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Gaitán, M. C. Carlos Ernesto Luquez, Alma Alicia Gómez und Stéphan Sberro Picard. „Análisis Del Comercio De Aguacate De La Unión Europea Con México A Partir Del Acuerdo De Asociación; Comparación Con El Comercio De Chile Y La Unión Europea Del Período 2001 Al 2016“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, Nr. 25 (30.09.2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n25p335.
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This paper focuses on analyzing the bilateral aspects regarding avocado; the elimination of import tariffs from the European Union from Chile and Mexico; and the terms under which export tariffs are released. In the middle of the first semester of 2018, Mexico and the European Union negotiated the modernization of the Agreement. The activities that are most beneficial to the association agreement in Mexico are those of the primary sector. The exported volumes, negotiated prices, and the market shares between Mexico and the European Union were collected. The objective of this article is to compare the commercial exchange between the European Union, Chile, and Mexico. It aims to analyze the Chile-European Community Association Agreement, so as to draw conclusions on the evolution of the avocado trade generated from the agreement. It also compares the commercial experience of Chile with the European Union and the experience of Mexico and the European Union. The analysis involves the collection of statistical information in order to appreciate the evolution of exports from Chile to the European Union; exports of avocado from Mexico to the European Union in the period between 2001 and 2016; and the generation of indicators such as the price per average annual ton, export growth rates, and proportions in the European market. The main result shows that despite a similar agreement between both competitors and the European Union, Chile is the country that has experienced the most growth in exports and has a greater market share.
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Aguilar-Meléndez, Araceli, Marco Antonio Vásquez-Dávila, Gladys Isabel Manzanero-Medina und Esther Katz. „Chile (Capsicum spp.) as Food-Medicine Continuum in Multiethnic Mexico“. Foods 10, Nr. 10 (19.10.2021): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102502.
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Mexico is the center of origin and diversification of domesticated chile (Capsicum annuum L.). Chile is conceived and employed as both food and medicine in Mexico. In this context, the objective of this paper is to describe and analyze the cultural role of chile as food and as medicine for the body and soul in different cultures of Mexico. To write it, we relied on our own fieldwork and literature review. Our findings include a) the first matrix of uses of chile across 67 indigenous and Afrodescendants cultures within Mexican territory and b) the proposal of a new model of diversified uses of chile. Traditional knowledge, uses and management of chile as food and medicine form a continuum (i.e., are not separated into distinct categories). The intermingled uses of Capsicum are diversified, deeply rooted and far-reaching into the past. Most of the knowledge, uses and practices are shared throughout Mexico. On the other hand, there is knowledge and practices that only occur in local or regional cultural contexts. In order to fulfill food, medicinal or spiritual functions, native communities use wild/cultivated chile.
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Joukhadar, Israel, Charles Havlik und Stephanie Walker. „Effect of Plant Density on Mechanical Harvest Efficiency of New Mexico Pod-type Green Chile Pepper“. HortTechnology 34, Nr. 2 (April 2024): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05380-23.
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Summary. New Mexico green pod-type chile (Capsicum annuum) has significant importance as a vegetable crop. The cultivation and trade of New Mexico pod-type green chile are culturally significant within New Mexico (USA) and contribute to the state’s economy by providing income and employment to farmers and through supporting industries. However, because of the high cost and limited availability of labor, New Mexico pod-type green chile acreage has declined. Traditionally, New Mexico pod-type green chile is hand-harvested when the fruit are full-size but physiologically immature. To preserve and expand the production of New Mexico pod-type green chile, the adoption of mechanical harvest technologies is essential. In 2015 and 2016, experiments were conducted at New Mexico State University’s Los Lunas Agricultural Science Center (Los Lunas, NM, USA) to examine the effects of increased planting density on New Mexico pod-type green chile fruit size, plant architecture, and mechanical harvest efficiency. Two commercial New Mexico pod-type green chile cultivars, NuMex Joe E. Parker and AZ-1904, were direct-seeded on 17 Apr 2015 and 14 Apr 2016. On 11 Jun 2015 and 14 Jun 2016, three plant density treatments were implemented at 39,000 (high), 23,000 (medium), and 15,000 (standard) plants/acre. Before harvest, plant measurements, including height, width, height to first bifurcation, stem diameter, and number of lateral basal branches, were obtained. Plots were mechanically harvested using an inclined double helix harvester, and harvested material was sorted into marketable green fruit, machine-broken fruit, and nonpod plant material. Fruit measurements, including fruit weight, width, length, pericarp thickness, and number of locules, were obtained. Both cultivars exhibited a 9% increase in height to bifurcation accompanied by fewer basal branches grown at high density. Plant density did not significantly affect the fruit length, width, number of locules, and pericarp thickness. Plants grown at high density had an increased percentage of marketable fruit, with ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ having a higher percentage of marketable green fruit compared to ‘AZ-1904’. The results demonstrated that an increase in planting density in production fields to 39,000 plants/acre coupled with cultivar selection enhanced efficiency in a mechanical harvest system.
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Gutiérrez-Pérez, Ilse Adriana, Pedro Delgado-Floody, Daniel Jerez-Mayorga, Diego Soto-García, Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Isela Parra-Rojas, Nacim Molina-Gutiérrez und Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán. „Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Parameters Associated with Mental and Physical Health during COVID-19 Confinement in Three Ibero-American Countries. A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 10 (19.05.2021): 5450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105450.
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Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the association between the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with sociodemographic parameters and lifestyle during COVID-19 confinement in Mexico, Chile, and Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study, with 742 observations of online surveys in 422, 190, and 130 individuals from Mexico, Chile, and Spain, respectively. Sociodemographic data, presence of comorbidities, food habits, and physical activity (PA) patterns were evaluated. The HRQoL was evaluated according to the SF-36 Health Survey. The multilinear regression analysis was developed to determine the association of variables with HRQoL and its physical and mental health dimensions. Results: The female sex in the three countries reported negative association with HRQoL (Mexico: β −4.45, p = 0.004; Chile: β −8.48, p <0.001; Spain: β −6.22, p = 0.009). Similarly, bad eating habits were associated negatively with HRQoL (Mexico: β −6.64, p <0.001; Chile: β −6.66, p = 0.005; Spain: β −5.8, p = 0.032). In Mexico, PA limitations presented a negative association with HRQoL (β −4.71, p = 0.011). In Chile, a sedentary lifestyle (h/day) was linked negatively with HRQoL (β −0.64, p = 0.005). In Spain, the highest associations with HRQoL were the presence of comorbidity (β −11.03, p <0.001) and smoking (β −6.72, p = 0.02). Moreover, the PA limitation in Mexico (β −5.67, p = 0.023) and Chile (β −9.26, p = 0.035) was linked negatively with mental health. Conclusions: The bad eating habits, PA limitations, female sex, comorbidity presence, and smoking were parameters linked negatively with HRQoL.
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García-Domínguez, Maricela. „International dental research stay, Mexico-Chile.“ Journal of Oral Research 6, Nr. 5 (30.05.2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2017.039.
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Nakayama, Roy M., und Frank B. Matta. „‘NuMex R Naky’ Chile Pepper“. HortScience 20, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1985): 961–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.5.961.
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Abstract ‘NuMex R Naky’ has been released as a high yielding, long, wide, smooth-fruited chile (Capsicum annuum L.). ‘NuMex R Naky’ is adapted to southern New Mexico; it sets fruit under high day temperatures and low relative humidity. ‘NuMex R Naky’ fruit have a high concentration of extractable red color and exhibit low pungency. ‘NuMex R Naky’ is recommended for home and commercial production of green and red chile in New Mexico.
