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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Mental body representations"
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Longo, Matthew R. „Distortion of mental body representations“. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26, Nr. 3 (März 2022): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.11.005.
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Cocchini, Gianna, Toni Galligan, Laura Mora und Gustav Kuhn. „The magic hand: Plasticity of mental hand representation“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, Nr. 11 (01.01.2018): 2314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817741606.
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Internal spatial body configurations are crucial to successfully interact with the environment and to experience our body as a three-dimensional volumetric entity. These representations are highly malleable and are modulated by a multitude of afferent and motor information. Despite some studies reporting the impact of sensory and motor modulation on body representations, the long-term relationship between sensory information and mental representation of own body parts is still unclear. We investigated hand representation in a group of expert sleight-of-hand magicians and in a group of age-matched adults naïve to magic (controls). Participants were asked to localise landmarks of their fingers when their hand position was congruent with the mental representation (Experiment 1) and when proprioceptive information was “misleading” (Experiment 2). Magicians outperformed controls in both experiments, suggesting that extensive training in sleight of hand has a profound effect in refining hand representation. Moreover, the impact of training seems to have a high body-part specificity, with a maximum impact for those body sections used more prominently during the training. Interestingly, it seems that sleight-of-hand training can lead to a specific improvement of hand mental representation, which relies less on proprioceptive information.
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Moro, Valentina, Michela Corbella, Silvio Ionta, Federico Ferrari und Michele Scandola. „Cognitive Training Improves Disconnected Limbs’ Mental Representation and Peripersonal Space after Spinal Cord Injury“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 18 (12.09.2021): 9589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189589.
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Paraplegia following spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the mental representation and peripersonal space of the paralysed body parts (i.e., lower limbs). Physical rehabilitation programs can improve these aspects, but the benefits are mostly partial and short-lasting. These limits could be due to the absence of trainings focused on SCI-induced cognitive deficits combined with traditional physical rehabilitation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed in 15 SCI-individuals the effects of adding cognitive recovery protocols (motor imagery–MI) to standard physical rehabilitation programs (Motor + MI training) on mental body representations and space representations, with respect to physical rehabilitation alone (control training). Each training comprised at least eight sessions administered over two weeks. The status of participants’ mental body representation and peripersonal space was assessed at three time points: before the training (T0), after the training (T1), and in a follow-up assessment one month later (T2). The Motor + MI training induced short-term recovery of peripersonal space that however did not persist at T2. Body representation showed a slower neuroplastic recovery at T2, without differences between Motor and the Motor + MI. These results show that body and space representations are plastic after lesions, and open new rehabilitation perspectives.
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Mirucka, Beata, und Monika Kisielewska. „Mental Representations of the Body and Malleability of the Sense of Body Ownership in Schizophrenia within the Embodied Subject Model“. Kultura i Edukacja 142, Nr. 4 (2023): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/kie.2023.04.06.
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The presented study was intended to shed some new light on the disturbance of body experience in persons with schizophrenia in reference to the Embodied Subject Model. The model proposes to complement theoretical linkages between concepts related to bodiness – body self and mental representations of the body (body schema, body image, body awareness) and a relatively new concept of body identity. The main research questions were: Given that persons with schizophrenia are characterised by the painful experience of their body as an external object, would they also manifest i/ weakened sensorimotor integration mechanisms, ii/ disordered mental representations of the body, iii/ weakened sense of body ownership? 41 individuals with schizophrenia and 41 matched controls participated in the Rubber Hand Illusion procedure. Body representations were measured with a Battery of Tests of the Body Self Representations. The individuals with schizophrenia showed lower scores in three body representations and greater susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion. It suggests that the explanation of susceptibility to disturbances in the sense of body ownership should be focused on the deficient structure of mental representations of the body.
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Di Vita, Antonella, Maria Cristina Cinelli, Simona Raimo, Maddalena Boccia, Stefano Buratin, Paola Gentili, Maria Teresa Inzitari et al. „Body Representations in Children with Cerebral Palsy“. Brain Sciences 10, Nr. 8 (28.07.2020): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080490.
