Dissertationen zum Thema „Méthylation intragénique de l'ADN“
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Yi, Jia. „The Role of Convergent Transcription in Regulating Alternative Splicing : Targeted Epigenetic Modification via Repurposed CRISPR/Cas9 System and Its Impact on Alternative Splicing Modulation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS382.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlternative splicing of precursor RNA is a co-transcriptional process that affects the vast majority of human genes and contributes to protein diversity. Dysregulation of such process is implicated in various diseases, including tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms regulating these processes were still to be characterized. In this study, we showed that perturbations of alternative splicing correlated with dysregulations of convergent transcription and DNA methylation. Convergent transcription could be generated between pairs of neighboring genes in opposite orientation, or between intragenic enhancers and their host gene. CENPO and ADCY3 was identified as a convergent transcription gene pair. We found, in a tumor progression model of breast cancer, that the splicing change of the ADCY3 variant exon22 correlated with an increase of its transcription that went against that of CENPO. By using targeted transcription repression system CRISPRi, we demonstrated that downregulating the transcription of CENPO could not reverse the alternative splicing alteration of ADCY3 in cancer cells (DCIS). An active intragenic enhancer was identified in the intron16 of CD44, at the downstream of its alternative exons. By using targeted transcription activation system CRISPRa, we showed that upregulating the transcription of CD44 could not alter the alternative splicing of CD44 in DCIS cells. These results suggest that convergent transcription modulation through changes of promoter activity does not alter the alternative splicing of ADCY3 and CD44 in DCIS cells. However, through replacing the intragenic enhancer by an inducible promoter, we found that intragenic transcription activation increased the inclusion level of several alternative exons of CD44 in HCT116 cells. This result suggested that local convergent transcription could have a direct impact on the alternative splicing of CD44. Furthermore, by using targeted DNA methylation system CRISPR/dCas9-DNMT3b, we showed that DNA methylation at variant exons could directly modify CD44 alternative splicing. This thesis work also explored the limitation and feasibility of studying alternative splicing with repurposed CRISPR systems
Bender-Osmani, Ambre. „Méthylation de l'ADN et identité cellulaire : fonctions de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les lignages gamétiques et hématopoïétiques chez la souris“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ102.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe methylation of DNA is a well-known epigenetic mark. It consists in adding a methyl group to a cytosine producing the 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This is catalysed by the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family: DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Little is known about the changes in DNA methylation that follow lineage decisions in the embryo and how these contribute, establish or maintain cellular identities. We are addressing these questions using as a model the specification of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mouse embryo. We generate the first genome-wide maps of 5mC during their development. These maps highlight two waves of DNA methylation in PGCs. The first one takes place between E9,5 and E13,5, where the genome demethylates while the second one corresponds to a remethylation phase only in male PGCs between E14,5 and E17,5. Nevertheless, some regions, notably the transposable elements, are resistant to this demethylation wave. We demonstrate the implication of DNMT1 and UHRF2 in maintaining the 5mC on these regions using transgenic mice presenting specific deletion in PGCs. In HSCs, the 5mC maps highlight two wave of DNA methylation. The first one correlates with the first appearance of the HSCs in early embryos while the second one corresponds to their migration to the bone marrow and seems to act as a definitive lock for their hematopoietic identity. Using transgenic mice presenting specific deletions in HSCs, we prove the implication of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in hematopoietic stem cells, with a major role in locking HSC identity of DNMT3B during the first wave and a DNMT3A during the second one respectively
Filion, Guillaume. „Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un répresseur transcriptionnel spécifique de l'ADN méthylé“. Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112337.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDelpu, Yannick. „Méthylation de l'ADN et expression des microARNs dans la carcinogénèse pancréatique“. Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2128/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. This cancer involves changes in DNA methylation patterns and overexpression of enzymes responsible for its implementation : the DNA methyltransferases. However, the exact role of these proteins in carcinogenesis remains to be proven. We first aimed to determine the changing in the DNA methylation pattern through the study of the expression of a specific microRNA : miR- 148a. We confirmed the repression of miR- 148a by DNA hypermethylation in several cell lines derived from pancreatic cancer as well as in human tumor samples, and we shown the usefulness of this mark in the differential diagnosis between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. We also evaluated the therapeutic potential of miR- 148a gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. We observed no significant changes in the behavior of cells / tumors overexpressing miR- 148a. This indicates that its repression is a minor alteration accompanying carcinogenesis rather than a crucial phenomenon of tumor development. Finally, we extended our study to determine whether the single overexpression of DNA methyltransferases can transform normal pancreatic cells. We observed that the stable overexpression of these proteins significantly affects the behavior of cells in vitro, their methylation patterns and gene expression. These results strongly suggest that DNA methylation facilitates carcinogenesis, but is not sufficient to trigger the formation of tumors. This work contributes to a better understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis, the role of DNA methylation and open new horizons for the potential oncogenic role of DNA methylation
Caillet, Nina. „Rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN et des microARN dans les lymphomes T anaplasiques à grandes cellules ALK positifs“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is the most common pediatric T lymphoma. Mostly CD4(+), in about 80% of cases ALCL expresses the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK. Using a high-throughput sequencing of human NPM-ALK(+) ALCL treated with decitabine, or transfected with siRNA against ALK, I have shown that NPM-ALK, STAT3, and methyltransferase DNA 1 (DNMT1), induce hypermethylation of the MIR125 genes. In vitro, inhibition of topoisomerase II activity by doxorubicin inhibits the fixation of DNMT1 at the MIR125B gene promoter. Using microRNA-biotinyled purification we identified BAK1 mRNA as target of miR125b. In primary ALCL, miR125b and the pro-apoptotic protein BAK1 were correlated with relapse risk after chemotherapy. Moreover, I developed cellular NPM-ALK(+) ALCLmodels by transduced human CD4 lymphocytes (CD4/NPM-ALK(+)). Integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome showed that CD4/NPM-ALK(+) and primary NPM-ALK(+) ALCLhave similar profile, close to thymic precursors but different to normal CD4 lymphocytes. Preliminary miRNome analysis also suggests that CD4/NPM-ALK (+) are different from normal CD4 cells. In addition, we observed a expression decrease by DNA methylation of transcription factors essential to the differentiation of T precursors. An increase of expression of pluripotency transcription factors is also observed. Coherent way, we noted a correlation between the hypomethylation of the EPAS1 gene promoter and the overexpression of the HIF2a protein which affects the differentiation and survival of hematopoietic precursors. We have highlighted the therapeutic potential of HIF2a antagonists as potential treatments. Altogether, our findings suggest that NPM-ALK through DNA methylation i) represses expression of microRNA implicated in chemotherapy resistanceand ii) could restore progenitor-like features in mature peripheral T-cells in keeping with a thymic progenitor-like pattern
Greiner, Vanille. „Epigénétique et méthylation de l'ADN : étude des mécanismes d'interaction du domaine SRA de UHRF1 avec l'ADN hémi-méthylé“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ107/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe UHRF1 protein plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of epigenetic modifications. Duringthe replication process, it recruits the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 to hemi-methylated CpG sites via itsSRA (SET and RING Associated) domain, promoting the duplication of the methylation profiles. Thetridimensional structure of the SRA/DNA complex revealed that the protein induces a base-flipping of themethylcytosine that enables a specific anchoring of the protein to hemi-methylated sites facilitating therecruitment of Dnmt1 to this strategic position. In this context, our project was aimed to further understand themechanism of interaction of the SRA domain with hemi-methylated DNA. To this end, oligonucleotideduplexes were labeled by 2-aminopurine, a fluorescent nucleoside analogue sensitive to environment, atvarious positions close to the single hemi-methylated CpG recognition site. Steady-state and time-resolvedfluorescence spectroscopy measurements of these duplexes bound to the SRA domain enabled us to sitespecificallycharacterize the conformational changes induced by the binding of this domain. In agreement withthe tridimensional structure of the SRA/DNA complex, our data suggest that the SRA domain is able to flip themethylcytosine while preserving the structure of the surrounding bases in the duplex. The SRA domain wasshown to bind with the same mechanism to hemi-methylated, fully-methylated and non-methylated duplexes.Our data suggest the UHRF1 protein plays a role of “reader” that scans the DNA sequence for hemimethylatedsites