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Tahboub, Mohammed B., Soumaila Sanogo, Paul W. Bosland und Leigh Murray. „Heat Level in Chile Pepper in Relation to Root and Fruit Infection by Phytophthora capsici“. HortScience 43, Nr. 6 (Oktober 2008): 1846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1846.
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Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici Leon., is a major plant disease that limits chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in New Mexico. Chile pepper producers in New Mexico report that Phytophthora blight symptoms appear to develop slower and its incidence is lower in hot than in nonhot chile pepper cultivars. There has been no previous systematic assessment of the relationship of chile pepper heat level to chile pepper response to P. capsici. Three hot (‘TAM-Jalapeño’, ‘Cayenne’, and ‘XX-Hot’) and two low-heat (‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘New Mexico 6-4’) chile pepper cultivars were inoculated at the six- to eight-leaf stage with zoospores of P. capsici under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, detached mature green fruit from three hot (‘TAM-Jalapeño’, ‘Cayenne’, and ‘XX-Hot’) and one low-heat (‘AZ-20’) chile pepper cultivars were inoculated with mycelium plugs of P. capsici under laboratory conditions. When plant roots were inoculated, Phytophthora blight was slowest to develop on ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ in contrast to all other cultivars. All ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ plants showed wilting symptoms or were dead ≈22 days after inoculation compared with 18, 15, 14, and 11 days for ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’, ‘New Mexico 6-4’, ‘XX-Hot’, and ‘Cayenne’, respectively. When fruit were inoculated, lesion length ratio was significantly higher for ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than for ‘Cayenne’, ‘XX-Hot’, and ‘AZ-20’ fruit. Similarly, lesion diameter ratio was higher for ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than for fruit of other cultivars. Furthermore, mycelial growth on lesion surfaces was more extensive on ‘TAM-Jalapeño’ fruit than on fruit of other cultivars. Results from this study indicate that there is little or no relationship between heat level and chile pepper root and fruit infection by P. capsici.
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Randall, Jennifer J., Paul W. Bosland und Stephen F. Hanson. „Brote Grande, A New Phytoplasma Associated Disease of Chile Peppers in the Desert Southwest“. Plant Health Progress 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 2011): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2011-0301-01-rs.
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Chile is one of the most important crops in New Mexico, contributing both to the agricultural economy and cultural identity of the state. Diseases are a major constraint on chile production in New Mexico and across the Desert Southwest. Chile producers in New Mexico recently reported a disorder of unknown etiology that was observed in increasing frequency for the past four years. Affected plants have a bushy appearance, develop overly large green calyces instead of normal flowers, and fail to set fruit. This characteristic phyllody has led the disorder to be referred to as “brote grande” which is Spanish for “big bud.” The phyllody is reminiscent of the aberrant flower development associated with tomato big bud, a phytoplasma disease of tomatoes. Microscopic analysis, including light microscopy and TEM along with PCR detection using phytoplasma specific primer sets, indicates that brote grande disease is associated with a novel phytoplasma. Field surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009 indicate that this new disease is widely distributed at low levels across chile production areas in New Mexico and Arizona. Accepted for publication 10 January 2011. Published 1 March 2011.
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Hutabarat, Leonard. „DIPLOMASI EKONOMI INDONESIA DAN PASAR PROSPEKTIF DI KAWASAN PACIFIC ALLIANCE: STUDI KASUS MEKSIKO DAN CHILE“. Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 2, Nr. 2 (05.12.2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v2i2.806.
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This article argues that Indonesian economic diplomacy should consider Mexico and Chile as member of Pacific Alliance in Latin American region as the prospective markets for Indonesia in the future. As emerging economies, these two countries have positive economic projection, population growth and their demand for import products from other region. Based on economic diplomacy concept, Indonesian efforts to negotiate bilateral trade agreements (free trade agreement) or Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Mexico and Chile will be part of longterm strategy to build these countries as two of Indonesian non traditional markets.
Keywords : Economic Diplomacy, Pacific Alliance, Mexico, Chile
Abstrak
Artikel ini berargumen bahwa diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia perlu mempertimbangkan Meksiko dan Chile yang merupakan negara anggota Aliansi Pasifik di kawasan Amerika Latin sebagai pasar prospektif bagi Indonesia pada masa yang akan datang. Sebagai emerging economies, kedua negara ini memiliki proyeksi ekonomi yang positif, pertumbuhan penduduk dan kebutuhannya terhadap produk-produk impor dari kawasan lain. Berdasarkan konsep diplomasi ekonomi, upaya-upaya Indonesia untuk menegosiasikan perjanjian-perjanjian perdagangan bilateralnya (perjanjian perdagangan bebas) atau Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) dengan Meksiko dan Chile akan menjadi bagian dari starategi jangka panjang untuk mengembangkan kedua negara ini sebagai dua pasar non tradisional Indonesia.
Kata Kunci : Diplomasi Ekonomi, Aliansi Pasifik, Meksiko, Chile
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Brause, Holly. „The Uncertain Future of New Mexico Chile“. Gastronomica 22, Nr. 4 (2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2022.22.4.26.
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Chile is an essential component of New Mexico’s cuisine and is an economically important heritage crop. Despite its popularity, commercial New Mexico chile producers struggle to remain competitive in globalized markets. Geographical indication labels and branding, both based on claims of New Mexico’s unique terroir, are used to distinguish the product in the global marketplace and add value. Chile production, however, is increasingly also threatened by issues of water scarcity exacerbated by climate change. This article uses ethnographic data collected between 2014 and 2022 to examine strategies for securing a viable chile industry in a changing landscape of production. I discuss the benefits and drawbacks of fallowing, efficient irrigation systems, and the creation of new chile varieties to confront water scarcity and their potential effects on the quantity and quality of chile grown in the region. I show that both water scarcity and our adaptations to water scarcity, though necessary to confront water-scarce futures, could undermine claims of terroir that distinguish the product in the global marketplace.
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Jiang, Li, Soum Sanogo und Paul W. Bosland. „Using Recombinant Inbred Lines to Monitor Changes in the Race Structure of Phytophthora capsici in Chile Pepper in New Mexico“. Plant Health Progress 16, Nr. 4 (Januar 2015): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0034.
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Since 2008, 11 races of Phytophthora capsici have been identified in New Mexico based on their reactions to a set of host differentials, the New Mexico Recombinant Inbred Lines (NMRILs) developed by the Chile Pepper Breeding Program at New Mexico State University. The objective of this study was to appraise the current race structure of 13 isolates of P. capsici newly collected from chile pepper fields in New Mexico. Of the 13 isolates, 12 were identified as new races. Race 25 (isolate PWB175) was the most virulent isolate, and showed virulence that was higher than that of race 1 (PWB24), which is widely used as a highly virulent race for resistance testing of chile peppers in the United States, and was considered as a potential risk for chile pepper production in New Mexico. Of the 17 NMRILs tested, only 7 were needed for the identification of the 12 new races. The NMRILs are genetically stable including their disease reactions, and hence, are invaluable as P. capsici race differentials. A resistance index that ranges from 0 to 1 with 1 being resistant to all isolates was developed in this study. Among all the NMRILs evaluated, one NMRIL (NMRIL-R) had a low resistance index of 0.17, demonstrating its susceptibility to most of the isolates, while other NMRILs (A, B, F, O, and Z) showed medium to high levels of resistance to the P. capsici evaluated with the range of resistance index from 0.75 to 0.89. The NMRILs with a high resistance index can be a good source of resistance for chile pepper breeding programs. The results of this study prove that multiple races of P. capsici can exist in a single production field and plant breeders must be cognizant to breed for more than one race in a given production location. Accepted for publication 3 December 2015. Published 17 December 2015.
