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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Meter based maintenance“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Meter based maintenance"
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Johnson, E. "Optimal water meter sizing and maintenance system (OSMS)." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (2003): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0089.
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Water meters operating outside their performance specifications can contribute to non-physical water losses as well as to financial losses of a water authority. The aim of this project was to develop and test a computerised system providing a continuum of methods for selecting water meters varying from pure theoretical to semi-empirical and then to a wholly empirical process. The theoretical process relies on water demands derived from local and international design codes and standards in the selection of new water meters for buildings or water management areas. The first estimate for the selection of a water meter can be based on both records of billing data as well as on theoretically determined peak and minimum water demands. Empirically measured water demand profiles can be processed and analysed by OSMS to establish the best match for a particular water meter’s specification. Field trials in South Africa and Brazil were instrumental in identifying additional features that enhanced the development of OSMS, as well as emphasised the usefulness of the software. A literature review and a pilot study indicate a previous trend of installing over-sized meters. Replacement meters that are optimally selected can finance the costs of such investments.
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Li, Rui, Peng-bo Shi, Ming-kai Li, Yuan Zhang, Ning Ding, and He Wu. "Research on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Platform Based on Automatic Calibration System of Electric Energy Meter." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019403001.
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To the problem that the operation and maintenance of the electric energy meter automatic verification system is large and the equipment fault location not accurate, a smart operation and maintenance platform is developed. The function and structure of the system are analyzed, and the application effect of the intelligent operation and maintenance platform is demonstrated. The actual operation results show that: The application of intelligent operation and maintenance platform improves the operation and maintenance efficiency of the energy meter automatic verification system, which produces a good economic and social benefits.
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Kong, Xiangyu, Yuying Ma, Xin Zhao, Ye Li, and Yongxing Teng. "A Recursive Least Squares Method with Double-Parameter for Online Estimation of Electric Meter Errors." Energies 12, no. 5 (2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050805.
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In view of the existing verification methods of electric meters, there are problems such as high maintenance cost, poor accuracy, and difficulty in full coverage, etc. Starting from the perspective of analyzing the large-scale measured data collected by user-side electric meters, an online estimation method for the operating error of electric meters was proposed, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) and introduces a double-parameter method with dynamic forgetting factors λa and λb to track the meter parameters changes in real time. Firstly, the obtained measured data are preprocessed, and the abnormal data such as null data and light load data are eliminated by an appropriate clustering method, so as to screen out the measured data of the similar operational states of each user. Then equations relating the head electric meter in the substation and each users’ electric meter and line loss based on the law of conservation of electric energy are established. Afterwards, the recursive least squares algorithm with double-parameter is used to estimate the parameters of line loss and the electric meter error. Finally, the effects of double dynamic forgetting factors, double constant forgetting factors and single forgetting factor on the accuracy of estimated error of electric meter are discussed. Through the program-controlled load simulation system, the proposed method is verified with higher accuracy and practicality.
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Cheng, Yong Chun, and Ri Hua Bai. "The Development of Highway Pavement Damage Investigation System (HPDIS) Based on Road Maintenance Design Needs." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4477.
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In practice, the quality of the investigation can affect the final outcome of a road maintenance design; therefore, pavement damage investigation is very important for road maintenance design. Considering the feature and requirement of maintenance design procedure, this research developed a new artificial pavement damage investigation equipment （HPDIS）by using certain precise techniques, such as GPS-based positioning technology, high resolution digital camera, range positioning system, and digital display type angle meter. The system can be directly used in pavement assessment and the design system. In addition, data communications can be accomplished by this new equipment as well. Due to these features, it makes road maintenance design more efficient.
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Chen, Zhi Yong, Jian Xi Gu, and Wen Xiang Bu. "Design of Wireless Power-Meter Reading Data Collector Based on CC2430." Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.625.
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While large-scale smart electricity meters are going to be applied, it is difficult to solve the problem of acquisition data of smart electricity meters and in order to design a convenient installation and maintenance, low power consumption and reliable data collection terminal, a design of wireless data acquisition system base on wireless network is proposed according to the development of wireless technology. The system used CC2430 as the core controller to process power data and performs intelligent control. Using the technology of Zigbee short-range wireless communication for data transmission, the wiring complexity of the project has been reduced, the reliability of data communication has been improved, and power consumption has been reduced. The results show that the terminal is normal and reliable.