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We constantly process top-down and bottom-up inputs concerning our own body that interact to form body representations (BR). Even if some evidence showed BR deficits in children with cerebral palsy, a systematic study that evaluates different kinds of BR in these children, taking into account the possible presence of a general deficit affecting non-body mental representations, is currently lacking. Here we aimed at investigating BR (i.e., Body Semantics, Body Structural Representation and Body Schema) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) taking into account performance in tasks involving body stimuli and performance in tasks involving non-body stimuli. Thirty-three CP (age range: 5–12 years) were compared with a group of 103 typically-developing children (TDC), matched for age and sex. 63.64% of children with CP showed a very poor performance in body representation processing. Present data also show alterations in different body representations in CP in specific developmental stages. In particular, CP and TDC performances did not differ between 5 to 7 years old, whereas CP between 8 and 12 years old showed deficits in the Body Structural Representation and Body Schema but not in Body Semantics. These findings revealed the importance of taking into account the overall development of cognitive domains when investigating specific stimuli processing in children who do not present a typical development and were discussed in terms of their clinical implications.
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McCabe, D. P., D. I. Ben-Tovim, M. K. Walker und D. Pomeroy. „Does the Body Image Exist in Three Dimensions? The Study of Visual Mental Representation of a Body and a Nonbody Object“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.223.
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Do the mental Images of 3-dimensional objects recreate the depth characteristics of the original objects' This investigation of the characteristics of mental images utilized a novel boundary-detection task that required participants to relate a pair of crosses to the boundary of an image mentally projected onto a computer screen. 48 female participants with body attitudes within expected normal range were asked to image their own body and a familiar object from the front and the side. When the visual mental image was derived purely from long-term memory, accuracy was better than chance for the front (64%) and side (63%) of the body and also for the front (55%) and side (68%) of the familiar nonbody object. This suggests that mental images containing depth and spatial information may be generated from information held in long-term memory. Pictorial exposure to views of the front or side of the objects was used to investigate the representations from which this 3-dimensional shape and size information is derived. The results are discussed in terms of three possible representational formats and argue that a front-view 2½-dimensional representation mediates the transfer of information from long-term memory when depth information about the body is required.
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Miscevic Kadijevic, Gordana. „MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ABOUT DIFFERENT ANIMALS“. Journal of Baltic Science Education 16, Nr. 4 (25.08.2017): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/17.16.500.
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Adequate mental representations of animals are important for children’s personal development, because they result in their appropriate treatment of such animals, which would not, for example, compromise either animals’ or children’s safety. By using a convenient sample of 101 six- to seven-year old children, this research examined these representations regarding animals’ names, feeding habits, body coverings, and dangerousness. The representations were assessed using a questionnaire referring to 18 animals, and the research focused on the frequency of correct responses and gender differences in these responses for each animal. It was found that whereas the naming of animals was very successful, the mental representations of animals’ feeding habits and body coverings were less mature, including some misconceptions not found in previous studies. In addition, the participants’ explanations about why animals are dangerous or harmless revealed that their mental representations about different animals were correct to a moderate degree. Finally, gender differences in the mental representations were almost missing. Some implications for school or kindergarten work with children are given (e.g., reducing misconceptions about and fear of some animals). Keywords: didactically modeled activities, mental representations of animals, preschool children, preschool education.
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Lottenberg Semer, Norma, und Latife Yazigi. „The Rorschach and the Body“. Rorschachiana 30, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.30.1.3.
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Introduction: The Rorschach has proved to be of value in studies addressing the mind-body relationship since it enhances the understanding of this complex relation and its repercussions. Objective: To use some aspects of the Rorschach to explore the mental representation of the body through the study of self-esteem in children with enuresis. Method: The Rorschach Comprehensive System was administrated to 26 children with enuresis and 26 children without enuresis (children of the same age and social class) and 10 selected variables were tested; the Concept of the Object Scale for assessing object representations (ORS) was also used. Results: There is a significant difference in the X+% and EGO, so the children with enuresis show low self-esteem and difficulties perceiving reality. As for ORS, the children without enuresis showed greater freedom to fantasize, to use their imagination, and to identify their emotions and anxieties. The children with enuresis exhibited a greater tendency toward fragmentation in the perception of the self and of others, thus, a partial object relation. Conclusions: The Concept of the Object Scale for assessing object representations proved to be a useful instrument to grasp the level of the child’s psychological development. The study of the psychosomatic aspects permits an identification of relations between the body and self-esteem.
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Jeraj, Damian, Lisa Musculus und Babett H. Lobinger. „BODY IMAGE AND MENTAL REPRESENTATION IN TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS WHO DO VERSUS DO NOT USE A PROSTHESIS“. Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 11, Nr. 1 (25.12.2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/17.11.22.