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Brooks, Jonathan, und Dalila Cervantes-Godoy. „Agricultural Support in Brazil, Chile and Mexico“. EuroChoices 12, Nr. 2 (August 2013): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.238.
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Ramirez, Miguel D. „Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico and Chile“. Latin American Business Review 2, Nr. 1-2 (05.08.2001): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j140v02n01_05.
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Reyes-Rivas, Elivier, Ángel G. Bravo-Lozano, Homero Salinas-González und Luz E. Padilla-Bernal. „RENTABILIDAD DEL CHILE SECO EN ZACATECAS, MEXICO“. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 29, Nr. 2 (09.12.2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2006.2.137.
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Este trabajo presenta un estudio sobre la rentabilidad del sistema de producción de chile seco (Capsicum annuum L.) en el altiplano zacatecano (México), en función del nivel tecnológico usado, costos de producción, rendimientos y precios, y del tipo de productor (pequeño, mediano y grande). Los sistemas de producción se clasificaron en cuatro rangos, de tamaño del predio, bajo el supuesto de que utilizan diferentes niveles de tecnología y obtienen diferentes rendimientos y rentabilidades. También se hizo un análisis comparativo de esas tecnologías de producción, con respecto a la tecnología recomendada por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (INIFAP) en el campo Experimental Zacatecas. Los resultados muestran que conforme aumentó el tamaño del predio y la aplicación de tecnología, el rendimiento por hectárea fue mayor y se alcanzaban mejores niveles de rentabilidad. Así, el sistema de producción del estrato 1 (<10 ha) fue la menos rentable (71.4 %), y el sistema de tecnología potencial del INIFAP el más rentable (172 %).
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OTT, RICARDO, DARRELL UBICK, ALEXANDRE B. BONALDO, ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT und MARK S. HARVEY. „A revision of the new world goblin spider genus Cinetomorpha Simon, 1892 revalidated from Gamasomorpha Karsch, 1881 (Araneae, Oonopidae, Oonopinae)“. Zootaxa 4641, Nr. 1 (19.07.2019): 1–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4641.1.1.
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The goblin spider genus Cinetomorpha Simon is removed from the synonymy of Gamasomorpha Karsch and treated as the senior synonym of Yumates Chamberlin and Lucetia Dumitresco & Georgesco. All 41 species occur only in the New World, and the genus is divided into four species groups: the simplex group, the puberula group, the patquiana group and the itabaiana group. The following species are transferred to Cinetomorpha: C. floridana (Banks), comb. nov., and C. sedata (Gertsch & Mulaik), comb. nov., from Opopaea; C. angela (Chamberlin), comb. nov., and C. nesophila (Chamberlin), comb. nov., from Yumates; and C. patquiana (Birabén) and C. platensis (Birabén), comb. nov., from Gamasomorpha. Gamasomorpha wasmanniae Mello-Leitão and Lucetia distincta Dumitresco & Georgesco are newly synonymized with C. simplex Simon. Two species currently in Gamasomorpha are transferred to Hexapopha Platnick & Berniker: H. brasiliana (Bristowe), comb. nov. and H. m-scripta (Birabén), comb. nov. The following 31 species are newly described: C. adaga Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru); C. atlantica Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. baja Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. bandolera Ott & Harvey (Mexico & USA); C. boraceia Ott & Brescovit (Argentina and Brazil); C. campana Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. central Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. chicote Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru); C. concepcion Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. iguazu Ott & Brescovit (Argentina and Brazil); C. itabaiana Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. laguna Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. lavras Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. longisetosa Ott & Harvey (Costa Rica and Brazil); C. lorenzo Ott & Harvey (Guatemala); C. loreto Ott & Bonaldo (Peru); C. nayarit Ott & Harvey (Mexico); C. orellana Ott & Bonaldo (Ecuador); C. pauferro Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. peluda Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. pinheiral Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. pocone Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. punctata Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. quillota Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. rinconada Ott & Harvey (Chile); C. santamaria Ott & Brescovit (Argentina); C. similis Ott & Brescovit (Brazil); C. sternalis Ott & Bonaldo (Brazil); C. sur Ott & Ubick (Mexico); C. waorani Ott & Bonaldo (Ecuador); and C. zero Ott & Harvey (Mexico to Venezuela).
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Stona, Felipe, Jean Amann, Maurício Delago Morais, Divanildo Triches und Igor Clemente Morais. „Title: analysis of term structure of interest rates in Latin America countries from 2006 to 2014“. Brazilian Review of Finance 13, Nr. 4 (25.10.2015): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v13n4.2015.56540.
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This article aims to investigate the relationship between the term structure of interest rates and macroeconomic factors in selected countries of Latin America, such as Brazil, Chile and Mexico, between 2006 and 2014, on an autoregressive vector model. Specifically, we perform estimations of Nelson-Siegel, Diabold-Li and principal component analysis to test how the change of macroeconomic factors, e.g. inflation, production and unemployment levels affect the yield curves. For Brazil and Mexico, GDP and inflation variables are relevant to change the yield curves, with the former shifting more the level, and the latter with greater influence on the slope. For Chile, inflation had the greatest impact on the level and, specifically for Mexico, the unemployment variable also changed the slope of the yield curve.
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Yousaf, Imran, Shoaib Ali und Wing-Keung Wong. „Return and Volatility Transmission between World-Leading and Latin American Stock Markets: Portfolio Implications“. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, Nr. 7 (08.07.2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13070148.
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This study uses the BEKK-GARCH model to examine the return-and-volatility spillover between the world-leading markets (USA and China) and four emerging Latin American stock markets over the global financial crisis of 2008 and the crash of the Chinese stock market of 2015. Regarding return spillover, our findings reveal a unidirectional return transmission from Mexico to the US stock market during the global financial crisis. During the crash of the Chinese stock market, the return spillover is found to be unidirectional from the US to the Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru stock markets. Moreover, the results indicate a unidirectional return transmission from China to the Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru stock markets during the global financial crisis and the crash of the Chinese stock market. Regarding volatility spillover, the results show the bidirectional volatility transmission between the US and the stock markets of Chile and Mexico during the global financial crisis. During the Chinese crash, the bidirectional volatility transmission is observed between the US and Mexican stock markets. Furthermore, the volatility spillover is unidirectional from China to the Brazil stock market during the global financial crisis. During the Chinese crash, the volatility spillover is bidirectional between the China and Brazil stock markets. Lastly, a portfolio analysis application has been conducted.
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Buchbinder, Pablo. „ECHOES AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC AND THE START OF THE CIVIL WAR IN LATIN AMERICA: A PRELIMINARY APPROXIMATION“. Latin-American Historical Almanac 32, Nr. 1 (12.04.2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-32-1-149-168.
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The aim of the article is to study the repercussions of the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic and the rebellion of July 18 in various Latin American countries. The cases of Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay are studied in particular. These repercussions are analyzed in the framework of the rise of dictatorial and authoritarian governments in most of these countries with the exception of Mexico since the early 1930s. The way in which governments, the Spanish immigrant com-munities and the different social groups in these countries acted in the face of both episodes are studied. The repercussions generated by the anticlerical policy of the first government of the second republic are an-alyzed, especially in the face of the dissolution of the company of Jesus and the introduction of secular education. The tensions that these poli-cies provoked in Argentina and Chile and the support that the second republic obtained in Mexico are analyzed. On the other hand, the way in which the news of the uprising of July 18, 1936 was received is studied. The support for the army by the governments of Uruguay and Chile and, again, the support that the Spanish legal government obtained in Mexico is analyzed.