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Wang, Xin, Tong Zhou, Peng Xiao, and Zi Wang. "Research of Routing Protocol for Wireless Meter Reading System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.918.
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To improve the data transmission reliability of wireless meter reading system, a bidirectional routing algorithm is proposed. The routing algorithm is developed to make all nodes in the network establish optimal routing and register a complete neighbor table for routing maintenance. The neighbor exchange mechanism based on Hello Packet can timely detect changes in network topology and solve the problem of nodes flexibly coming in or out of the network. Simulation and system testing have all verified the reliability and usefulness of the algorithm which can satisfy the need of wireless meter reading application.
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Ferdiansyah, Indra, Epyk Sunarno, Putu Agus Mahadi Putra, and Brilianti Qori' Avrila. "Alat Pengukur Deviasi pada KWH Meter 3 Fasa berbasis PZEM 0047 dan Flame Sensor." JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terpadu) 9, no. 1 (2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32487/jtt.v9i1.1128.
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In the maintenance of Measuring and Limiting Devices (APP) by replacing the kWh Meter on the old kWh meter, as well as P2TL efforts to examine customers who have the potential to commit violations or lack of billing in adjusting electricity rates. In this operation an error / deviation check will be performed on the kWh meter to determine the feasibility of the kWh meter. So far, the measurement of deviation on the kWh Meter 3 Phase is done manually so that it is considered less effective. With this deviation gauge kwh meter 3 phase measurement, meter change officers and P2TL field officers will be able to help in measuring the deviation in the 3 phase kWh meter. This tool reads the power of the kWh meter through the display of the led impulse indicator, then compares it with the power measurement using the metering module at the same time so that the deviation can be detected whether more or less from the meter class, because the measurement standards are based on the meter class. The results obtained from testing on a kWh meter with a grade of 0.5, obtained a deviation of less than 0.5 percent, which means the kWh meter is good because it is still awake in its class according to SPLN No.96 of 1993.Keywords: Deviation, Kwh Meter, Maintaining APP, P2TL
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Lei, Xiao Ling, Li Li, Hai Yan Wang, Xiao Tao Fang, and Yuan Yuan Huang. "Practice and Study of the Effect of One-Household-One-Meter Conversion on NRW." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.653.
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In order to test the effect on NRW(None Revenue Water) of one-household-one-meter conversion, find out key factors to influence the water supply efficiency and propose ways to reduce the rate of NRW, this article was based on the current practical engineering situation in Chongqing, China, by selecting 5 representative controlled fields for a six-month testing period. It shows that: different installation qualities of one-household-one-meter act different influences on NRW. The individual customer’s domestic water can be measured effectively by installing the drip-proof valve. The rate of NRW can be decreased at the beginning in the fields with “drip-proof valve + meter”. Water supply efficiency rate of the fields with “meter only” keep stable during 6 months, and meanwhile the fields with “drip-proof valve + meter” decrease over time. The function of drip-proof valve is found to stop at 147 days after installation due to the rust and sand getting into the valve. “Drip-proof valve + meter” is a practical and effective one-household-one-meter conversion method. Relevant standard atlas is recommended to be developed and implemented timely. Maintenance of pipeline and guarantee of water quality in pipeline are very important to keep the contribution of “drip-proof valve + meter” on NRW.
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Glebova, E. V., A. T. Volokhina, and E. A. Polikakhina. "Investigation of the Use of Ultrasonic Flow Meters at Oil Refining Process Unit." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 12 (December 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-12-7-11.
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It is known that changes in the flow rate of the medium can directly affect the safety of the process of refining oil and petroleum products. Therefore, the use of high-precision flow meters is one of the safety barriers to prevent possible accidents and incidents. Unfortunately, the task of parametric measurement of the consumption of oil and petroleum products before and after their processing in most cases causes certain difficulties. For this reason, each specific measurement task should be approached from a different perspective, offering different means and methods of measurement, allowing to achieve the most reliable and accurate data on the measured flow rate. Operating conditions at the oil refineries place high demands on flow meters. Conventional orifice flow meters, which are often used to measure flow in the oil refineries, have certain disadvantages: they require frequent maintenance, process interruptions during installation, cause pressure losses in the pipe. Based on the experience of foreign companies in replacing insertion flow meters with clamp-on flow meters, it was decided to use non-invasive (non-contact) flow meters for medium measurement. The advantages of these flow meters are that there is no need to cut pipes, which practically eliminates the risk of leaks occurrence during installation. Also, the ultrasonic flow meter does not have direct contact with the measured medium, which allows avoiding contamination of both the flow meter itself and the medium, as a result, increasing the accuracy and durability of flow measurement at the site. Research objectives: substantiation of the possibility of operation of an ultrasonic flow meter at the oil refining site, recommendations for the use of various sensors, as well as selection of the optimal installation site for the device. The flow rate readings matched the previously established readings taken from the orifice meters. As a result, it is concluded that the ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the flow rate of stripped oil.
