Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Mexico Tariff“
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Susanto, Dwi, C. Parr Rosson und Flynn J. Adcock. „Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of the Agricultural Sector“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, Nr. 1 (April 2007): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022793.
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This paper examines the effect of the U.S.-Mexico trade agreement under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The results suggest that U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico have been responsive to tariff rate reductions applied to Mexican products. A one percentage point decrease in tariff rates is associated with an increase in U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico by 5.31% in the first 6 years of NAFTA and by 2.62% in the last 6 years of NAFTA. U.S. imports from Mexico have also been attributable to the pre-NAFTA tariff rates. Overall, the results indicate that the U.S-Mexico trade agreement under NAFTA has been trade creating rather than trade diverting.
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Rico, Alfonso, Alberto Mendoza, Emilio Mayoral und César Rivera. „Criteria for Setting Tariffs on Toll Highways in Mexico“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800106.
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A methodology for determining the tariffs that should be charged for different types of vehicles driven on new toll roads in Mexico is presented. The methodology is based on two criteria: maximize the income of the toll collector (whether this collector is a government agency or a private concessionaire) and minimize national transport costs. The first criterion requires the development of binary logit models for predicting the traffic demand fraction choosing the toll alternative. The second criterion requires the minimization of road users' transport cost, which is composed of vehicle operating costs plus the tariff charged. This tariff should include road deterioration costs, construction and financial costs, the administrative costs of operating the toll road, taxes, and other expenditures. Principles for computing reference tariffs are recommended along with ways to use these tariffs to analyze the economic feasibility of toll highways.
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Ruiz, V. L. „Tariff structure program: Guanajuato case study“. Water Supply 5, Nr. 3-4 (01.11.2005): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0102.
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Following careful planning and work with stakeholders, the State Water Commission of Guanajuato in Mexico has been implementing a process of change leading to a more rational tariff structure for the delivery of water services. By gaining support for tariffs that reflect realistic costs for the service, prices have been stabilised and unplanned subsidies replaced by properly targeted ones; lower volumes of water are being used while more people are being served; and a secure basis has been created for development to meet future needs.
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Becerril Torres, Osvaldo, Gabriela Munguía Vázquez und Justyna Wieloch. „The effects of US import tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Mexico“. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2022): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/10.
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To this end, mathematical and statistical methods are used to model the effect of tariffs, ex-ante and ex-post, after implementing this trade policy, on exports of aluminum and steel from Mexico to the United States, versus US imports of these metals from the ROW. The results show that the protectionist tariff policy had a structural effect on US imports; likewise, the tariff shock implemented by the United States in June 2018 adversely affected its imports of these goods, both in terms of volume and value. This suggests that bilateral trade may be affected, but the effect is differentiated. The United States may be achieving its objective of protecting its domestic industry or it may impact upwards on the domestic prices of these metals, which could influence the prices paid by the final consumer. For Mexico, trade may be diverted or its export capacity reduced, adversely affecting its trade balance of these metals.
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Unveren, Hakan, und Jeff Luckstead. „Comprehensive Broiler Supply Chain Model with Vertical and Horizontal Linkages: Impact of US–China Trade War and USMCA“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, Nr. 3 (31.03.2020): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2020.5.
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AbstractThis paper builds a comprehensive supply chain model of the US broiler industry that accounts for corn and soybean meal, feed mills, breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, broiler processing, value-added processing, and international trade. The model is calibrated and simulated to analyze the effects of (1) corn and soybeans tariffs imposed by China and (2) change in the Canadian tariff-rate quota proposed under US–Mexico–Canada–Agreement. The first scenario indicates that feed price falls while supply increases, which decreases the production costs of breeders and grow-out farms. The second scenario shows that exports to Canada rise at the expense of exports to Mexico.
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Quinn, Michael J. „Gas in Mexico: Tariff, infrastructure affect strategies“. Natural Gas 13, Nr. 11 (09.01.2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410131102.
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Santillán Luna, Ignacio, J. Jesús Ceja Pizano und Daniel Pineda Domínguez. „Practical Strategies for The Economic Development of Mexico: Nearshoring Trend“. Mercados y Negocios 25, Nr. 52 (01.05.2024): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/myn.vi52.7727.
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This research aimed to suggest practical strategies for Mexico's economic development through the trend of nearshoring. It involved identifying, analyzing, and organizing the causes of the conflict between China and the USA over international trade and exploring the opportunities that nearshoring to Mexico can offer. Qualitative research methods were applied, and documentary research techniques were used based on two study objects: a) the Sino-American dispute over international trade and b) nearshoring to Mexico. Nearshoring to Mexico is driven by various factors, including tariff benefits from Free Trade Agreements, low labor costs in manufacturing companies, and a stable exchange rate. Therefore, Mexico needs to encourage the development of industrial parks, implement an effective Public Security Policy, offer tax incentives to attract Foreign Direct Investment and improve port, road, and air infrastructure to take full advantage of this trend.
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Takahashi, Katsuhide, und Shujiro Urata. „On the Use of FTAs by Japanese Firms: Further Evidence“. Business and Politics 12, Nr. 1 (April 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1310.
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The paper examines the use of free trade agreements (FTAs) by Japanese firms. The FTAs analyzed include Japan's FTAs with Mexico, Malaysia and Chile. Based on 1,688 responses to a questionnaire survey conducted in 2008, the study finds that the utilization rate of FTAs ranges between 32.9% (Japan-Mexico FTA) and 12.2% (Japan-Malaysia FTA). The survey results and the statistical analysis of the determinants of the use of FTAs reveal obstacles to using FTAs that include difficulty in obtaining the certificate of origin that is required to use the FTA, lack of knowledge of FTAs, and the small FTA tariff preference that is the difference between the most-favored-nation (MFN) and FTA tariff rates.
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Ben Yahmed, Sarra, und Pamela Bombarda. „Gender, Informal Employment and Trade Liberalization in Mexico“. World Bank Economic Review 34, Nr. 2 (14.03.2019): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy020.
