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1
Johnson, E. „Optimal water meter sizing and maintenance system (OSMS)“. Water Supply 3, Nr. 1-2 (01.03.2003): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0089.
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Water meters operating outside their performance specifications can contribute to non-physical water losses as well as to financial losses of a water authority. The aim of this project was to develop and test a computerised system providing a continuum of methods for selecting water meters varying from pure theoretical to semi-empirical and then to a wholly empirical process. The theoretical process relies on water demands derived from local and international design codes and standards in the selection of new water meters for buildings or water management areas. The first estimate for the selection of a water meter can be based on both records of billing data as well as on theoretically determined peak and minimum water demands. Empirically measured water demand profiles can be processed and analysed by OSMS to establish the best match for a particular water meter’s specification. Field trials in South Africa and Brazil were instrumental in identifying additional features that enhanced the development of OSMS, as well as emphasised the usefulness of the software. A literature review and a pilot study indicate a previous trend of installing over-sized meters. Replacement meters that are optimally selected can finance the costs of such investments.
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Li, Rui, Peng-bo Shi, Ming-kai Li, Yuan Zhang, Ning Ding und He Wu. „Research on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Platform Based on Automatic Calibration System of Electric Energy Meter“. E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019403001.
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To the problem that the operation and maintenance of the electric energy meter automatic verification system is large and the equipment fault location not accurate, a smart operation and maintenance platform is developed. The function and structure of the system are analyzed, and the application effect of the intelligent operation and maintenance platform is demonstrated. The actual operation results show that: The application of intelligent operation and maintenance platform improves the operation and maintenance efficiency of the energy meter automatic verification system, which produces a good economic and social benefits.
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Kong, Xiangyu, Yuying Ma, Xin Zhao, Ye Li und Yongxing Teng. „A Recursive Least Squares Method with Double-Parameter for Online Estimation of Electric Meter Errors“. Energies 12, Nr. 5 (28.02.2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050805.
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In view of the existing verification methods of electric meters, there are problems such as high maintenance cost, poor accuracy, and difficulty in full coverage, etc. Starting from the perspective of analyzing the large-scale measured data collected by user-side electric meters, an online estimation method for the operating error of electric meters was proposed, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) and introduces a double-parameter method with dynamic forgetting factors λa and λb to track the meter parameters changes in real time. Firstly, the obtained measured data are preprocessed, and the abnormal data such as null data and light load data are eliminated by an appropriate clustering method, so as to screen out the measured data of the similar operational states of each user. Then equations relating the head electric meter in the substation and each users’ electric meter and line loss based on the law of conservation of electric energy are established. Afterwards, the recursive least squares algorithm with double-parameter is used to estimate the parameters of line loss and the electric meter error. Finally, the effects of double dynamic forgetting factors, double constant forgetting factors and single forgetting factor on the accuracy of estimated error of electric meter are discussed. Through the program-controlled load simulation system, the proposed method is verified with higher accuracy and practicality.
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Cheng, Yong Chun, und Ri Hua Bai. „The Development of Highway Pavement Damage Investigation System (HPDIS) Based on Road Maintenance Design Needs“. Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (Mai 2012): 4477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4477.
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In practice, the quality of the investigation can affect the final outcome of a road maintenance design; therefore, pavement damage investigation is very important for road maintenance design. Considering the feature and requirement of maintenance design procedure, this research developed a new artificial pavement damage investigation equipment （HPDIS）by using certain precise techniques, such as GPS-based positioning technology, high resolution digital camera, range positioning system, and digital display type angle meter. The system can be directly used in pavement assessment and the design system. In addition, data communications can be accomplished by this new equipment as well. Due to these features, it makes road maintenance design more efficient.
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Chen, Zhi Yong, Jian Xi Gu und Wen Xiang Bu. „Design of Wireless Power-Meter Reading Data Collector Based on CC2430“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.625.
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While large-scale smart electricity meters are going to be applied, it is difficult to solve the problem of acquisition data of smart electricity meters and in order to design a convenient installation and maintenance, low power consumption and reliable data collection terminal, a design of wireless data acquisition system base on wireless network is proposed according to the development of wireless technology. The system used CC2430 as the core controller to process power data and performs intelligent control. Using the technology of Zigbee short-range wireless communication for data transmission, the wiring complexity of the project has been reduced, the reliability of data communication has been improved, and power consumption has been reduced. The results show that the terminal is normal and reliable.
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Wang, Xin, Tong Zhou, Peng Xiao und Zi Wang. „Research of Routing Protocol for Wireless Meter Reading System“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (Februar 2014): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.918.
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To improve the data transmission reliability of wireless meter reading system, a bidirectional routing algorithm is proposed. The routing algorithm is developed to make all nodes in the network establish optimal routing and register a complete neighbor table for routing maintenance. The neighbor exchange mechanism based on Hello Packet can timely detect changes in network topology and solve the problem of nodes flexibly coming in or out of the network. Simulation and system testing have all verified the reliability and usefulness of the algorithm which can satisfy the need of wireless meter reading application.
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Ferdiansyah, Indra, Epyk Sunarno, Putu Agus Mahadi Putra und Brilianti Qori' Avrila. „Alat Pengukur Deviasi pada KWH Meter 3 Fasa berbasis PZEM 0047 dan Flame Sensor“. JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terpadu) 9, Nr. 1 (28.04.2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32487/jtt.v9i1.1128.
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In the maintenance of Measuring and Limiting Devices (APP) by replacing the kWh Meter on the old kWh meter, as well as P2TL efforts to examine customers who have the potential to commit violations or lack of billing in adjusting electricity rates. In this operation an error / deviation check will be performed on the kWh meter to determine the feasibility of the kWh meter. So far, the measurement of deviation on the kWh Meter 3 Phase is done manually so that it is considered less effective. With this deviation gauge kwh meter 3 phase measurement, meter change officers and P2TL field officers will be able to help in measuring the deviation in the 3 phase kWh meter. This tool reads the power of the kWh meter through the display of the led impulse indicator, then compares it with the power measurement using the metering module at the same time so that the deviation can be detected whether more or less from the meter class, because the measurement standards are based on the meter class. The results obtained from testing on a kWh meter with a grade of 0.5, obtained a deviation of less than 0.5 percent, which means the kWh meter is good because it is still awake in its class according to SPLN No.96 of 1993.Keywords: Deviation, Kwh Meter, Maintaining APP, P2TL
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Lei, Xiao Ling, Li Li, Hai Yan Wang, Xiao Tao Fang und Yuan Yuan Huang. „Practice and Study of the Effect of One-Household-One-Meter Conversion on NRW“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (Oktober 2012): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.653.
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In order to test the effect on NRW(None Revenue Water) of one-household-one-meter conversion, find out key factors to influence the water supply efficiency and propose ways to reduce the rate of NRW, this article was based on the current practical engineering situation in Chongqing, China, by selecting 5 representative controlled fields for a six-month testing period. It shows that: different installation qualities of one-household-one-meter act different influences on NRW. The individual customer’s domestic water can be measured effectively by installing the drip-proof valve. The rate of NRW can be decreased at the beginning in the fields with “drip-proof valve + meter”. Water supply efficiency rate of the fields with “meter only” keep stable during 6 months, and meanwhile the fields with “drip-proof valve + meter” decrease over time. The function of drip-proof valve is found to stop at 147 days after installation due to the rust and sand getting into the valve. “Drip-proof valve + meter” is a practical and effective one-household-one-meter conversion method. Relevant standard atlas is recommended to be developed and implemented timely. Maintenance of pipeline and guarantee of water quality in pipeline are very important to keep the contribution of “drip-proof valve + meter” on NRW.
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Glebova, E. V., A. T. Volokhina und E. A. Polikakhina. „Investigation of the Use of Ultrasonic Flow Meters at Oil Refining Process Unit“. Occupational Safety in Industry, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-12-7-11.