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Hsing, Yu. „Impacts of the Exchange Rate and the Global Interest Rate on Real Output for Ten Selected Latin American Countries“. Global Economy Journal 12, Nr. 1 (März 2012): 1850253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1830.
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This paper examines the effects of currency depreciation or appreciation, the changing global interest rate and other related macroeconomic variables on real GDP for ten selected Latin American countries, namely, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The monetary policy reaction function is incorporated in the formulation of the model. There are several major findings. Currency depreciation hurts real GDP for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela whereas the real exchange rate and real GDP exhibit a backward-bending relationship for Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru, suggesting that currency depreciation increases real GDP in early years whereas currency appreciation raises real GDP in recent years. Except for Bolivia and Paraguay, a higher global interest rate reduces real GDP. Expansionary fiscal policy is effective for Argentina, Mexico and Paraguay. Except for Chile, Paraguay and Venezuela, a higher expected inflation rate reduces real GDP. Hence, currency depreciation may be contractionary or expansionary, depending upon the level of real GDP or the state of economic development.
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Wall, Marisa M., Stephanie Walker, Arthur D. Wall, Ed Hughs und Richard Phillips. „Yield and Quality of Machine Harvested Red Chile Peppers“. HortTechnology 13, Nr. 2 (Januar 2003): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.2.0296.
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In the southwestern U.S. growing region, which includes southern New Mexico, west Texas, and southeastern Arizona, mechanical harvest of chile peppers (Capsicum annuum) is increasing because of the high cost of hand labor. Mechanical harvesters have been developed, but there is limited information on the performance of chile cultivars when machine harvested. Four red chile pepper cultivars (New Mexico 6-4, Sonora, B-18, and B-58) were grown in a farmer's field near Las Cruces, N.M., and harvested in October 2000 using a double-helix-type harvester. Ethephon was applied 3 weeks before harvest at 1.5 pt/acre (1.75 L·ha-1) to promote uniform ripening. Ethephon caused fruit of `B-18' and `B-58' to drop before harvest, thereby affecting yield results. Treatment with ethylene-releasing compounds is not recommended for these cultivars. `Sonora' and `New Mexico 6-4'dropped much less fruit than `B-18' and `B-58' after the ethephon treatment. Dry weight marketable yield ranged from 1419 to 2589 lb/acre (1590.5 to 2901.8 kg·ha-1), and total yield potential (discounting dropped fruit) ranged from about 2500 to 3100 lb/acre (2802.1 to 3474.6 kg·ha-1), depending on cultivar. Harvest efficiencies of 73% to 83% were observed among the cultivars. Trash content of the harvested chile varied from 25% to 42% of dry weight. Trash was predominantly diseased and off-color fruit, leaves, and small stems. Trash content was highest for `Sonora'. `New Mexico 6-4' had the greatest marketable yield and harvest efficiency among the cultivars evaluated in this study.
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Creamer, R., H. Hubble und A. Lewis. „Curtovirus Infection of Chile Pepper in New Mexico“. Plant Disease 89, Nr. 5 (Mai 2005): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0480.
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Chile pepper-producing areas of southern New Mexico (NM) were surveyed during 2001 and 2002 to identify which curtoviruses were infecting chile peppers and to determine the distribution of the viruses among fields. Plants with symptoms resembling Beet curly top virus (BCTV) were collected from 10 fields and tested for the presence of curtoviruses by polymerase chain reaction using primers designed to detect a portion of the coat protein (cp) gene, and tested for specific curtoviruses using primers designed to detect to a portion of the replication-associated protein (rep) gene. All amplicons were sequenced and compared with curtoviruses for which complete sequences were available. Amplification was successful from 79.5% of the chile pepper samples. Analysis of the CP sequences showed that more than 92% of the NM field isolates shared high (98 to 100%) amino acid identity with well-characterized curtoviruses. However, eight NM isolates displayed a distinct CP sequence that shared only 86 to 88% amino acid identity with those curtoviruses. Comparison of the rep gene sequence showed that 18.5% of the NM field isolates tested shared 98 to 100% amino acid identity with Beet mild curly top virus (BMCTV), 48% shared 96 to 97% amino acid identity with Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV), and 32% shared 93 to 97% amino acid identity with BMCTV and BSCTV. Although the distribution of curtoviruses was not identical among all fields sampled, little or no spatial patterns were found among the field isolates. This study revealed the complexity of curtoviruses in a single crop and limited geographical area.
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Warren, Sarah. „Racial Formation and Place in Mexico and Chile“. Qualitative Sociology 37, Nr. 3 (21.06.2014): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-014-9278-8.
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Valle, Victor. „Toward a Poetics of Chile…in Another Mexico“. Gastronomica 23, Nr. 1 (2023): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.65.
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Creamer, Rebecca, Soumaila Sanogo, Osama A. El-Sebai, Jared Carpenter und Robert Sanderson. „Kaolin-based Foliar Reflectant Affects Physiology and Incidence of Beet Curly Top Virus but not Yield of Chile Pepper“. HortScience 40, Nr. 3 (Juni 2005): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.574.
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Kaolin reflectant treatments have been shown to reduce stress due to the environment, pests, and pathogens in many plants. We tested the effect of kaolin on yield, beet curly top virus (BCTV) incidence, and physiological parameters (measured as hyperspectral reflectance) of field-grown chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in southern New Mexico. Curly top incidence was significantly lower in kaolin-treated chile blocks than untreated blocks. Peppers treated with the kaolin-reflectant showed significantly less water stress and higher photochemical reflectance than untreated plants during active growth periods. Treated plants had significantly higher levels of chlorophyll a and higher reflectance than untreated plants. Yield from treated plants was not significantly different from that from untreated plants. We did not detect any deleterious effects on peppers due to application of kaolin. Kaolin treatments suppressed beet curly top virus on chile and reduced water stress parameters during the hottest months of the growing season, suggesting that it would be useful in New Mexico chile production in years with moderate disease pressure.
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Monjarás-Barrera, José Irving, Guilherme Liberato Da Silva, Julio Cesar Chacón-Hernández, Onilda Santos Da Silva, Noeli Juarez Ferla und Liana Johann. „A new species and new record of Agistemus Summers (Acari: Stigmaeidae) associated with Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Solanaceae) from Northeastern of Mexico“. Acarologia 60, Nr. 2 (22.05.2020): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20204378.
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Two mite species belonging to the genus Agistemus Summers (Acari: Stigmaeidae) were collected from wild plants known as “chile piquín” (Capsicum anuumm L. var. glabriusculum) in two protected naturals areas, state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Agistemus piquinnus Monjarás-Barrera and Johann n. sp. is described and illustrated. Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann and Oliveira, 2002 is a new record for Mexico. A key to the Agistemus species of Mexico is provided.
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Cárdenas, Melba Libia, und María Claudia Nieto Cruz. „Resisting Exclusion From Core Indexing Systems“. PROFILE Issues in Teachers' Professional Development 19, Nr. 2 (01.07.2017): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/profile.v19n2.64604.