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Abstract This paper studies how import liberalization affects formal employment across gender. The theory offers a mechanism to explain how male and female formal employment shares can respond differently to trade liberalization through labor reallocation across tradable and nontradable sectors. Using Mexican data over the period 1993–2001, we find that Mexican tariff cuts increase the probability of working formally for both men and women within four-digit manufacturing industries. The formalization of jobs within tradable sectors is driven by large firms. Constructing a regional tariff measure, we find that regional exposure to import liberalization increases the probability of working formally in the manufacturing sector for both men and women, and especially for men. However in the service sectors, the probability of working formally decreases for low-skilled women.
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Caceres, Luis Rene. „Nafta and Mexico’s Economic Growth from a Gender Perspective“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, Nr. 12 (28.11.2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n12p90.
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This paper investigates the dynamics of Mexico’s economy after the signing of the NAFTA treaty. It is reported that Mexico, the United States and Canada have experienced low rates of economic growth as a result of the deindustrialization processes they have undergone, which has been a consequence of the tariff reductions. Tariff reduction has also affected employment, especially female industrial employment, with adverse consequences on domestic savings, trade balance and economic growth. Additional analysis is related to cointegration tests of the employment ratios, as well as to the existence of principal components among the three countries’ employment to population ratios. The paper investigates the effects of declining employment to population ratios in the three countries, reporting that in Mexico female employment has increased to compensate the declining tendencies of labor productivity and male employment ratio. The paper ends with a proposal regarding the launching of the North American Social and Dignity Pact.
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LEE, YONG-SHIK. „Three Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: The Conundrum of the US Steel and Aluminum Tariffs“. World Trade Review 18, Nr. 3 (14.05.2019): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561900020x.
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AbstractIn March 2018, the United States enacted tariff increases on a vast range of imported steel and aluminum products. The Trump administration cited national security concerns as the justification, claiming an exception under GATT Article XXI. In response to these tariffs, several WTO Members, including the European Union, Canada, Mexico, China, Russia, and Turkey, adopted their own tariffs against imports from the United States, justifying their tariffs under the WTO Agreement on Safeguards. Other Members, such as South Korea, Brazil, and Argentina opted for quota agreements on these exports with the United States in exchange for exemption from the tariffs. This article argues that none of these measures is consistent with WTO rules. The sweeping tariffs that the United States have adopted, the retaliatory measures that several Members have implemented, and the bilateral quota agreements that three Members concluded with the United States are indeed ‘three wrongs’ that do not make a right, but rather endanger the stability of the international trading system under WTO legal disciplines.
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Sinclair, Wilson, und Amanda M. Countryman. „Not So Sweet: Economic Implications of Restricting U.S. Sugar Imports from Mexico“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, Nr. 3 (30.04.2019): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.1.
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AbstractAfter Mexican sugar producers gained unlimited, tariff-free access to the U.S. market in 2008, U.S. and Mexican governments bilaterally agreed to constrain Mexico’s sugar exports to the United States because of dumping allegations by U.S. producers in December 2014. This analysis employs a dynamic partial equilibrium model to estimate the price and welfare impacts of the U.S.-Mexico agreement by simulating the reimplementation of North American Free Trade Agreement sugar policies. Estimates suggest liberalizing the market would decrease U.S. sugar prices, translating to an average annual decrease in producer surplus of approximately $660 million and increase in consumer surplus of $1.67 billion across the simulation.
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Valencia-Salazar, Iván, Elisa Peñalvo-López, Vicente León-Martínez und Joaquín Montañana-Romeu. „Renewable Energy Use for Buildings Decarbonization Causes Inequity in Consumers? Comparative Analysis of Spain, Mexico, and Colombia“. Buildings 14, Nr. 3 (01.03.2024): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030665.
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Building decarbonization strategy with Distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) is applied and extended worldwide for its climate change mitigation benefits, however, it generates debate regarding equity in sharing electric system operation costs. To analyze DRES effects on equity, it is conducted a case study, in which same residential consumer is evaluated in three different markets (Spain, Mexico, Colombia). We analyze not only electrical system technical variables, but we also include society’s economic, social, technological, and environmental characteristics. Next, energy, economic, and environmental benefits are obtained in each the three case studies, analyzing the impact of using DERS on equity to recover electric system operating costs. We also evaluate whether tariff mechanisms are equitable to motivate all consumers participation, as well as whether all consumers have equal opportunity for using DERS. We conclude that tariff mechanisms in Mexico and Colombia lead to inequity to recover market operating costs, favoring large consumers with high incomes. Furthermore, tariff mechanisms discourage the use of DERS by small and medium consumers due to economic, social, and technological aspects. In Spain, inequity arises due to increased difficulty for some consumers to use DERS, i.e., consumers in apartment buildings.
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Valverde, Gabriela Ortiz, und Maria C. Latorre. „No trans-pacific partnership? Good or bad for Mexico?“ Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 16, Nr. 2 (19.06.2017): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-10-2016-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is as follows: first, it aims to explain the overall economic implications of the trans-pacific partnership (TPP). Second, it aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the TPP’s quantitative impact on an upper-middle economy such as Mexico, as well as on the USA. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is performed using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Findings The results suggest that in the short run, both Mexico and the USA would slightly benefit from the TPP. Tariff reductions would lead to less bilateral trade between Mexico and the USA and the stronger integration of both countries with the rest of the TPP members. The opposite is true after a decrease in non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Overall, in terms of the impact on Mexico, trade integration with the rest of the TPP members prevails. This suggests that a TPP without the USA could still be beneficial. Originality/value Previous studies on the TPP have mainly focused on its impact for the USA, which is also analysed in the present study. The effects of the TPP are estimated for a broad set of micro and macroeconomic variables, paying particular attention to the reductions of NTBs.
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Borja-Vega, Garcia Morales und Gonzalez. „Incidence of Subsidies in Residential Public Services in Mexico: The Case of the Water Sector“. Water 11, Nr. 10 (05.10.2019): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102078.