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It is known that changes in the flow rate of the medium can directly affect the safety of the process of refining oil and petroleum products. Therefore, the use of high-precision flow meters is one of the safety barriers to prevent possible accidents and incidents. Unfortunately, the task of parametric measurement of the consumption of oil and petroleum products before and after their processing in most cases causes certain difficulties. For this reason, each specific measurement task should be approached from a different perspective, offering different means and methods of measurement, allowing to achieve the most reliable and accurate data on the measured flow rate. Operating conditions at the oil refineries place high demands on flow meters. Conventional orifice flow meters, which are often used to measure flow in the oil refineries, have certain disadvantages: they require frequent maintenance, process interruptions during installation, cause pressure losses in the pipe. Based on the experience of foreign companies in replacing insertion flow meters with clamp-on flow meters, it was decided to use non-invasive (non-contact) flow meters for medium measurement. The advantages of these flow meters are that there is no need to cut pipes, which practically eliminates the risk of leaks occurrence during installation. Also, the ultrasonic flow meter does not have direct contact with the measured medium, which allows avoiding contamination of both the flow meter itself and the medium, as a result, increasing the accuracy and durability of flow measurement at the site. Research objectives: substantiation of the possibility of operation of an ultrasonic flow meter at the oil refining site, recommendations for the use of various sensors, as well as selection of the optimal installation site for the device. The flow rate readings matched the previously established readings taken from the orifice meters. As a result, it is concluded that the ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the flow rate of stripped oil.
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Rodrigues-Filho, JL, RM Degani, FS Soares, NA Periotto, FP Blanco, DS Abe, T. Matsumura-Tundisi, JE Tundisi und JG Tundisi. „Alterations in land uses based on amendments to the Brazilian Forest Law and their influences on water quality of a watershed“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, Nr. 1 (März 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.08813.
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The amendments to the Forest Law proposed by the Brazilian government that allow partial substitution of forested areas by agricultural activities raised deep concern about the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. To assess the impacts of this alteration in land uses on the watershed, diffuse loads of total nitrogen (Nt) and total phosphorus (Pt) were estimated in Lobo Stream watershed, southeastern Brazil, based on export coefficients of the Model of Correlation between Land Use and Water Quality (MQUAL). Three scenarios were generated: scenario 1 (present scenario), with 30-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along the shore of water bodies and 50-meter-radius in springs; scenario 2, conservative, with 100-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along water bodies; and scenario 3, with the substitution of 20% of natural forest by agricultural activities. Results indicate that a suppression of 20% of forest cover would cause an increase in nutrient loads as well as in the trophic state of aquatic ecosystems of the watershed. This could result in losses of ecosystem services and compromise the quality of water and its supply for the basin. This study underlines the importance of forest cover for the maintenance of water quality in Lobo Stream watershed.
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Wu, Hong Xia, und Yin Ping Chen. „Study on Continuous Measurement of Material Level Based on Dusty Environment such as Ash Storage“. Advanced Materials Research 823 (Oktober 2013): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.823.461.
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The ash storage is indispensable equipment in the coal-fired power plant, it used to store coal ash. The accurate measurement of coal ash level in the storage can ensure the boiler ash discharge smoothly. But the ash level measurement problems with dust, low dielectric constant, negative / positive pressure and long measuring distance (up to 70 m) etc., resulting in material level measurement becomes a major difficulty in level measurement technology. This paper puts forward a kind of mechanical measurement methodHeavy hammer-level meter detection based on investigation and research around the Hubei power plant. Practice has proved that this measurement method has the advantage of high measuring accuracy, little maintenance, great economic value and it can reduce the maintenance cost of power plant. At the same time this paper also provides some basis for the other studies on continuous measurement of material level.
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Włodarczak, Sylwia, Marek Ochowiak, Michał Doligalski, Bartosz Kwapisz, Andżelika Krupińska, Marcin Mrugalski und Magdalena Matuszak. „Flow Rate Control by Means of Flow Meter and PLC Controller“. Sensors 21, Nr. 18 (14.09.2021): 6153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186153.
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This paper presents a design of a flow meter based on a programmable logic controller (PLC). The new construction of a flow meter controlled by PLC increases the possibilities for the control and automation of fluid flow. Additionally, the didactic potential of the use of simple automation in the form of a programmable logic controller was considered. A device enabling the measurement of fluid flow rate based on a PLC controller was designed, constructed, and tested. The choice of device was the Gems Sensors FT-210 series turbine flow sensor, which is characterized by low purchase and maintenance costs. The properties and the chemical resistance of polyamide-12, the material the sensor is made of, make it possible to test the flow of various types of fluids. As part of the work, an algorithm and a program controlling the device was developed based on the APB Soft software, enabling the accurate reading of the number of impulses sent by the turbine flow sensor. The results of the designed flow meter were compared with the results obtained for the Krohne VA-40 high accuracy rotameter.
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Hansen, Lærke Skov, Simon Pedersen und Petar Durdevic. „Multi-Phase Flow Metering in Offshore Oil and Gas Transportation Pipelines: Trends and Perspectives“. Sensors 19, Nr. 9 (11.05.2019): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092184.
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Multi-phase flow meters are of huge importance to the offshore oil and gas industry. Unreliable measurements can lead to many disadvantages and even wrong decision-making. It is especially important for mature reservoirs as the gas volume fraction and water cut is increasing during the lifetime of a well. Hence, it is essential to accurately monitor the multi-phase flow of oil, water and gas inside the transportation pipelines. The objective of this review paper is to present the current trends and technologies within multi-phase flow measurements and to introduce the most promising methods based on parameters such as accuracy, footprint, safety, maintenance and calibration. Typical meters, such as tomography, gamma densitometry and virtual flow meters are described and compared based on their performance with respect to multi-phase flow measurements. Both experimental prototypes and commercial solutions are presented and evaluated. For a non-intrusive, non-invasive and inexpensive meter solution, this review paper predicts a progress for virtual flow meters in the near future. The application of multi-phase flows meters are expected to further expand in the future as fields are maturing, thus, efficient utilization of existing fields are in focus, to decide if a field is still financially profitable.
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Zhang, Min, Qiang Fu, Yu Xu und Hong Wei Du. „Research on topology identification technology of distribution station area based on distribution Transformer supervisory Terminal Unit“. E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501045.
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This paper proposes a topology identification idea based on the physical equipment and information fusion of the distribution network, which fully combines existing distribution automation master stations, intelligent distribution transformer terminals, smart meter equipment and information data resources, and uses carrier communication technology to reflect the topological relationship of the distribution station area, carry out research on key technologies of distribution network topology identification, in order to realize the comprehensive integration identification of the distribution station-linetransformer-household relationship and the distribution network topology structure, and improve data penetration between different systems ability to provide basic support for intelligent and lean operation and maintenance of the distribution network.
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Jderu, Alin, Marcelo A. Soto, Marius Enachescu und Dominik Ziegler. „Liquid Flow Meter by Fiber-Optic Sensing of Heat Propagation“. Sensors 21, Nr. 2 (07.01.2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020355.
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Monitoring fluid flow rates is imperative for a variety of industries including biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, the food industry, and the oil and gas industries. We propose a flow meter that, unlike turbine or pressure-based sensors, is not flow intrusive, requires zero maintenance, has low risk of clogging, and is compatible with harsh conditions. Using optical fiber sensing, we monitor the temperature distribution along a fluid conduit. Pulsed heat injection locally elevates the fluid’s temperature, and from the propagation velocity of the heat downstream, the fluid’s velocity is determined. The method is experimentally validated for water and ethanol using optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) with millimetric spatial resolution over a 1.2 m-long conduit. Results demonstrate that such sensing yields accurate data with a linear response. By changing the optical fiber interrogation to time-domain distributed sensing approaches, the proposed technique can be scaled to cover sensing ranges of several tens of kilometers. On the other extreme, miniaturization for instance by using integrated optical waveguides could potentially bring this flow monitoring technique to microfluidic systems or open future avenues for novel “lab-in-a-fiber” technologies with biomedical applications.
