Thematische Bibliographien / Metal elements in soils

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Metal elements in soils“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 29. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Teng, Zheng, Joseph A. Smithson, Ping Zhou und John J. Sansalone. „Geospatial Distribution of Metal Elements in Transportation Land Use Surficial Soils“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1797, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1797-02.

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Highway traffic generates heavy metals and particulate matter through various vehicular and tire-pavement abrasion mechanisms. These abraded materials are deposited, they accumulate, and they are transported by storm water. Soils subject to years of such loading can serve as a sink and a potential source for heavy metals. The results of geotechnical analyses, heavy metal distributions, drainage influences, and correlations to geotechnical indices for surficial (0 to 15 cm) glacial till samples recovered from two transects along a heavily traveled urban interstate highway were compared with a control site subjected to only urban atmospheric deposition. This investigation indicated, for this site, that heavy metal accretion in the surficial soils is a function of depth, surface drainage patterns, distance from the pavement edge, and soil indices. Particulate-bound heavy metal deposition and accretion or export were a function of surface flow conditions such as velocity, flow depth, and surface cover. Results indicated that heavy metal accretion rapidly decreases as a function of distance from the traveled roadway. Along the longitudinal transect, correlations between heavy metals and soil organic content were statistically significant, particularly for copper. Along the transverse transect, correlations between soil plasticity, organic content, and heavy metals were statistically significant. Although there is little control of traffic levels and past accretion, indices such as soil organic content and plasticity index, as well as pavement runoff surface drainage patterns, can provide information about whether highway soils might act as a sink or source of heavy metals and, consequently, if best management practices may be justified.

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Trethowan, Liam A., Benjamin Blonder, Endang Kintamani, Deden Girmansyah, Timothy M. A. Utteridge und Francis Q. Brearley. „Metal‐rich soils increase tropical tree stoichiometric distinctiveness“. Plant and Soil 461, Nr. 1-2 (31.01.2021): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04839-7.

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Abstract Background and aims Ultramafic soils have high metal concentrations, offering a key opportunity to understand if such metals are strong predictors of leaf stoichiometry. This is particularly relevant for tropical forests where large knowledge gaps exist. Methods On the tropical island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, we sampled forests on sand, limestone, mafic and ultramafic soils that present a range of soil metal concentrations. We asked how variation in 12 soil elements (metals and macronutrients) influenced leaf stoichiometry and whether stoichiometric distinctiveness (the average difference between a species and all others in a multivariate space, the axes of which are the concentrations of each leaf element) is influenced by increasing soil metal concentrations. Results Positive correlations between corresponding elements in soils and leaves were only found for Ca and P. Noticeably, soil Cr had a negative effect upon leaf P. Whilst most species had low stoichiometric distinctiveness, some species had greater distinctiveness on stressful metal-rich ultramafic soils, generally caused by the accumulation of Al, Co, Cr or Ni. Conclusions Our observation of increased stoichiometric distinctiveness in tropical forests on ultramafic soils indicates greater niche differentiation, and contrasts with the assumption that stressful environments remove species with extreme phenotypes.

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Yudina, Elena Valerievna. „Methodological approaches to the assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban ecosystems soils“. Samara Journal of Science 6, Nr. 3 (01.09.2017): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763110.

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The paper presents the assessment of heavy metal pollution of Abakan soils, the main source of which is motor transport. The pollution assessment of the upper horizons soils located near four main highways of the city was conducted under established standards. The maximum concentration of elements was recorded in the area with very high traffic, which confirms the importance of the role of motor transport as the main source of pollutants. When calculating the total pollution index (Zc) all highways were in a dangerous category. A similar indicator calculated on the basis of the data content in the soil-forming rock, allowed us to determine the degree of pollution as moderately hazardous. Analysis of heavy metals content in soil profiles has allowed to establish in the upper soil horizons, a significant excess of gross and mobile forms of all elements at sites with very high and high degree of traffic load, which indicates intense аerogenic intake of pollutants. Determined the proportion of elements of anthropogenic origin and the fact of the uneven distribution of heavy metals in the soil profile and their concentration in different geochemical barriers. When determining causal relationships between heavy metal content and separate soil characteristics we have found a direct dependence on the following parameters: pH, humus, cation exchange capacity, carbon dioxide, carbonates, particle size distribution, and in some cases we can talk about complex influence of soil properties on the concentration of elements. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban ecosystems soils, using the data content of elements in soil-forming rock with the use of the profile approach is the most objective.

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Atiaga, Oliva, Jenny Ruales, Luís Miguel Nunes und Xosé Luis Otero. „Toxic Elements in Soil and Rice in Ecuador“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 8 (11.08.2021): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081594.