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Access to safe water has tremendous direct and indirect impacts on poverty-related outcomes. In Mexico, economies of scale in water provision justify bulk provision of water, such that it is collectively rational to invest heavily in capital for infrastructure development. This is compounded by the fact that water utilities are highly capital-intensive. We analyze two distinct types of subsidies prevalent in the residential water sector. We exploit a household socio-economic module with detailed water services information from the 2014 National Income and Expenditure Survey in Mexico. We combined this data with a unique dataset from water operators in Mexico (PIGOO). We estimate economic (considering operating costs) and direct (considering household’s water payments) subsidies targeted to residential water tariff subsidies. Large heterogeneity in the direct subsidy incidence is found, which partly explains the distortions and wide differences in tariffs and total amount paid for water among different segments of the income distribution. The Omega Indicators (Ω), defined as the proportion of the subsidies received by the poor divided by the proportion of households in the total population in poverty, is less than one, implying that wealthy populations benefit more from water subsidies (economic and direct) than the poor.
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Abrenica, Maria Joy V., Ricardo Rafael S. Guzman und Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista. „Trade Wars and the Disarray in the Global Trading System: Implications for the Philippines“. Asian Economic Papers 18, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2019): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00718.
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This study uses the Caliendo and Parro ( 2015 ) multi-sector, multi-country, general equilibrium Ricardian trade model with national and international input-output linkages to assess the impact on welfare of higher tariffs due to the U.S.–China trade war in the case of the Philippines. A sample of 65 countries including a constructed rest of the world is used, with 31 ICIO tradeable and non-tradeable sectors and 2015 as the base year. The constructed scenario is of the U.S.–China tariff tit-for-tat and retaliatory measures taken by Mexico, Canada, EU, Russia, and Turkey against the United States during 2018. The findings show that the Philippines and others in the sidelines could incur larger welfare losses than those directly involved in the conflict, in contrast with the sanguine prediction of other models.
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Mingque, Ye, und Alena Slisava. „Impact of Russian Non-Tariff Measures on European Union Agricultural Exports“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, Nr. 5 (25.04.2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n5p39.
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<p>Nowadays non-tariff measures become more and more widely used. Russia is one of world largest importers of agri-products. In order to protect domestic production different non-tariff measures (NTMs) are used, which create difficulties for the exporters because NTMs are strict, changeable and difficult to deal with. This article analyses Russian non-tariff measures and their influence on the European Union exports of agri-products by using gravity model. The results show that Russian trade resistance is weaker for EU agricultural products exporters than for the USA exporters but stronger than for Chinese agricultural products exporters. The results do not prove that Russia’s NTMs have bigger impact on the EU exports than on the other countries’ exports such as India, Kyrgyz Republic, and the Ukraine. The NTM of such countries as China and Mexico also have much greater influence on the EU exports of agri-products than Russian NTMs.</p>
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Montesillo-Cedillo, José Luis. „Actualización tarifaria del servicio de agua potable en México: una propuesta metodológica“. Tecnología y ciencias del agua 11, Nr. 3 (01.05.2020): 236–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2020-03-07.
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Rodil-Marzábal, Óscar, Ana Laura Gómez Pérez und Hugo Campos-Romero. „The Global Textile and Apparel Value Chain: From Mexico–US–China Linkages to a Global Approach“. Economies 10, Nr. 10 (18.10.2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10100258.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the participation in the global textile and apparel value chain with special attention, first, to the case of three dynamic and interrelated economies (Mexico, the United States, and China); and second, to a general approach to a larger sample of countries through the analysis of trade in value added. From the descriptive analysis, a high domestic share in each country’s exports is found. However, China is the leading exporter in the industry, accounting for around a third of the domestic value added in the global textile final demand. An econometric estimation has also been carried out to observe the effects of tariffs, FDI, and labor costs on the total and backward participation in the textile GVC. In this case, the sample has been extended to 39 developed and 22 developing countries. The results reveal tariff protection as a determinant of the degree of participation of the sector, especially when backward participation and developing economies are considered. However, FDI and labor costs only show the expected results in the case of developing countries. This may be due to the different tasks performed by developing economies (primarily manufacturing) versus developed economies (branding, design) within the sector’s value chain.
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Boyd, Roy G., Kerry Krutilla und Joseph MCkinney. „The impact of tariff liberalization between the United States and Mexico: an empirical analysis“. Applied Economics 25, Nr. 1 (01.01.1993): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849300000117.
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Khan, Moosa, Matiur Rahman und Anisul Islam. „Tariff cuts and US net potential benefits: the case of the US and Mexico“. Applied Economics 29, Nr. 11 (November 1997): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368497326336.
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Berrón, Santiago Barrera, Esther Segura Perez und Ann Godelieve Wellens Purnal. „A tariff proposed for alternative transport in the southeast of Mexico City, study case.“ Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020): 3607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.090.
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Petrolia, Daniel R., und P. Lynn Kennedy. „Increasing the United States Tariff-Rate Sugar Quota for Cuba and Mexico: A Partial-Equilibrium Simulation“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2003): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028303.
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Increases in the United States tariff-rate quota for sugar are simulated to determine the impact of Cuban market access and an increased Mexican allotment. The effects on both domestic and international sugar markets, including production, consumption, prices, and trade, are determined and welfare effects identified. This analysis is carried out using a partial-equilibrium simplified world trade model, Modele Internationale Simplifié de Simulation (MISS), which simulates, in a comparative-static framework, the effects of various policy actions.
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Gonuguntla, Satya. „Potential Gains to New Zealand From CPTPP Membership“. Asian Business Research 4, Nr. 2 (06.06.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v4i2.617.