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Obretin, Alexandru Marius. „Sensors for Web – Alternative for Traditional Mobile Applications“. Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, Nr. 8 (15.09.2020): 1642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug802.
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This paper is providing an in-detail analysis of existing mobile based software solutions for indoor localization and identifies several issues to be tackled. The objective this research initiative is assuming is to provide an alternative approach for traditional sensorbased applications, an alternative that behaves better in terms of resource consumption, maintenance costs and degree of generality. The principles hereby described have been integrated into a web application that has been tested in two different environments, providing indoor localization accuracy under a meter
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Philis-Tsimikas, Athena, Irene Stratton, Lone Nørgård Troelsen, Britta Anker Bak und Lawrence A. Leiter. „Efficacy and Safety of Degludec Compared to Glargine 300 Units/mL in Insulin-Experienced Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Trial Protocol Amendment (NCT03078478)“. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, Nr. 3 (11.04.2019): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819841585.
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Background: A head-to-head trial (NCT03078478) between insulin degludec and insulin glargine U300 with the primary objective of comparing the risk of hypoglycemia is being conducted. During trial conduct, safety concerns related to the glycemic data collection system led to a postinitiation protocol amendment, described here. Methods: This randomized (1:1), open-label, treat-to-target, multinational trial was initiated in March 2017 with a planned treatment period of 52 weeks (16 weeks titration + 36 weeks maintenance). Overall, ~1600 insulin-experienced patients at risk of developing hypoglycemia based on predefined risk factors were included. The protocol amendment implemented in February 2018 resulted in assuring patient safety and an extension of the total treatment period up to 88 weeks (16 weeks titration + variable maintenance 1 + 36 weeks maintenance 2). The original glycemic data collection system (MyGlucoHealth blood glucose meter + electronic diary) was discontinued because of safety concerns and replaced with an Abbott blood glucose meter and paper diary to collect self-measured blood glucose and hypoglycemic episodes. The primary endpoint of number of severe or blood-glucose confirmed symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes will be evaluated with the same analysis duration and statistical methods as the original protocol. Only relevant changes were implemented to maintain patient safety while permitting evaluation of the scientific objectives of the trial. Conclusions: These observations highlight the importance of safety surveillance during trial conduct despite the use of currently marketed glucose monitoring devices. The prompt protocol amendment and ensuing actions ensured that the scientific integrity of the trial was not compromised.
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Degtjaruk, V., М. Khоdаkоvskyi, М. Budnyk, V. Budnyk, М. Мudrenko und Ya Tymoshenko. „Development of Metrological Maintenance of Photometric Devices For Pulsometry“. Metrology and instruments, Nr. 4 (07.09.2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(4)2019.10-16.
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Investigating pulse in different parts of the body is of great interest to doctors. The purpose is the development of metrological maintenance, calibration and certification of photometric instruments [1—3]. Photoplethysmograph is designed to record changes in optical density of a person’s body area with a beam of light reflected in the light [4—6]. Measurements are carried out non-invasively [7]. Such device registers pulse wave (PW) signals and reference ECG with computer processing, Fig. 1—2 [8—10]. A working measure (LED) was created and calibrated using an optical radiation power meter based on the substitution method [11], test bench is at Fig. 3, calibration results — in Table 1 and Fig. 4. Test bench for device calibration and an optical radiator are at Fig. 5—6, view of calibrated signal — at Fig. 7. As a result of calibration (Table 2) the dependence of the output signal on LED power supply (Fig. 8) is obtained, and the calibration dependence is shown at Fig. 9. In the test bench for SMC used standardized light filters KNS-01 at a wavelength of 630 nm (Fig. 10a). The calibration curve is calculated as the dependence of the relative coefficient of inverse light dispersion (RCILD) on PW (Fig. 10b, Table 3). The view of output signal is at Fig. 11.
As a result of SMC, the limits of permissible absolute error of 2 % in the range of RCILD (15—100) % are defined.
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Nainar, Karthikeyan, und Florin Iov. „Three-Phase State Estimation for Distribution-Grid Analytics“. Clean Technologies 3, Nr. 2 (01.05.2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3020022.
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Power-distribution grids consist of assets such as transformers, cables, and switches, of which the proper utilization is essential for the provision of a secure and reliable power supply to end customers. Distribution-system operators (DSOs) are responsible for the operation and maintenance of these assets. Due to the increased use of renewable sources such as wind and solar, grid assets are prone to operation conditions outside safe boundaries, such as overloading, large voltage unbalance, and a rise in voltage. At present, distribution grids are poorly monitored by DSOs, and the above-mentioned problems may thereby go unnoticed until the failure of a critical asset occurs. The deployment of smart meters in distribution grids has enabled measurements of grid variables such as power, current, and voltage. However, their measurements are used only for billing purposes, and not for monitoring and improving the operating condition of distribution grids. In this paper, a state-estimation algorithm is proposed that utilizes smart-meter data for offline analysis, and estimates the loading of grid assets and power losses. Single- and three-phase state-estimation algorithms are compared through simulation studies on a real-life low-voltage distribution grid using measured smart-meter data. The three-phase state-estimation algorithm based on the nonlinear weighted least-squares method was found to be more accurate in estimating cable loading and line power losses. The proposed method is useful for DSOs to analyze power flows in their distribution grids and take necessary actions such as grid upgrades or the rerouting of power flows.
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Tasca, Fabiane Andressa, Alexandra Rodrigues Finotti und Roberto Fabris Goerl. „A stormwater user fee model for operations and maintenance in small cities“. Water Science and Technology 79, Nr. 2 (15.01.2019): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.043.
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Abstract In this paper, a stormwater fee specifically for small municipalities was developed through a simplification of the Equivalent Residential Unit (ERU) system, which is the main method applied in the United States. The Simplified ERU is based on the amount of impervious area and the fee considers the operations and maintenance costs, besides having a single class of billing. It was applied in Santo Amaro da Imperatriz city, located in the southern region of Brazil, which can be classified as a small city. The value of the Simplified ERU (294.32 m2) was similar to the average impervious area in the United States (269.42 m2) and it was equivalent to $0.28 per square meter (within the range of other countries' fees). The method proved to be a feasible and rapid technique for funding stormwater services, and its simplicity allows its application in different locations. This funding model can generate revenue to address current stormwater problems, such as the lack of funding for existing drainage infrastructure, and contribute to downstream flooding reduction. This paper also intends to encourage discussion about the methods for designing a stormwater fee in the academic community, which is still incipient.
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Ardhiarini, Rizky. „IDENTIFICATION OF NATIONAL ROAD MAINTENANCE NEEDS BASED ON STRATEGIC PLAN OF DIRECTORATE GENERAL BINA MARGA (2015-2019)“. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 2, Nr. 2 (09.08.2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.26583.
