward iron rich end-members. They have also been used as input data in a 2D finit element numerical model aiming to estimate the iron diffusion coefficient in clays at low temperatures, important parameter to modelize the destabilization of nuclear waste storage sites in the course of time
Belhenini, Soufyane. „Etude de structures de composants micro-électroniques innovants (3D) : caractérisation, modélisation et fiabilité des démonstrateurs 3D sous sollicitations mécaniques et thermomécaniques“. Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4029/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work establishes a contribution in an important European project mentioned 3DICE (3D Integration of Chips using Embedding technologies). The mechanical and thermomechanical reliability of 3D microelectronic components are studied by employing standardized tests and numerical modeling. The board level drop test and thermal cycling reliability tests are selected for this study. Failures analysis has been used to complete the experimental study. The mechanical properties of elements constituting the microelectronic components were characterized using DMA, tensile test and nanoindentation. Bibliographical researches have been done in order to complete the materials properties data. Numerical simulations using submodeling technique were carried out using a transient dynamic model to simulate the drop test and a thermomechanical model for the thermal cycling test. Numerical results were employing in the design optimization of 3D components and the life prediction using a fatigue model
Nguyen, Thi Thu Nga. „Approches multi-échelles pour des maçonneries viscoélastiques“. Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2077/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMasonry structures are widely used in civil engineering as part of buildings or in refractory linings of structures working at high temperatures, like in steel industry. Unfortunately, the present tools are not powerful enough to predict the behavior of these structures at their micro-cracked state and/or if one of their constituents behaves nonlinearly (e.g. the mortar). This research contributes to the multi-level modeling of classical masonries and refractory linings with a low numerical cost using basically the periodic homogenization technique. Modeling and simulation techniques of masonry behavior are presented and developped. The influence of interface law between bricks and mortar, of geometrical and material parameters, and of crack density on the effective masonry behavior is studied. Three approaches (analytical extension of Cecchi and Tralli, numerical approach and micromechanical modeling) were proposed to determine the effective behavior of a periodic masonry cell with micro-cracked viscoelastic mortar and safe elastic or rigid bricks. The results obtained on two examples of masonry (1D and 2D) confirmed that the multi-scale approach is a suitable solution with a great ability to model the effective behavior of microcracked viscoelastic masonry. This work, actually limited to the case without crack propagation, could be extended to mortars with viscoplastic behavior
Pastre, Aymeric. „Élaboration d’électrodes à base de films d’or nanoporeux et conception de micro-supercondensateurs intégrés“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10187/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis work aims at the design of nanoporous gold-based all-solid state micro-supercapacitors, integrated on a silicon substrate. In a first step, we have developed a process for the formation of gold films by auto-catalytic chemical reduction. In order to enhance the adhesion of the gold film to the silicon substrate, an original seed layer was produced by a sol-gel process. It consists in a thin film of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) doped with gold nanoparticles. The porosity of these gold films was controlled by a templating method using polystyrene microspheres (Ø ≈ 20 nm). Nanoporous gold films can reach a 1.2 μm thickness in the absence of delamination. The porosity is completely interconnected and the pore size (20 nm) was chosen in order to be compatible with the used electrolyte. The method only involves wet chemistry processes and is fully compatible with conventional micro-manufacturing processes. The nanoporous gold films constituting the electrode material of the micro-supercapacitor have been structured by photolithography in the form of interdigitated combs. The impregnation of a gelled polymer electrolyte (PVA / KOH) made it possible to finalize the manufacture of the all-solid state micro-supercapacitor. Electrochemical characterizations show that the micro-device reaches a surface capacitance of 240 μF/cm² at 20 mV/s, and can endure more than 8000 cycles, while losing only 5% of its initial capacitance. These performances are comparable to those of the all-solid state integrated micro-supercapacitors reported in the literature