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Rodrigues-Filho, JL, RM Degani, FS Soares, et al. "Alterations in land uses based on amendments to the Brazilian Forest Law and their influences on water quality of a watershed." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 1 (2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.08813.
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The amendments to the Forest Law proposed by the Brazilian government that allow partial substitution of forested areas by agricultural activities raised deep concern about the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. To assess the impacts of this alteration in land uses on the watershed, diffuse loads of total nitrogen (Nt) and total phosphorus (Pt) were estimated in Lobo Stream watershed, southeastern Brazil, based on export coefficients of the Model of Correlation between Land Use and Water Quality (MQUAL). Three scenarios were generated: scenario 1 (present scenario), with 30-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along the shore of water bodies and 50-meter-radius in springs; scenario 2, conservative, with 100-meter-wide permanent preservation areas along water bodies; and scenario 3, with the substitution of 20% of natural forest by agricultural activities. Results indicate that a suppression of 20% of forest cover would cause an increase in nutrient loads as well as in the trophic state of aquatic ecosystems of the watershed. This could result in losses of ecosystem services and compromise the quality of water and its supply for the basin. This study underlines the importance of forest cover for the maintenance of water quality in Lobo Stream watershed.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Meter based maintenance"
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Axelsson, Patrik, and Sanna Korhonen. "Volymbaserat underhåll." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297918.
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Examensarbetet utfördes på Scania Industrial Maintenance. Historiskt på Scania har intervallerna för det förebyggande underhållet (FU) på produktionsutrustningen bestämts baserat på kalenderdatum. Då kalenderdatum inte tar hänsyn till produktionsutrustningens faktiska användning så anpassas inte underhållet efter användningen. Detta kan leda till att för mycket eller för lite underhåll utförs i förhållande till användandet. Om för mycket underhåll utförs är detta kostsamt eftersom arbete och utbyten av reservdelar utförs i onödan. Samtidigt som för lite underhåll leder till att maskinerna går sönder när dom är planerade att användas vilket är väldigt kostsamt för företaget. På grund av detta önskar Scania att övergå till att utöver det kalenderbaserade intervallet även kunna bestämma intervallerna för det förebyggande underhållet baserat på produktionsvolymen. Målet med arbetet var att ta fram metoder samt process vilka beskriver hur Scanias fabriker i Södertälje, inom ramen för Future Powertrain Program (FPP), ska övergå till ett underhållsintervall baserat på volym. Dessa metoder ska sedan testas i två piloter, en pilot på Scanias axel- och växellådsmontering och den andra piloten på Scanias motorbearbetning. För att öka projektgruppens kunskap inom de ämnen vilka innefattades av projektet utfördes litteraturstudier på rapporter, artiklar och i faktaböcker. Litteraturstudier utfördes även under arbetets gång på sådant som inte täckts av arbetets initiala litteraturstudie. Utöver litteraturstudien har även en dokumentstudie utförts på företagets interna dokument och omfattade bland annat beredningsprocessen och instruktioner för Maximo vilket är det underhållsystem som används på Scania. Vidare utfördes även intervjuer av personal på Scania IM och Scania under arbetets gång då projektmedlemmarna önskade få insikt i verksamheten och de befintliga arbetssätten. Genom att avgränsa arbetet har fokuset legat på att realisera teorin på ett mindre område för att undersöka ifall denna omställning är möjlig att genomföra. De utvalda pilotområdena på DT och DM studerades i avseende på både organisation och produktionsutrustning. Dessa studier tillsammans med projektets litteraturstudie och dokumentstudie låg sedan som grund vid framtagandet av metoderna. De inom projektet framtagna metoderna testades i pilot på de utvalda områdena och utrustningarna. Piloterna vilka utfördes inom projektet var lyckade och Scania har som avsikt att inte återgå utan i stället utvidga områdena där projektets framtagna metoder ska användas. Resultatet av detta arbete är att det kommer utföras ett mer exakt underhåll