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We have gathered thirteen articles in this edition; two of them come from Mexico, one from Chile, one from the United States, and nine of them are authored by Colombian scholars. . . . The articles present in our current issue depict the voices of academicians from Colombia, Mexico, Chile, and the United States. They reflect and act upon their realities and findings in specific contexts. Their very presence in our publication is a demonstration that we, as language teacher-researchers, have our own vision that merits the acknowledgment as active actors in the creation of local understanding that can be shared with and compared to the material and ideological experience of the West.
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Vorotnikova, T. A. „Pacific Pumas in Indian Jungle: Place of Latin America in Indo-Pacific“. MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, Nr. 5 (13.11.2023): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-5-92-105-125.
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The article examines the political potential of Latin American countries in bolstering their influence within the Indo-Pacific region (IP). It delves into the Indo-Pacific concept, championed internationally by India and Japan, as an alternative viewpoint in contrast to the predominant orientation towards China as the regional leader in the Asia-Pacific region. Carlos Exudé's "Peripheral Realism" provides the theoretical framework for the study, although Latin American states strive to move beyond their peripheral status.The focus is on four Pacific coastal countries in Latin America: Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Chile. It identifies key areas of cooperation between these nations and major players in the IP such as India, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. Chile and Peru have established a more robust transpacific partnership compared to their neighbors. However, Mexico possesses a significant advantage due to its unique geographical position intersecting the Atlantic and Pacific routes.Colombia, along with Mexico, Chile, and Peru, formed the Pacific Alliance, an integration association that emphasizes closer ties with Asian countries. Over its decade-long existence, this Alliance has significantly increased in both economic and political significance. The article highlights the pivotal role of this alliance in fostering Asian-Latin American trade and entrepreneurship.The study also delves into the prospects of integrating the two regions by extending the reach of Pacific economic megablocks (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, Trans-Pacific Partnership) to Latin America. After the ratification of the TPP by Mexico, Peru, and Chile, an agreement that unites all four Pacific Ocean continents for the first time emerged. The advent of the RCEP, which includes powerful economies such as China, South Korea, and Japan, demonstrates a clear global shift from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from West to East. The inclusion of Latin American countries in these processes is poised to advance their regional and global interests on the international stage.
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Nagila, Asmita, Soum Sanogo, O. John Idowu und Brian J. Schutte. „Biomass Production of an Overwinter Cover Crop with Biofumigation Properties in New Mexico“. HortTechnology 32, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2022): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05084-22.
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Soil-borne diseases and weeds can be inhibited by mustard family (Brassicaceae) cover crops that are mowed and incorporated into the soil with tillage—a process referred to as biofumigation. To determine whether a fall-seeded mustard cover crop produces enough biomass to be a biofumigant in spring, this study measured the amount of biomass produced by a mixture of ‘Caliente Rojo’ brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and ‘Nemat’ arugula (Eruca sativa) grown in three commercial fields and a university research farm in southern New Mexico, USA. This study also determined whether the mustard biomass incorporated in the soil inhibits a weed [Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)], but does not affect a cash crop adversely [chile pepper (Capsicum annuum)]. Results indicated that, if the mustard cover crop was seeded before the first frost in fall, mustard cover crops produced biomass in quantities sufficient for biofumigation in spring. Mustard biomass incorporated in the soil reduced the survival and germination of Palmer amaranth seeds. Under greenhouse conditions, chile pepper plants grown in soil with mustard cover crop biomass were larger than chile plants grown in soil without mustard biomass. Chile pepper plants in soil with mustard biomass did not show symptoms of Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), whereas such symptoms were found on about 33% of chile pepper plants in soil without mustard biomass. These results suggest that a fall-seeded mustard cover crop that is tilled into the soil in early spring is a potential pest management technique for chile pepper in New Mexico.
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Espinel-Flores, Verónica, Gabriela Tiburcio-Lara, Ingrid Vargas, Pamela Eguiguren, Amparo-Susana Mogollón-Pérez, Marina Ferreira-de-Medeiros-Mendes, Julieta López-Vázquez, Fernando Bertolotto, Delia Amarilla und María-Luisa Vázquez. „Relational Continuity of Chronic Patients with Primary and Secondary Care Doctors: A Study of Public Health Networks of Six Latin American Countries“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 20 (11.10.2022): 13008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013008.
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Despite relational continuity (RC) with the doctor being key to care quality for chronic patients, particularly in fragmented healthcare systems, like many in Latin America (LA), little is known about RC and its attributes, particularly regarding specialists. Aim: We aim to analyse chronic patients’ perceptions of RC with primary (PC) and secondary (SC) care doctors, and record changes between 2015 and 2017 in the public healthcare networks of six LA countries. An analysis of two cross-sectional studies applying the CCAENA questionnaire to chronic patients (N = 4881) was conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay. The dependent variables of RC with PC and SC doctors were: consistency, trust, effective communication, and synthetic indexes based on RC attributes. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. Although the RC index was high in 2015, especially in PC in all countries, and at both levels in Argentina and Uruguay, low perceived consistency at both levels in Colombia and Chile and of SC doctors in Mexico revealed important areas for improvement. In 2017 the RC index of SC doctors increased in Chile and Mexico, while SC doctors’ consistency in Colombia decreased. This study reveals important gaps in achieving RC with doctors, particularly in SC, which requires further structural and organisational reforms.
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GALLEGOS-ROBLES, MIGUEL A., ALBERTO MORALES-LOREDO, GENOVEVA ALVAREZ-OJEDA, ADRIÁN VEGA-P., YAZMÍN CHEW-M., SIXTO VELARDE und PINA FRATAMICO. „Identification of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Cantaloupe and Chile Pepper Production Systems in Mexico by PCR–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism“. Journal of Food Protection 71, Nr. 11 (01.11.2008): 2217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.11.2217.
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A study was conducted in 2006 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella on three cantaloupe farms in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico, and on one farm that cultivates chile peppers var. Bell in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. Samples from cantaloupe farms consisted of cantaloupe rinses, irrigation water, water from furrows in the field, and workers' hands. Samples from the chile pepper farm consisted of rinses of chile peppers obtained at the field, pepper rinses obtained at the packing house, and irrigation water from the field. A total of 55 samples were obtained from both production systems. Twelve and 10 samples from the cantaloupe and chile pepper production systems, respectively, tested positive for Salmonella according to a traditional culture method. The difference between the proportion of Salmonella-positive samples from the cantaloupe production system (12 of 28 = 0.43) and the chile pepper production system (10 of 27 = 0.37) was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method based on the fliC gene was used to determine the serotype of the isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium was the only serotype found associated with the cantaloupe production system, whereas both Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis serotypes were found associated with the chile pepper production system. Results showed that 91% (20 of 22) and 9% (2 of 22) of the isolates from both agricultural systems matched with the Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis reference strain restriction profiles, respectively. This study demonstrates the utility of the PCR-RFLP technique for determining the serotypes of Salmonella isolates obtained from cantaloupe and chile pepper production systems.
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Walker, Stephanie J., und Paul A. Funk. „Mechanizing Chile Peppers: Challenges and Advances in Transitioning Harvest of New Mexico’s Signature Crop“. HortTechnology 24, Nr. 3 (Juni 2014): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.3.281.
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New Mexican-type red and green chile (Capsicum annuum) is important to New Mexico’s identity and economy. Producers began experimenting with mechanical harvest in the mid-1960s, but efforts stalled in the 1970s. Adverse impact to production following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement spurred renewed interest in chile mechanization. Through private and public collaboration, the red chile industry in New Mexico has successfully transitioned with more than 80% of domestic acreage currently mechanized. Green chile has proven to be more challenging with fruit damage and lack of efficient mechanical stem removal posing key obstacles. Recent identification and developments in equipment have provided necessary components for mechanization of green chile, but must be scaled-up to production volumes.