Gbetchi, Kokouvi. „Multi-scale modeling of thermo-mechanical dynamic damage in quasi-brittle materials“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0049.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnder impact mechanical loadings, structural components made of brittle materials may be exposed to dynamic failure. The appropriate modeling of the failure mechanisms at different scales of observation and the prediction of the corresponding thermomechanical damage evolution in such materials is essential for structural reliability predictions. Experimental observations on dynamic failure in brittle materials report important cooling and heating effects in the vicinity of the crack tip. Theoretical modeling of the thermo-mechanical coupling during fracture have been generally undertaken without accounting for microstructural aspects. The objective of the present thesis is to develop a procedure to obtain macroscopic thermo-mechanical damage laws in which the damage evolution is deduced from the propagation of microcracks and the associated small-scale thermal effects in the material. We use the asymptotic homogenization method to obtain the macroscopic thermo-mechanical and damage response of the solid. A Griffith type criterion is assumed for microcracks propagating in modes I or II. Heat sources at the tips of microcracks are considered as a consequence of the energy dissipated during propagation. Frictional heating effects are also considered on the lips of microcracks evolving in the shear mode. An energy approach is developed in combination with the homogenization procedure to obtain macroscopic damage laws. The resulting thermoelastic and damage system involves strong couplings between mechanical and thermal fields. Computation of the effective coefficients allowed us to study the local response predicted by the new models. The macroscopic response exhibits strain-rate sensitivity, microstructural size effects, degradation of thermoelastic properties and specific thermal evolutions due to microcracking and frictional effects at the small scale. Distributed heat sources are present in the macroscopic temperature equation linked to damage and frictional dissipations. The implementation of the proposed damage models in a FEM software allowed us to perform numerical simulations at the structural level. We reproduced numerically experimental tests reported in the literature concerning the rapid failure of PMMA samples impact. The results obtained in the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental observations
Aneflous, Latifa. „Systèmes nano- et micro-structurés à base de dioxyde de cérium et de sesquixyde de néodyme : propriétés électriques et catalytiques des solutions solides Ce1-xNdxO2-delta“. Toulon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUL0004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTHe dioxide of cerium is used as gas sensor. Twos systems based on oxides of Ce(+IV) and of Nd(+III) are studied : a multiphase and nonostructured system, obtained by soft chemistry, at low temperature, starting from oxalates and of acetates ; a ceramics with micrometric granulometry, obtained after sintering of the nanostructured powders, to 1600°C. The structures are elucidated by DRX. Morphology is chacterized by MET coupled with the EDAX. The electric properties according to the composition in the temperature range 40-700°C are measured by SIE. With the top of 400°C, the contributions of the bulks grain boundaries and electodes are separate. Eponent n of model CPE is related to the microstructure. Conductivity reaches a maximum with neodymium 10%. The catalytic properties are studied for air-methane mixtures by spectroscopy IRTF. Measurements of conversion of methane show that these catalysts are very active at 350°C
Violeau, David. „Une stratégie de calcul pour l'analyse à l'échelle "micro" des endommagements jusqu'à rupture des composites stratifiés“. Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00254379.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZhao, Lunyang. „Contribution à la modélisation micro-mécanique de l’endommagement et du comportement plastique des géomatériaux“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDamage due to micro-cracking and plastic deformation are two main dissipation processes in most rock-like materials. They are related to the evolution of micro-structure and influenced by mineralogical compositions. In this study, we present some new contributions on the micro-mechanical modeling of damage and plastic behavior of rock-like materials based on linear and non-linear homogenization techniques. The first part is devoted to the estimation of macroscopic plastic behavior of a class of quasi-ductile materials, composed of a pressure-dependent plastic solid matrix in which various inclusions and (or) pores are embedded. We propose a new incremental variational model. Unlike most mean-field methods previously developed, the non-uniform local strain field in the solid matrix is taken into account. Moreover, in order to take into account the transition from volumetric compressibility to dilatancy of those materials, a non-associated plastic flow rule is adopted. The incremental variational model is formulated by using a bi-potential theory for the determination of the incremental potential of plastic matrix. The accuracy of the proposed model is assessed by a series of comparisons with reference solutions obtained from full-field finite element simulations. The proposed model is then applied to several rock-like materials with rigid inclusions or pores. In the second part, we focus on the modeling of induced damage in brittle materials which are represented by an elastic solid matrix weakened by randomly distributed microcracks. The emphasis is put on the case of closed cracks under a large range of compressive stress. The damage evolution is due to the initiation and propagation of micro-cracks while the plastic deformation is directly related to the frictional sliding along micro-cracks. The two dissipation processes are physically coupled. A specific friction model is formulated. The efficiency of the proposed model is verified against experimental data on typical granites. Furthermore, the model is extended to study the transition from diffuse damage to localized cracking. The localized cracking is considered as a consequence of coalescence of diffuse micro-cracks. After the onset of a localized crack, the energy dissipation of material is entirely driven by the frictional sliding and propagation of the localized crack. And a specific frictional damage model is developed for the localized crack in consistence with the diffuse damage model. The proposed model is also verified against laboratory tests