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New Zealand is a signatory to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) consisting of 11 countries. NZ does not have any bilateral trade agreement with three member countries viz., Canada, Japan, and Mexico which account for 73% of CPTPP’s GDP. Presently, NZ accounts for less than 1% of the merchandise imports of these countries. This paper investigates whether CPTPP membership would enable NZ to increase its exports to these member countries. In other words, does CPTPP membership enhance NZ’s Trade Intensity with the selected member countries? An analysis of the Trade Intensity Indices show that the value of trade with Canada, and Mexico is less than optimal, and with Japan it has been on the decline which can be attributed to the fact that these countries mostly import high value added goods such as capital goods whereas, NZ mostly exports primary goods such as animals. A further analysis of NZ’s Revealed Comparative Advantage reveals that NZ’s comparative advantage is mostly concentrated in primary products. As a consequence, the scope for NZ to enhance its exports to the selected member countries is limited in the post CPTPP era, and any gains arising out of the agreement would be mostly in the form of tariff reductions, and relaxation of non-tariff barriers. The contribution of this paper is about highlighting NZ’s product-wise Revealed Comparative Advantage in relation to the selected member countries, which reveals that NZ has the potential to export Intermediate and Consumer goods, in addition to the Primary goods.
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Sánchez, José Tomás, Jesús Antonio del Río und Aarón Sánchez. „Economic feasibility analysis for an electric public transportation system: Two cases of study in medium sized cities in Mexico“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 8 (04.08.2022): e0272363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272363.
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This work presents an economic analysis that illustrates the feasibility and the possible benefits related to the replacement of internal combustion vehicles (ICVs)by electric vehicles (EVs) public transportation in medium-sized cities. According to the current operating conditions, we calculate the cost of operating internal combustion vehicles and compare them with a selected EV with approximately the same passenger capacity. We calculate the CO2 emissions in both cases. Moreover, for the case of EV, we analyze two scenarios: 1) Use the grid to charge the EV and 2) a grid-connected photovoltaic system using the available land in the store terminals. The net present value (NPV) indicates the feasibility of two EV replacement scenarios: EV fleet using energy from the grid and EV fleet with a PV system energy generation interconnected to the grid. The economic analysis considers the different prices of electricity according to the existing tariff schemes in Mexico. Due to the electricity generation mix in Mexico, in the case of CO2 emissions, the reduction is not as expected in the only grid connection; but a PV system reduces more than 30% CO2. This analysis was carried out for two medium-sized cities: Morelia, Michoacán, and Cuernavaca, Morelos, both in Mexico.
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PRATS, Germán MARTÍNEZ, und Aida Beatriz ARMENTA-RAMÍREZ. „Validation Data of Mexico's Trade Balance“. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, Nr. 4 (30.06.2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.4(42).13.
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The collection, compilation and dissemination of international merchandise trade statistics must follow standards for international comparability. These processes are structured according to particular institutional arrangements in countries. The general responsibility and dissemination of the Merchandise Trade Balance in Mexico are Tax Administration Service, Ministry of the Economy, Banco de México and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. At most points of entry, goods are brought into or withdrawn from the customs territory of a country under various customs procedures. The objective of this paper is to establish a method of validation of imports and exports considering the volumes by tariff fraction and unit of measure, as well as the incoterms, to generate a specific registry that allows obtaining more reliable information and serves to make decisions of the actors involved in foreign trade. This information will be used to analyze the evolution and structure of the Commercial Balance of Mexico, as well as to evaluate the interaction that is registered between the commercial activity and the behavior of the national economy, that is why the analysis of the information it generates the commercial balance of Mexico, since this is basic for the decision making of those in charge of public policies in commercial and financial matters.
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Castañeda, Alejandro. „Cronies, Rents, and Import Licenses: Non-tariff Trade Controls throughout Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) in Mexico“. Tiempo y economía 7, Nr. 2 (Juli 2020): 90–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21789/24222704.1615.
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Hovell, Melbourne F., Carol Sipan, C. Richard Hofstetter, Barbara C. DuBois, Andrew Krefft, John Conway, Monica Jasis und Hope L. Isaacs. „Occupational Health Risks for Mexican Women: The Case of the Maquiladora along the Mexican-United States Border“. International Journal of Health Services 18, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1988): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1gbv-09qv-vbpp-ubt9.
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International reports of morbidity among female workers in Mexico's border zone have raised concern about the occupational health of female workers in maquiladora plants (foreign-owned border industries with special tariff benefits). Commentators have suggested that U.S. industries may be exploiting workers by transferring work to nations with less stringent health and safety regulation through the maquiladora program. Using data from a larger evaluation of the effectiveness of Project Concern and a specially developed questionnaire, this study investigated the extent to which female workers reported higher morbidity rates than women with other employment and women not employed outside the home in seven colonias (communities) in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Results showed essentially no difference in many short-term self-reported symptoms of illness among maquiladora workers and two other groups. Women who worked exclusively in the home reported the greatest number of symptoms. These results suggest that additional primary care services may be needed for women who have primarily domestic responsibilities. Additional research is needed to assess the risks for long-latency morbidity.
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Stewart, Terence P. „Trade Remedy Actions by WTO Members: A Cause for Concern or a Reflection of Improved Market Access?“ Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 6 (01.06.2013): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013020.
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The first countervailing duty law dates from the late nineteenth century when the US enacted a law to address sugar subsidies provided by Russia. Canada enacted the first anti-dumping law in 1904, and the US introduced the right to use safeguard measures in the US-Mexico reciprocal trade agreement of 1942. In the late 1940s, these trade remedies were included in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Before 1995, however, their use was mainly limited to developed countries at the forefront of trade liberalization. Before the Uruguay Round, many countries had made only limited tariff bindings and had little need for trade remedies to address import problems. Since the Uruguay Round, which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and required all Members to bind the vast majority of their tariff lines, many more countries have found trade remedies to be a necessary tool to address import problems. Over the first eighteen years of the WTO's existence, the number of users of trade remedies (antidumping, countervailing duty, and safeguard actions) has increased and these measures are now used by both the traditional users of such remedies (e.g., US, EU, Canada, Australia) and by new users (e.g., India, Argentina, Brazil, China, Turkey, Egypt). Some ask whether the use of the internationally negotiated trade remedy tools within the WTO by a wide range of countries (both old and new users) is a cause of concern or a positive sign. In the author's view, the increased use of trade remedies within the WTO is a positive sign for the global trading system, and not a cause for concern. Resort to trade remedies is not a sign of protectionism but an integral part of the trading system which can help Member nations expand their trade liberalization. However, the WTO needs to be concerned about the abuse of trade remedies by WTO Members who appear to have used trade remedies as a form of retaliation against trading partners pursuing their WTO rights.