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The concentration of trace toxic metals (Cr, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Ni) in soil and rice plants, including the stems, leaves, and grain, from the main rice-producing provinces in Ecuador, was determined. Additionally, the soils were analyzed to determine their properties, composition, total content, bioavailable fraction, and geochemical fractions of toxic elements. Approximately 30% of soil samples in the case of Cr and Cu and 10% of samples in the case of Ni exceeded the legal thresholds for Ecuador. Moreover, for Cr and Cu, approximately 4% and 13% of samples, respectively, exceeded the threshold value of 100 mg kg−1 proposed for these two elements in several international regulations. Concentrations of As, Pb, and Cd in the soils were below the threshold values established both by Ecuadorian laws and by other countries. The concentrations of metals in rice plants did not correlate linearly with the total metal concentrations in the soil, nor with their bioavailability. However, the bioconcentration factors for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn could be predicted from bioavailability by a power law with exponents ranging from −0.724 to −1.625, which is typical of accumulator plants, where trace metal homeostasis plays an important role.

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Makhinova, Aleksandra, Aleksey Makhinov und Viktoriya Kuptsova. „Migrational activity of elements and chemical soil pollution during deposit exploitation in Amur River region and Okhotsk Sea region“. E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185604008.

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We studied mechanisms of geochemical soil systems formation. This work provides geochemical characteristics of soils under the influence of mining enterprises. It also shows the mechanisms of sewage water enrichment by heavy metals during sulphidic deposit exploitation and their interaction with soil substance. We also describe migrational activity of elements and the conditions of their concentration in the soil volume. It is shown that migrational activity of elements depends on both their chemical nature and the level of aggressive fractions of humus acids and background-forming elements (Fe and Mn) content. The level of heavy metal concentration in soils formed in the area of influence of deposits showed to be exceeded. We suggest new approach to complex evaluation of element reallocation mechanisms in soils.

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Marchi, Giuliano, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme und Andrew C. Chang. „Plant availability of trace elements in sewage sludge-treated soils: methodology¹“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, Nr. 4 (August 2011): 1453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000400039.

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Synthetic root exudates were formulated based on the organic acid composition of root exudates derived from the rhizosphere of aseptically grown corn plants, pH of the rhizosphere, and the background chemical matrices of the soil solutions. The synthetic root exudates, which mimic the chemical conditions of the rhizosphere environment where soil-borne metals are dissolved and absorbed by plants, were used to extract metals from sewage-sludge treated soils 16 successive times. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu of the sludge-treated soil were 71.74, 0.21, 15.90, 58.12, and 37.44 mg kg-1, respectively. The composition of synthetic root exudates consisted of acetic, butyric, glutaric, lactic, maleic, propionic, pyruvic, succinic, tartaric, and valeric acids. The organic acid mixtures had concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mol L-1 -COOH. The trace elements removed by successive extractions may be considered representative for the availability of these metals to plants in these soils. The chemical speciation of the metals in the liquid phase was calculated; results showed that metals in sludge-treated soils were dissolved and formed soluble complexes with the different organic acid-based root exudates. The most reactive organic acid ligands were lactate, maleate, tartarate, and acetate. The inorganic ligands of chloride and sulfate played insignificant roles in metal dissolution. Except for Cd, free ions did not represent an important chemical species of the metals in the soil rhizosphere. As different metals formed soluble complexes with different ligands in the rhizosphere, no extractor, based on a single reagent would be able to recover all of the potentially plant-available metals from soils; the root exudate-derived organic acid mixtures tested in this study may be better suited to recover potentially plant-available metals from soils than the conventional extractors.

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Nyika, Joan Mwihaki, Ednah Kwamboka Onyari, Megersa Olumana Dinka und Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra. „Heavy Metal Pollution and Mobility in Soils within a Landfill Vicinity: A South African Case study“. Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 35, Nr. 4 (19.08.2019): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350406.

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Heavy metal contamination in soils results from anthropogenic and lithologic factors and is a potential hazard to land and water resources. Sources of such pollution include landfills, domestic sewage, agricultural fertilisers and industries. In this work, soils from Roundhill landfill vicinity in South Africa were sampled and analyzed to determine the concentrations of particular heavy metals, namely As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The main objectives of this work were to: quantify the concentration levels of heavy metals in the soil; determine the mobility of the heavy metals in the soil; and establish their origins and interrelationships. The soils were collected at various distances and depths from the landfill facility. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples were analysed by ICP-MS and statistical analysis was carried out to establish their relationships and sources. From the analysis, some elements including Cr, Mn, Cu and Ni had measured concentrations beyond the threshold limits in most sampling sites irrespective of their distance and depth from the landfill vicinity. Conversely, some elements were observed to be immobile and had higher concentrations on the top soils closer to the landfill, such as As, Pb, Zn, Co and V. Iron (Fe) had high concentrations in all the sampling sites due to its natural occurrence in the parent rocks. In conclusion, the potential of soil quality deterioration due to heavy metal pollution in a landfill vicinity was observed. Furthermore, all heavy metals observed showed positive correlation to each other except for As and Co, indicating same origin.

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Hooda, P. S., und B. J. Alloway. „The effect of liming on heavy metal concentrations in wheat, carrots and spinach grown on previously sludge-applied soils“. Journal of Agricultural Science 127, Nr. 3 (November 1996): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078448.