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Vázquez, María-Luisa, Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal, Pamela Eguiguren, Amparo-Susana Mogollón-Pérez, Marina Ferreira-de-Medeiros-Mendes, Julieta López-Vázquez, Fernando Bertolotto und Ingrid Vargas. „Evaluating the effectiveness of care coordination interventions designed and implemented through a participatory action research process: Lessons learned from a quasi-experimental study in public healthcare networks in Latin America“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 1 (12.01.2022): e0261604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261604.
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Background Despite increasing recommendations for health professionals to participate in intervention design and implementation to effect changes in clinical practice, little is known about this strategy’s effectiveness. This study analyses the effectiveness of interventions designed and implemented through participatory action research (PAR) processes in healthcare networks of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay to improve clinical coordination across care levels, and offers recommendations for future research. Methods The study was quasi-experimental. Two comparable networks, one intervention (IN) and one control (CN), were selected in each country. Baseline (2015) and evaluation (2017) surveys of a sample of primary and secondary care doctors (174 doctors/network/year) were conducted using the COORDENA® questionnaire. Most of the interventions chosen were based on joint meetings, promoting cross-level clinical agreement and communication for patient follow-up. Outcome variables were: a) intermediate: interactional and organizational factors; b) distal: experience of cross-level clinical information coordination, of clinical management coordination and general perception of coordination between levels. Poisson regression models were estimated. Results A statistically significant increase in some of the interactional factors (intermediate outcomes) -knowing each other personally and mutual trust- was observed in Brazil and Chile INs; and in some organizational factors -institutional support- in Colombia and Mexico. Compared to CNs in 2017, INs of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico showed significant differences in some factors. In distal outcomes, care consistency items improved in Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay INs; and patient follow-up improved in Chile and Mexico. General perception of clinical coordination increased in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico INs. Compared to CNs in 2017, only Brazil showed significant differences. Conclusions Although more research is needed, results show that PAR-based interventions improved some outcomes regarding clinical coordination at network level, with differences between countries. However, a PAR process is, by definition, slow and gradual, and longer implementation periods are needed to achieve greater penetration and quantifiable changes. The participatory and flexible nature of interventions developed through PAR processes poses methodological challenges (such as defining outcomes or allocating individuals to different groups in advance), and requires a comprehensive mixed-methods approach that simultaneously evaluates effectiveness and the implementation process to better understand its outcomes.
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Sanogo, S., und J. Carpenter. „Incidence of Phytophthora Blight and Verticillium Wilt Within Chile Pepper Fields in New Mexico“. Plant Disease 90, Nr. 3 (März 2006): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0291.
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Statewide surveys of commercial chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) fields were conducted in New Mexico from 2002 to 2004 to gain information on the incidence of diseases with wilt symptoms and their causative agents. Fifty-nine fields were surveyed during the course of this 3-year study when chile pepper plants were at growth stages from green fruit to beginning red fruit. All fields were affected by diseases with wilt symptoms. The proportion of total field area exhibiting symptoms of wilt spanned from less than 1% to over 80%. Field diagnostics along with laboratory assays of wilted plants revealed that the wilting was caused by Phytophthora capsici and Verticillium dahliae. The two pathogens were both found in 80% of the fields, and occurred together in some wilted plants in 12% of the fields. Average incidence of plant infection (number of plants infected with P. capsici or V. dahliae out of 5 to 25 wilted plants sampled) varied from approximately 40 to 90% for P. capsici, and from 18 to 65% for V. dahliae. Incidence of plant infection by P. capsici was approximately 40% less in fields with drip irrigation than in fields with furrow irrigation. In contrast, incidence of plant infection by V. dahliae was approximately 32% greater under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. In pathogenicity tests, isolates of P. capsici and V. dahliae caused symptoms in inoculated chile pepper identical to those in field-grown chile pepper plants. Results indicate that diseases with wilt symptoms are well established in chile pepper production fields, with P. capsici and V. dahliae posing the most serious challenge to chile pepper producers in New Mexico.
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Minnis, Paul E., und Michael E. Whalen. „The First Prehispanic Chile (Capsicum) from the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico and its Changing Use“. American Antiquity 75, Nr. 2 (April 2010): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.245.
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Here we report on the first cultivated chile (Capsicum annuum) from the prehispanic United States Southwest and far northwest Mexico. A carbonized seed was recovered from a site near Casas Grandes, northwestern Chihuahua dating to the Medio period, A.D. 1200–1450. We then discuss the role of chile among prehispanic indigenous communities in the region and its transformation to a seemingly high profile foodstuff after Spanish contact. We suggest that the context of prehispanic crop introductions was far different from postcontact introductions and that this is central for understanding the changing use of chile in the region.
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Elizundia, María Eugenia. „Female Entrepreneurship a comparison between Mexico, Brasil and Chile“. Estudios de Administración 21, Nr. 2 (04.02.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0816.2014.56399.
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The aim of this study was to analyze female entrepreneurship in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile using data obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for each country and to analyze,
whether any of the key indicators have significant influence in the female entrepreneurial activity, comparing the results with total and male entrepreneurial activity and comparing the results in all three countries. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression was employed. The results show that some of these factors do have a significant influence in female entrepreneurship, that they are the same on comparison with total and male entrepreneurship, and that these factors (except for believing that participants have the required abilities to start a business) are not the same when comparing all three countries. There is still a lack of literature studies on this phenomenon, especially in Latin America. This study attempts to fill this gap.
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Bhattacharya, Atreyee. „Earthquake in Chile triggers tremors and slips in Mexico“. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, Nr. 45 (06.11.2012): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo450019.
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Dasgupta, Susmita, Benoit Laplante und Craig Meisner. „Environmental News in Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the Philippines“. Local Environment 5, Nr. 3 (August 2000): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830050134284.
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Kumamoto, Hisao, und Masao Kumamoto. „Currency Substitution and Monetary Policy Effects: The Case of Latin American Countries“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, Nr. 2 (11.01.2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n2p32.
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In this study, we empirically investigate how currency substitution transmits foreign monetary policy shocks to domestic countries and evaluate how the central bank respond to real exchange rate movements in three inflation-targeting Latin American countries under currency substitution, namely Chile, Mexico and Peru, between 2000 and 2011. Our model is based on a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that incorporates currency substitution and incomplete financial markets, and we estimate it by using Bayesian estimation techniques. Our empirical results are as follows. First, the degree of currency substitution is higher in Mexico, while it is negligible in Chile and Peru, which reflects the slight differences in the parameter values capturing the preference for the domestic currency among these countries. Second, the estimated coefficients of the real exchange rate gap in the monetary policy rule are high, meaning that the central banks in these countries actively respond to real exchange rate movements to diminish real exchange rate volatility. Third, domestic monetary policy influences the domestic economy through the real interest rate channel. On the contrary, foreign monetary policy has a significant effect in Mexico, while it is insignificant in Chile and Peru. This finding suggests the potential instability of currency substitution in that slight changes in the parameter values capturing the preference for the domestic currency alter the degree of insulation from foreign monetary policy shocks.
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Gómez, Jorge A., Otavio Cintra, Arnas Berzanskis, Salma Pacheco, Henny Jaswantlal, Abdelkader El Hasnaoui, Desirée A. M. van Oorschot und Adriana Guzman-Holst. „Burden of Disease Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults in Five Middle-Income Countries“. Infectious Disease Reports 16, Nr. 4 (15.08.2024): 750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr16040057.