Bosviel, Rémy. „Méthylation de l'ADN, phyto-oestrogènes et cancer du sein et de l'ovaire“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM21/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBreast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide [1]. Many factors contribute to the development of this disease and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are particularly involved. Indeed, mutations in these two oncosuppressors are responsible for 5 to 10% of hereditary breast cancers [2]. In addition, a decrease in their expression is found in a large number of sporadic breast cancers [3]. Hereditary mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also at the origin of ovarian cancers [4]. This cancer is much less common than breast cancer, but it is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition to these genetic factors, hormonal factors also seem to be involved in the processes of breast and ovarian carcinogenesis, but also environmental factors and more particularly food. Soybean consumption, which is common in some parts of Asia, is thought to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in Asian countries compared to Western countries. It is the phytoestrogens contained in soy that act, thanks to their similarity of structure with the 17-β-estradiol of the woman [5]. Soy phytoestrogens may also affect the development of ovarian cancer since it is an estrogen-dependent cancer, such as breast cancer. The Nutrition and Cancer team of the Department of Oncogenetics at the Jean Perrin Center is studying the potentially preventative effects of soy phytoestrogens in the carcinogenesis process. A first study, conducted within the team, showed that the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the mammary gland could be modulated by the consumption of soy in ovariectomized rats [6]. Also, transcriptomic studies have shown that the consequences of the inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncosuppressors by the use of a small interfering RNA in mammary cells could be countered by treatment with soy phytoestrogens [7, 8]. Following the emergence of studies showing the effects of soy phytoestrogens on DNA methylation, and the presence of methylation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene promoter in sporadic breast cancers, we wanted to see if the soy phytoestrogens could directly affect the methylation of these two oncosuppressors, which we have previously identified in breast and ovarian cancers
Menon, Yoann. „Etude des effets pharmacologiques d'inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la méthylation de l'ADN“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEpigenetic modifications participate to the control of gene expression. Methylation of deoxycytidines (dC) in the DNA was shown to play a key role in epigenetic regulation in mammals. It is the most stable epigenetic mark and occurs at CpG sites, which are grouped in islands and essentially located in promoters, repeated sequences and CpG island shores. Hypermethylation of promoters induces gene silencing while hypomethylation is associated to gene expression. Enzymes responsible for DNA methylation are the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Two families of catalyticallyactive DNMTs have been identified: DNMT1, mainly responsible for DNA methylation maintenance during replication; and DNMT3A and 3B that perform de novo DNA methylation and support maintenance. Alteration of DNA methylation patterns lead to various diseases such as cancer. Cancerous cells often present aberrant DNA methylation, in particular a specific hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is observed. Restoring their expression by inhibition of DNA methylation represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Several DNMTs inhibitors have been described. Two nucleoside analogs are FDA approved to treat leukemia: 5-azacytidine (VidazaTM) and 5-azadeoxycytidine (Dacogene(r)). Our laboratory develops since several years new inhibitors of DNMT, non-nucleoside analogs, targeting the catalytic site. Here, I studied the pharmacological effects of these DNMTs catalytic inhibitors using several cancer cell lines (leukemia, lymphoma and colon cancer) and different technologies to follow DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and gene expression. Since epigenetic therapies aim at the reprogramming of cancer cells, I explored the long-term modifications induced by the compounds. We show that these novel compounds are potent inhibitors of DNMT3A and able to induce the expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) under the control of a methylated CMV promoter by demethylation of the promoter and opening of the chromatin. Finally, these new DNMTs inhibitors demethylate the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes and induce their re-expression
Auclair, Ghislain. „Identification de cibles et régulateurs de la méthylation de l'ADN chez la souris“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA methylation is an epigenetic modification which is established during embryonic development on the mammalian genome. In my thesis, I determined the kinetics of DNA methylation acquisition on the mouse genome during early embryogenesis, and determined the specific and redundant roles of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT3a and DNMT3b in this process. I also studied the roles of two factors involved in setting up DNA methylation in embryos. First, I determined that the G9a enzyme plays an essential role for the in vivo repression and DNA methylation of specific genomic sites, including in particular the CpG island promoters of germline genes. Second, the study of the E2F6 factor allowed me to show that this protein is also involved in recruiting DNA methylation at a set of germline gene promoters than are distinct from those regulated by G9a
Payelleville, Amaury. „Etude de la méthylation de l'ADN chez la bactérie pathogène d'insectes Photorhabdus luminescens“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG063/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhotorhabdus luminescens is an Enterobacteriaceae found in soils in symbiosis with a nematode from the genus Heterorhabditis. This nemato-bacterial complex is highly pathogenic against insect pest crops and so used in biocontrol. The nematode enters into the insect and releases Photorhabdus in the hemolymph of the insect. Photorhabdus multiplies and produces diverse virulence factors as toxins. Insect die from septicemia and both nematodes and bacteria feed on the nutrients in the cadaver. Once nutrients are lacking, the nematodes and the bacteria reassociate and exit from the cadaver to find new insects to infect. Photorhabdus is switching between pathogenic and symbiotic state. This bacterium displays phenotypic heterogeneity as we observe subpopulations coexisting in a same bacterial culture. Phenotypic heterogeneity can be explained by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. In Enterobacteriaceae, Dam methyltransferase is broadly distributed. It methylates the adenine of GATC sites. Dam is involved in post-replicative mismatch repair, cell-cycle regulation and also gene transcription regulation. This methyltransferase can be in competition with some transcriptional regulators. Depending on which will bind first on the promoter region, gene will be expressed or not, leading to the rise of two subpopulations. This thesis aims to understand roles of Dam in Photorhabdus luminescens. Overexpression of the methyltransferase leads to a decrease in motility and pathogenicity of Photorhabdus Dam+ strain whereas it increases biofilms formation. A transcriptomic analysis (RNAseq) revealed differential expression of genes involved in the observed phenotypes. Symbiosis establishment does not seem to be strongly impacted in Dam+ strain as the only difference observed when compared to the nematode associated with the control strain is the same as with bacteria alone (a delayed virulence). A methylome analysis was also done (screening of all methylated sites in the genome using SMRT sequencing) in several growth conditions which revealed that DNA methylation is stable over growth kinetics. Dam+ strain methylome analysis confirmed the hypothesis that Dam overexpression increases GATC methylation over the genome. Comparative analysis of methylome and RNAseq experiments between control and Dam+ strains highlighted several common genes. In fact, some genes are differentially expressed between both strains and also have GATC sites differentially methylated in their promoter region. Their transcription regulation by methylation is a future aim and may give some explanation for a part of the phenotypes observed in Photorhabdus luminescens
Pagès, Michel. „Structure de l'ADN satellite I du veau : méthylation et organisation de la chromatine“. Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHabib, Mohammed. „Nucléosides modifiés dans les cellules tumorales : étude immunochimique de la méthylation de l'ADN“. Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T180.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLambert, Simon. „Analyse des profils de méthylation de l'ADN des spermatozoïdes de taureaux péri-pubères“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27612.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDahlet, Thomas. „Méthylation de l'ADN : fonctions et ciblage au cours du développement chez la souris“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification catalyzed by the family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). This modification is involved in gene repression when it is addressed to CpG islands in gene promoters. Global DNA methylation reprogramming occurs in mice during the early phases of embryogenesis, which is critical for proper embryo development. However, the contribution of different DNMTs in genome methylation and the mechanisms that target DNA methylation to specific genes during embryonic development are poorly understood. By combining genomic mapping with genetically modified mouse lines, my Thesis work clarified the contribution of the different DNMTs in genome methylation in the embryo: DNMT3A and DNMT3B are strictly involved in de novo methylation, and DNMT1 is strictly involved in the maintenance of DNA methylation during cellular divisions. In addition, the analysis of globally demethylated embryos revealed numerous functions of DNA methylation in maintaining the transcriptomic intergrity of the embryo by repressing germline genes, developmental genes, cryptic promoters as well as a large panel of transposons. In the second part of my Thesis, I studied the role of the E2F6 transcription factor in the targeting of DNA methylation in vivo in mice. My results demonstrate that E2F6 facilitates the acquisition of DNA methylation in the promoters of germline genes and is required to initiate their long-term epigenetic silencing during embryogenesis. Collectively, this work contributes to a better understanding of the functions and targeting mechanisms of DNA methylation during mammalian embryogenesis