i förhållande till det kalenderbaserade underhållet. Projektgruppen kunde även konstatera att säkerheten i verkstäderna skulle kunna höjas vid tillämpning av projektets framtagna metoder. Detta då underhållet som utförs på t.ex. nödstopp eller andra säkerhetsfunktioner utförs i proportion med utrustningens användning, därmed kan säkerheten säkerställas även vid höga produktionstakter. Metoderna framtagna inom projektet tar hänsyn till ifall utrustningen omfattas av garanti eller myndighetskrav. Dessutom tar de hänsyn till förebyggande underhållets längd och om FU:t omfattar ronder, underhåll för operatörer (UFO), periodiska utbyten eller säkerhet. Alla dessa faktorer påverkar vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas på det kalenderstyrda och volymbaserade FU:t vilket resulterar i en anpassad och förbättrad FU plan.<br>The thesis project was performed at Scania Industrial Maintenance. Historically, the intervals of the preventive maintenance for the production equipment have been determined based on calendar dates. As the calendar date does not take the actual use of the production equipment into account the maintenance is not adapted to this use. This could lead to either too much or too little maintenance is being performed in relation to the use of the equipment. When too much maintenance is performed, work and replacement of spare parts are performed when not needed which brings unnecessary costs for the company. At the same time, too little maintenance will instead lead to breakdowns when the machines are planned to be used, which could be very costly for the company. Because of this, Scania now wishes to proceed to determine the intervals for the preventive maintenance based on the production volume. The objective of the work was to develop methods and processes that describe how Scania's factories in Södertälje, within the framework of the Future Powertrain Program (FPP), will transition to a maintenance interval based on volume. These methods shall then be tested in two pilots, one pilot at Scania's axle and gearbox assembly and the other pilot at Scania's engine processing. To increase the project group's knowledge of subjects covered by the project, literature studies were carried out on reports, articles and in fact books. Literature studies were also performed during the course of the work on subjects that were not covered by the work's initial literature study. In addition to the literature study, a document study was also performed on the company's internal documents and included, among other things, the preparation process and instructions for Maximo, which is the maintenance system used at Scania. The project group also conducted interviews with staff at Scania IM and Scania during the work as the project members wanted to gain insight into the business and the existing ways of work. By delimiting the work, the focus has been on realizing the theory on a smaller area to investigate whether this transition is possible to implement. The selected pilot areas located at DT and DM were studied with regards to both organization and production equipment. These studies, together with the project groups literature study and document study, were then used when developing the methods. The methods developed within the project were tested in pilots on selected areas and equipment. The pilots that were carried out within the project were successful and the aim for Scania now is not to return to calendar-based maintenance but instead expand the use of themethods developed by this project. The result of this work is that a more accurate maintenance will be performed in relation to the calendar-based maintenance. The project group could also state that the safety in the workshops could be increased when applying the project's developed methods. This is because the maintenance performed on e.g. emergency stops or other safety functions are performed in relation to the use of the equipment. The methods developed within the project takes into account whether the equipment is covered by warranty or regulatory requirements. They also take into account the length of the PM and whether the PM includes routes, operator maintenance, periodic exchanges or security. These factors decides which measures needs to be taken on the calendar-controlled and volume-based PM, which results in an adapted and improved PM plan.
Buchteile zum Thema "Meter based maintenance"
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Ma, Maode. "Architectures of the Interworking of 3G Cellular Networks and Wireless LANs." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch010.