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SUMMARYLiming is often recommended to minimize the plant uptake of potentially toxic elements from sludgeamended soils. In outdoor experiments conducted during 1989–91 in a rural location, near Brentwood (UK), wheat, carrots and spinach were grown on soils from a wide range of sites previously amended with heavy applications of sewage sludge. The objective of these studies was to examine the effect of liming on the accumulation of sludge-borne metals in the crop plants. The results showed that liming the soils to pH 7 prior to sowing significantly reduced metal concentrations in carrots and spinach, although the reduction appeared to be greater for Cd, Ni and Zn than for Cu and Pb. The wheat crop was grown on soils which had been limed 2 years previously, and the average pH of these soils was 6·5 compared to a pH value of 5·95 in the unlimed soils. This comparatively small pH difference between limed and unlimed soils (6·50–5·95) generally had little influence on metal contents in wheat.These results suggested that maintaining the soil at pH 7 is better than pH 6·5 for minimizing the accumulation of potentially toxic elements from soils which have received relatively high levels of sludge application over many years. The data for winter wheat suggested either that metal uptake into the grain was not sensitive to differences in soil pH or that a relatively small residual effect of past liming was not high enough to reduce metal uptake.

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Yang, Rong, Zeyu Du und Junqia Kong. „Decadal changes and ecological risk assessment of trace and heavy metal elements in soils of a desert oasis, Linze County, China“. Soil Research 57, Nr. 2 (2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18245.

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This study assesses decadal changes (2005–2015) in the trace and heavy metal element contents of soils from four land use types at a desert oasis and also determines associated ecological and health risks. Concentrations of boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, and mercury increased significantly over the decade. Farmland ecosystems had higher concentrations of soil trace and heavy metal elements than natural ecosystems, but intercropping with alfalfa tended to reduce concentrations. The environmental pollution assessment indicated that soils were moderately affected by human activities, particularly in farmland ecosystems. The potential degree of ecological risk from all elements was moderate, and in relation to land use this risk decreased in the following order: long-term cultivated farmland>newly reclaimed farmlands with monoculture>newly reclaimed farmlands with intercropping>natural desert grassland. Eight soil heavy metals posed potential non-carcinogenic risks, and dermal contact was the major exposure pathway; however, the carcinogenic risk level from soil was acceptable. These results suggest that agricultural activities increased the concentrations of certain soil trace and heavy metal elements and that adopting appropriate farmland management, such as intercropping with alfalfa, limited this increasing trend.

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Lu, SiHeng, Chang Pan, YuJuan Jin, Xiang Wang, Xinlai Wei und ZhiMin Yu. „EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS AROUND THE MINING OF DECORATIVE STONE ORE IN SUSONG COUNTY LIAOHE RIVER“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (15.06.2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2620.

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In order to study the pollution of heavy metals around Liaohe Fender stone mine in Susong County, the soils at six points and the sediment at four points were selected. The effects of heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr , Ni ,Hg and As were measured, the single factor index and the Nemero index method were used to evaluate the heavy metal elements in soil and sediment. The results showed that the values of heavy metal elements in the soil and sediment were less than 1 and the Pintegrated values were less than 0.85,the mine area was not polluted by heavy metals and belonged to the clean area within the grade Ⅰ.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Ge, Ying 1974. „Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in urban contaminated soils“. Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21555.

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Urban soils are often contaminated with trace metals and the toxicity of the metals depends, in part, on their speciation in soil solutions. The objectives of this project were to estimate the metal speciation in urban soils and to evaluate the predictability of soil metal pools on plant uptake. The chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was estimated by using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM). In soil solutions, Cd, Ni and Zn were present mainly as free ions when the solutions were acidic and their organic complexes were dominant as the pH was over 7.5. The other two metals mostly formed complexes with organic ligands. The activities of Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn 2+ were affected by soil pH and total soil metal burdens. All five metals were under-saturated with respect to the minerals which could potentially control the metal solubility.
Metal uptake by plants in the contaminated railway yards was generally not correlated with free, dissolved and total soil metal pools. A pot experiment demonstrated better correlations between the metal pools and the metal content in wild chicory. Multiple regression analysis showed that the metals in the leaves and roots of wild chicory could be adequately predicted by the soil total metals and soil properties such as pH and exchangeable Ca.

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Khandoker, Rafiqul Alam. „Distribution of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Soils of Southwest Oregon“. PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4691.

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Soil samples from 118 sites on 71 geologic units in southwest Oregon were collected and analyzed to determine the background concentrations of metals in soils of the region. Sites were chosen in areas that were relatively undisturbed by human activities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved total-recoverable method was used to recover metals from samples for analysis. The twenty six metals analyzed were: Ag, AI, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V and Zn. The Klamath Mountains followed by the Coast Range contain the highest soil concentrations of AI, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, V and Zn. Soils of the Coastal Plain and High Lava Plains contain the lowest concentrations of these metals. Unusually high soil As concentrations are found at two sites in the Klamath Mountains. All Be and Cd values above laboratory's reporting limits are also from the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range. Concentrations of soil Ba and La are fairly uniform throughout the region. Soil Pb levels are generally low with a few exceptions in the Klamath Mountains, Coast and Cascade Ranges. The region west of the Cascade Range has higher soil Hg contents than in the east. Soil metal concentrations are generally much higher in the region west of the Cascade Range, excluding the Coastal Plain, than in the east with the exception ofNa, because of more ultramafic rocks and a wetter climate. Soil metal concentrations are directly related to soil development with the highest concentrations being found in well developed Alfisols and Ultisols and the lowest concentrations in poorly developed Entisols. Most metals have similar averages and ranges of concentration compared to the rest of the United States (U.S.). Metals with high values compared to the rest of the U.S. are Cr, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni. In general, AI, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, and V are concentrated in the B horizon while Ba, Ca, Hg, K, Mn, Pb and Zn are concentrated in the A horizon.