Mersch, Marjorie. „Analyse de la méthylation de l'ADN par séquençage haut-débit chez la Poule“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0107/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnticipating the impact of environmental changes (on climate and feed) is a crucial issue for livestock production systems, including poultry. The influence of the environment on phenotypes is partly mediated by epigenetic phenomena, including DNA methylation, which may be involved in the regulation of gene expression. These mechanisms do not affect the DNA sequence but can be inherited by mitosis or meiosis. The interactions between epigenomes and gene expression are increasingly being studied in animal models and in plants. However, the mechanisms of regulation of genome expression through DNA methylation are relatively unknown in birds. This thesis work is based on two experimental devices realized in chicken aiming to characterize the methylome by high-throughput sequencing. The methylation patterns across the genome, and their link with expression, were first established by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in whole embryos, following a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) from hypothalamus of adults. To date, no specific chicken RRBS study has been published. These two analyses were carried out by developing an optimized bioinformatics pipeline, available for scientific community. Overall, the pattern of methylation in chicken is like those in mammals: CpG islands - dinucleotides CG-rich regions which are often poorly methylated, and which are found mainly in the promoter regions of the genome - are generally poorly methylated in promoters on WGBS and RRBS data. Embryo methylome analyses confirmed the absence of a dose-compensation phenomenon on sex chromosomes, or the presence of a hypermethylated region on the Z chromosome. The analyses of RRBS data revealed an overall hypermethylation of CGs across the genome, suggesting a methylation response to environmental stress. From the analysis of WGBS data, we found that the level of methylation in promoters was negatively correlated with the expression of the associated gene. For the first time, a specific allele methylation was also detected between chicken lines whose frequency is comparable to that observed in humans. On the RRBS data, preliminary results of the methylome response to environmental stresses showed the complex nature of this relationship. The use of a low-energy diet would led to greater mobilization of body fat, while individuals with heat stress had a lighter body weight. Integrating these data with phenotypic measurements would allow to link methylation and environment. Beyond the fundamental aspect of this thesis, the method developed in this work could be applied to livestock systems to breed animals better adapted to a changing environment, by improving production traits
Carrier, Arnaud. „Etude de la méthylation de l’ADN dans l’agressivité du mélanome cutané“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30387.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and represents less than 5% of skin cancers but its metastatic form is responsible for 60-80% of the deaths. The median survival for patients with metastatic melanoma is only 6 to 9 months with conventional chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Despite recent therapeutic advances with the immune-therapies, the treatment of metastatic melanoma still suffers from three negatives drawbacks: 1) All patients do not respond to the different treatments. 2) The effectiveness of the targeted chemotherapy is limited by the rapid emergence of resistance. 3) Predictive biomarkers of the evolution of the disease are lacking for the clinicians. In this context, we studied the epigenetic regulations associated with the aggressiveness of melanoma, particularly in DNA methylation. DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). When CpGs islands are methylated and located in the promoters of genes, expression of the corresponding gene is inhibited. Commonly, DNA methylation profile is altered in cancer and plays a role in tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance. In addition, the alterations of the DNA methylation profile can be used as biomarkers for prognostic and diagnostic. Here, I identified changes in the DNA methylation profile associated with the aggressiveness of melanoma and selected 9 candidates loci that are hypermethylated in the most aggressive forms of melanoma. First, I compared the methylation patterns genome-wide (450K BeadChip methylation) of melanoma cell lines bearing different aggressiveness. The loci biomarker candidates were selected by combining an analysis of the distribution of these hypermethylated loci on the genome and a bioinformatic analysis of the functions and interactions of the associated genes. Their methylation status was validated by a different technique in collaboration with Dr. J. Tost, CNG, Evry. Once confirmed their hypermethylation, I started to analyze the DNA methylation of the selected genes in the pairs of cell lines of different aggressiveness, such as the primary tumor compared to the metastasis from the same patient, and in patients samples of primary tumors (Collaboration L. Lamant, N. Meyer, iUCT, Toulouse, France; L. Lanfrancone IFOM, Milan, Italy). A total of twenty samples were analyzed. Our study confirms the status of selected hypermethylated genes in metastatic samples compared to primary tumors. Moreover there is a link between the level of methylation of the primary tumor and the overall survival. A patent is being filed in and new samples are collected in order to extend the patient cohort to validate the biomarkers in prognosis of the evolution of the disease. Among the selected loci, I determined whether their hypermethylated status is correlated with their under-expression. For this, I measured their level of expression in a couple of cell lines WM115 / WM266-4 by RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. Then, I chose the loci for which I observed a correlation between methylation and expression. In addition, I studied whether these loci can be demethylated and re-expressed by a DNMTs inhibitor. This led to the identification of a microRNA and gene not fully described in the literature, of which the expression is correlated to DNA methylation status and are reactivated upon treatment with demethylating agents. I explored the role of the microRNA and the gene in the aggressive features of the metastatic melanoma suggesting a tumor suppressive function. These data were further comforted by the data analysis of patient samples
Blazkova, Jana. „Rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN dans la régulation transcriptionnelle de l'expression du génome rétroviral“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22078.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMauger, Oriane. „Interconnexions entre épissage alternatif et chromatine“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066093/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn humans, alternative splicing affects almost all genes in the genome and generates extensive repertoires of RNAs and proteins. Splicing is a highly regulated process which occurs primarily when the RNA is being synthesized on chromatin. Many studies suggest that chromatin and epigenetic marks influence splicing choices to the corresponding locus. Conversely, other data suggest that splicing can modulate epigenetic marks. During my thesis, I studied different ways of crosstalk between splicing and chromatin. First, I investigated the effect of DNA methylation on splicing regulation. I have shown that the enzymes that methylate DNA have an overall effect on the splicing of exons with enriched methylation. My data suggest that proteins which bind to methylated DNA are involved in this regulation. On the other hand, I explored the impact of alternative splicing on chromatin regulation studying its impact on the expression and activity of both histone methyltransferases (HMTase): SUV39H2 and G9A. G9A and SUV39H2 generate variants transcripts whose expression is regulated according to tissues. All variants transcripts encode proteins. Conservation of G9A splice variants in species and no differences in their HMTase activity, lead us to propose that G9A alternative splicing is associated with a non-histone function. Conversely, SUV39H2 isoforms exhibit different HMTases activities, and regulate the expression of different target genes. All our results provide new connections in chromatin - splicing coupling and support a model in which they harbor self-influence
Denis, Hélène. „Approche mécanistique des relations entre la citrullination, la désacétylation et la méthylation de l'ADN“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210289.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAu cours de ma thèse de doctorat, nous nous sommes intéressés à la déméthylase PADI4 (peptidylarginine déiminase 4) qui convertit des résidus arginines des histones H3 et H4, associés à l'activation des gènes, en résidus citrullines, ce qui a pour conséquence d'entraîner une répression transcriptionnelle. Cette réaction porte le nom plus particulier de déimination/citrullination des histones. A l’heure actuelle, il est primordial de cerner comment la déméthylation des histones, et plus précisément la peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), réprime la transcription.
Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence un lien mécanistique entre la deméthylation et la désacétylation des histones. Nous avons montré que PADI4 interagit avec l’histone désacétylase HDAC1. Cette enzyme est responsable du décrochage des groupements acétyls des histones, conduisant à la fermeture de la chromatine. Des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine indiquent que PADI4 et HDAC1 s’associent au promoteur du gène de réponse aux oetrogènes pS2 simultanément et de manière cyclique. L’utilisation d’une construction shRNA dirigée contre la protéine endogène HDAC1 indique que la liaison de PADI4 au promoteur du gène pS2 est dépendante de la présence de HDAC1.
Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, un lien mécanistique entre la déméthylation des histones par PADI4 et la méthylation de l’ADN a été mis en évidence. La méthylation de l’ADN est catalysée par des enzymes, appelées méthyltransférases de l’ADN (DNMTs), qui transfèrent des résidus méthyls sur les cytosines. Nous avons montré que la protéine DNMT3A interagit avec PADI4. Nous avons également démontré que l’enzyme PADI4 était capable de citrulliner/déiminer (convertir des résidus arginines en résidus citrullines) la méthyltransférase de l’ADN DNMT3A in vitro et que cette citrullination de la protéine DNMT3A par PADI4 stabiliserait DNMT3A in vivo.
Enfin, nos récents travaux révèlent une relation mécanistique entre la protéine MeCP2, interprète des signaux de méthylation de l’ADN, et la protéine polycomb EZH2. Celle-ci possède une activité méthyltransférase d’histone sur les lysines 27 de l’histone H3. Nos données montrent que MeCP2 interagit avec EZH2 et que ces protéines fixent des régions promotrices communes. De plus, la déplétion en MeCP2 affecte la présence de EZH2 au niveau de ces régions communes.
En conclusion, ce travail de thèse devrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de l’épigénétique. Plus particulièrement, il devrait aider à mieux cerner comment la première histone déméthylase décrite, la peptidylarginine déiminase 4 ou PADI4, verrouille l’expression génique.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gros, Christina. „Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les cancers“. Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2316/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the main epigenetic mark is DNA methylation. The enzymes responsible for those marks are DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), for which two types of inhibitors exist: nucleosidic analogues and non-nucleosidic inhibitors. The first category has demonstrated its efficiency in clinical trials and two drugs are commercialized for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. However, these compounds are not specific and chemically instable, which leads to development of selective non-nucleosidic inhibitors. To our knowledge, in this category, only the SGI-1027 and the 3-chloro-3-nitroflavanones are interesting. First, we extended the structure-activity relationship of flavanones on an enzymatic assay and then studied their ability to reactivate an epigenetic reporter system in a leukemia cell line. Finally, we assessed the methylation status of some tumor suppressor genes promoters which will be used as cellular demethylation markers to monitor inhibitors effects. Since we wanted to investigate the selectivity and the mechanism of action of these compounds, we developed a new miniaturized scintillation by proximity assay. This test allowed us to study the flavanones and several other molecules. Thanks to collaborations, we have identified a new molecule, twice as potent as SGI-1027, and we were able to come up with an original mechanism of action
Adouard, Véronique. „Etude immunocytochimique de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les cellules érythroleucémiques de Friend sensibles et résistantes à l'adriamycine“. Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11639.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrunaud, Laurent. „Déterminants nutritionnels et génétiques de l'homocystéine et méthylation de l'ADN : modèles expérimentaux et implications en pathologie“. Nancy 1, 2003. https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01746923.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGentil, Marie-Véronique. „Contrôle épigénétique du risque de montaison chez une plante de grande culture : la betterave sucrière : mise au point d'une stratégie de caractérisation d'épiallèles associés à la sensibilité à la montaison en vue de l'élaboration d'un test de sélection“. Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2005/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn plants, the processes of global development and of developmental plasticity are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Polymorphism in DNA methylation (leading to epialleles) is a possible source of biomarkers for the selection of genotypes of agronomic interest. Until now, however, the search for such biomarkers has not been undertaken. Against this background, our objectives were to develop a strategy to investigate the existence of epigenetic control during a developmental process in sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris altissima) and to search for associated epigenetic biomarkers. The strategy was first applied to three sugar-beet cell lines, where we were able to established a relationship between the level of DNA methylation and the morphogenetic statue of the lines, and thus to identified a number of biomarkers for in vitro morphogenesis. We then applied the same strategy in planta in the same species and demonstrated the existence of epigenetic control (DNA methylation) during vernalization and devernalization in several sugar-beet hybrids that differed for bolting susceptibility. We propose that the scale and kinetics of epigenetic modifications control the induction and the rapidity of bolting, confirming the role of DNA methylation in this process. We have identified a number of target loci for these changes in DNA methylation during vernalization, and by screening these have been able to select several potential epigenetic biomarkers for bolting susceptibility, which may prove useful in future beet improvement programmes
Martin, Valérie. „La méthylation de l'ADN : facteur épigénétique contrôlant la transcription du gène pS2 (TFFI) dans les cancers du sein“. Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10315.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeplus, Rachel. „Etude des mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les méthyltransférases de l'ADN établissent les profils de méthylation“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleActuellement, le monde de la méthylation de l’ADN n’en est encore qu’à l'aube de son histoire. En effet, les mécanismes moléculaires la gouvernant sont encore peu connus. La méthylation de l’ADN est caractérisée par deux concept clés :le verrouillage de la transcription des gènes et le ciblage en des régions spécifiques du génome. Au cours de notre travail de thèse de doctorat, nous avons poursuivi les avancées réalisées dans ces deux domaines.
Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attachés à l’étude de la répression transcriptionnelle entraînée par la méthylation de l’ADN. Grâce à plusieurs études récentes, il paraît de plus en plus clair que la méthylation agit de paire avec la structure de la chromatine. Nous avons donc concentré nos recherches sur l’interconnexion de celle-ci avec deux machineries impliquées dans la régulation de son degré de compaction :la désacétylation et la méthylation des histones. Par diverses expérimentations, nous avons démontré un lien étroit entre ces machineries répressives pour l’imposition d’un état silencieux de la transcription.
Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons dirigé notre attention sur le ciblage des Dnmt. Pour cela, nous avons mené deux stratégies de front. La première est une approche ciblée et consiste en l’étude de l’association des Dnmt avec l’oncoprotéine bien connue, Myc. La seconde approche est plus large. Grâce à l’utilisation de la technique du double hybride en levure, nous avons identifié de nouveaux partenaires des Dnmt, dont un qui pourrait s’avéré particulièrement intéressant :le protéine Cart1 (cartilage homeoproteine 1) impliquée dans le développement du système nerveux central.
En conclusion, notre travail de doctorat devrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de la méthylation de l’ADN ainsi que son implication dans les divers processus physiologiques mais aussi pathologiques auxquels elle participe.
Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Keita, Mamadou. „Analyse globale des altérations abberantes de la méthylation de l'ADN dans le cancer de l'ovaire“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30150/30150.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOvarian cancer accounts for 4% of all cancers in women and is the leading cause of death among Gynecologic tumours in the western countries. The epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which represents 90% of all ovarian tumors. Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, long term survival rate remains disappointing due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease. The treatment uses cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy combining derivatives of platinum and taxanes with a response rate of over 80%. However, the most part of the patients have a recurrence by the emergence of resistance to these conventional drugs. The molecular basis of the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer are still unknown. During cancer, hypermethylation of gene promoter CpG islands often leads to inactivation of some tumor suppressor genes. At the same time, CpG islands hypomethylation is also associated to reactivation of proto-oncogenes and pro-metastatiques genes. The microarray technology has been successfully used in cancer research, including studies on mechanisms and biomarkers linked to ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. In this study, we have evaluated the aberrant DNA methylation profile in tumour grades of serous type EOC compared to normal ovarian tissue, and primary cells culture prior to and post chemotherapy (CT) treatment from 2 EOC patients. Our results showed that hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis with down-regulation of genes having a protective role. While massive hypomethylation is associated with advanced serous EOC with upregulation of genes involved in cell invasion and metastasis. From these studies, we identified RUNX1 and RUNX2 as hypomethylated genes in post-chemotherapy primary cells culture. Sebsequent functional analyses pointed to RUNX1 and RUNX2 association with EOC cell proliferation (including cell cycle control for RUNX1), migration and invasion. However, RUNX1 and RUNX2 display overlapping functions in EOC dissemination, these nevertheless employ distinct molecular mechanisms, specific for each gene. Our data are indicative of strong oncogenic potential of both transcription factors in EOC progression.
Joulie, Michael. „Recherche de nouvelles protéines humaines se liant à l'ADN méthylé“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660690.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWalter, Marius. „Transposon regulation upon dynamic loss of DNA methylation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066672.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTransposons are DNA sequences that can duplicate autonomously in the genome, posing a threat for genome stability and integrity. To prevent their potentially harmful mobilization, eukaryotes have developed numerous mechanisms that control transposon expression, among which DNA methylation plays a particularly important role. In mammals, DNA methylation patterns are stable for life, at the exception of two key moments during embryonic development, gametogenesis and early embryogenesis. After a phase a global loss of genomic methylation accompanying the acquisition of pluripotent states, DNA methylation patterns are re- established de novo during differentiation. This work attempted to elucidate how the genome copes with the rapid loss of DNA methylation, in particular regarding the control of transposons in absence of this essential protective mark. Using an embryonic cellular model of induced methylation reprogramming, I showed that various chromatin-based mechanisms can compensate for the progressive loss of DNA methylation. In particular, my results suggest that the Polycomb machinery acquires a critical role in transposon silencing, providing a mechanistic relay specifically when DNA methylation patterns are erased. In a second phase, this work analyzed the contribution of the DNA methyltransferase cofactor DNMT3l during events of embryonic de novo methylation. Overall, these findings shed light onto the processes by which genome regulation adapts during DNA methylation reprogramming
Fages, Jérémie. „JMJD6 participe au maintien de l'intégrité de l'ADN ribosomique en réponse au dommage à l'ADN“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30169.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA is continuously damaged by exogenous and endogenous agents producing DNA damages. A defect in the management of this damage can lead to mutations that cause pathologies such as cancer. In order to maintain the integrity of the genome, the cells have evolved repair mechanisms that take place in a chromatinian context. It is shaped by numerous post-translational histone modifications that are regulated in response to DNA damage to allow effective repair. Among these modifications, histone methylation plays a major role in DNA repair. It is a reversible and dynamic modification managed by methyltransferase histones and demethylase histones. Using a screen, we identified histone demethylase JMJD6 whose depletion alters DNA damage response and cell survival after irradiation. We observe that JMJD6 is specifically and rapidly recruited into the nucleolus upon damage induced in this structure. In addition, JMJD6 influences the relocation of ribosomal DNA in response to damage in a newly formed structure at the periphery of the nucleolus, the nucleolar cap, without affecting the transcription inhibition of rDNA. Relocation in nucleolar caps would be involved in the management of damage repair to avoid harmful recombinogenic rearrangements for the cell (translocation and chromosomal rearrangement). Relevantly, JMJD6 depletion causes more genetic instability of rDNA by loss or rearrangement of rDNA units. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of JMJD6 in rDNA repair, we have created genetically modified cell lines expressing a tagged version of JMJD6. These have allowed us to identify JMJD6 partners through proteomic approaches in absence and in response to the damage. Among these, the nucleolar protein Treacle which is involved in the recruitment of NBS1, a well-known actor in the response to DNA damage, into the nucleolus in response to damage. All my work shows a decoupling between the inhibition of rDNA transcription and the formation of nucleolar cap suggesting the existence of signaling mechanism in which JMJD6 could be involved and thus promote the maintenance of the rDNA region
Weber, Michaël. „Empreinte génomique parentale au locus Igf2-H19 : de la méthylation de l'ADN à l'organisation de la chromatine à grande échelle“. Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLefebvre, Anne. „Le site CpG dans l'ADN : impact possible des variations conformationnelles sur le taux de mutations“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0485.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSengenès, Jennifer. „Développement de méthodes de séquençage de seconde génération pour l'analyse des profils de méthylation de l'ADN“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743905.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIssa, Elissar. „La méthylation de l'ADN dans les tissus mammaires normaux et le risque de cancer du sein controlatéral“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29819.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: Women with breast cancer (BC) have an increased risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer (CBC). This risk is 3 to 5 times higher than the risk of developing primary breast cancer by women in the general population. The methylation of DNA is known to be involved in the development of cancer, and changes in methylation profile in breast tumor cells have already been observed. OBJECTIVE: Our aims are to identify changes in global DNA methylation as well as the differentially methylated sites that are associated with an increased risk of developing CBC. METHODS: This is a case-control study (1:1) nested in a cohort of 1242 women. Cases (n = 20) were diagnosed with CBC during follow-up but not Controls (n = 20). Cases were matched to controls for CSC risk factors such as year of surgery, age, family history of BC, and the treatment. The DNA was extracted from normal breast tissue (to minimize field effect) more than 1 cm from the paraffin-embedded tumor and the methylation was measured by Illumina Infinium 450K. RESULTS: Global DNA hypomethylation was associated with a decreased risk of CBC with an odd ratios and a confidence interval at 95% = 0.714 (0.227-2.251), but this association was not significant. In addition, non-significant hypomethylation in 3'UTR and intergenic regions was observed in cases compared with controls. We have also found hypermethylation of the ELOVL6, DACT2, LHX2, GABRA5 and OSBP2 genes that may be associated with the risk of developing CBC. CONCLUSION: Global DNA hypomethylation from adjacent normal tissues may be predictive of the risk of CBC. In addition, hypermethylation of specific genes such as CCDC108, ELOVL6, DACT2, LHX2, GABRA5 and OSBP2 in normal breast tissues may therefore be useful as a clinical biomarker of CBC if our results were validated in a larger cohort.