Dabo, Mouhamadou. „Analyse du comportement mécanique des mousses polymères : apport de la tomographie X et de la simulation numérique“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE041/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolymer foams materials combine mechanical, thermal, chemical and optical interesting properties going with light weighting structures problems. However, to diversify their applications and make them even more efficient in health field, transportation or building, a fine study of the relationships between manufacturing processes to generated microstructures and resulting properties must be conducted. These mechanical properties are highly depending on the properties of material with which foams are made but also on the morphology of their microstructures (orientation, distribution and pore size, wall thickness). Thus it is crucial to quantify and measure these parameters to strive for a detailed understanding of the mechanical properties and define models capable of linking global behavior of cellular materials to bulk materials and microstructures. Working closely with research and development division of INTEREP, European leader in waterproof cellular rubber, an experimental characterization of the mechanical behavior of polymer foams of different natures and different topologies has been performed first. Then geometrical modeling was developed from micro structural observations of real foams in x-ray micro-tomography and from virtually generated microstructures through a physical description of polymer foams manufacturing process. Finally finite element simulation in 2D and 3D of these microstructures were coupled with the experimental characterization of bulk material allowing thus to reproduce and finely study deformation mechanisms experimentally observed on polymer foams and refine empirical behavior laws by taking into account additional characteristic parameter of cells statistical distribution in space like their location and their size distribution and shape
Lao, Jonathan. „Caractérisation par micro-faisceau d'ions des réactions physico-chimiques induites in vitro par des verres bioactifs nanostructurés élaborés par la méthode sol-gel“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718177.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLao, Jonathan. „Caractérisation par micro-faisceau d'ions des réactions physico-chimiques induites in vitro par des verres bioactifs nanostructurés élaborés par la méthode sol-gel“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21763.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVouaillat, Guillaume. „Analyse de la fatigue de contact d'engrenages aéronautiques“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGears and rolling elements that are parts of transmissions are sometimes subjected to rolling contact fatigue failures as micro-pitting. It usually results from a lubrication loss or an uncontrolled surface finishing. First layers of the material are consequently overstressed. Microscopic material wrenching then occurs and is called micro-pitting. Such transmission parts failures may potentially lead to the whole system dysfunction. Several studies have already been performed in the literature concerning this topic. However, few of them take into account both surface roughness and material microstructure analyses which impact rolling contact fatigue mechanisms. Thus, a model with those characteristics is developed from literature theories and tools and presented in this thesis. A parametrical study is then conducted so as to estimate the influence of specific contact parameters (among sliding, friction, pressure and roughness) on three fatigue criteria results. However the use of an additional criterion is necessary in order to give more accurate conclusions. Intergranular shear stresses are subsequently studied and make the analysis of the complete stress history possible. Moreover, a life expectancy to micro-cracks nucleation is computed. An identification of sliding-linked local shear stress oscillations which result from successive rough peaks passing over the material surface is also made. Finally, numerical results are compared to an experimental investigation conducted on FZG-type gears. The most at risk areas regarding micropitting in the relevant applications are thus identified among the addendum, the dedendum and the pitch
Barbière, Romain. „Comportement en fatigue et optimisation de l’interface d’un composite tissé chanvre/époxy : effet de l’humidité Influence of moisture and drying on fatigue damage mechanisms in a woven hemp/epoxy composite : acoustic emission and micro-CT analysis“. Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlant fibre composites are an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional composite materials such as fibreglass composites. However, plant fibres are highly hydrophilic in comparison with the polymer matrix. It is therefore necessary to study the influence of moisture on the mechanical behaviour of these eco-materials.In this work, three conditionings were applied. “Ambient” samples were stored and tested in ambient environment. “Wet” samples were immersed in water until saturation and tested in a climatic chamber at RH97. The objective of the “Wet/Dry” conditioning was to study the role of desorption on the mechanical properties of the composite. Woven hemp/epoxy composite samples with two orientations, [(0/90)]7 and [(± 45)]7, were tested in tension and fatigue according to the three conditionings. In situ analyses by acoustic emission and post-mortem analyses by SEM and micro-CT were carried out.Fatigue tests allowed to determine