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The enhancement of connectivity between the main corridors of the economy in South Sumatera, as a purpose of the StrategicPlan of Directorate General Bina Marga and also an objective of MP3EI, Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion ofIndonesia's Economic Development which is an ambitious plan by the Indonesian government to accelerate the realization ofbecoming a developed country would be able to achieve on the requirement of good condition on performance and pavement. Inorder to support the optimal condition of the road, the identification of road management was conducted to determine thenecessity of road maintenance based on technical conditions and importance level of development of the road traversed. Themanagement program proposed is expected to be used as a baseline in determining the maintenance of the road network in SouthSumatera from 2015 until 2019. This research used Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) method, which consists of: (1) road networkperformance, covering width of roadways, traffic flow, V/C ratio, travel speed and travel time of the vehicle, and (2) pavementcondition, with IRI, SDI, and the proportion of good pavement condition as a parameter. Multi-criteria analysis used combinedroad condition assessment score and importance level of development of the area traversed by. This analysis was conductedfrom 2015 until 2019. The research concluded that maintenance necessity in 2015 were dominated by routine maintenance(95.86% of the total length), then in 2016 until 2019 the needs were dominated by routine maintenance (near 100% of the totallength). As the maintenance applied, a vast amount of total road length fulfilled as an achievement target. The results arefollows: (a) 100% with width of roadways ≥ 7 meter, (b) 97.83% with V/C ratio < 0.75, (c) 18.50% with travel speed >60km/hour, (d) 17.32% with travel time (TT) < 1.6 jam/100km, (e) 100% with good pavement condition > 95%, (f) 90.37% withIRI < 4 m/Km, and (g) 91.59 with SDI < 50. Yet with the achievement of 100% of total road length with a minimum width 7.0meter, and 90.37% of total road length with an IRI less than 4.0 m/km in 2019, the impact was not significant on increasinglength of the road with a travel time (TT) less than 1.6 jam/100km. The condition is caused by there are no maintenancerequirements concerning the improvement of the substandard road geometric.
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Tanjung, Abdur Rachman, Abdul Zain und Herri Susanto. „Analisa Penurunan Susut Non Teknis Dengan AMR PLN (Studi Kasus PT. Tjokro Bersaudara Bontang Kaltim)“. Jurnal Sinergi Jurusan Teknik Mesin 17, Nr. 1 (04.12.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/sinergi.v17i1.1586.
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One of the problems faced by PLN is the high non-technical shrinkage of potential AMR customers due to installation and maintenance errors. This problem certainly has a solution that can be used so that non-technical losses can be suppressed. Based on the theory of electric energy calculation, from the voltage, current and power factor, it can be seen that the energy consumption is calculated or paid every month. Then done using the AMR application to monitor and analyze the use of electrical energy to potential customers with known data sources. Monitoring with this AMR application can make it easier to determine electrical energy deviations that have not been measured by the kWh meter, so as to accelerate normalization in case of errors or anomalies in the kWh meter. The results of the study explained that an abnormality was found due to the reverse polarity of the CT causing losses to the PLN which resulted in a subsequent bill of PT. Tjokro Bersaudara Bontang Kaltim Rp. 134,902,352.00.
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Zou, Rong, Xiaoyun Fan, Chuang Qian, Wenfang Ye, Peng Zhao, Jian Tang und Hui Liu. „An Efficient and Accurate Method for Different Configurations Railway Extraction Based on Mobile Laser Scanning“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 24 (06.12.2019): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242929.
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The precision of railway map is becoming a significant issue for autonomous train scheduling, monitoring and maintenance, related location-based service (LBS), and further ensuring travel safety. Mobile 3D laser scanning is an efficient method for making relative high-precision railway track maps, particularly during the night period of railway maintenance, for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can work without ambient light. In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate railway track vectorization method based on the LiDAR point clouds from the self-built train Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) system. Our method takes full use of railway track geometry and reflection intensity feature of LiDAR, without any trajectory prior information. Firstly, clear track points are filtered by intensity; then, a K-means clustering fused Region-Grow Fitting algorithm is applied. It can not only extract the line vector of railway track, but also can tell the track branches apart, especially on bends and turnout. Experiments were carried on using point clouds with an average density of 490 points per square meter. The experimental results show that the method not only can quickly extract linear objects such as railway track and catenary, but also can detect the railways even in complex real-world topologies such as at bends and turnouts. The precision of the detection area in bends and turnouts are 90.32% and 81.31% respectively, the sensitivity is 83.27% and 83.33%, respectively. Moreover, it can identify the track networks.
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Woro Fittrin Selo Nur Giyatno, Dhanis, Tommy Richard Orlando und Nining Supriatin. „Analog tachometer as an indicator motorcycle machine wearing based on moving coil“. E3S Web of Conferences 43 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184301004.
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As an increasing highly mobility and high traffic, the necessary of motorcycle is highly increasing. The condition makes user ride motorcycle with highly speed in highly frequency. Then, these conditions make motorcycle machine reliability is highly decreasing. Finally, it made machine is run to damage and maintenance cost to be high. Analog tachometer is an electronic instrumentation that proposed to solve these problems. Actually, instrumentation system of tachometer is an electromechanical system. A wire in a control unit is embedded into shaft of crank. Then, magnet in control unit will convert rotary machine energy into electrical energy with d’Arsonval meter. Current sensor and small variable resistor are the kind of sensor that are used in tachometer. Small variable resistor is used for tuning and recalibration. Utilization small variable resistor in tachometer circuit is make calibration and recalibration current sensing of electrical current that rectified by diode. Tachometer for counting rotation per minute (RPM) motorcycle machine is built up. The tachometer has capability to count RPM motorcycle machine 1,000 – 13.000 RPM. The range is reliable as an indicator for user to minimize motorcycle machine wearing.
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Al-Ghaili, Abbas M., Zul Azri Ibrahim, Syazwani Arissa Shah Hairi, Fiza Abdul Rahim, Hasventhran Baskaran, Noor Afiza Mohd Ariffin und Hairoladenan Kasim. „A Review of anomaly detection techniques in advanced metering infrastructure“. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i1.2026.
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is a component of electrical networks that combines the energy and telecommunication infrastructure to collect, measure and analyze consumer energy consumptions. One of the main elements of AMI is a smart meter that used to manage electricity generation and distribution to end-user. The rapid implementation of AMI raises the need to deliver better maintenance performance and monitoring more efficiently while keeping consumers informed on their consumption habits. The convergence from analog to digital has made AMI tend to inherit the current vulnerabilities of digital devices that prone to cyber-attack, where attackers can manipulate the consumer energy consumption for their benefit. A huge amount of data generated in AMI allows attackers to manipulate the consumer energy consumption to their benefit once they manage to hack into the AMI environment. Anomalies detection is a technique can be used to identify any rare event such as data manipulation that happens in AMI based on the data collected from the smart meter. The purpose of this study is to review existing studies on anomalies techniques used to detect data manipulation in AMI and smart grid systems. Furthermore, several measurement methods and approaches used by existing studies will be addressed.
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Chaikovskaya, Eugene. „Development of smart grid technology to maintain the functioning of photoelectric charging stations“. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, Nr. 8(111) (30.06.2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235120.
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An integrated Smart Grid system has been developed for matching the production and consumption of electric power based on a prediction of changes in the battery capacity. Advanced decisions on the change in power transmission capacity have made it possible to regulate voltage in the distribution system by maintaining the power factor of the photoelectric charging station. Voltages at the input to the hybrid inverter and in the distribution system were measured to assess their ratio. Comprehensive mathematical and logical modeling of the photoelectric charging station was performed based on the mathematical substantiation of architecture and operation maintenance. A dynamic subsystem including such components as mains, a photoelectric module, a hybrid inverter, batteries, a two-way counter Smart Meter and a charger formed the basis of the proposed technological system. Time constants and coefficients of mathematical models of dynamics in terms of estimation of changes in the battery capacity and power factor of the photoelectric charging station were determined. A functional estimate of changes in the battery capacity and power factor of the photoelectric charging station was obtained. Maintenance of voltage in the distribution system was realized based on resulting operation data to estimate a change in the battery capacity. Advanced decision-making has made it possible to raise the power factor of the photoelectric charging station up to 40 % due to matching the electric power production and consumption. Maintenance of operation of the photoelectric charging station using the developed Smart Grid technology has enabled prevention of peak loading of the power system due to a 20 % reduction of power consumption from the network.
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Kunicina, N., A. Zabasta, K. Kondratjevs und G. Asmanis. „Solutions For Smart Metering Under Harsh Environmental Condicions“. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 52, Nr. 1 (01.02.2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2015-0002.