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Herselman, J. E. „The concentration of selected trace metals in South African soils /“. Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1390.

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Reyes, Delgadillo Dulce B. „Modeling natural attenuation of trace elements in soils“. Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101169.

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Trace elements added to the soil by human activities could contaminate it and occasionally cause a threat to environmental and human health. The toxicity and mobility of a trace element are affected by the element's solubility, which in turn is influenced by the soil properties. When mobile, trace elements can be leached out of the soil. If leaching occurs at a faster rate than atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in the soil will decrease by natural attenuation.
We analyzed soil properties in 40 soils and their soil solutions to obtain a set of equations with the most significant predictors of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn in solution. The total element concentration and the pH were the best predicting variables of the amount of element in solution for all trace elements analyzed, while organic carbon and Al or Mn oxides also influenced the solubility of some trace elements. Using the equations predicting elemental solubility, we wrote a model for natural attenuation in the computer program Stella that considers atmospheric deposition as the input for trace elements and leaching as the output. Simulations were carried out for the 40 soils during 1,000 years with steady deposition inputs.
At current atmospheric deposition rates and the neutral to alkaline pH of these soils, attenuation occurred in most soils for Mo. For As, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni it occurred only in soils with abundant total element concentrations or an acidic pH. Minor retention occurred with Pb and Zn. Only Cd and Cu were of concern in leaching waters. The developed model can serve as a decision making tool in the selection of natural attenuation as a remediation strategy.

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SILVA, Fernando Bruno Vieira da. „Inputs of heavy metals and rare earth elements in soils via phosphate fertilizers and correctives“. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2018. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/7319.

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Phosphate fertilizers and corrective are significant sources of soil contamination by heavy metals and rare earth elements, and long-term cultivated soils can accumulate heavy metals above the maximum permissible limits. In this sense, the objectives of the study were (i) to evaluate the potential contamination of Brazilian soils by heavy metals and rare earth via phosphate fertilizers and corrective; (ii) to evaluate the accumulation of heavy metals in soils intensively cultivated with sugarcane, as well as to identify the possible sources of contamination. Initially, were performed total digests of 53 representative samples of P-containing fertilizers and commercialized in Brazil. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were investigated in fertilizers, which are elements regulated by national legislation. Also the additions of these metals to Brazilian soils were estimated based on the annual consumption and the average concentrations verified in each product. Subsequently, 60 samples of surface soils from areas cultivated with sugarcane were collected, these areas had a long history of use. In the soils, the environmentally available metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were evaluated, as well as the physico-chemical characterization. The contents of metals in the soils were compared with the guiding values of quality; correlated with soil properties and; subjected to multivariate statistical analyzes to trace the origin of the metals. Finally, the total and soluble concentrations of Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sc, Eu, Y, Dy, Gd, Yb, Er, Tb, Ho and Lu were investigated in 60 supplies samples (phosphate fertilizer, and limestone) used in Brazilian agriculture. In addition, the contributions of these elements to Brazilian soils were estimated through the use of phosphate fertilizers and soil correctives. The results of the study showed that Cd in phosphate rocks are the most worrisome, and that in the medium term the heavy metals present in fertilizers containing P do not represent environmental risk. However, the intensive application of phosphate fertilizers in soils cultivated with sugarcane promoted the accumulation of Cd above the guiding values of quality, and in some cases the soils represented a potential risk to human health. With regard to rare earths, it was observed that the solubility of these elements in phosphate fertilizers is dependent on the raw material used in industry (igneous or sedimentary). The annual additions of these elements to Brazilian soils are > 4000 t year-1 and that Ce, La, Nd and Y are the most worrisome. Limestone proved to be a significant source of Gd for agricultural soils. Therefore, soils that continuously receive high doses of these inputs are probably enriched with ETRs.
Fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos são fontes significativas de contaminação do solo por metais pesados e elementos terras raras, e, solos cultivados por um longo tempo podem acumular metais pesados acima dos limites máximos permissíveis. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve por objetivos (i) avaliar o potencial de contaminação dos solos brasileiros por metais pesados e terras raras via fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos; (ii) avaliar o acúmulo de metais pesados em solos intensivamente cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, como também identificar as possíveis fontes de contaminação. Inicialmente, foram realizadas digestões totais de 53 amostras representativas de fertilizantes contendo P e comercializadas no Brasil. As concentrações de As, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb foram investigadas nos fertilizantes, que são os elementos regulamentados pela legislação nacional. Adicionalmente, as adições destes metais aos solos brasileiros foram estimadas baseadas no consumo anual e nas concentrações médias verificadas em cada produto. Posteriormente, 60 amostras de solos superficiais de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar foram coletadas, estas áreas tinham um longo histórico de uso. Nos solos, os teores ambientalmente disponíveis dos metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) foram avaliados, assim como as caracterizações físico-químicas. Os teores dos metais nos solos foram comparados com os valores orientadores de qualidade; correlacionados com as propriedades dos solos e; submetidos às análises estatísticas multivariadas para traçar a origem dos metais. Por fim, as concentrações totais e solúveis de Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sc, Eu, Y, Dy, Gd, Yb, Er, Tb, Ho e Lu foram investigadas em 60 amostras de insumos (fertilizante fosfatado, gesso e calcário) utilizados na agricultura brasileira. Além disso, os aportes destes elementos aos solos brasileiros foram estimados através do uso de fertilizantes fosfatados e corretivos do solo. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que Cd em rochas fosfatadas são os mais preocupantes, e, que em médio prazo os metais pesados presentes nos fertilizantes contendo P não representam risco ambiental. Contudo, a aplicação intensiva de fertilizantes fosfatados nos solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar promoveu o acúmulo de Cd acima dos valores orientadores de qualidade, e em alguns casos os solos representaram potencial risco à saúde humana. Com relação aos terras raras, observou-se que a solubilidade destes elementos nos fertilizantes fosfatados é dependente da matéria prima utilizada na indústria (ígnea ou sedimentar). As adições anuais destes elementos aos solos brasileiros são > 4000 t ano-1 e que Ce, La, Nd e Y são os mais preocupantes. O calcário se mostrou uma fonte significativa de Gd para os solos agrícolas. Desta forma, os solos que recebem continuamente elevadas doses destes insumos, provavelmente, estão enriquecidos com ETRs.