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Sinha, Mitali, und Shakti Ranjan Panigrahy. „Unveiling the Urea Market of the American Continent“. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, Nr. 1 (29.01.2024): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i12302.
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Aims: Growing agricultural production and its subsequent demand for fertiliser is a critical element for any country in its export and import ecosystem. In between this, a lucrative market has always been tried to identify many of the agripreneurs in India.
Study Design: The complete research design work was based on secondary data in which relevant data were gathered from ITC HS Code (310210, 310221, 310230), research bulletins, world bank reports and other relevant websites.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was taken as the mandatory summer training course programme of MBA (Agribusiness) which was guided and carry forward by International Agribusiness Management of Anand Agricultural University and XYZ Company Ltd of Ahmedabad jointly, at the workstation of the later institutes at Ahmedabad itself.
Methodology: South America, North America and Central America are three corner stone of this research work where probable market identification, understanding its agricultural situation and ministry handling its registration process for export of nano urea were done through a conceptualised secondary data collection and analysis process. A total of 22 export market was identified in this study for probable nano urea market for India.
Results: In South America, Uruguay takes the lead with 80.4 percent of its land designated as agriculture while Argentina tops the chart in arable land with 11.9 percent. North America, Mexico stands out with the largest share of agricultural land, comprising 50 percent of its total land area. Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina, impose a 6 percent import tariff, while Brazil (4.8%) opts for a slightly lower than the former. Interestingly, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Paraguay have imposed 0% import tariff, indicating a more open approach to urea imports.
Conclusions: Twelve recommended countries include Peru, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Suriname, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Canada, the USA, and Mexico for the export of Nano urea from India.
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Sotomayor, Maritza. „Vertical Specialization of Production: Critical Review and Empirical Evidence for the Mexican Manufacturing Industries 1994-2014“. International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, Nr. 2 (19.03.2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i2.926.
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<p>This paper surveys Vertical Specialization (VS) from different empirical approaches, including the various conceptualizations of VS, the problems with its quantification, and a case study. The empirical estimation of this paper refers to the Mexican manufacturing industry and the in-bond industry (also known as maquiladora). The purpose of this paper is to compare VS, through the application of the Vertical Intra-Industry Trade (VIIT) indexes, for maquiladora and non-maquiladora industries and to contrast the degree to which the maquiladora industry is integrated with the global value chain relative to the non-maquiladora activities for the 1994-2006 period. Furthermore, this paper quantifies VIIT for the post-maquiladora period (2007-2014) in order to discuss if there have been changes in the VIIT since the conclusion of the maquiladora program in 2006. In particular, this paper tests if the quality ladder hypothesis applies to Mexico for its bilateral trade with the United States and Canada. The empirical estimations show the remarkable differences between maquiladora and non-maquiladora VS and the impacts that changes in the NAFTA tariff schedule for the automotive industry have had on the bilateral trade pattern.</p>
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Andrés, Silvia, Tania Marín und Martha Flores. „Análisis de competitividad de la industria agroalimentaria en México“. Agroalimentaria 27, Nr. 52 (2021): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53766/agroalim/2021.27.52.07.
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This work provides a diagnosis of the position, in terms of competitiveness, of the export flows of the Mexican food industry compared to the total flows of the world food industry, in the 2001-2016 period. The analysis was made based on the measurements of the revealed comparative advantage, by applying the Indices of Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage of Yu, Cai and Leung (heir to the well-known Balassa Index), and of Vollrath’s Relative Commercial Advantage, using the flow of manufactured food (exports and imports) from Mexico and the rest of the world offered by the International Trade Map database. Its methodological design is oriented to the collection and analysis of relevant data, and it is repeatable in time and space. The results suggest that the Mexican food industry has a comparative advantage in 13 of the 44 tariff items analyzed. Thus, the research concluded that the country is specialized in decreasing order in the following food items: malt beer, ethyl alcohol, confectionery, bakery and pastry products, sugars, fruit juices, preserved vegetables and fruits, cereal-based products, yeasts, sauces and chocolate. In addition, the results also allow to identify the location of the least competitive sectors, which helps to plan rational business decisions and coordinate public actions, as well as to compare the successful experiences of each sector and to analyze its adaptability to other sectors and territories. In this sense, the main limitation found is that data on Mexican food imports and exports are only available for the country as a whole, which ruled out a state-by-state analysis.
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Suominen, Kati. „The Changing Anatomy of Regional Trade Agreements in East Asia“. Journal of East Asian Studies 9, Nr. 1 (April 2009): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800002800.
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The recent proliferation of regional trade agreements in the East Asian region can be seen as the most notable development in the region's trading panorama in recent years. Yet, very little is as yet understood about the anatomy of these agreements and, consequently, their full implications to the regional economy. This article strives to fill this gap by analyzing the structure of four dozen RTAs by their various key component parts, including tariff liberalization schedules, rules of origin, and competition policy, customs, investment, and services provisions. The results reveal that intra-Asian RTAs are generally quite rapidly liberalizing, with the exception of agriculture, but they are also quite thin in trade-related disciplines when compared with the more legalistic US trans-Pacific RTAs and those of Mexico and Chile. The proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific would inherently be a construct of the political economy interests of these various constituent RTAs.
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BATTOGTVOR, ENKHMAA, und CRAIG PARSONS. „MEASURING MONGOLIA’S GAINS FROM TRADE AND INCREASED INTEGRATION IN THE WORLD ECONOMY“. Global Economy Journal 19, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565919500210.