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Abstract The described case study concerns application of wireless sensor networks to the smart control of power supply substations. The solution proposed for metering is based on the modular principle and has been tested in the intersystem communication paradigm using selectable interface modules (IEEE 802.3, ISM radio interface, GSM/GPRS). The solution modularity gives 7 % savings of maintenance costs. The developed solution can be applied to the control of different critical infrastructure networks using adapted modules. The proposed smart metering is suitable for outdoor installation, indoor industrial installations, operation under electromagnetic pollution, temperature and humidity impact. The results of tests have shown a good electromagnetic compatibility of the prototype meter with other electronic devices. The metering procedure is exemplified by operation of a testing company's workers under harsh environmental conditions.
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Yang, X.-M., S. Leroux, T. Storme, D.-L. Zhang, T. Adam de Beaumais, H.-Y. Shi, Y.-L. Yang, X.-L. Wang, W. Zhao und E. Jacqz-Aigrain. „P109 Optimal dosing regimen of caspofungin in children: milligram per kilogram or milligram per square meter?“ Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Nr. 6 (17.05.2019): e63.2-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.147.
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BackgroundCaspofungin is the first echinocandin to be used as a first-line antifungal agent for Candida spp. infections in febrile, neutropenic adult and paediatric patients. To date, the optimal dosing of capofungin in children has not been determined. We evaluated the population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in children (2–12 years old) and defined an appropriate dose in order to optimize caspofungin treatment in this vulnerable population.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 48 children treated with caspofungin and drug concentrations were quantified by HPLC-MS. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation were performed using NONMEM softwareResultsData from 48 children was available for population pharmacokinetic analysis. A two-compartment model with first-order elimination had the best fit with the data. Subsequent covariate analysis demonstrated that body surface area had a significant correlation with caspofungin pharmacokinetics compared to body weight. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that >90% of a simulated paediatric population (age range, 2–12 years) treated with a loading dose of 70 mg/m2 followed by a 50 mg/m2 maintenance dose once daily would reach a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 µg/mL, the proposed susceptibility breakpoint for caspofungin against Candida spp.ConclusionThe population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin was evaluated and revealed that adjustment of caspofungin based on body surface area is most appropriate for paediatric use.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose
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Ke, Nan, Hu-Tian Feng, Zeng-Tao Chen, Yi Ou und Chang-Guang Zhou. „Real contact total length of linear motion roller guide without preload based on Greenwood–Williamson rough contact model“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, Nr. 22 (10.08.2016): 4274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216664548.
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In traditional studies of linear motion roller guide, the static stiffness is a main indicator to evaluate the mechanical behavior. However, the local contact profile between the roller and raceway surface, although very important to the precision maintenance, cannot be reflected in the measured value of static stiffness. In this article, a new indicator, named the real contact total length (RCTL), is proposed based on the Greenwood–Williamson model and the Hertz contact theory. In particular, an electric contact model is presented where the RCTL of linear motion roller guide without preload is expressed in terms of the measured electric resistances. To verify the model, an experiment is conducted to measure the electric resistances under different vertical loads by a designed load test bench and a digital, direct-current, high-resolution electric resistance meter (DRRM). The test results show good agreement with the model. Based on the electric contact model, the main parameters that affect the RCTL value are roughness Ra and the length of roller, which are directly related to the mechanical behavior of linear motion roller guide in the design and manufacture stages.
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Xie, Gang, und Brian Hoeft. „Freeway and Arterial System of Transportation Dashboard“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2271, Nr. 1 (Januar 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2271-06.
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This paper introduces the Freeway and Arterial System of Transportation (FAST) dashboard, an integrated web-based freeway and arterial performance monitoring and measurement system. The dashboard provides an intuitive web-based user interface to present real-time and historical freeway and arterial network monitoring and performance information in a variety of displays, including the interactive three-dimensional surface plot tool, which the user selects and customizes. These displays also include most of those found in the Highway Capacity Manual and other widely accepted professional handbooks. In addition to comprehensive performance measures, newly defined measures, such as delay volume in mile-minute2, are applied in the system. Since September 2009, the FAST dashboard has been widely applied in day-to-day operations, incident management, express lane evaluation, ramp meter operation and evaluation, intelligent transportation system device maintenance, and operation data quality control. Moreover, the system facilitates coordination with other transportation fields by providing information to the planning and transit departments.
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Kunz, Bethany K., Nicholas S. Green, Janice L. Albers, Mark L. Wildhaber und Edward E. Little. „Use of Real-Time Dust Monitoring and Surface Condition to Evaluate Success of Unpaved Road Treatments“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, Nr. 52 (09.10.2018): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118799167.
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Fugitive dust from unpaved roads creates human health hazards, degrades road surfaces, and increases the cost of road maintenance. As a result, many different chemical treatments are applied to unpaved roads in an attempt to control dust and stabilize the wearing course. However, investigations of the effectiveness of these treatments have often been poorly planned or executed. The objective of this study was to use a combination of real-time dust monitoring and objective road condition evaluations to assess the success of two chemical treatments for a period of 19 months post-application, to provide quantitative information in support of road management decisions. Dust production from road sections treated with calcium chloride-based durablend-C™ or the synthetic fluid EnviroKleen® was monitored on five dates using a vehicle-mounted particulate matter meter. Both products reduced dust by up to 99% relative to an untreated control section during the monitoring period, and quantitative data from the meter were consistent with qualitative observations of dust conditions. Linear models of dust production indicated that road treatment and humidity explained 69% of the variation in dust over time. Road sections treated with either product developed less rutting and fewer potholes than the untreated control. Overall, the combination of real-time dust monitoring and surface condition evaluation was an effective approach for generating quantitative data on endpoints of interest to road managers.
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Zeng, Lin, Tie Mao Shi, Miao Liu, Yuan Man Hu und Chang Gao. „A Quantitative Study on Carbon Emission Features of Residential Building in Shenyang Based on LCP Theory“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (Oktober 2013): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1297.
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As the largest amount of building in urban architecture, residential building brings enormous greenhouse gases emissions concerning energy and resource consumption and solid waste disposal during its construction and removal. On the basis of LCP theory, the carbon emission of a residential building in Shenyang was calculated in each stage of the life cycle. The calculation shows that the carbon emission in the use and maintenance stage accounts for 86%, the biggest proportion in its life cycle. The carbon emission of one square meter reaches 45.27kgCO2/(m2·y), higher than other cities in China. So the potential for Shenyang to save energy and reduce carbon is considerable. The low carbon objective can be achieved through reducing the use of fossil energy, improving residents energy saving awareness in the use stage and enforcing energy efficiency policies and measures. Meanwhile, from the perspective of research methodology, the carbon emission of a building is regionally featured. For instance, electric carbon emission coefficient is substantially influenced by local energy structure; the distance between building material production and transportation in different places is different; the carbon emission caused by the energy consumption during the usage of the building is closely associated with local energy saving policies and regulations.
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Vytlačil, Dalibor. „Energy consumption during the building life cycle – influence of investment activities and operations“. MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814601008.
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The paper describes the dynamic model of maintenance and investments of a building structure and HVAC systems. The aim of the research is finding the time dependent curve for energy consumption and also the cash flow that depends on the investments to energy saving arrangements and operations. The solution is based on the system dynamics method. The method makes possible to interconnect technical and economic parts of the problem. The main parameter in the model is the energy consumption in the building per floor square meter and year. This parameter is influenced by a deterioration of the building structure and the components of the active elements. The investments realized with the aim to decrease the energy consumption is another influence. The example of the computer simulation of the building parameters during the life cycle is presented in the paper.
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Torteeka, Peerapong, Pakawat Prasit, Kritsada Palee, Apichart Leckngam und Patcharin Kamsing. „Enhancing the Capability of a Ground-Based Optical Telescope for Thai National Space objects Observation †“. Proceedings 39, Nr. 1 (07.01.2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019039015.