Spadiliero, Barbara. „Epigenetic traits in the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi : DNA and histones modifications linked to its life cycle“. Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066759.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGhabreau, Lina. „Poly(ADP-ribose)polymérase-1 (PARP-1) et méthylation de l'ADN, nouveaux partenaires des récepteurs hormonaux dans la carcinogenèse de l'endomètre“. Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWalter, Marius. „Transposon regulation upon dynamic loss of DNA methylation“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066672/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTransposons are DNA sequences that can duplicate autonomously in the genome, posing a threat for genome stability and integrity. To prevent their potentially harmful mobilization, eukaryotes have developed numerous mechanisms that control transposon expression, among which DNA methylation plays a particularly important role. In mammals, DNA methylation patterns are stable for life, at the exception of two key moments during embryonic development, gametogenesis and early embryogenesis. After a phase a global loss of genomic methylation accompanying the acquisition of pluripotent states, DNA methylation patterns are re- established de novo during differentiation. This work attempted to elucidate how the genome copes with the rapid loss of DNA methylation, in particular regarding the control of transposons in absence of this essential protective mark. Using an embryonic cellular model of induced methylation reprogramming, I showed that various chromatin-based mechanisms can compensate for the progressive loss of DNA methylation. In particular, my results suggest that the Polycomb machinery acquires a critical role in transposon silencing, providing a mechanistic relay specifically when DNA methylation patterns are erased. In a second phase, this work analyzed the contribution of the DNA methyltransferase cofactor DNMT3l during events of embryonic de novo methylation. Overall, these findings shed light onto the processes by which genome regulation adapts during DNA methylation reprogramming
Lhaneche, Leila. „Modifications génétiques et épigénétiques et régulation de l'expression du gène SOSTdans l'os humain“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSOST encodes sclerostin, an inhibitor of bone formation produced by osteocytes that antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling and bone formation. Variations of SOST expression have an impact on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength. My thesis goal was to find out how natural DNA modifications, genetic and epigenetic, are able to modulate gene expression in human bone samples and modify bone phenotype in human diseases. In one hand we showed that rs851054 polymorphism located in SOST promoter is associated with SOST expression variation in trabecular bone samples of 56 healthy individuals, and in the other hand we showed that fracture rate and BMD in 131 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which is a rare disease characterized by low BMD and bone fragility. Besides, we also investigated the role of CpG methylation in SOSTmKNA expression, and analyzed methylation variation at 13 CpG sites on the 1st exon ofSOST in 14 human bone samples. We found that decrease in DNA methylation is correlated with decrease in SOSTgene expression. In conclusion, we showed that genetic and epigenetic variation of the SOST gene ma> contribute to change in SOST expression SOST expression in human bone. Our data also indicate that variations in SOS1% expression may be related to the severity of OI
Wagschal, Alexandre. „Implication de l'histoine méthytransférase G9a dans la régulation de l'empreinte génomique chez la souris“. Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20162.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYaman-Deveci, Ruken. „Implication des méthyltransférases de l'ADN dans l'établissement des méthylations symétrique (CpG) et asymétrique (non-CpG) dans la lignée germinale mâle chez la souris“. Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification in mammals. It is present primarily on CpG dinucleotides and controlled by the DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt(s)). Methylation patterns are very stable through the generations. However, two periods involve significant alterations of these profiles, the earliest period of embryonic development and gametogenesis. Although the establishment of new methylation profiles is of great biological importance, the mechanisms involved in this process are largely unknown. To attempt to answer this question I firstly investigated the role of de novo Dnmt, Dnmt3a, during spermatogenesis. I showed that methylation of repeated elements and retrotransposons was not greatly perturbed by the absence of this enzyme while, in contrast, the pattern of methylation of imprinted genes was completely disrupted. This analysis also suggests that entry into meiosis of the mutant germ cells depends partly on the Dnmt3a protein as this process is slower in a Dnmt3a mutant background. The second question I investigated was the nature of the molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance through the generations of the methylation patterns of cytosines included in non-CpG sites. By using an experimental model system where such non-CpG methylation events are both stable and accurately transmitted from generation to generation, we have shown that methylation of non-CpG sites depends on CpG methylation, since in absence of the Dnmt1 protein, non-CpG methylation patterns are diminished
Gaillard, Marie-Cécile. „Méthylation de l'ADN et topologie nucléaire : quels rôles dans la pathogenèse de la dystrophie facio-scapulo-humérale ?“ Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the third position in term of frequency among the myopathies, facio-scapulo humeral dystrophy (FSHD) remains enigmatic despite the genetic correlation with the contraction of the 4q35 locus containing the macro satellite, D4Z4. In this project, the involvement of DNA methylation has been investigated in FSHD patients using bisulfite sequencing or MeDIP. These analyses revealed similar DNA methylation patterns between asymptomatic carriers and controls and between FSHD1 and FSHD2 patients. These two groups of patients show a marked hypomethylation mostly in the proximal region of D4Z4. Moreover, the recent discovery of mutations of a new candidate gene, SMCHD1 have been observed in most FSHD2 cases. In these patients, we observed frequent but not systematical association between decreased methylation and SMCHD1 mutation. This gene might be associated with D4Z4 DNA methylation maintenance; however its function remains unknown. D4Z4 plays a crucial role in chromosomal ends regulation and three-dimensional dynamics of the locus within the nuclear space. In order to study the dynamics and topology of the 4q35 locus during the skeletal muscle differentiation, we measured specific interactions between different regions within the locus and followed this chromatin conformation in different biological situations thanks to FISH in three-dimensions followed by in sillico analysis of the images (3D-FISH). Upon pluripotency in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human fibroblasts (hIPSCs) display the same nuclear organization as in controls. Finally, we have followed the configuration of the locus during skeletal muscle commitment