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The prosthesis that athletes use should take over the function of the missing limb. Playing table tennis without constraints is one exemplary goal. The question arose whether table tennis players who used a prosthesis and players who did not show similar body image values and mental representation of movements. Five matched pairs of active table tennis players (n = 10) completed a body image questionnaire. Additionally, the mental representation of a forehand table tennis serve was assessed. Results revealed no significant differences between the two groups of athletes on mental representations. Furthermore, the integration of the prosthesis into the body image was considered satisfying by four out of the five athletes with prosthesis, the use of a prosthesis did not appear to affect athletes’ body image. Based on the research results it can be recommended that in technical and mental training sessions, one methodological approach be used for all athletes, regardless of whether they use a prosthesis. Finally, it is suggested to foster the integration of athletes who use a prosthesis into the established leagues in which athletes compete who do not use prosthesis. Key words: functional body image, mental structure, SDA-M, athletes with disabilities.
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Merenkov, Anatoly. „In-Demand Body in Representations of Pupils“. Logos et Praxis, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2019): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.3.9.
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The article considers the ideas of young people aged 16–17 about the requirements of modern society to the external characteristics of the body, internal qualities of a person on the basis of empirical research. The objectives of the study were to identify opinions about what requirements are imposed by modern society to the external characteristics of the male and female body at this age, what practices are used to make the body attractive to people around, representatives of the other sex. The opinions of those moral and aesthetic qualities, the presence of which provides the inner beauty of a person were pointed out. The author determines the influence of social networks, media personalities on the formation of the image of the body desired by young people. In 2019, 200 students of 10–11 grades of secondary schools in Ekaterinburg, which is a major industrial and cultural center of the country, were interviewed by a questionnaire method. Significant differences in the ideas of young people about what kind of body they consider to be in demand were found. According to respondents, the male body has fewer requirements than the female one. The main indicator of its outer attractiveness is the pronounced muscle mass created by regular sports activities. The inclusion of women in active labor, social activities did not lead to the approval of new ideas about her appearance. She, as before, should be attractive, regardless of what she does at work, at home, where she appears in public places. The main factors influencing the formation of ideas about the outer attractiveness of the male and female body were revealed: personal beliefs, social networks, images of media personalities. Men do not have a clearly expressed direction for constant self-improvement in order to construct themselves as healthy, with developed skills of mental activity, culturally communicative persons. Representatives of the female sex appreciate, much higher than the male, the qualities that determine the inner beauty of a person: mental abilities, the ability to behave correctly with different people, strong will, patience, responsibility. There is a danger of gender conflict intensifying in the future. Girls will have difficulties in finding partners corresponding to the level of development of their knowledge, skills, latitude of thought. They are more willing to actively participate in the social and economic and social and cultural development of a dynamically changing society.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Mental body representations"
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Beck, Brianna <1985>. „Visual-somatosensory interactions in mental representations of the body and the face“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6848/1/beck_brianna_tesi.pdf.
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The body is represented in the brain at levels that incorporate multisensory information. This thesis focused on interactions between vision and cutaneous sensations (i.e., touch and pain). Experiment 1 revealed that there are partially dissociable pathways for visual enhancement of touch (VET) depending upon whether one sees one’s own body or the body of another person. This indicates that VET, a seeming low-level effect on spatial tactile acuity, is actually sensitive to body identity. Experiments 2-4 explored the effect of viewing one’s own body on pain perception. They demonstrated that viewing the body biases pain intensity judgments irrespective of actual stimulus intensity, and, more importantly, reduces the discriminative capacities of the nociceptive pathway encoding noxious stimulus intensity. The latter effect only occurs if the pain-inducing event itself is not visible, suggesting that viewing the body alone and viewing a stimulus event on the body have distinct effects on cutaneous sensations. Experiment 5 replicated an enhancement of visual remapping of touch (VRT) when viewing fearful human faces being touched, and further demonstrated that VRT does not occur for observed touch on non-human faces, even fearful ones. This suggests that the facial expressions of non-human animals may not be simulated within the somatosensory system of the human observer in the same way that the facial expressions of other humans are. Finally, Experiment 6 examined the enfacement illusion, in which synchronous visuo-tactile inputs cause another’s face to be assimilated into the mental self-face representation. The strength of enfacement was not affected by the other’s facial expression, supporting an asymmetric relationship between processing of facial identity and facial expressions. Together, these studies indicate that multisensory representations of the body in the brain link low-level perceptual processes with the perception of emotional cues and body/face identity, and interact in complex ways depending upon contextual factors.