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Nowadays, the space operations environment have to face with space safety problems because of the growing of space debris in resident of space objects (RSOs) that can cause a catastrophic collision. In order to prevent debris-related risks in operational orbit, ground-based passive optical telescope network were used as a primary equipment for space debris observation due to the lowest maintenance costs. Furthermore, in technical, a precise tracking (position and velocity) of space objects can be beneficial towards not only orbit determination but also estimation spacecraft collision probability especially, in Low-Earth Orbit regime. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) has long experience operate in an observatory to perform both passive & active optical instruments for astrophysics and space sciences missions. In this research, based on Thai National Space objects Observation (TNSO) project, we re-establish the basic understanding of satellite tracking, optical subsystem integration and demonstration a framework so as to enhance the capability of telescope servo control subsystem. We describe the specific solutions adopted for continuous tracking mode and the results obtained during the commissioning of an alt-azimuth mounting equipped with 0.7 meter optical aperture telescope. The observation system can be performed with negligible as continuous tracking error. This contribution will present some of the experimental results and plans for further measurement campaigns.
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Nawa Syarif, Muhammad, und Abrar Ridwan. „Studi Kasus Penurunan Kehilangan Air Pada Sistem Distribusi Air PDAM di DMA Pondok Mutiara Payung Sekaki Dengan Metode Steptest“. Jurnal Surya Teknika 7, Nr. 1 (13.12.2020): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jst.v7i1.2360.
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DMA (District Meter Area) Pondok Mutiara is the service area of PDAM Kota Pekanbaru which is indicated to have a high level of water leakage due to the age of the pipes and the unstable land contours in the area, the problem now is that the PDAM does not know the actual leakage value, the purpose This study is to measure the value of leakage and look for leakage points with the steptest method, and make strategies to reduce water loss in DMA Pondok Mutiara by performing maintenance assets on a regular basis to minimize leakage in the DMA pipeline network, Making plans to re-arrange pipeline networks based on existing standardization (SNI 7511: 2011), conducts routine steptest activities so that they can monitor the level of real leakage and can be responsive in dealing with leaks. Based on research that has been done, the leakage value at Pondok Mutiara DMA is 2.66 liters / second and found 4 leak points, namely 1 leakage point in area 1, 2 leakage points in area 6, and 1 leakage point in area 7.
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Sharma, Dharmendra, Jari Rehu, Klaus Känsälä und Heikki Ailisto. „An Automatic Aggregator of Power Flexibility in Smart Buildings Using Software Based Orchestration“. Sensors 21, Nr. 3 (28.01.2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030867.
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This paper presents a software-based modular and hierarchical building energy management system (BEMS) to control the power consumption in sensor-equipped buildings. In addition, the need of this type of solution is also highlighted by presenting the worldwide trends of thermal energy end use in buildings and peak power problems. Buildings are critical component of smart grid environments and bottom-up BEMS solutions are need of the hour to optimize the consumption and to provide consumption side flexibility. This system is able to aggregate the controls of the all-controllable resources in building to realize its flexible power capacity. This system provides a solution for consumer to aggregate the controls of ‘behind-the-meter’ small loads in short response and provide ‘deep’ demand-side flexibility. This system is capable of discovery, status check, control and management of networked loads. The main novelty of this solution is that it can handle the heterogeneity of the installed hardware system along with time bound changes in the load device network and its scalability; resulting in low maintenance requirements after deployment. The control execution latency (including data logging) of this BEMS system for an external control signal is less than one second per connected load. In addition, the system is capable of overriding the external control signal in order to maintain consumer coziness within the comfort temperature thresholds. This system provides a way forward in future for the estimation of the energy stored in the buildings in the form of heat/temperature and use buildings as temporary batteries when electricity supply is constrained or abundant.
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Isaacs, S., Terry Mah und S. K. Maneshin. „Automatic monitoring of denitrification rates and capacities in activated sludge processes using fluorescence or redox potential“. Water Science and Technology 37, Nr. 12 (01.06.1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0519.
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A novel method is described to automatically estimate several key parameters affecting denitrification in activated sludge processes: the nitrate concentration, the denitrification capacity, and the maximum (substrate unlimited) and actual denitrification rates. From these, the concentration of active denitrifying microorganisms and the quality of available organic substrate pool can be estimated. Additionally, a modification of the method allows the determination of the efficacy of various carbon substrates to enhance denitrification, and this can be used to determine optimal dosing rates of an external carbon source. The method is based on measurements of either fluorescence or redox potential (ORP) in an isolated mini-reactor, the Biological Activity Meter (BAM), situated in the anoxic zone of the wastewater treatment plant. Advantages of the method are that it is in situ, operating at the same temperature as in the measured anoxic zone, requires no pumps or pipes for mixed liquor sampling, consumes little or no reagents, and uses measurement signals which are instantaneous and low maintenance, one of which provides a direct measure of biological activity.
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Asri, Yessy, Dwina Kuswardani, Efy Yosrita und Ferdinand Hendrik Wullur. „Clusterization of customer energy usage to detect power shrinkage in an effort to increase the efficiency of electric energy consumption“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1.pp10-17.
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<span>Automatic meter reading (AMR) is a reading system result the measurement of electrical energy consumen, both locally and remotely. The problems faced is the high non-technical shrinkage of AMR customers due to installation, maintenance errors as well as dishonest actions some consumers, this has a major influence on electrical power losses. PT. PLN Disjaya currently faces difficulties having to choose which customers should be checked first, so the field can only find a little damage. The K-means method based on historical electric power usage and determine the most optimal number of groups the davies-bouldin index (DBI) method. Based on the results of testing with 2-6 sets of clusters, the cluster set results are the most optimal is set cluster 4 because it has the smallest DBI value 0.893. The set of 4 clusters has the best performance in data grouping of historical power usage of AMR customers the business class, each centroid of each cluster is used as an attribute and value of the AMR customer power usage business chart. The testing phase is customers who categorized as customers with un-normal usage electricity power. The test is, by determining the distance data testing each centroid in the cluster 4 set.</span>
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García Moreno, R., M. C. Díaz Álvarez, A. M. Tarquis, A. Paz González und A. Saa Requejo. „Shadow analysis of soil surface roughness compared to the chain set method and direct measurement of micro-relief“. Biogeosciences 7, Nr. 8 (18.08.2010): 2477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2477-2010.
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Abstract. Soil surface roughness (SSR) expresses soil susceptibility to wind and water erosion and plays an important role in the development and the maintenance of soil biota. Several methods have been developed to characterise SSR based on different methods of acquiring data. Because the main problems related to these methods involve the use and handling of equipment in the field, the present study aims to fill the need for a method for measuring SSR that is more reliable, low-cost and convenient in the field than traditional field methods. Shadow analysis, which interprets micro-topographic shadows, is based on the principle that there is a direct relationship between the soil surface roughness and the shadows cast by soil structures under fixed sunlight conditions. SSR was calculated with shadows analysis in the laboratory using hemispheres of different diameter with a diverse distribution of known altitudes and a surface area of 1 m2. Data obtained from the shadow analysis were compared to data obtained with the chain method and simulation of the micro-relief. The results show a relationship among the SSR calculated using the different methods. To further improve the method, shadow analysis was used to measure the SSR in a sandy clay loam field using different tillage tools (chisel, tiller and roller) and in a control of 4 m2 surface plots divided into subplots of 1 m2. The measurements were compared to the data obtained using the chain set and pin meter methods. The SSR measured was the highest when the chisel was used, followed by the tiller and the roller, and finally the control, for each of the three methods. Shadow analysis is shown to be a reliable method that does not disturb the measured surface, is easy to handle and analyse, and shortens the time involved in field operations by a factor ranging from 4 to 20 compared to well known techniques such as the chain set and pin meter methods.