Magalhaes, Milena. „La méthylation de l'ADN est altérée dans les cellules nasales et sanguines des patients atteints de mucoviscidose“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening recessive genetic disease in the Caucasian population. It is characterized by airway obstruction, respiratory infection and inflammation. Morbidity and mortality are mainly due to lung disease, which is variable among CF patients, even for those having the same genotype. Contributing factors are mutations in CFTR (the disease-causing gene), modifier genes, but also environmental factors and epigenetics. The main goal of this project was to determine whether there was a correlation between DNA methylation and the severity of CF lung disease. We built the METHYLCF cohort (49 p.Phe508del homozygous CF patients and 24 healthy controls) and a DNA biobank from whole blood and nasal epithelial cells (NEC). CF patients were stratified accordion to their FEV1% predicted, adjusted to age. We profiled DNA methylation at 14 modifier genes using bisulfite conversion and next-generation sequencing (454 Roche). Genome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed with the 450K Beadchip (Illumina). Selected differentially methylated sites (DMS) were validated by pyrosequencing. Using the candidate modifier gene approach, we showed that two CF modifier genes were differentially methylated in CF patients compared to controls: EDNRA in blood and HMOX1 in blood and NEC. Methylation of EDNRA, HMOX1 and GSTM3 was associated with lung disease severity in NEC. Interestingly, low DNA methylation levels at GSTM3 were associated with the GSTM3*B allele, a polymorphic 3-bp deletion that has a protective effect on CF patients. In addition, through the genome-wide analysis, we identified 1267 DMS, associated with 638 genes, between CF patients and controls and 187 DMS, associated with 116 genes, between severe CF and mild CF patients. DMS were enriched at predicted enhancers, which may represent regulatory sequences, and also at intergenic regions. Gene ontology analyses highlighted cellular processes relevant to CF, i.e. cell adhesion and inflammatory and immune response. Interestingly, 80 out of 638 differentially methylated genes were differentially expressed in publicly available NEC transcriptomic data. Six out of 9 selected DMS were validated and five out of six DMS were replicated in an independent set of patients. Additionally, 23 DMS, 10 of which were intergenic, correlated with FEV1% predicted. Our study has shown that DNA methylation is altered in blood and NEC of CF patients. Small DNA methylation changes were observed at known CF modifier genes; more dramatic DNA methylation changes were found at other genes that may impact lung function. Collectively, these epigenomic variations may lead to different degrees of lung disease severity in CF patients
Joulie, Michaël. „Recherche de nouvelles protéines humaines se liant à l'ADN méthylé“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112157/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEpigenetic phenomena are key contributors to the function of eukaryotic genomes. These processes act on chromatin, and they are used to render the genome dynamic, but also stable throughout successive rounds of cell division. Among epigenetic processes, DNA methylation is especially well known for its role in the regulation of gene expression.In mammals, DNA methylation is strongly correlated with transcriptional repression, and fulfills at least three essential roles. First, it maintains repeated sequences transcriptionally silenced, thus ensuring the stability of the genome. Second, it is responsible for the proper regulation of parentally imprinted genes, which are crucial regulators of embryonic development and adult life. Finally, DNA methylation ensures that some tissue-specific genes are kept inactive in the organs in which they should be repressed. Besides these roles in the physiology of normal cells, DNA methylation has strong links to cancer. Indeed the pattern of DNA methylation on the genome is frequently altered in cancer cells, and these anomalies contribute to transformation by several mechanisms.DNA methylation does not control transcription directly, but instead acts via a set of dedicated proteins that specifically recognize methylated DNA and repress transcription by acting at the chromatin level. At present, three families of such proteins, totalling 9 members altogether, are known in humans. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the list is not exhaustive, and that other human proteins that bind methylated DNA remain to be found. This was the goal of the current project.To this end, we opted for two distinct types approaches, an approach based on literature and a genetic approach. The study of candidate proteins does not allow us to identify new methylated DNA binding proteins and the genetic approach by phage display revealed two proteins of interest, HMGB1 and CHD3 that must now be validated by in vivo and in vitro approaches.Furthermore, we studied the regulation of DNA repeats by Zbtb4 in mice. Preliminary results show a regulation of minor satellites by Zbtb4. The role of this regulation will be analyse further in the future
Lahouze, Benoit. „Role of DNA methylation in meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112128/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring meiosis, the cellular division that gives rise to haploid cells, homologous chromosomes inherited from each parent are paired and are subjected to reciprocal exchanges of chromosome segments called crossing-overs (COs). COs are not randomly distributed in the genome. Some of the involved mechanisms have recently been described in mammals and yeast bu they are not conserved in plants. Repeat-rich heterochromatin is suppressed for COs. The high level of DNA methylation associated with repeats could be an inhibitor of COs. This was clearly demonstrated in the fungus Ascobolus immersus and recent studies have shown that the loss of DNA methylation also affects COs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The aim of my thesis was to describe more precisely the role of DNA methylation in the control of CO distribution in the absence of any DNA sequence polymorphism which are known to affect recombination. For this purpose, I measured recombination in different plants where DNA methylation has been partially or completely removed thanks to the mutation of the DDM1 gene. To test the opposed effect of a gain of DNA methylation,.I also tried to target DNA methylation at a known recombination hotspot. My results show that the loss of DNA methylation induces a global increase of recombination. Paradoxically, the normally highly methylated heterochromatin is less affected by this loss than the rest of the chromosome, probably because DNA methylation has distal effects. The increased recombination is exacerbated in successive generations of the hypomethylated ddm1 mutants. However, the strongest effect is seen in the heterozygotes where only half of the genome is hypomethylated, suggesting a complex role in the control of CO distribution. Finally, I show that DNA sequence polymorphism affects mainly recombination in the heterochromatin but not in the expected sense, since homozygous plants recombine less than heterozygous
Dupont, Jean-Michel. „Méthylation de l'ADN et régulation transcriptionnelle : ontogène de l'empreinte au cours de la spermatogénèse et conséquences sur l'architecture de l'hétérochromatine constitutive“. Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05CD06.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePagé-Larivière, Florence. „Analyse spatiotemporelle des enzymes de déméthylation de l'adn et des histones dans l'embryon bovin“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29879/29879.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn mammals, the transition from one generation to the next requires genomic reprogramming. Such epigenetic change is mediated by paternal and maternal DNA demethylation as well as histone lysines demethylation after fertilization, which is a poorly understood process. Some family of enzymes have recently been associated to those process: the deaminases, like Aicda (activation-induced cytosine deaminase), and Tet (Ten-eleven translocation) dioxygenases, Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3. Many lysine specific histone demethylases (KDM) have been identified in the past few years but little is known about their roles in mammalian embryo. The objective of this study was to develop of a spatiotemporal expression profile of those proteins at different preimplantation stage of bovine embryo. We suggest an active participation of Tet3 in DNA methylation, possibly supported by Tet2 but without Tet1 or Aicda. We also demonstrate the presence and specific localization of KDM3A, KDM4A, KDM4C and KDM5B which may suggest a role during the different embryonic stages. This information opens up the possibilities for further research in order to reduce epigenetic abnormalities associated to assisted reproduction technologies.