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Following the gains from variety literature ( Broda and Weinstein , 2006 ), we estimate the welfare impact of the dramatic increase in imported varieties growth in Mongolia and find it to be considerably larger than that found in previous studies of other transitional economies. Our results show that from 1988 to 2015, the gains from variety were equal to 22 percent of Mongolia’s GDP, or 0.8 percent annually. As such, this paper measures the gains of one of the most profound trade liberalizations in modern history. Also, by calculating Novy measures of trade costs, we find that the tariff-equivalent trade costs between any of its trade partners fell dramatically since the dissolution of and Mongolia’s exit from the Soviet-led CMEA (Council of Mutual Economic Association). Our calculations suggest that the costs between Mongolia and China, now its biggest trading partner, fell from 114% to 63%. For reference, this is twice the decline of the post-NAFTA US-Mexico trade costs. Other bilateral trade cost declines (e.g. with Germany) were even greater.
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Widyasanti, Amalia Adininggar. „THE IMPACT OF NEW TRADE AGENDA TO MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF INDONESIA AND JAPAN IN SHORT AND LONG TERM“. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 20, Nr. 2 (31.10.2017): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v20i2.811.
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The swings of global trade in recent decades have been resulted from the global economic crisis and unfavorable condition of global situation. Deterioration of private demand -- as a result of economic crisis and increase of unemployment – has been the main reason of worsening global trade. This condition has, of course, affected economic performance of countries through trade channels. Furthermore, the recent trade agenda following to Trump administration has created another uncertainty to the world economy. This paper studies the impact of new trade agenda, which is represented by Trump’s plan on trade policy, to the world economy as well as to Indonesian and Japanese economy in particular. The analysis is based on computable general equilibrium of GTAP model version 6, with two scenarios: (i) Trump Trade Agenda when implementing 45 and 35 percent tariff to China and Mexico; (ii) Trade Hit List when imposing tariff to the 16 countries in the trade hit list. Impacts of both scenarios are examined in short run and long run. The results suggest that both scenarios in the short run will not create any significant effect to global economy as whole nor to Indonesian and Japan in particular. However, their impacts to the global economy, Indonesia, and Japan will be substantial in the long run. Therefore, Indonesia and Japan in particular should concern on providing sound economic policies to reduce the risk of new trade agenda to these economies in the long run. Some policy recommendation provided in this paper are: (i) Japan should focus on improving technological innovation to realize the implementation of society 5.0 and industry 4.0 as scheduled; (ii) Indonesia should facilitate more investment to its economy and provide more government investment to induce accumulation of capital stock in the future. Furthermore, efficiencies and technological adoption should also be main concern of the Indonesian government to induce productivity of the economy and help mitigate the global risks in the long run.
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Richards, Timothy J., Ignacio Molina und Osman Hussein. „Welfare Impacts of the Mexico Potato Quarantine“. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2009): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003205.
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Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tariffs on U.S. potato imports to Mexico were phased out by 1993. Citing phytosanitary issues, in 1996, the Mexican government placed quantitative restrictions on U.S. potato imports and restricted their import only to designated border areas. This article estimates the welfare cost of restricting U.S. potato imports into Mexico. We find that removing trade restrictions may lead to over 1.8 million tons of new imports into Mexico, a gain of consumer surplus of 4.0 billion pesos per year, and a loss of 2.9 billion pesos of producer surplus.
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Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi und Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. „Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality“. American Economic Review 103, Nr. 3 (01.05.2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.269.
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We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
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VILLALTA PUIG, GONZALO, und ERIC D. DALKE. „Nature and Enforceability of WTO-plus SPS and TBT Provisions in Canada's PTAs: From NAFTA to CETA“. World Trade Review 15, Nr. 1 (19.10.2015): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000464.
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AbstractSafety standards can function as non-tariff barriers to trade. Canada is a large exporter of goods and so it has an interest in the regulation of safety standards, both at the multilateral level through its membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, most especially, at the bilateral and regional level through its Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Canada has signed PTAs with provisions that go beyond the obligations of WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This article analyses the nature and enforceability of WTO-plus provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) as well as product standards (TBT) in Canada's PTAs, from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. First, it finds that the inclusion of WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs is a relatively recent practice that is still in development. Only about half of Canada's PTAs contain WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions and, those treaties that do, commonly concern institutions for regulatory cooperation and information exchange arrangements, without much commitment to harmonization. Secondly, it finds that nearly half of the SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs are unenforceable. They either are in a language that is too imprecise for enforcement or do not allow access to a dispute settlement mechanism. Thirdly, it finds that, by global standards, most of Canada's PTAs are modest in their approach to SPS and TBT issues, with NAFTA and CETA as key exceptions. The article concludes that the extent to which regulatory convergence occurs on safety standards for Canada is dependent more on political cooperation between the parties than on the nature and enforceability of SPS and TBT provisions in its PTAs.
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Hernández, Angela María Vela. „ULASAN SINGKAT MENGENAI “CHAMARREO”—TARIAN RAKYAT DARI MEXICO“. Imaji 17, Nr. 1 (27.06.2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/imaji.v17i1.25727.
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Makalah ini membahas tentang tarian rakyat tradisional dari Meksiko yang bernama "Chamarreo". Untuk memahami dari mana tarian Chamarreo berasal, karya ini menjelaskan latar belakang sejarah tarian Meksiko. Terdapat juga ulasan singkat tentang beberapa tarian tradisional rakyat dari utara, tengah dan selatan Meksiko. Ini adalah ringkasan untuk memahami beberapa karakteristik tarian Chamarreo seperti: koreografi, kostum, objek, musik, bentuk dan ketika pertunjukan tariannya berlangsung. Kata Kunci: abstrak, bold, italic, maksimal lima kata/frase, tata tulis A SHORT REVIEW OF “CHAMARREO” FOLK DANCE FROM MEXICO Abstract This paper talks about the traditional-folk dance from Mexico which name is “Chamarreo”. In order to understand where the Chamarreo dance comes from, this work explained the historical background of Mexican dances. Also is a short review of some folk-traditional dances from north, central and southern Mexico. It is a summary to understand some of the characteristics of the Chamarreo dance such as: choreography, costume, object, music, form and when its dance performances take place. Keywords: abstract, bold, italic, maximum five words/phrases, template
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Gaitán, M. C. Carlos Ernesto Luquez, Alma Alicia Gómez und Stéphan Sberro Picard. „Análisis Del Comercio De Aguacate De La Unión Europea Con México A Partir Del Acuerdo De Asociación; Comparación Con El Comercio De Chile Y La Unión Europea Del Período 2001 Al 2016“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, Nr. 25 (30.09.2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n25p335.