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Recent development on the wireless networks has indicated that IEEE 802.11.x standards based wireless LAN and third-generation cellular wireless networks such as CDMA2000 or UMTS (i.e., WCDMA) could be integrated together to offer ubiquitous Internet access to end users. The two technologies can offer functions that are complementary to each other. The 802.11. x standards based wireless LANs support data rates from 1 Mbps to 54 Mbps. However, by IEEE 802.11.x standard, one access point (AP) can only cover an area of a few thousand square meters. It is perfectly applied for enterprise networks and public hot-spots such as hotels and airports. On the contrary, wireless cellular networks built with 3G standards can only support peak data transmission rates from 64Kbps to nearly 2 Mbps with a much wider area. It is reasonable and feasible to combine these two technologies to make Internet access much easier and more convenient. The design of an interworking architecture to efficiently integrate 3G cellular wireless networks and 802.11.x standard based wireless LANs is a challenge. Its difficulty lies in the objective of the integration, which is to achieve the seamless interoperation between the two types of the wireless networks with certain QoS guarantee and other requirements kept simultaneously, from the perspectives of both the end-users and the operators. There are basically two proposals as the solutions to the architecture of the integration. One is the tight coupling. The other is the loose coupling. Although there is no final selection on whether the future integrated network would use either of these techniques or another one, much focus of the research is on the loose coupling due to its feasibility. To implement the integration based on the corresponding approach, there are a lot of issues needed to be addressed. They are the mobility management for vertical handoff, the QoS maintenance during the vertical handoff, and the schemes of authentication, authorization and the accounting (AAA). In this article, we will focus on the issue of interworking architecture. The rest of the text is organized as follows. The second section will present the general ideas on the architecture of the integration of 3G cellular networks with wireless LANs. The third section will present several proposals on the architectures of the integration. At last, the fourth section will conclude the article.
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Dealing, Denise. "Plant-Herbivore Interactions." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0021.
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The alpine provides a tremendous opportunity for studying plant-herbivore interactions at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. For herbivores, variations in topography and microclimate result in a relatively large amount of spatial variation in plant communities within short distances (chapter 6). A large community of herbivores, from nematodes to grasshoppers to elk, occurs on Niwot Ridge. Furthermore, given the low rates of nutrient availability in alpine soils (Fisk and Schmidt 1995; chapter 12) combined with the slow-growing perennial habit of the vegetation, alpine plants should, in theory, invest heavily in defense against herbivores (Coley et al. 1985). The goal of this chapter is to provide: (1) a summary of the feeding behaviors of the herbivores on Niwot Ridge, (2) information on the nutritional and secondary chemistry of plants on Niwot Ridge as it relates to herbivory, and (3) a review of hypotheses on community dynamics of herbivores and plants relevant to the alpine. The ultimate objective is to provide a synthesis of information that will stimulate interest in alpine tundra as a system for studying the dynamics of plant-herbivore interactions at all levels of ecological organization. The flora of Niwot Ridge has been divided into six communities (May and Webber 1982; chapter 6). Regardless of community association, nearly all of the plant species occurring on the ridge are perennials and several are very long lived (May and Webber 1982). Communities can change across small spatial scales (meters), and community origin and maintenance are believed to be largely determined by abiotic factors (Walker et al. 1994; chapter 6). However, several studies suggest that biotic factors such as herbivory may have a significant impact on plant community dynamics (Huntly et al. 1986; Davies 1994). There is significant variation in the nutritional composition of plants on Niwot Ridge. Generally, and in the absence of plant secondary compounds, species that are high in nitrogen and low in fiber are presumed to be the most desirable as forage. Based solely on these nutritional variables, the clover Trifolium parryi is hypothesized to be one of the more-preferred forages, whereas alpine sandwort, Minuartia obtusiloba, should be one of the less-preferred food items.
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"A rendering plant manager is overcharged by the correct maintenance and the correct control of a chemical scrubber according to the changing conditions of his plant. The pollution is blown into the sky and he has no reliable signal to survey cleaning efficiency. So he sets the chemi cals dosage as recommended and trusts in the guarantee of the manufactu rer of the cleaner. And as he has payed a lot of money for it, he is certain he has done his best. Biofilters adapt themselves, and due to the groundlevel outlet a fai lure is easier perceptable. 2. The limit value mentioned above and likewise guaranteed by manufacturers of air cleaners is based on measuring methods different from those applied here and described in the guidelines /3-5/. Results of measure ments, achieved by different methods are not comparable. The large dif ference of the values is a distinct indication of differences in exi sting methods. 4. CONCLUSION The necessity of a harmonisation and standardisation of the complete method of olfactometric measurements is evident, in order to achieve com parable results. A basic requirement for the establishment of any odour limit value is that such a method is established and generally accepted, and that all measurement results on which an odour limit value is based are also achie ved by exact this method. REFERENCES (1) QUELLMALZ, E., Tierkorperbeseitigung ohne Geruchsbelastigung. VDI-Kolloquium "Minderung von Geruchsstoffemissionen", Wiesbaden, Mai 1981. (2) VDI 2590 Entwurf: Auswurfbegrenzung, Anlagen zur Tierkorperbeseitingug. August 1979. (3) VDI 3881 Blatt 1 Entwurf: Olfaktometrische Technik der Geruchsschwel-lenbestimmung, Grundlagen, November 1983. (4) VDI 3881 Blatt 2 Entwurf: Probenahme f'ur die Geruchsschwellenbestim-mung mit dem Olfaktometer. (5) VDI 3881 3 Blatt Entwurf: Messen der Geruchsschwelle mit den Olfakto-metern Model! 1158 und T04. (6) VDI 3477: Bilogische Abluftreinigung. Biofilter, Dec. 1984. Special thanks to the owners and managers of the plants for the spantaneous permission to carry out the measurements, and likewise to Mr. E. GARRELTS for his competent counsel and and angagement in this work." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-99.