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Beck, Brianna <1985>. „Visual-somatosensory interactions in mental representations of the body and the face“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6848/.
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The body is represented in the brain at levels that incorporate multisensory information. This thesis focused on interactions between vision and cutaneous sensations (i.e., touch and pain). Experiment 1 revealed that there are partially dissociable pathways for visual enhancement of touch (VET) depending upon whether one sees one’s own body or the body of another person. This indicates that VET, a seeming low-level effect on spatial tactile acuity, is actually sensitive to body identity. Experiments 2-4 explored the effect of viewing one’s own body on pain perception. They demonstrated that viewing the body biases pain intensity judgments irrespective of actual stimulus intensity, and, more importantly, reduces the discriminative capacities of the nociceptive pathway encoding noxious stimulus intensity. The latter effect only occurs if the pain-inducing event itself is not visible, suggesting that viewing the body alone and viewing a stimulus event on the body have distinct effects on cutaneous sensations. Experiment 5 replicated an enhancement of visual remapping of touch (VRT) when viewing fearful human faces being touched, and further demonstrated that VRT does not occur for observed touch on non-human faces, even fearful ones. This suggests that the facial expressions of non-human animals may not be simulated within the somatosensory system of the human observer in the same way that the facial expressions of other humans are. Finally, Experiment 6 examined the enfacement illusion, in which synchronous visuo-tactile inputs cause another’s face to be assimilated into the mental self-face representation. The strength of enfacement was not affected by the other’s facial expression, supporting an asymmetric relationship between processing of facial identity and facial expressions. Together, these studies indicate that multisensory representations of the body in the brain link low-level perceptual processes with the perception of emotional cues and body/face identity, and interact in complex ways depending upon contextual factors.
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Azaroual-Sentucq, Malika. „Somatosensation and plasticity : perceptual, cognitive and physiological effects“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-05000491.
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La somatosensation est essentielle pour la perception, l'action et la cognition, déterminante pour la motricité fine et la conscience de soi. Mon doctorat s'intéresse à la somatosensation et à sa plasticité aux niveaux cognitif, perceptif et physiologique. S'il est admis que la somatosensation contribue à la construction de multiples représentations mentales du corps (MBRs), sa contribution à chaque MBR reste floue. Le premier objectif de mon travail était de répondre à cette question en exploitant la stimulation somatosensorielle répétée (RSS), connue pour améliorer temporairement l'acuité tactile (AT) via des changements plastiques dans le cortex somatosensoriel primaire (SI) et secondaire (SII). Cette étude randomisée en double aveugle contre sham, menée sur 33 adultes, a étudié les effets de la RSS sur trois MBR de l'index droit stimulé (rD2) : l'image corporelle (BI), le modèle corporel et le schéma superficiel. Les résultats révèlent que la BI est sélectivement affectée par la RSS, le rD2 étant perçu plus petit après la RSS, tandis que les autres MBRs n'ont pas été affectées. Cela suggère que la somatosensation contribue différemment à la BI qu’aux autres MBRs. La somatosensation peut être évaluée par la mesure de l'AT, mesure essentielle en clinique et dans la recherche sur la restauration tactile. Une tâche courante mais critiquée est le test de discrimination de deux points (2PDT), tandis que les tâches d'orientation de grille (GOT) et d'orientation de deux points (2POT) sont considérées plus fiables. Il reste à déterminer si elles mesurent des aspects similaires de l'AT. Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse était de répondre à cette question en comparant les performances dans ces tâches, les reliant à des mesures anatomiques des doigts, et en utilisant la RSS. Dans cette étude, la RSS a été appliquée au rD2 de 29 adultes et son impact sur les tâches a été évalué au rD2, rD3, lD2 (contrôle) et lD3, sur lequel on a récemment montré une amélioration de l'AT après la RSS. Le 2POT et le GOT étaient corrélés à la surface du bout des doigts. Après la RSS, le 2PDT et le GOT se sont améliorés au rD2, et le 2PDT et le 2POT également au lD3. Les résultats suggèrent que les trois tâches mesurent à la fois des aspects similaires et distincts de l'AT. La RSS étant utilisée pour induire une plasticité dans le système somatosensoriel, il est important de comprendre ses mécanismes d'action. Alors que les changements corticaux dans les représentations SI et SII du doigt stimulé ont été associés à l'effet local de la RSS, les mécanismes responsables des effets locaux et distants restent inexplorés. Mon troisième objectif était d'étudier ces mécanismes via l'EEG, en testant l'hypothèse d'une modulation de l'inhibition corticale (IC) entre les représentations