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This paper focuses on analyzing the bilateral aspects regarding avocado; the elimination of import tariffs from the European Union from Chile and Mexico; and the terms under which export tariffs are released. In the middle of the first semester of 2018, Mexico and the European Union negotiated the modernization of the Agreement. The activities that are most beneficial to the association agreement in Mexico are those of the primary sector. The exported volumes, negotiated prices, and the market shares between Mexico and the European Union were collected. The objective of this article is to compare the commercial exchange between the European Union, Chile, and Mexico. It aims to analyze the Chile-European Community Association Agreement, so as to draw conclusions on the evolution of the avocado trade generated from the agreement. It also compares the commercial experience of Chile with the European Union and the experience of Mexico and the European Union. The analysis involves the collection of statistical information in order to appreciate the evolution of exports from Chile to the European Union; exports of avocado from Mexico to the European Union in the period between 2001 and 2016; and the generation of indicators such as the price per average annual ton, export growth rates, and proportions in the European market. The main result shows that despite a similar agreement between both competitors and the European Union, Chile is the country that has experienced the most growth in exports and has a greater market share.
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Lopes, Maria-Aparecida, und Paolo Riguzzi. „Borders, Trade, and Politics: Exchange between the United States and Mexican Cattle Industries, 1870–1947“. Hispanic American Historical Review 92, Nr. 4 (01.11.2012): 603–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-1727827.
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Abstract This article analyzes the livestock exchange between the United States and Mexico, beginning with the initial surge in regular trade in the 1870s until its interruption caused by the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 1947. Since the final two decades of the nineteenth century, cattle raising in both countries became increasingly intertwined through commerce. Though this trade was clearly international, as it entailed crossing a political border between nations, we argue that it was also an interregional commerce between contiguous, similar exporting bases, those of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. However, the weight of politics and the legal border never ceased to make their presence felt and, indeed, were intensely manifested in the sphere of exchange. This particular branch of commerce was subject not only to numerous and repeated restrictive measures both related and unrelated to tariffs, but also to extraordinary political circumstances like the Mexican Revolution and the two World Wars. Our purpose is to reconstruct the interactions among resource endowments, commerce regulations, and supply and demand, as well as the actors and institutions that shaped the conditions of the transborder exchange. Such conditions allowed for continuity in livestock trading amid changing circumstances.
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Brown, Alan S. „Mexico Redux“. Mechanical Engineering 130, Nr. 01 (01.01.2008): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-jan-1.
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This article discusses formerly America’s top low-cost manufacturer; the neighbor to the south is repositioning itself to be an advanced industrial player. Colantuoni manages market research for Mexico’s Offshore Group, which develops maquiladoras for firms that want to manufacture in Mexico. Maquiladoras import goods from the United States without paying taxes or tariffs, manufacture or assemble them into products, and export them back across the border. Today, Mexico is making more complex and sophisticated products, as well as goods that require fast turnarounds and customization. It has used its advantages to retain business even in industries—computers, telecommunications, and appliances—that seemed a natural fit for China. Management in general is also a consideration for manufacturers. Mexico’s physical proximity to the Unites States and Canada, and the shared business culture of North America make management easier. In many ways, competition from China has been good for Mexico. It has spurred it to move into engineering and manufacturing higher value-added products.
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Frenz, Byron L., und Jack E. Staub. „Establishing Cucumber Production in Lesser Developed Countries: An Absolute Cost Advantage of Mexico versus Hispaniola Producers“. HortTechnology 9, Nr. 3 (Januar 1999): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.3.466.
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During winter months, a substantial volume of various horticultural products are imported to the United States from the Caribbean and Central and South America. United States cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) processors who market fresh-pack and refrigerated products require raw product daily to meet consumer demands. Mexico serves as a single-source supplier to all United States processors during this period, and thus Mexican production represents certain price risks. United States processors would consider other growing regions to reduce these risks if financially attractive alternatives could be identified. Therefore, a project was initiated to acquire information on production and export costs in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and to compare those to Mexican and United States production and transport costs. Experimentation lead to the identification of the critical influences of market prices, costs and conditions for the financial feasibility of establishing a processing cucumber industry on Hispaniola. Comparative evaluation indicated that significant variation in total cost was caused by fluctuations in transport, tariffs, and labor cost components. The causes of variation in transportation costs were distance, method (sea, air, truck), competitive demand (volume), and shipping frequency, consistency, and capacity.
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WEISS, JOHN. „Trade Reform and Manufacturing Performance in Mexico: from import substitution to dramatic export growth“. Journal of Latin American Studies 31, Nr. 1 (Februar 1999): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x98005240.
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Since the trade liberalisation of the mid 1980s the trade regime facing Mexican manufacturers has changed dramatically. The economy has moved from one where import substitution behind tariffs and some licensing restrictions was the norm to a highly open trading environment with virtual free trade between Mexico and its largest trade partner the USA and modest tariffs of around 10 per cent with other countries. Since the late 1980s manufactured exports have grown dramatically at one of the fastest rates of any economy, although financed by large capital inflows the net trade balance in manufactures remains negative. This paper surveys the recent evidence on the impact of this liberalisation process on manufacturing performance. Various performance indicators can be used to assess the impact on manufacturing. Here four are discussed: (1) revealed comparative advantage measures of net trade balance; (2) efficiency wage estimates of unit labour costs; (3) total factor growth; (4) export growth. The performance of different branches of manufacturing is examined using these indicators and tests are conducted to establish links between movements in these indicators and the degree of exposure to foreign competition experienced by the various branches. The general conclusion is that the evidence is ambiguous with only some studies supporting the view that the greater the trade liberalisation in a branch the greater will be the subsequent improvement in performance.