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García Moreno, R., M. C. Díaz Álvarez, A. M. Tarquis, A. Paz González und A. Saa Requejo. „Shadow analysis of soil surface roughness compared to the chain set method and direct measurement of micro-relief“. Biogeosciences Discussions 7, Nr. 1 (10.02.2010): 1021–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-1021-2010.
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Abstract. Soil surface roughness (SSR) is an excellent indicator of soil susceptibility to wind and water erosion and plays an important role in the development and the maintenance of soil biota. Several methods have been developed to characterise SSR based on different methods of acquiring data. Because the main problems related to these methods involve the use and handling of equipment in the field, the present study aims to fill the need for a method for measuring SSR that is more reliable, low-cost and convenient in the field than traditional field methods. Shadow analysis, which interprets micro-topographic shadows, is based on the principle that there is a direct relationship between the soil surface roughness and the shadows cast by soil structures under fixed sunlight conditions. SSR was calculated with shadows analysis in the laboratory using hemispheres of different diameter with a diverse distribution of known altitudes and a surface area of 1 m2. Data obtained from the shadow analysis were compared to data obtained with the chain method and simulation of the micro-relief. The results show a relationship among the SSR calculated using the different methods. To further improve the method, shadow analysis was used to measure the SSR in a sandy clay loam field using different tillage tools (chisel, tiller and roller) and in a control of 4 m2 surface plots divided into subplots of 1 m2. The measurements were compared to the data obtained using the chain set and pin meter methods. The SSR measured was the highest when the chisel was used, followed by the tiller and the roller, and finally the control, for each of the three methods. Shadow analysis is shown to be a reliable method that does not disturb the measured surface, is easy to handle and analyse, and shortens the time involved in field operations by a factor ranging from 4 to 20 compared to well known techniques such as the chain set and pin meter methods.
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Reckinger, Shanon, Joseph Bocchino, Andrew Jackowitz und John Perry. „Rainwater Harvesting for Campus Student Center: A Sustainable, Community-Orientated Senior Design Project“. International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 9, Nr. 1 (30.04.2014): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v9i1.5288.
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A team of three mechanical engineering senior undergraduate students and one faculty member designed and installed a rainwater harvesting system in the University’s student center. After an extensive analysis of the piping system, the team was able to use existing rain leaders and piping to move all the rainwater from the third floor patio to a mechanical room located on the first level of the building. In the mechanical room, the piping system was redesigned to route the collected water into a large storage tank. From the tank, the rainwater was pumped into the irrigation line and used to water a large portion of the campus lawns and greenery. In addition, the system incorporated an overflow feature, a drainage line, a new pump, a flow meter to track water usage (which was previously never tracked at the University), a design where regular flushing of the system is automatic, and a maintenance plan. The harvested rainwater could also potentially be used to fill up the University watering trucks to water the flowers, shrubs, and greenery that covers the 200-acre campus. Students found that this community-based project opened their eyes to sustainability, the environment, and was rewarding work.
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Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Małgorzata Jankowska-Błaszczuk, Michał Żmihorski und Tomasz Hałatkiewicz. „An Efficient Tool for the Maintenance of Thermophilous Oak Forest Understory—Sheep or Brush Cutter?“ Forests 11, Nr. 5 (22.05.2020): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050582.
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Research Highlights: Thermophilous oak forests are among the most species-rich forest ecosystems in Central Europe. In the temperate zone, they evolved from mixed deciduous forests due to centuries-long livestock grazing. The abandonment of traditional forms of landscape use resulted in a constant decline in the number of patches of these communities, their area and species richness, which has been ongoing for decades and calls for their urgent conservation. The commonly used approaches to the conservation of this community are the reestablishment of grazing or mechanical removal of undergrowth. However, there are a limited number of works comparing their effects on the forest herb layer separately and in combination. Background and Objectives: The purpose of our research was to evaluate the effectiveness of grazing, mechanical brush removal and their combination for the conservation of the oak forest herb layer. Materials and Methods: Our work was based on a fully crossed experimental design set in a 60-year-old oak forest. The individual and combined influences of sheep grazing and brush cutting on forest floor vegetation were compared to control plots. We surveyed plant species twice—before the application of treatments and one year later on 600 one-square-meter subplots selected randomly in the limits of twelve fenced 20 m × 20 m treated and untreated study plots. Results: Both grazing by sheep and mechanical removal served well for total plant species richness and their cover, if applied separately. But these effects were not additive—plant species richness and plant cover on plots with combined treatment did not differ from plots, where just a single treatment was applied. Application of both treatments (but separately) had positive influence on species cover of the target group of plants typical to xerothermic oak forests and non-target species of mixed deciduous forests. Mechanical removal allowed also for successful control of woody species. Active conservation measures resulted also in negative effects—we observed increase in the species richness and cover of ruderal species on grazed plots. Conclusions: Both tested methods can be used for active conservation of open oak forest understorey vegetation. The method of active conservation should be chosen depending on the goal and the species composition of the forest floor and undergrowth found at the beginning of the restoration process, however, combining of these treatments does not bring any extra advantage. In our opinion a monitoring of the reaction of vegetation on treatments is of paramount importance.
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Sun, Bao Min, Yong Gang Zhao, Zhi Qiang Liu, Ye Wei Zhu, Zhi Yong Zhao, Jun Gao und Xiao Xia Liu. „Application of New Type Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow Pipeline Average Velocity Measurement System“. Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (Mai 2012): 746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.746.
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In order to measure average velocity of Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow in pipelines real time and accurate, to develop the gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity meter based on direct measurement method and the secondary system. The paper introduces the working principle of the system and analyzes the factors that affect the accurate measurement. To further study the performance and continuous improve its structural design, an aerodynamic testing system was established. The device performance tests were carried out. In addition, the cold and hot industrials test were carried out in the industrial field.Practical application and test results showed that the device performance is well to achieve the industrial pipeline gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity long-term, stable and accurate measurement, and measurement error <2%.It has many features: simple structure, reliability, small flow resistance, easy installation, low maintenance costs, long life, a short straight pipe required. It can measure the gas-solid two-phase flow average velocity with high or low concentrations, and suitable for round, rectangular cross-section pipe installation. The measuring device has been used in dozens of power plant boiler, and a national invention patent and significant economic and social benefits to be achieved.
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Franco-Salas, Antonio, Araceli Peña-Fernández und Diego Luis Valera-Martínez. „Refrigeration Capacity and Effect of Ageing on the Operation of Cellulose Evaporative Cooling Pads, by Wind Tunnel Analysis“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 23 (25.11.2019): 4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234690.
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This study investigates the temperature reduction capacity and water consumption of a fan-pad system installed in a greenhouse located in the coastal regions of Almería. The suitability of this system for coastal zones with high environmental humidity during the summer is analyzed. Historical temperature and relative humidity series are studied, obtaining the thermal difference and maximum, medium, and minimum monthly water consumption of the pads based on the operation data of the pads. Despite the high relative humidity of the air in the hottest hours of the day, a decrease of 5.92 °C in the mean temperature and a water consumption of 13.55 l/h per square meter of an evaporative cooling pad are obtained in the month of August. Additionally, the operation of a cellulose evaporative cooling pad installed for 3 years in a greenhouse is analyzed in a wind tunnel and compared with that of a new pad of the same model. Over time and with low maintenance, the porosity of the pad decreases due to salt incrustation. The salt incrustation makes airflow more difficult in the pad, increasing the pressure drop by 170.04%; however, the air saturation efficiency of the pad increases by 6.6% due to the greater contact time between the air and the water.
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Lee, Hoon-Keun, Jaeyul Choo und Joonyoung Kim. „16 Ch × 200 GHz DWDM-Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Network Based on a Power Measurement Method for Water-Level Monitoring of the Spent Fuel Pool in a Nuclear Power Plant“. Sensors 21, Nr. 12 (12.06.2021): 4055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124055.