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Zhou, Lixia, Ran Cao, Chunbo Qi, and Ran Shi. "Reliability prediction for smart meter based on Bellcore standards." In 2012 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icqr2mse.2012.6246312.
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Zhou, Hui, Shihua Chang, Lin Gan, and Ying Liu. "Reliability and life assessment of smart meter based on pseudo life of multiple parameters." In 2012 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icqr2mse.2012.6246212.
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Rao, Meng, Qing Li, Dongdong Wei, and Ming J. Zuo. "Virtual rotating speed meter: extracting machinery rotating speed from vibration signals based on deep learning and transfer learning." In 2020 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Advanced Reliability and Maintenance Modeling (APARM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aparm49247.2020.9209570.
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Zeybek, Fatih. "Operation and maintenance of Osmangazi Bridge." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1181.
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<p>Osmangazi Bridge is a suspension bridge with a 1550 meter main span is the fourth longest span bridge in the world.</p><p>The routine maintenance of the bridge are done by the Operator GIIB and the heavy repairs by the Concessionaire (Otoyol A.Ş.) based on the recommendations of the Bridge EPC contractor.</p><p>This paper summarizes the basics of the Osmangazi Bridge’s operation maintenance activities, which emphasizes to the Bridge maintenance strategy and the instructions to be applied for the operation and maintenance staff and subcontractors in order for them to undertake inspection and maintenance of the bridge. A summary of overall inspection and maintenance programs outlining the required anticipated tasks over the time is also given in the paper.</p>
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"Monitoring of the Operational Conditions in Steel Pipes Using Fiber Optic Sensors." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-17.
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Abstract. Oil and water transport pipeline systems are susceptible to damage due to harsh environmental conditions and operational factors, hence ongoing maintenance and inspection are required. The development of a continuous and reliable monitoring technique will ensure the safety usage of these structures and assist in the extension of their life span. In this study, the monitoring and assessment of pipelines are performed using a network of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors mounted along the longitudinal and circumferential directions. The sensitivity of the measurements to assess pressure and flow variation in the pipe, in addition to leakage detection and localization were evaluated. Water at a controlled pressure and flowrate was pumped into the designed six-meter pipe testbed designed for this purpose. Leakage was simulated by opening one of the four designated valves installed on the pipe. The variation in the pressure inside the pipe highly impacted the amplitude of the measured strain increasing it significantly reaching 20%. An increase in flowrate had an inverse effect, it resulted in a 5% decrease in the amplitude of the measured strain drop. The change of hole leakage size greatly influenced the measured signal, resulting in a 55% change in amplitude between a 2 cm2 and a 5 cm2 hole leakage. For the location of leakage, only the temporal aspects of the signal were affected resulting in a slight shift in the response time of sensors relative to each other. The results were promising to monitor the structural conditions related to leakage detection and localization, based on the patterns observed.
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Long, Wes. "Advanced Applications for HDPE Pipe With New PE-RT Material." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65224.