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of severe respiratory disease in older adults. Understanding the disease burden is crucial for guiding vaccination policy and raising disease awareness. We estimated the burden of RSV hospitalizations and deaths in adults in five middle-income countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Malaysia. Hospital discharge and death statistics due to any respiratory disease (ICD-10 codes: J00–99) from 2010 to 2022 were obtained. The RSV attributable burden on hospitalizations and deaths by age group was determined for 2019 using previously published estimates. Latin American countries showed distinct annual peaks in respiratory-related hospitalizations and deaths during winter months that were absent in Malaysia. Among ≥20-year-olds in 2019, there were 14,604 RSV-attributable hospitalizations nationally in Argentina, 44,323 in Brazil, 4529 in Chile, 7416 in Malaysia, and 8651 in Mexico, and 60–74% in ≥65-year-olds. There were also 3518 RSV-attributable deaths in Argentina, 9115 in Brazil, 801 in Chile, 704 in Malaysia, and 3806 in Mexico 79–88% in ≥65-year-olds. Incidences of RSV-attributable hospitalizations in ≥75-year-olds ranged between 256.3 and 294.3 per 100,000 population, and deaths between 33.6 and 112.9 per 100,000 population. RSV is associated with a substantial disease burden beyond pediatric age groups, and preventive vaccines could have a major impact on this burden, especially in older adults.
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FAúndez, Eduardo I., und Juan F. Campodónico. „The genus Xenogenus Berg, 1883 (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) in Chile“. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 80, Nr. 1 (29.03.2021): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25085/rsea.800112.
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The distribution of the species of Xenogenus Berg in Chile is addressed. The known distribution of Xenogenus gracilis (Reed), previously restricted to the O’Higgins region (besides Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru), is expanded up to Tarapacá and Los Ríos regions. Xenogenus picturatum Berg (previously known from Argentina, Bolivia, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Uruguay and USA including Puerto Rico) is recorded for the first time in Chile, in the Metropolitan and Maule regions
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Randall, J. J., P. W. Bosland und S. F. Hanson. „Brote Grande, a New Phytoplasma-Associated Disease of Chile Peppers“. Plant Disease 93, Nr. 9 (September 2009): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0968c.
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Chile is one of the most important crops in New Mexico, contributing both to the agricultural economy and cultural identity of the state. Chile producers in New Mexico and Arizona have reported a disorder of unknown etiology that has increased in frequency for the past several years. Affected plants have a bushy appearance, develop overly large green calyces instead of normal flowers, and fail to set fruit. This characteristic phyllody is similar to symptoms associated with other phytoplasma-caused diseases, such as tomato big bud, and has led chile producers to refer to the disorder as “brote grande”, which is Spanish for “big bud”. PCR analysis using the phytoplasma-specific primer pairs P1/Tint and P1/P7 (4) produced amplicons of the expected size (~1.6 kb) from symptomatic but not healthy samples. Direct sequencing of the P1/P7 PCR amplicons determined that they contained the expected 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and included the tRNAIle typically found in phytoplasma ITS regions. BLAST analysis of the brote grande sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ525437) indicated it is most closely related (99% identity) to sequences reported for previously characterized 16Sr group VI phytoplasmas, such as ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ (Accession No. AY390261) and the Vinca virescence (Accession No. AY500817) phytoplasma. ‘Candidatus phytoplasma trifolii’ is synonymous with beet leafhopper virescence, which was reported as a cause of tomato big bud in California during the mid 1990s (3). The brote grande phytoplasma was less related to other phytoplasmas known to affect peppers such as the 16Sr group XII stolbur of pepper phytoplasma (Accession No. AF248959) and newly described 16Sr group I phytoplasmas described in peppers in Cuba (Accession No. DQ286947) and Mexico (Accession No. DQ092321) (1,2). The brote grande phytoplasma is also distinct from other phytoplasmas, such as potato purple top and tomato little leaf that are common in Mexico, affecting solanaceous crops in the region (2). Although the disease frequency never exceeded 5% in any given field, plants displaying brote grande symptoms were observed in the majority of chile pepper fields examined from July to September of 2008. The presence of the brote grande associated phytoplasma was confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis of symptomatic plants from 10 different fields ranging from Las Cruces, NM to Tucson, AZ, indicating that brote grande disease is widespread across the major chile-producing areas of the Desert Southwest. The brote grande phytoplasma sequence was the only phytoplasma sequence detected in any of the symptomatic chile samples. Taken together, the etiology, PCR, and DNA sequence results all indicate that brote grande of chile is a new disease of chile peppers associated with infection by a novel 16Sr group VI phytoplasma and that this disease is distributed across the major chile-producing areas of the Desert Southwest. References: (1) Y. Arocha. Plant Pathol. 56:345, 2007. (2) M. E. Santos-Cervantes et al. Plant Dis. 92:1007, 2008. (3) M. E. Shaw et al. Plant Dis. 77:290, 1993. (4) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2988, 1996.
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Bustos Álvarez, Moisés, und Tomás E. Sosa Pedroza. „Edificaciones resilientes para las urbes latinoamericanas. MIC (BIM) como metodología integradora“. Anuario de Administración y Tecnología para el Diseño 22, Nr. 22 (15.12.2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/issn.2594-1283.2021.p81-94.
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Latin American region suffers continuously from several natural disasters, basically due to two types of phenomena: earthquakes in countries such as Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Mexico, as well as hurricanes, mainly in the Caribbean. Just remember the events in Haiti in 2010 and 2016 and in the Bahamas in September 2019. Institutions around the world, particularly in countries that suffer from significant seismic activity (Japan, Iran, Chile, United States and Mexico) have proposed what its known as “Structural Resilience” which establishes that both people and buildings resume their daily activities in the hours or days after a seismic or meteorological event, buildings such as hospitals must remain in operation during and after the event considering a magnitude of about 9 degrees on the Richter scale. We believe that Building Information Modeling (in Mexico MIC) should be the methodology that integrates these criteria and concepts to take them to their materialization. This process considers the digital modeling of all specialties, the collaborative work between them, and the generation of a database during the planning, design, construction and management stages of the buildings.
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Molloy, Molly. „Book Review: Iconic Mexico: An Encyclopedia from Acapulco to Zocalo“. Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, Nr. 3 (25.03.2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n3.251a.
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Historian Eric Zolov writes about rock music, the “global sixties” and other pop culture topics in Mexico and Latin America. As editor of Iconic Mexico he and seventy-three other scholars present 100 “of the most iconic elements of Mexican history, culture and politics” (xi). The topics range from the globally familiar (Tequila, Bullfighting, Chile Pepper, Gringo) to the exotic and muy mexicano (Lucha Libre, Malinche, Superbarrio, Jesus Malverde).
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Urrutia, Jorge L. „Time Series Properties of four Latin American Equity Markets: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico“. Estudios de Administración 1, Nr. 2 (04.03.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0816.1994.56689.