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Cook, Nicola. „Bioavailability of trace metals in urban contaminated soils“. Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34934.

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There are two main components to the research: the theoretical and the experimental. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the state of soil quality guidelines and the scientific methods used to determine them. A number of recommendations to improve soil quality criteria for trace metals are offered including the importance of considering bioavailability and the need to use realistic conditions, trace metal sources and organisms.
A critical review of the literature dealing with predicting the availability of trace metals to plants is presented in Chapter 3. We found little agreement among hundreds of similar studies which relate plant metal uptake to the amount of metal extracted by selective chemical dissolution procedures. An extensive summary of the data shows clearly that the extraction methods are not widely applicable. Differences between individual soils, their metal retention capacities, as well as plant factors and environmental conditions contribute to the variability of the results. Alternative ways of assessing bioavailability are suggested.
The experimental component of the thesis focuses on the availability of trace metals to plants. In Chapter 4 the uptake of Cu from different soil pools was examined and the free metal ion (Cu2+) was found to be the best predictor of uptake by lettuce (Latuca sativa cv. Buttercrunch), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Barmultra) and radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Cherry Belle).
In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the effect of low-cost in-situ treatments on the availability of metals to plants in greenhouse and field experiments. Synthetic zeolites, P amendments, organic matter and clean soil were used and their effect on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn evaluated. The plants for the experimental work were lettuce and perennial ryegrass. Only the clean soil treatment was consistently effective in reducing the concentration of metals in the plant. We also wanted to determine whether the trace metals in the plant tissue came from the soil or from direct deposition of pollutants on the leaf surfaces. We found little evidence that metals in plants were a result of atmospheric fallout.
A method for the accurate analysis of total metal concentrations in a range of contaminated soils including those containing oil and grease was developed (Chapter 7). For this research the trace metals of concern are Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn---all commonly found in urban/industrial soils. The proposed method using HNO3/HClO4 has several advantages over the common HNO3/H2O2 procedure. We were able to digest larger soil samples and hence the final concentration of trace metals was usually in the range for analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

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Andrade, Marc-David. „Development of an on-site ex-situ unsaturated-flow remediation process for trace metal contaminated soils“. Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85117.

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Innovative means and methods were tested to develop an economical, pragmatic and environmentally sustainable soil remediation process for heavy metal contaminated soils. An unsaturated-flow soil washing procedure was devised to dissolve the soil-bound toxic heavy metals; the latter were extracted by a chemical washing solution that percolated through the soil matrix. Subsequently, the leached toxic heavy metals were selectively concentrated, by a chemical precipitation process, into a solid waste. Thereby, a fraction of the spent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), within the washing and rinsing leachate, was theoretically regenerated and recycle-ready.
The unsaturated-flow washing procedure was perfected by applying different treatments to a soil from a secure landfill. This soil was contaminated with Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S and Zn. The major contaminants were Fe, Pb, Zn, S, Cu and Mn, making up 25, 1.9, 1.0, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.2%wt of the soil. The extraction responses of the contaminants and those of Al, Ca, Mg and P were established for citric acid (0.5 M) and different molarities of diammonium EDTA ((NH4)2EDTA). The DOW Chemical Company supplied the (NH4)2EDTA (i.e. VERSENE), a 1.37M industrial cleaner, which roughly costs $1.85kg-1 in bulk. The affordability of VERSENE was a pre-condition for hoping to satisfy the economical feasibility of remediating trace metal contaminated soils.
Ultimately, the developed unsaturated-flow washing procedure was tested in a pilot-scale experiment, for its ability to remediate a soil from an abandoned car battery recycling facility. The latter soil was severely contaminated with Pb (3.9%wt). Drip irrigation was used to apply (NH4) 2EDTA and water-rinsing solutions to the surface of soil heaps that rested atop an impermeable barrier, which permitted the retrieval of the leachate. A cumulative EDTA input to the soil of 10.6% wt extracted 49.4% of the total Pb content of the soil. Alternatively, readily biodegradable citric acid barely extracted 2.2% of the total Pb content of the soil, for a cumulative input of 18.1% weight of soil. Different treatments were tested for their effectiveness in concentrating the leached toxic heavy metals into a solid waste. The Pb was best precipitated with Na2S alone, as it provided the most concentrated solid toxic waste.
The environmental sustainability of remediating trace metal contaminated soils was thoroughly examined, as per the amounts of chemical entrants and toxic waste by-products, and per the post-treatment leaching of toxic levels of the remaining and potentially toxic trace metals. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Kennette, Debra. „The bioavailability of trace metals to soil invertebrates in urban contaminated soils“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44194.pdf.