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Canfor, a producer of lumber, pulp and paper needed a solution to replace aging 30-inch (760mm) fiberglass reinforced pipe. A new PE-RT product now expands PE into industrial applications requiring resistance to high temperatures and having a Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of 800psi (55 bar) at 180°F (82.2°C). Through chemical processes, Canfor cooks, washes, and extracts pulp fiber from wood that results in both acidic and caustic effluent with temperatures normally in the 50–60°C range or as high as 70–75°C. Traditional fiberglass pipes have experienced repeated joint failures over time, whereas heat-fused HDPE pipe provides solutions reducing unnecessary maintenance and a longer service life. Standard PE4710 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE) have pressure ratings limited to 140°F (60°C) and are not normally acceptable for such high temperature acidic and caustic effluent. Additionally, the potential for higher oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) from residual chlorine levels and bleaching also justified turning to a different material based on the potential oxidative attack at high temperatures. The new PE-RT resin protects against oxidative attacks at high temperatures and the flexible heat-fused HDPE pipe provides considerable cost savings during installation. Compared to fiberglass, up to eight 40-foot lengths of HDPE pipe can be joined by heat fusion per day, whereas only two 6-meter (20-foot) lengths of FRP pipe can be wrapped per day. The presentation will highlight photos during the installation process and report the advantages of using the new pipe material. This project provides reference for expanding HDPE pipe into new applications using PE-RT materials.
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Xiang, Sherry, Peimin Cao, Richard Erwin, and Steve Kibbee. "OTEC Cold Water Pipe Global Dynamic Design for Ship-Shaped Vessels." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10927.
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology has been considered as a renewable power generation for the tropical oceans where a thermal gradient from subsea to surface are higher than 20°C since 1980. In 2009, the OTEC technical readiness report has identified that semi-submersible, ship-shaped vessel and spar are most feasible to OTEC application. All three are technically mature and well-established floating facilities and have been widely manufactured and operated in offshore industry all over the world. A pilot OTEC development, led by Lockheed Martin (LM) Industry Team, has configured a semi-submersible floating platform. As an alternative design, SBM is developing OTEC designs based on converted ships. Ship shapes provide good access to facilities for practical operation and maintenance activities. Our study focused on demonstrating the feasibility of constructing and installing a 4 meter outer diameter Cold Water Pipe (CWP) based on conventional land-based manufacture of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP) followed by installation with SBM marine equipment. Based on insights gained from this exercise, we will continue to develop the installation methods for larger diameter CWPs. The CWP is a key design challenge for OTEC since it must be strong enough to withstand the forces and motions while being light enough to be installed with available marine equipment. This paper focuses on the cold water pipe global dynamic performance hosted by a converted ship for a 10MW OTEC plantship offshore Hawaii. The offshore Hawaii location was selected for purposes of comparison rather than the existence of any specific prospective projects. The CWP is connected to the vessel via a sealed gimbal device that allows the CWP’s angular motions to be decoupled from the vessel. The fundamental understanding of CWP vibrations is discussed. The CWP global dynamic responses to extreme storms and operational fatigue environments are presented. Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) and other design issues are discussed. The key global design considerations of CWP for the ship-shaped vessel are identified and summarized.
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Walker, Andy, Alicen Kandt, and Donna Heimiller. "Wave Power for U.S. Coast Guard First District Lighthouses." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76105.
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Lighthouses and other navigational aids are situated near tumultuous seas and thus may be good candidates for early applications of wave energy conversion technologies. The U.S. Coast Guard First District is converting lighthouses’ electrical systems to solar power to divest itself of electrical submarine cables and overhead costs associated with cable maintenance. However, in some lighthouses solar conversion is impractical or may compromise historic preservation. Unless alternative energy sources become available for these locations, they will continue to use submarine cables to run on shore power. Lighthouse sites for which shoreline and wave characteristics are suitable would be good candidates for a wave energy demonstration project. This paper describes gravity wave physics and the characteristics of mechanical radiation (growth, propagation, diffraction, and shoaling). A simple expression for energy content of a wave train with a two-parameter Bretschneider spectrum is applied to spectral wave density data collected from 15 buoys to evaluate wave energy resource potential at 31 candidate lighthouse sites in New England. Annual average wave power per meter of wavecrest varied from 3.9 to 21.7 kW/m at the buoys, and from 3.9 to 9.2 kW/m (with an average of 5.0 kW/m) at the lighthouses (buoys with maximum wave power are far out to sea, but still influence the correlation). The performance characteristics of two types of wave energy conversion technologies are used to calculate annual energy delivery by way of example. The paper concludes with a discussion of economics and environmental and permitting issues. It identifies Seguin Island light off a point in Maine and Nauset Beach, Chatham, Nantucket, and Sankaty Head lights (on Nantucket Island and along the outer shore of Cape Cod) as the best sites to begin more detailed evaluations, based on a comparison of wave power and utility rates. Subsequent studies would include demand profile for lighthouses, supply profiles, and resulting storage requirements.