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Variance ratio tests indicate that the equity markets of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico follow random walks, but not those of Chile. The low correlations among the four markets suggest that investments in these countries can contribute to reduce portfolio risk. The research on the random walk hypothesis has been heavily concentrated on the large equity markets of the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe (summers 1986; Fama and French 1986a, 1986b; Lo and MacKinlay 1988, and Poterba and Summers 1988). Even though some studies have been conducted for stock markets of developing countries (Errunza 1983 and Errunza and Losq 1985), little research has been done in Latin American capital markets (Errunza and Losq 1987). This paper employs the variance-ratio test to investigate the random walk hypothesis for the following four Latin American equity markets: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Two versions of the variance-ratio tests are implemented : first, the variance-ratio under the maintained hypothesis of homocedasticity and, second, the heteroscedasticity-robust variance-ratio. The empirical results reported in the paper indicate that the random walk hypothesis is rejected for Chile but it is generally confirmed for Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Therefore, American investors might not be able to develop investment strategies that can be generate abnormal returns in these three countries. However, the low correlation among these markets suggests that American investors can reduce the risk of their portfolios by diversifying in international stocks of these countries.
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JAŁOSZYŃSKI, PAWEŁ, und ADAM ŚLIPIŃSKI. „Revision of the family Murmidiidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea)“. Zootaxa 5109, Nr. 1 (08.03.2022): 1–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5109.1.1.
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The coccinelloid (Cucujiformia) family Murmidiidae is revised. Thirty-four species (including sixteen new) in four genera (incl. one new) are recognized: Botrodus championi Slipinski (Mexico), Botrodus dufaui Grouvelle (Caribbean), Botrodus estriatus Casey (Nearctic, Caribbean), Botrodus montserratensis sp. n. (Caribbean), Murmidius araguanus sp. n. (Venezuela), Murmidius australicus sp. n. (Australia), Murmidius campbelli sp. n. (Colombia, Panama), Murmidius convexus sp. n. (Brazil), Murmidius drakei Heinze (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay), Murmidius elongatus sp. n. (Argentina, Brazil), Murmidius globosus Hinton (Chile), Murmidius hawaiianus sp. n. (Hawaiian Islands), Murmidius hebrus Hinton (Afrotropical), Murmidius irregularis Reitter (Guatemala, Mexico), Murmidius lankanus sp. n. (Sri Lanka), Murmidius melon Guerrero, Ramírez & Vidal (Chile), Murmidius meridensis sp. n. (Venezuela), Murmidius merkli sp. n. (India), Murmidius okinawanus sp. n. (Japan: Okinawa Is.), Murmidius ovalis (Beck) (cosmopolitan), Murmidius panamanus sp. n. (Panama), Murmidius rectistriatus Lewis (Mexico), Murmidius segregatus Waterhouse (Mascarene Islands), Murmidius stoicus Hinton (Singapore, Thailand, India, Myanmar, ?China), Murmidius tachiranus sp. n. (Venezuela), Murmidius trujilloensis sp. n. (Venezuela), Murmidius tydeus Hinton (W Malaysia, Singapore), Murmidiella sola gen. & sp. n. (Ecuador), Mychocerinus arizonensis Lawrence & Stephan (USA: Arizona; Mexico: Sonora), Mychocerinus caledonicus sp. n. (New Caledonia), Mychocerinus depressus (LeConte) (eastern USA), Mychocerinus oahuanus sp. n. (Hawaiian Islands), Mychocerinus piceus sp. n. (Argentina), and Mychocerinus pilifer (Lewis) (Guatemala, Mexico). Murmidius chapini Hinton, syn. n. is placed as a junior synonym of Murmidius irregularis Reitter. Detailed morphological structures are described and illustrated for each genus, and identification keys to all treated genera and species are given.
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J. Saucedo A, Edgar, und Marisol Borges Q. „Innovation and Economic Growth in Emerging Latin American Countries: The Case of Mexico, Brazil and Chile“. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration 2, Nr. 4 (2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.24.1002.
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Over recent years, several theoretical and empirical research projects (from developed countries) have studiedinnovation as a complex process involving participation, interaction and interrelationship of actors (organizations, individuals, businesses) and institutions (government, education, research centres) as elements of a collective system that contribute and influence the innovation process. In addition, such research shows how innovation has impacted positively on the economic growth of nations.In order to understand the functioning of the National Innovation Systems in emerging countries (Mexico, Brazil and Chile), we performed a critical analysis of the approach, examining their application limitations and recognising the characteristics and interests of Latin American countries. Furthermore, we analysed the impact of innovation on economic growth in these countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the differences in economic growth among Mexico, Chile and Brazil, are explained by gaps in levels of innovation.
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Fung, K. C., Hsiang-Chih Hwang, Jesús Seade und Rocky Tung. „Mexico, Brazil and Chile: potential links with China and South Korea“. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, Nr. 3 (03.10.2016): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-10-2016-033.
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Purpose In this paper, the authors aim to examine trade in parts and components of Mexico, Chile and Brazil, focusing in particular on trade of television parts (SITC 7711) and semiconductors (SITC 7763) with China and South Korea. They also study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on supply chain activities. Design/methodology/approach The authors use sub-categories of trade data to look at export and import of parts and components involving China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil and Chile. They also use two-stage regressions to examine the impact of FDI on supply chain trade. Findings The authors found preliminary evidence that there may be early signs of an emerging Trans-Pacific production network between these three Latin American economies and the China-based and South Korea-based East Asian supply chains. The authors argue that this budding network will improve economic welfare. To deepen the Trans-Pacific supply chain, it would be desirable for China and South Korea to consider joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). In addition, FDI enhances trade in components. Practical implications To deepen the Trans-Pacific supply chain, it would be desirable for China and South Korea to consider joining the TPP. In addition, it would be beneficial for these Latin American economies to encourage more direct investment in infrastructure and in manufacturing facilities from Asia. Originality/value This paper is one of the earliest research papers examining the Trans-Pacific supply chain, linking China, South Korea with Mexico, Brazil and Chile. The authors also study the impact of FDI on supply chain activities.
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GÓMEZ-GALVARRIATO, AURORA, und JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON. „Was It Prices, Productivity or Policy? Latin American Industrialisation after 1870“. Journal of Latin American Studies 41, Nr. 4 (November 2009): 663–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09990551.
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AbstractThe new trade data used here document the significance of industrialisation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico after 1870. By 1910 Brazil and Mexico, in particular, led most of the poor periphery in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. While some of this impressive industrialisation was due to fast productivity growth in manufacturing, perhaps yielding some catch-up on their competitors in the United States and Europe, this article argues that there were even more powerful forces at work. Much of the industrialisation that occurred in Latin America was due to a cessation in the seven-decade rise in its net barter terms of trade, trends that reversed the deindustrialisation and ‘Dutch Disease’ forces that had dominated Latin America for almost a century. Equally important for Brazil and Mexico was favourable policy in the form of higher effective rates of protection for manufacturing, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. These policies were missing in Argentina and Chile, and industrialisation suffered there as a consequence. Changing market conditions and policies seem to have been more important than changing fundamentals in accounting for Latin American industrialisation after 1870.
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BOVINI, MASSIMO G. „New names for Briquetiastrum (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) “. Phytotaxa 479, Nr. 2 (08.01.2021): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.479.2.7.
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Briquetiastrum Bovini (2015:e022) is a Neotropical genus with three species. It occurs from Mexico to Brazil to the limit of the Capricorn Tropic. In South America, there are no records for Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Bovini 2015).
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BOVINI, MASSIMO G. „New names for Briquetiastrum (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) “. Phytotaxa 479, Nr. 2 (08.01.2021): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.479.2.7.
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Briquetiastrum Bovini (2015:e022) is a Neotropical genus with three species. It occurs from Mexico to Brazil to the limit of the Capricorn Tropic. In South America, there are no records for Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Bovini 2015).