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This paper presents a remote 16 Ch × 200 GHz dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-passive optical fiber sensor (OFS) network. We particularly investigate the remote water-level monitoring capability of the OFS network based on an optical power measurement that features simplicity and a fast processing speed. The OFS network utilizes a seeded amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light that is spectrum-sliced and distributed by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) towards multiple sensing units (SU), where each SU is installed at a different height in the water pool. Then, each SU reflects either of the two different optical powers according to the medium (air vs. water) back to the monitoring station. Therefore, the total received optical power at the monitoring station linearly changes according to the water level. We can simply recognize the water level by utilizing the optical power meter (OPM) at the monitoring station rather than the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), which is bulky and expensive and requires a relatively long processing time. Consequently, we can reduce the system complexity, processing time, and cost (both installation and maintenance). However, the OPM-based OFS network requires a new methodology to derive the water level from the measured optical power. Thus, we come up with the reference-to-power ratio () analysis, which can be used for the maximum distance analysis as well as water level recognition. Based on the new reception architecture supported by the new post-processing scheme, the OFS network can distinguish 17 different water levels of the SFP at the monitoring station, which is > 40 km away from the SFP, without using any active devices (such as optical amplifiers) at the remote places.
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Stuart, Graeme, und Leticia Ozawa-Meida. „Supporting Decentralised Energy Management through Smart Monitoring Systems in Public Authorities“. Energies 13, Nr. 20 (16.10.2020): 5398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205398.
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Energy infrastructure in large, multi-site organisations such as municipal authorities, is often heterogeneous in terms of factors such as age and complexity of the technology deployed. Responsibility for day-to-day operation and maintenance of this infrastructure is typically dispersed across large numbers of individuals and impacts on even larger numbers of building users. Yet, the diverse population of stakeholders with an interest in the operation and development of this dynamic infrastructure typically have little or no visibility of energy and water usage. This paper explores the integration of utility metering data into urban management processes via the deployment of an accessible “smart meter” monitoring system. The system is deployed in three public authorities and the impact of the system is investigated based on the triangulation of evidence from semi-structured interviews and case studies. The research is framed from three perspectives: the bottom-up micro-level (individual and local), the top-down macro-level (organisation-wide and strategic) and intermediate meso-level (community-focused and operation). Evidence shows that improved communication across these levels enables a decentralisation and joining-up of energy management. Evidence points to the importance of reducing the cognitive load associated with monitoring systems. Better access to information supports more local autonomy, easier communication and cooperation between stakeholders and fosters the conditions necessary for adaptive practices to emerge.
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Liu, Jin Shuo, Chong Li, Shao Teng Li, Hong Ming Hong und Kun Hu. „Predicting the Smart Meters Life Cycle Based on the Analysis of Correlation Coefficient“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (März 2013): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.629.
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Since smart meters work at the long status without any supervision, their confidence is very important. This paper proposes an algorithm model of analyzing the related attributes with the running breakdown information of the smart meter, which can be utilized to predicate reliability of the life cycle of the smart meter. Because the limited data, the model mainly consider the attributes: the producer, application unit, and the failure information, without considering function, failure criteria, complexity, design, production process, working conditions, and the cost of installment and maintenances etc. The model utilizes the algorithm of neural network as the aid, and use producer, application unit, and failure info as the main attributes. Through the experiments of all the 16000 data, the fault predicting rate is 1%, which can prove the practicality.
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Julius Orpia, Milagros Liberato, Cherie Orpia,. „Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumps against Conventional Systems in Common Crops in Ilocos Sur, Philippines“. Psychology and Education Journal 58, Nr. 2 (13.02.2021): 1030–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2132.
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Irrigation is a well-established procedure on many farms and is practiced around the world. However, typical irrigation systems consume a great amount of conventional energy using electric motors and generators powered by fuel. The cost of solar panels has been continually decreasing, which encourages its usage in various sectors, including agriculture, where irrigation is a crucial economic driver. The study analyzed and compared PV technology against conventional irrigation technology in common crops in Ilocos Sur. Equipment sizes were optimally determined using available irrigation requirements, rainfall data, farm area, and available equipment sizes in Ilocos Sur. Equipment sizing and economic analysis were based on one hectare of land. The cash flow analysis was conducted over an assumed equipment life of 20 years to be able to come up with levelized water pumping costs. Results showed that with typical farmland in Ilocos Sur, the farmland must be alternately planted with rice and corn to be able to be fully utilized all year round. The study showed that the solar pump installation has a heavy upfront investment cost compared to the conventional system. Due to no fuel and little to no maintenance needed, the solar pump turned out to be more economically feasible in the long run. In the 20-year life of both equipment, pumping one cubic meter of water using a solar pump is only PHP 1.35 while for gasoline, it is PHP 5.44 or around four times more expensive based on the prevailing cost at the time of the study.
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Garcia-Rodriguez, Laura, Tayaba Miah, Jamie Lindholm, Steven Chang und Tamer Ghanem. „EKG Electrode as a Tactile Locator of Stoma after Decannulation“. OTO Open 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 2473974X1769122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x17691223.
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Objective We aimed to evaluate the use of an electrocardiogram (EKG) electrode over decannulation dressings covering the stoma to improve speech intelligibility and volume and reduce air escape by facilitating identification of the “sweet spot” of the dressing. No objective data exist for patient outcomes with use of the EKG electrode dressing. Methods This prospective study included head and neck oncology patients at a tertiary hospital who received a tracheostomy. A standard tracheostomy decannulation dressing was placed followed by an EKG electrode. A speech pathologist evaluated speech volume via sound-level meter and captured speech intelligibility for random sentence-level speech. A blinded reviewer scored speech samples for intelligibility. Patients completed a 4-question satisfaction survey. Results Four patients completed the study. Based on the survey, the patients favored the button, with the lowest scores being 8.5 out of 10. Speech understanding was 48.5% without the button and 83% with the button. Normal speech volume was 73.75 dB without the button and 77.75 dB with the button. Loud speech volume was 80.75 dB without the button and 87 dB with the button. Discussion This pilot study shows objective benefits of the EKG button as well as improved patient satisfaction. Inexpensive and low maintenance, the EKG electrode provides better occlusion of stoma dressing with easier localization. Implications for Practice Dissemination of our results will aim to improve quality and patient outcomes following decannulation.
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Sukhinets, Zh A., und A. I. Gulin. „Intelligent system for measuring the level and mass of liquid in fuel tanks and tanks during pitching and tilting“. Metrologiya, Nr. 1 (31.05.2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2021-1-31-45.
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An overview of the existing methods for measuring the liquid level and their disadvantages in the case of surface vibrations is presented. A system for continuous measurement of the mass of liquids in fuel tanks and tanks during rolling and tilting of vehicles and ships, implemented in a level gauge based on intelligent sensors, is proposed. The sensors include a microcontroller with an individual calibration characteristic of the volume-level dependence, taking into account the shape of the tank or fuel tank, and nanosensors built into the intelligent sensor (ID) for measuring density, permittivity and ambient temperature. It is established that the actual metrological characteristics of the ID are significantly higher than the characteristics of traditional sensors. The number and dimensions of the plates of flat capacitors are justified and the scheme of their arrangement on the roof of the tanks is presented. The exclusion of movable elements increased the reliability of operation, simplified maintenance and design requirements of the measuring object. Analytical expressions for calculating the level and mass of the liquid, implemented by the microcontroller, are given. The use of the proposed measurement system with complex computational processing and taking into account corrections for temperature, density, humidity and permittivity of the liquid made it possible to increase the accuracy and stability of the level meter readings. Analytical expressions are derived that relate the liquid level and the output frequency of the generator from the composition of the level gauge.