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Voigt, Astrid. „Bioavailability of trace metals to plants“. Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19561.

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Soil quality guidelines are currently based on total trace metal loads. There is a need to define indices of bioavailability to allow reasonable predictions for plant metal uptake and toxicity in soils. Trace metal toxicities to plants often correlate best with free metal ion activities. The first objective was to develop a plant bioassay that is sensitive to trace metals at concentrations realistic for soils. The root elongation of lettuce Lactuca sativa 'Buttercrunch' was used as toxicological endpoint. This endpoint was sensitive and reproducible to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The second objective was to test whether free metal ion activities are constant predictors of metal toxicities in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts that differ in their concentrations of cations and ligands. The root elongation assay was used to test this hypothesis. In synthetic solutions, the rhizotoxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn decreased with increasing Ca and H concentrations. This could not be explained with the effect of higher cationic concentrations on root growth or on solution speciation. It was concluded that Ca and H inhibited the rhizotoxicity of all metals tested. The rhizotoxicity of Cu and Cd was further examined in soil extracts. Both metals became less rhizotoxic at higher H and dissolved organic matter concentrations. The rhizotoxicity endpoints from the experiments in synthetic solution were used to develop parameters for a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The BLM accounts for solution speciation and interprets cationic inhibition of rhizotoxicity as competition of metals with Ca and H for potential sites of rhizotoxicity. The BLM predicted metal rhizotoxicity better than the free metal ion activity in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts. Different models were tested against literature rhizotoxicity data for metals at different Ca and H concentrations. Predictions for metal rhizotoxicity given by BLM, Gouy-Chapman-Stern model and Freundlich equation model were compared with predictions based on free metal ion activities in solution. The BLM predicted rhizotoxicity most accurately. The BLM seems promising for predictions of metal toxicity and metal bioavailability in soils to support site-specific environmental risk assessments.

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Williams, Emily Rose. „The Effects of Depth and Hydrological Connectivity on Heavy Metal Loading in Riparian Zones“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185245.

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The area between a stream and land is known as a riparian zone. These zones are highly dynamic whichcarry and accumulate heavy metals and environmental contaminants. Discrete Riparian Input Zones(DRIPs) are a subset of such zones that carry concentrated amounts of water into streams at discrete points.These are more active in their ability to channel water than riparian zones. These areas are important sincethey may retain or release metals and thereby affect the stream chemistry. To test if DRIPs accumulatemetals, 7 DRIPs and 4 Non-DRIPs were sampled along the C5 stream in the Krycklan Catchment. Soilsamples were taken from the surface down to 0.5 m depth at 0.1 m increments and were analysed for totalmercury, metals and loss on ignition. Three metals (vanadin, iron and zinc) were identified as having significant differences in concentration between DRIP and Non-DRIPS. Vanadin and Fe had significantlyhigher concentrations in Non-DRIPs, whereas iron had higher concentrations in DRIPs. Mercury,cadmium, iron, and loss on ignition (LOI) were found to decrease as depth increased, whilst Al was foundto increase with depth. Finally many elements are inter-related, but those with the strongest correlation areLOI and mercury, and iron and cadmium, both r > 0.85. LOI and mercury are strongly related as mercurybinds strongly to organic matter. The relationship of Fe and Cd is likely due to the Fe-oxide and Cdrelationship.

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Bücher zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Jones, Geoff. Metal concentrations in soils and produce from gardens in Flin Flon, Manitoba, 2002. Winnipeg: Manitoba Conservation, 2006.

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Goodarzi, F. Deposition of trace elements in the Trail region, British Columbia: An assessment of the environmental effect of a base metal smelter on land. Ottawa, Ont: Geological Survey of Canada, 2003.

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Becker, Mark F. Selected trace metals and organic compounds and bioavailability of selected organic compounds in soils, Hackberry Flat, Tillman County, Oklahoma, 1994-95. [Oklahoma City, OK]: U.S. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Greulich, Peter. Schwermetalle in Fichten und Böden im Burgwald (Hessen): Untersuchungen zur räumlichen Variabilität der Elemente Blei, Cadmium, Nickel, Zink, Calcium und Magnesium, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Reliefeinflusses. Marburg/Lahn: Im Selbtsverlag der Marburger Geographischen Gesellschaft, 1988.