des doigts des deux mains. Cette étude comporte deux expériences randomisées en double aveugle contre sham, chacune menée sur 41 adultes, soumis à un EEG et un 2PDT. Un biais méthodologique ayant été identifié dans notre premier protocole, une seconde expérience a été réalisée pour y remédier. Nous avons constaté qu'après sham et RSS, l'IC intra et interhémisphérique augmentait significativement, possiblement grâce à l'augmentation de l’IC entre lD2 et lD3 et entre lD3 et rD3, (non significativement) plus élevée que dans les autres paires et plus élevée après RSS que sham. En raison de problèmes potentiels dans la deuxième expérience, ces résultats sont préliminaires et une nouvelle expérience est prévue pour les clarifier. Si confirmés, ces résultats indiqueraient que la RSS n'affecte pas l’IC. En somme, en explorant la somatosensation à différents niveaux, mon travail montre qu’elle contribue différemment à la BI qu'aux autres MBRs, permettant ainsi d'affiner les modèles actuels. Il montre aussi que plusieurs tâches devraient être utilisées pour évaluer pleinement l'AT. En revanche, il ne permet pas de conclure sur les mécanismes neuronaux qui sous-tendent les effets de la RSSSomatosensation is an essential function for human perception, action and cognition, being crucial for fine motor skills and self bodily awareness. My PhD work is interested in somatosensation and its plasticity at cognitive, perceptual and physiological levels. While it is widely accepted that somatosensation contributes to building multiple mental body representations (MBRs), its contribution to each MBR remains unclear. A first aim of my work was to answer this question by leveraging repetitive somatosensory stimulation (RSS), known to temporarily improve tactile acuity (TA) by inducing plastic changes in the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. This randomized sham-controlled double-blind study conducted on 33 adults investigated the effects of RSS on three MBRs of the stimulated right index finger (rD2): the body image (BI), the body model, and the superficial schema. The results revealed that the BI is selectively affected by RSS, as the stimulated rD2 was perceived significantly smaller after RSS, while the other MBRs were left unaffected. This suggests that somatosensory processes contribute differently to the BI than to the other two MBRs. Somatosensation can be assessed by measuring TA. Accurately measuring this feature of touch is essential as it is used in clinical practice and research attempting to restore tactile perception. A widely used -but criticized- task is the two-point discrimination task (2PDT), while the grating orientation (GOT) and two-point orientation (2POT) tasks are suggested to be more reliable alternatives. Critically, whether these tasks measure similar aspects of TA has yet to be determined. The second aim of my thesis was to answer this question by comparing the performance in these tasks and linking them to anatomical measures at the fingertips, and by leveraging RSS. In this study, RSS was applied on the rD2 of 29 adults and its impact on the tasks was assessed at the rD2 as well as at the rD3, lD2 (control) and lD3 which has been recently found to display TA improvement following RSS. At baseline, 2POT and GOT correlated to the fingertip area. Following RSS, 2PDT and GOT were both improved at the rD2, 2PDT and 2POT also at lD3. Overall, the results suggest that the three tasks capture both similar and different aspects of TA.Because RSS is used to induce plasticity in the somatosensory system, understanding its mechanisms of action is important. While cortical changes in the SI and SII representations of the stimulated finger have been associated to the local effect of RSS, the physiological mechanisms responsible for local and remote effects (on the unstimulated hand) have not been explored yet. My third aim was to investigate them through EEG, testing the hypothesis of a modulation of cortical inhibition between the fingers’ representations of both hands. This study is made of two randomized sham-controlled double-blind experiments, each conducted on 41 adults, undergoing EEG and 2PDT. Because we identified a methodological bias in our first design, we conducted a second experiment aimed at counterbalancing it. We found that after both sham and RSS, the intra and interhemispheric inhibition significantly increased, potentially driven by the inhibition increase between lD2 and lD3 and between lD3 and rD3 which appear (non-significantly) larger than in other pairs, as well as larger after RSS than sham. Because of potential issues in the second experiment, these results are preliminary, and another experiment is planned to solve these issues. If confirmed, the results would indicate that RSS may not affect inhibition. Overall, studying somatosensation at multiple levels, my work shows that somatosensation contributes differently to the BI than to the other MBRs, which allows to refine current MBR models, and multiple tasks should be used to comprehensively assess TA, while it does not allow to conclude on the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of RSS
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Metzler, Hannah. „The influence of bodily actions on social perception and behaviour : assessing effects of power postures“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS287/document.