the Wöhler curves for the two orientations and the three conditionings. A phenomenological model was used to simulate the fatigue life of the composite in all configurations. The comparisons showed that the Wet samples exhibit a lower tensile strength than the Ambient specimens and a lower fatigue sensitivity, while the behaviour of the Wet/dry samples is similar to the Wet conditioning one concerning the tensile strength and similar to the Ambient one concerning the fatigue sensitivity. The classification of acoustic events allowed the identification of three clusters, each cluster corresponding to a type of damage (matrix damage, interfacial damage and fibre breakage). For the two orientations, the results showed that the proportion in number and the kinetics of development of each type of damage depend on the level of the maximum applied stress and on the conditioning. Matrix and interfacial damages are largely the most numerous acoustic events for all the configurations. Micro-CT analysis showed that the damage is different depending on the orientation. However, for each orientation, the same type of damage is observed for the three conditionings, at different stages of development: more advanced for the Wet conditioning, intermediate for the Wet/Dry one and the least developed for the Ambient one.The analysis of the yarn/matrix interface adhesion was performed through fragmentation tests realised on monofilament hemp/epoxy specimens. A specific mould was designed and developed to produce these specimens by casting. Acoustic emission monitoring and observations in polarized light allowed a better understanding of the fragmentation phenomenon in this type of material. The Interfacial Shear Strength (IFSS) values were calculated and the interfacial debonding lengths were measured. The results show that the yarn/matrix interface is weakened after drying, with a decrease in IFSS of 33%. To improve adhesion at the interface, treatments with hydrogen peroxide and non-thermal plasma were applied to the hemp yarns. Fragmentation tests showed that IFSS is almost twice as high with the peroxide treatment and three times higher with plasma, compared to untreated specimens. An upscale was made by applying the hydrogen peroxide treatment to the hemp fabric. The tensile and fatigue behaviour of hemp/epoxy composites produced with this treated fabric was studied. The results obtained at this scale are disappointing. Therefore, the non-thermal plasma treatment remains the most promising solution, but applying this technique at the fabric scale is complex and requires the development of a new reactor
Liu, Xiongjie. „Développement de la caractérisation du comportement local à haute température des alliages métalliques par micro indentation“. Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2326/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the past two decades, the high-temperature indentation experiment has been developed gradually to meet increasingly high industrial demand. ln order to guarantee a good level of accuracy of the measurements, it is necessary to solve the problems associated with high temperature, such as the choice of the indenter material, the thermal stability of the system, heating design, etc. This thesis aims to develop the methodology of the high-temperature indentation experiment to characterize metallic materials. Particular attention has been given to the search for candidate materials for the tip and to the determination of the force and penetration ranges used for the correct operation of an indenter. The finite element analysis helps us to study the influence of defects such as the presence of a thin film and that of a misalignment between the indentation axis and the sample surface. To find a better indenter material, it is necessary to test the geometric and chemical stability of different candidate materials that can replace the diamond at elevated temperature. The collaboration with the Swiss company Anton Paar, which specializes in the manufacture of measuring machines for the mechanical characterization of a wide variety of materials, enables the development of new high-temperature micro- and nano-indentation equipment. By using the new device, we were able to carry out the indentation tests to characterize the mechanical properties of different materials and to check the thermal stability of this new instrument
De, Melo Loseille Olivier. „Prévision de la durée de vie des composites à matrice céramique auto cicatrisante, en fatigue statique, à haute température (= 800°C)“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR12010/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDelayed failure of SiC/SiC woven composite is studied under static fatigue, in air, for intermediate temperatures (500°C – 800°C). Experimental results and fractographic examination are used to identify damage mechanisms. A multi-scale probabilistic facture based model is proposed to simulate damage kinetics in longitudinal tows. Microstructure is described with appropriate statistical distributions identified on fractographic investigations. Simulations demonstrate a significant effect of the microstructure on the lifetime of the tows. Microstructure – properties relations are established
Ben, Hafsia Khaoula. „Identification des micro-mécanismes de déformation du PET amorphe et semi-cristallin in situ au cours d’un essai mécanique“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0081/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAccording to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer
Tibouda, Abdelaadim. „Analyse physique des sauces de couchage à base de micronanocellulose fibrillée“. Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9550/1/eprint9550.pdf.
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