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Emerson, R. Phytotoxicology assessment survey investigations on Cornwall Island in Ontario in the vicinity of the Reynolds Metal Company (RMC) Massena, New York, 1987 and 1988. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1990.

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B, Haufler Jonathan, Hrsg. Risk evaluation for sludge-borne elements to wildlife food chains. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.

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Rinne, Robert J. K. Contamination of vegetation and soil by lead and other elements in the vicinity of the Canada Metal Company, Eastern Avenue, Toronto, 1983, 1984, 1985. [Toronto]: Phytotoxicology Section, 1986.

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Barringer, Julia L. Arsenic and metals in soils in the vicinity of the Imperial Oil Company superfund site, Marlboro Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. West Trenton, N.J: U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Barringer, Julia L. Arsenic and metals in soils in the vicinity of the Imperial Oil Company Superfund site, Marlboro Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. West Trenton, N.J: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Hooda, Peter S. Trace elements in soils. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Pub., 2010.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Spurgeon, David J. „Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil-Dwelling Species and Their Communities“. In Trace Elements in Soils, 155–74. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444319477.ch8.

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Nomngongo, Philiswa N., Joseph M. Matong und Tshimangandzo S. Munonde. „Trace Metals in Soils“. In Recent Advances in Trace Elements, 161–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119133780.ch8.

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Edwards, R., N. W. Lepp und K. C. Jones. „Other less abundant elements of potential environmental significance“. In Heavy Metals in Soils, 306–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1344-1_14.

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Fedotov, P. S., und M. Miró. „Fractionation and Mobility of Trace Elements in Soils and Sediments“. In Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soil Environments, 467–520. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470175484.ch12.

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Alva, A. K., J. J. Bilski, K. S. Sajwan und D. van Clief. „Leaching of Metals from Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Organic Byproducts“. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproducts, 193–206. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4155-4_11.

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Vogel-Mikuš, Katarina, Paula Pongrac, Primož Pelicon, Primož Vavpetič, Bogdan Povh, Hermann Bothe und Marjana Regvar. „Micro-PIXE Analysis for Localization and Quantification of Elements in Roots of Mycorrhizal Metal-Tolerant Plants“. In Soil Biology, 227–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95894-9_14.

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Jianga, Zhaohui, Qingru Zeng, Hejie Pi, Bohan Liao, Xiaoyou Feng und Yulin Sun. „Transformation of Nitrogen and Its Effects on Metal Elements by Coated Urea Application in Soils from South China“. In Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earth’s Critical Zone, 137–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05297-2_42.

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Chaudhuri, D., S. Tripathy, H. Veeresh, M. A. Powell und B. R. Hart. „Heavy Metal Distribution and Bioavailability in Coal Ash and Sludge Amended Acid Lateritic Soil Under Field Conditions“. In Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash, 289–307. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4757-7_20.

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Alva, A. K., S. Paramasivam, O. Prakash, K. S. Sajwan, W. H. Ornes und D. van Clief. „Effects of Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge Amendments on Transport of Metals in Different Soils“. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproducts, 207–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4155-4_12.

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Vangronsveld, J., A. Ruttens und H. Clijsters. „The Use of Cyclonic Ashes of Fluidized Bed Burning of Coal Mine Refuse for Long-Term Immobilization of Metals in Soils“. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Combustion Byproducts, 223–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4155-4_13.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Arvay, Julius. „VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RISK ELEMENTS IN DIFFERENT METAL-LOADED AGRICULTURAL SOILS“. In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.2/s13.078.

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Qian, Yi, Ya-yu Wang, Jian-wen Zhu und Li-jie Yang. „Distribution and Speciation Analysis of Heavy Metal Elements in Urumqi Urban Soils“. In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162649.

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Fedotov, P. S., O. B. Rogova, R. Kh Dzhenloda und V. K. Karandashev. „Metal-organic complexes as a major sink for rare earth elements in soils“. In Fifth International Conference of CIS IHSS on Humic Innovative Technologies «Humic substances and living systems». CLUB PRINT ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36291/hit.2019.fedotov.027.

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Ribeiro, A., C. Vilarinho, J. Araújo und J. Carvalho. „Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soils With Chromium“. In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87552.