Kilin, Vasyl. „Analyse par de nouveaux outils de fluorescence du mécanisme de la protéine UHRF1 dans la méthylation de l'ADN“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA methylation patterns are key epigenetic marks which control tissue specific gene expression. These patterns are faithfully replicated by the DNMT1 enzyme which is directed by the UHRF1 protein to hemi-methylated (HM) CpG sites. The high specificity of UHRF1 to HM CpG sites is related to the ability of its SRA domain to selectively flip methylcytosine (mC) residues. Therefore, the understanding of how UHRF1 reads DNA sequences and flips mC residues is an important question in molecular epigenetics. In the present work, we apply environment-sensitive nucleobase analogues to study the SRA-induced base flipping. We found that only labelling by 2-thienyl-3-hydroxychromone (3HCnt) outside but close to the target methylated CpG allows monitoring the SRA-induced mC-flipping and its dynamics. Fluorescence steady-state spectroscopy and stopped flow measurements showed significant differences in the recognition and binding kinetics of SRA for HM and non-methylated (NM) DNA. Indeed, SRA was found to bind and slide with fast kinetics on NM duplexes, in line with the reader role of UHRF1. In contrast, the kinetics of mC flipping was found to be much slower, substantially increasing the lifetime of UHRF1 bound to a CpG site in HM duplexes and thus, the probability of recruiting DNMT1 in order to faithfully duplicate the DNA methylation profile. Therefore, we proposed for the first time an assay able to sensitively monitor the UHRF1-induced base flipping, which helped us to provide a possible mechanism for the UHRF1 directing function on DNMT1
Viré, Emmanuelle. „Etude de la méthylation de l'ADN, du remodelage de la chromatine au cancer, une approche mécanistique de l'épigénétique“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210513.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAu cours de notre thèse de doctorat, nous nous sommes attachés à l’étude des mécanismes par lesquels la méthylation de l’ADN est ciblée en des régions génomiques précises et participe à la répression de l’expression des gènes. La méthylation de l’ADN est catalysée par des enzymes, appelées méthyltransférases de l’ADN (DNMTs), qui transfèrent des résidus méthyls sur les cytosines. Cette modification chimique covalente constitue un niveau de contrôle transcriptionnel important :il existe une corrélation entre méthylation de l’ADN et répression de l’expression génique au niveau de sites génomiques spécifiques. En outre, il semble de plus en plus clair qu’une méthylation aberrante de l’ADN participe au processus de cancérogenèse. A l’heure actuelle, les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels la méthylation contribue au développement, à la différenciation et à la répression génique restent peu connus. Les données de la littérature suggèrent l’existence d’un lien étroit entre la méthylation de l’ADN et la structure de la chromatine. Celle-ci est notamment régulée par des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. Il apparaît de plus en plus évident que la méthylation de l’ADN et les modifications des histones prennent part à une «boucle de répression» assurant le maintien et la propagation d’états épigénétiques répressifs. L’étude des mécanismes de la répression médiée par les DNMTs s’avère donc étroitement liée à celle de la structure de la chromatine.
Dans ce contexte, notre travail de thèse est basé sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les deux principaux systèmes épigénétiques, la méthylation de l’ADN et les protéines Polycomb, agiraient de concert. Les protéines Polycomb participent au système de mémoire cellulaire, régulent l’expression et la différenciation, agissent sous forme de complexes multimériques associés à la chromatine et interviennent dans le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire. Au cours de notre travail, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressé à la protéine Polycomb EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste) parce qu’elle possède une activité méthyltransférase d’histone sur les 27 de l’histone H3, impliquée dans la répression transcriptionnelle.
Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence un lien mécanistique entre les deux machineries épigénétiques principales, méthylation de l’ADN et protéines du groupe Polycomb. Nous avons montré qu’EZH2 interagit in vivo avec les DNMTs et purifie une activité méthyltransférase de l’ADN in vitro. Des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine indiquent que les DNMTs fixent les régions promotrices de gènes cibles de EZH2 et que cette liaison est dépendante de la présence d’EZH2. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des promoteurs cibles d’EZH2 par séquençage au bisulfite suggère qu’EZH2 semble également requise pour la méthylation de l’ADN de ces séquences. Nos résultats permettent l’ébauche d’un modèle où EZH2 agit comme une plateforme de recrutement pour les DNMTs (Viré et al. Nature 2006).
Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous avons investigué le rôle de MeCP2 dans ce modèle. MeCP2 est une protéine à domaine MBD (methyl-binding domain) qui se fixe sélectivement aux cytosines méthylées. Le recrutement de MeCP2 représente un mécanisme majeur par lequel la méthylation de l’ADN réprime la transcription. Nos données montrent que MeCP2 interagit avec EZH2 in vitro et in vivo et que ces protéines fixent des régions promotrices communes. De plus, le niveau de méthylation des cytosines semble prérequis à la présence d’EZH2. Ce travail suggère que MeCP2 puisse recruter EZH2 à la chromatine et renforcer un état réprimé de la chromatine en agissant comme un pont entre deux modifications épigénétiques essentielles, la méthylation de l’ADN et les proteins Polycomb (Viré et al. soumis).
En conclusion, notre travail de doctorat devrait permettre un meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de l’épigénétique et plus particulièrement de cerner comment la méthylation de l’ADN est intimement connectée au remodelage de la chromatine, participe à la répression transcriptionnelle, est spécifiquement ciblée au sein du génome et contribue au développement et à la cancérogenèse.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Congras, Annabelle. „Analyse de la méthylation de l'ADN spermatique et développement de cellules pluripotentes induites chez des verrats infertiles porteurs ou non de remaniements chromosomiques“. Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2585/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFertility issues concern both humans, affecting a growing part of the population, and farm animals including pigs in which they slow down the diffusion of agronomical traits of interest. In this project, we focused on two mechanisms linked to infertility: alterations in gametic DNA methylation and chromosomal rearrangements. We first observed that the methylation level of spermatic DNA is conserved between three mammalian species, both at the global and local level as well as between fertile and infertile boars. A specific increase in DNA methylation in the GNAS locus was identified, as well as a deregulation of its expression in some boars with low quality semen, linking for the first time hypermethylation of this region and male infertility in mammals. We then chose to produce induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of infertile boars carrying chromosomal rearrangements, as a tool for studying their differentiation towards the germ cell lineage. Cell lines derived from an azoospermic t(Y;14) boar harbor several characteristics of pluripotency: expression of specific genes, a cell cycle resembling the one of embryonic stem cells, and an ability to evolve into the naïve state in adapted culture medium. However they revealed a poor differentiation potential and a genomic instability increasing with passaging that we associated with the use a an integrative reprogramming technique. The use of a non-integrative technique demonstrated that the cell lines obtained with this method did not harbor this instability. Their preliminary characterization may be predictive of production of more stable cell lines gathering more characters of pluripotency
Walton, Emma. „Study of the regulation and dynamic expression of targets of the DNA methyltransferase 3B in health and disease“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic mark essential to life. Accordingly, alterations to patterns of DNA methylation frequently occur in human diseases. In the ICF syndrome, mutation in the de novo DNA methyltransferase 3B leads to pathological hypomethylation of centromeric DNA repeats and chromosomal instability. Similar anomalies are observed in cancer, which is often characterised by the aberrant expression of catalytically inactive isoforms of DNMT3B, the abnormal accumulation of centromeric transcripts, and illegitimate expression of germ line genes, many of which are targets of DNMT3B. These events are thought to act as a driving force for tumourgenesis. In this study, we investigated the relationship amongst hypomethylation, the illicit expression of DNMT3B targets, and perturbed cellular phenotypes. Our previous finding that Dnmt3b is bound to its targets in somatic cells suggested an ongoing role for this enzyme in maintenance methylation. We find that for some germ line genes, methylation is assured by Dnmt3b and not the maintenance enzyme Dnmt1. These results suggest a mechanism linking perturbation to DNMT3B in cancer to the illicit expression of germ line genes. We further show that some of these genes are expressed in ICF patients with mutations in DNMT3B, which constitutes a tissue-independent molecular hallmark that will prove useful for diagnosis. At centromeric repeats, hypomethylation creates a favourable context for, but does not necessarily lead to transcription. We imply a role for the transcription factor YY1 as a regulator of centromeric transcription, providing a potential mechanism for the deregulation to centromeric transcripts in cancer
Kress, Clémence. „Régulation de la mémoire épigénétique : la dynamique de la méthylation de l'ADN et son couplage aux modifications de la chromatine“. Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066179.
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