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Baker, George. „Mexico's gas import tariff: Roadblock to investments and recovery“. Natural Gas 13, Nr. 10 (09.01.2007): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410131005.
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Rarick, Charles A. „American Tire Tariffs against China: What We can Learn from Poor Policy“. American Journal of Trade and Policy 3, Nr. 3 (31.12.2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v3i3.406.
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Facing a significant decline in domestic tire manufacturing jobs, President Obama imposed tariffs on tires made in China for a three year period beginning in 2009. With domestic employment in the tire manufacturing industry in decline and Chinese tire imports rapidly rising, President Obama yielded to industry pressure. The tariffs significantly decreased the sale of Chinese made tires, however, tires made in other countries such as Mexico, Indonesia and Thailand rose as Chinese tires became more expensive. This paper explores the effectiveness of this trade policy and proposes there are lessons to be learned when pondering further such protectionist trade policies.
JEL Classifications Code: F13
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Haber, Stephen H. „Assessing the Obstacles to Industrialisation: The Mexican Economy, 1830–1940“. Journal of Latin American Studies 24, Nr. 1 (Februar 1992): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00022938.
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After England began what came to be known as the First Industrial Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century, industrial technology quickly diffused throughout the nations of the North Atlantic. Within fifty years of the first rumblings of British industrialisation, the factory system had spread to Western Europe and the United States. Latin America, however, lagged behind. It was not until the twentieth century that manufacturing came to lead the economies of Latin America and that agrarian societies were transformed into industrial societies.This article seeks to understand this long lag in Latin American industrialisation through an analysis of the experience of Mexico during the period 1830–1940. The purpose of the paper is to look at the obstacles that prevented self-sustaining industrialisation from taking place in Mexico, as well as to assess the results of the industrialisation that did occur.The basic argument advanced is that two different types of constraints prevailed during different periods of Mexico's industrialisation. During the period from 1830 to 1880 the obstacles to industrialisation were largely external to firms: insecure property rights, low per capita income growth resulting from pre-capitalist agricultural organisation, and the lack of a national market (caused by inefficient transport, banditry and internal tariffs) all served as a brake on Mexico's industrial development. During the period 1880–1910 the obstacles to industrialisation were largely internal to firms. These factors included the inability to realise scale economies, high fixed capital costs and low labour productivity. During the period from 1910 to 1930 these internal constraints combined with new external constraints – including the Revolution of 1910–17, the political uncertainty of the post-revolutionary period and the onset of the Great Depression – which further slowed the rate of industrial growth.
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Carrère, Céline, Anja Grujovic und Frédéric Robert-Nicoud. „Trade and Frictional Unemployment in the Global Economy“. Journal of the European Economic Association 18, Nr. 6 (07.01.2020): 2869–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz074.
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Abstract We develop a multicountry, multisector trade model featuring risk-averse workers, labor market frictions, unemployment benefits, and equilibrium unemployment. Trade opening leads to a reduction in unemployment when it simultaneously raises welfare and reallocates labor toward sectors with lower-than-average labor market frictions. We then estimate and calibrate the model using employment data from 31 OECD countries and worldwide trade data. Finally, we quantify the potential unemployment, real wage, and welfare effects of repealing NAFTA and raising bilateral tariffs between the United States and Mexico to 20%. This policy would increase unemployment by 2.4% in the United States and 48% in Mexico.
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Navarro, Rodrigo, und Hugo Briseño. „Determinantes de la autosuficiencia financiera de los organismos operadores de agua mexicanos“. Tecnología y ciencias del agua 15, Nr. 1 (01.01.2024): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-15-01-04.
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El objetivo de este artículo es explorar las variables que impactan en la autosuficiencia financiera de los organismos operadores de agua en México. Para lo anterior, se construye una base de datos de panel con la información pública disponible de 31 organismos de grandes ciudades que atienden a una tercera parte de la población urbana del país durante los años 2017 a 2019 referente a autosuficiencia financiera, tarifa doméstica, comercial e industrial, nivel de subsidio cruzado, eficiencia física, eficiencia comercial, eficiencia de cobro, eficiencia global y una variable dicotómica que se activa cuando el organismo es de un estado del sureste mexicano. Se encuentra que hay una relación significativa positiva entre la autosuficiencia, y las variables tarifa doméstica, eficiencia física, eficiencia comercial y eficiencia global. Asimismo, hay una fuerte relación significativa negativa entre la autosuficiencia y que el organismo pertenezca a un estado en el sureste mexicano. Se concluye que la información financiera pública de los organismos es muy limitada y que una adecuada tarifa, así como la eficiencia en la gestión, incrementan la autosuficiencia financiera; asimismo, los estados del sureste, donde hay mucha agua, carecen de incentivos para mejorar la eficiencia de los organismos operadores de agua.
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Arredondo-Hidalgo, María Guadalupe. „Trade Compliance Diagnosis in a Small Exporter Mexican Company“. Technium Social Sciences Journal 32 (09.06.2022): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v32i1.6581.
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An indicator of business competitiveness, at a global level, is the presence in international markets. It results in an extremely complex issue when the legal framework for this purpose is not known. Trade Compliance is defined as the observance of tariff and non-tariff barriers for the legal compliance of the considered country in the international planning of a company's operations. The objective of this work was to carry out a Trade Compliance diagnosis in a small, Mexican company of the chemical industry for construction with 15 years in the market, through the revision of the procedures that the company performs for the development of international markets, based on the changes in the Mexican legislation to the year 2022. It is an applied case study with descriptive scope and non-experimental design. A verification guide was used to collect information based on the current legal framework, in addition to documentary information from secondary sources. The results show that the company complies with the guidelines of both Mexican regulations and global rules of origin. A continuous review of the import-export processes and their consequent adaptation to the International Treaties on International Trade is proposed.