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Soil is a vital natural resource that regulates our environment sustainability and provide essential resources to humans and nature. Nowadays, with an increasingly populated and urbanized world, pollution is widely recognized as a significant challenge to soil and groundwater resources management. The most common chemicals found in soils and water plumb in a dissolved state and considered as potential pollutants are heavy metals, dyes, phenols, detergents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and others organic substances, such as organic matter. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms and many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Toxic heavy metals of particular concern zinc, copper, nickel, mercury, cadmium, lead and chromium. Electrokinetic remediation deserves particular attention in soil treatment due to its peculiar advantages, including the capability of treating fine and low permeability materials, and achieving consolidation, dewatering and removal of salts and inorganic contaminants like heavy metals in a single stage. In this study, the remediation of artificially chromium contaminated soil by electrokinetic process, coupled with Eggshell Inorganic Fraction Powder (EGGIF) permeable reactive barrier (PRB), was investigated. An electric field of 2 V cm−1 was applied and was used an EGGIF/soil ratio of 30 g kg−1 of contaminated soil for the preparation of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in each test. Results proved that the study of chromium mobility revealed the predominance in its transportation through the soil towards the anode, due essentially to the existence of chromium in the form of oxyanions (chromate and dichromate), which confers a negative charge to the molecule. Chromium removal by electrokinetic remediation was faster in low levels of concentration and the utilization of citric acid as buffer and complexing agent allowed to maintain pH of soil below the precipitation limit for this element. It was obtained high removal rates of chromium in both experiments, especially near the anode. In the normalized distance to cathode of 0.8 it was achieved a maximum removal rate of chromium of 55, 59 and 60% in initial chromium concentration of 500 mg kg−1, 250 mg kg−1 and 100 mg kg−1, respectively. The viability of the new coupling technology developed (electrokinetic with EGGIF permeable reactive barrier) to treat low-permeability polluted soils was demonstrated. Based on the proved efficiency, this remediation technique has to be optimized and applied to real soils in order to validate it as a large-scale solution.

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ZhaoHong Meng, YanQin Li, DongYou Zhang und LiJuan Zhang. „Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal elements in urban soil“. In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893365.

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Tabbagh, A., J. Thiesson, R. Guerin, M. Dabas, M. Thiry und F. van Oort. „Geophysical Assessment of Soil Volumes Polluted with Metal Elements from Long-term Waste Water Irrigation“. In Near Surface 2010 - 16th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144808.

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R. A. Coelho, Rooney, Mauricio B. C. Salles, Luciano Martins Neto und José Roberto Cardoso. „Calculation of Electric Potentials Transferred by Grounding Systems“. In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2474.

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Buried metal elements such as fences, pipelines, building rebar, and railway tracks are subject to electric potential rise due to current flowing through the ground. In fact, theremay be a potential transfer of substations to remote regions in which such safety risks are not generally expected. This work presents a calculation procedure for this potential rise in uniform soils. The presented procedure is applied to cases extracted from the literature as a form of validation.

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Burachevskaya, M. V., T. M. Minkina, T. V. Bauer, V. N. Petukhova und P. D. Pogonyshev. „INFLUENCE OF REABSORPTION PROCESSES ON THE EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL“. In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.327-329.

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The article studies the process of readsorption, which reduces the completeness of extraction of heavy metals (for example, Zn and Pb) from the soil. Studies have shown that under static conditions of extraction with an acetate-ammonium buffer, it is not possible to completely extract the studied elements. Under dynamic conditions, however, metal extraction is more efficient and the effect of readsorption on metal extraction is significantly reduced.

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Nyachoti, Syprose, Segun Adebayo und Tewodros Godebo. „Metals and Trace Elements Composition of Maize, Wheat, and Teff Grown in Volcanic-Ash Rich Soils of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley“. In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1957.

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Xiao, Y., M. Oorsprong, Y. Yang und J. H. L. Voncken. „Vitrification of Bottom Ash From AVR MSW Incinerators“. In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3192.

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During incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), various environmentally harmful elements and heavy metals are liberated either into bottom ash, or carried away with the off-gases and subsequently trapped in fly-ash. If these minor but harmful elements are not properly isolated and immobilized, it can lead to secondary environmental pollution to the air, soil and water. The stricter environmental regulations to be implemented in the near future in the Netherlands require a higher immobilization efficiency of the bottom ash treatment. In the present study, MSW incinerator bottom ash was vitrified at higher temperatures and the slag formed and metal recovered were examined. The behaviour of soluble elements that remain in the slag is evaluated by leaching extraction. The thermodynamics of slag and metal formation is discussed. The results obtained can provide a valuable route to treat the ashes from incinerators, and to make recycling and more efficient utilization of the bottom ash possible.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Metal elements in soils"

Khandoker, Rafiqul. Distribution of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Soils of Southwest Oregon. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6575.

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McGrath, S. P., und F. Lodico. In-Situ Decontamination of Metal-Polluted Soils by Metal-Accumulator Plants. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286199.

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Henderson, P. J., R. Knight und I. McMartin. Heavy-metal concentrations in soils surrounding Canadian base-metal smelters: a comparative study. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210194.

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Selle, J. E. Calculation of binary phase diagrams between the actinide elements, rare earth elements, and transition metal elements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7203729.

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Heuscher, S. A. SBAT: A Tool for Estimating Metal Bioaccessibility in Soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828924.

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Tsai, H. Performance of metal fuel elements in an operational overpower transient. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/208340.

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Gil Ramos, Kenneth Rubow und Ronald Sekellick. FULL SCALE REGENERABLE HEPA FILTER DESIGN USING SINTERED METAL FILTER ELEMENTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834564.

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Adams, Sunny, und Adam Smith. USMMA Historic District Property Maintenance and Repair Manual : Volume 5 – Metal Elements. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S.), Juli 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/27932.

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Fan, Teresa W. M., und Richard M. Higashi. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Sequestration in Soils: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Organic Matter Aging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/827411.

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Fan, Teresa W. M., Richard M. Higashi und Crowley. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Sequestration in Soils: Plant-Microbe Interactions and Organic Matter Aging. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834659.

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