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Mooney, Tom, Kelda Bratley, Amin Amin, and Timothy Jadot. "Modeling Production Facilities Using Conventional Process Simulators and Data Validation and Reconciliation DVR Methodology." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31082-ms.
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Abstract The use of conventional process simulators is commonplace for system design and is growing in use for online monitoring and optimization applications. While these simulators are extremely useful, additional value can be extracted by combining simulator predictions with field inputs from measurement devices such as flowmeters, pressure and temperature sensors. The statistical nature of inputs (e.g., measurement uncertainty) are typically not considered in the forward calculations performed by the simulators and so may lead to erroneous results if the actual raw measurement is in error or biased. A complementary modeling methodology is proposed to identify and correct measurement and process errors as an integral part of a robust simulation practice. The studied approach ensures best quality data for direct use in the process models and simulators for operations and process surveillance. From a design perspective, this approach also makes it possible to evaluate the impact of uncertainty of measured and unmeasured variables on CAPEX spend and optimize instrument / meter design. In this work, an extended statistical approach to process simulation is examined using Data Validation and Reconciliation, (DVR). The DVR methodology is compared to conventional non-statistical, deterministic process simulators. A key difference is that DVR uses any measured variable (inlet, outlet, or in between measurements), including its uncertainty, in the modelled process as an input, where only inlet measurement values are used by traditional simulators to estimate the values of all other measured and unmeasured variables. A walk through the DVR calculations and applications is done using several comparative case studies of a typical surface process facility. Examples are the simulation of commingled multistage oil and gas separation process, the validation of separators flowmeters and fluids samples, and the quantification of unmeasured variables along with their uncertainties. The studies demonstrate the added value from using redundancy from all available measurements in a process model based on the DVR method. Single points and data streaming field cases highlight the dependency and complementing roles of traditional simulators, and data validation provided by the DVR methodology; it is shown how robust measurement management strategies can be developed based on DVR’s effective surveillance capabilities. Moreover, the cases demonstrate how DVR-based capex and opex improvements are derived from effective hardware selection using cost versus measurement precision trade-offs, soft measurements substitutes, and from condition-based maintenance strategies.
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Gyger, Flavien, Sanghoon Chin, Etienne Rochat, Fabien Ravet, and Marc Niklès. "Ultra Long Range DTS (>300km) to Support Deep Offshore and Long Tieback Developments." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24019.
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The continuous demand for energy supplies leads operators to explore and exploit more remote offshore oil fields characterized by deeper deployments, longer tiebacks and subsea completion. These offshore developments either lie in tropical regions subject to stormy weather or in extreme arctic conditions. They imply new requirements in terms of operational efficiency and predictive maintenance for cost optimization as well as environmental footprint minimization. Consequently, leak detection and flow assurance are required over distances exceeding hundreds of kilometers. And the increasing trend of building all electric completion and heated flowlines impose the use of equally long high voltage power cables. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is a widely adopted technology for leak detection and localization, for heated flow line monitoring and for power cable thermal rating. Optical fiber cables are installed alongside the structure providing detection with meter accuracy localization and degree thermal variation sensitivity. However, there is currently no commercially available DTS instrument capable of reaching a 100km single span without any means of repeating the signal, let alone longer range. Thus, a 300km pipeline would normally require marinized equipment, which is often not a practical solution. The Omnisens DITEST, a DTS instrument based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is intrinsically capable of the longest available sensing length, now reaching a sensing distance of around 70km at once; in addition, it is compatible with optical amplifier technology as found in any submarine network. In the present work, we show that, by combining 5 spans of slightly above 65km and 4 optical repeaters together, it is possible to achieve a total of 330km sensing from a single DITEST. Measurement time over the full distance was typically 100minutes, providing a temperature resolution of typically 1K for a spatial resolution of 3m at the end of the 330km long sensing fiber. Shorter measurement time, more suitable with the application could be achieved using optical coding. As the optical repeater technology is similar to that of telecommunication, efficient cost reduction could be achieved by sharing the repeaters between the sensing system and the needed communication system. At the end of each sensing span, the sensing cable is connected to the repeater for amplification purposes and then goes back to the pipeline for monitoring the next span. The repeaters themselves are electrically powered by conductors embedded in the communication infrastructure. A viable and cost effective solution to meet the requirements of subsea long distance leak monitoring is thus demonstrated.