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Les postures corporelles signalant domination ou soumission servent une fonction de communication chez les humains et d’autres animaux. La question de savoir si l'adoption de telles "postures de pouvoir" influence la perception et le comportement de l'agent fait actuellement l'objet d'un débat. Le travail réalisé pendant cette thèse consistait à explorer les effets de ces postures sur des comportements étroitement liés à leur fonction primaire, à savoir la communication sociale, en se focalisant sur les réponses aux visages, signaux sociaux particulièrement saillants. Dans une série d'expériences, j'ai utilisé des méthodes de corrélation inverse pour visualiser les représentations mentales de traits préférés du visage. Les représentations mentales des visages préférés implicitement et explicitement évoquaient une impression affiliative et légèrement dominante, mais ne révélaient aucun effet reproductible des postures. Deux autres expériences distinctes ont étudié les effets de la posture sur la perception d’expressions faciales menaçantes et sur les comportements d'approche ou d'évitement en réponse à ces signaux. Bien que les postures n'aient pas d’influence sur la reconnaissance explicite d’expressions faciales menaçantes, elles ont un impact sur les décisions d'approcher ou d'éviter des signaux de menace. Plus précisément, l'adoption d'une posture de soumission augmentait la tendance à éviter les personnes exprimant la colère. Enfin, une tentative de réplication des effets des postures sur les niveaux de testostérone et de cortisol a démontré que même l'adoption répétée d'une posture de pouvoir en contexte social ne provoque pas de changements hormonaux. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que notre posture corporelle n’influence pas nos représentations mentales et notre perception des autres individus, mais pourrait influencer nos actions en réponse aux signaux sociauxExpansive and constrictive body postures serve a primary communicative function in humans and other animals by signalling power and dominance. Whether adopting such “power postures” influences the agent’s own perception and behaviour is currently a subject of debate. In this PhD thesis, I explored effects of adopting power postures on behaviours closely related to the postures’ primary function of social signalling by focusing on responses to faces as particularly salient social signals. In a series of experiments, I utilized reverse correlation methods to visualize mental representations of preferred facial traits. Mental representations of implicitly as well as explicitly preferred faces evoked an affiliative and slightly dominant impression, but revealed no replicable effects of power postures. Two further separate experiments investigated posture effects on the perception of threatening facial expressions, and approach vs. avoidance actions in response to such social signals. While postures did not influence explicit recognition of threatening facial expressions, they affected approach and avoidance actions in response to them. Specifically, adopting a constrictive posture increased the tendency to avoid individuals expressing anger. Finally, an attempt to replicate posture effects on levels of testosterone and cortisol demonstrated that even repeatedly adopting a power posture in a social context does not elicit hormonal changes. Altogether, these findings suggest that our body posture does not influence our mental representations and perception of other people’s faces per se, but could influence our actions in response to social signals
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Martel, Marie. „Body representations in action : development and plasticity in the sensory guidance of prehension“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1288.
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Planifier, exécuter un mouvement fait appel à des représentations mentales de l'action. Ces dernières ont été formalisées par les sciences computationnelles sous le terme de modèles internes du contrôle moteur. Outre l'environnement, les informations concernant la posture, les dimensions de l'effecteur sont également cruciales et doivent être mises à jour fréquemment. Etonnamment, les modèles actuels de l‘action n'attribuent pas aux représentations du corps un rôle majeur. La mise à jour de ces représentations de l'action et du corps doit intervenir dès l'enfance, néanmoins leur développement reste méconnu. En premier lieu, je me suis attachée au développement des représentations de l'action chez les enfants de 5 à 10 ans, au développement typique d'une part et lors de Troubles des Acquisitions et de la Coordination (TAC) d'autre part. A travers la cinématique, j'ai cherché à comprendre comment les enfants développent leur capacité à anticiper et adapter leurs mouvements. Dans un deuxième temps, l'utilisation d'un outil qui allonge fonctionnellement le bras m'a permis d'examiner les inputs sensoriels (vision, proprioception) nécessaires à la plasticité des représentations du corps chez l'adulte. Enfin, j'ai interrogé ces mécanismes de plasticité des représentations de l'effecteur au cours de la croissance de l'individu alors que les dimensions corporelles changent progressivement. Dans ce but, j'ai étudié la plasticité induite par l'outil chez des enfants et adolescents au développement typique. Finalement, je discuterai des liens entre représentations du corps et contrôle moteur, deux notions indispensables à la cognition motriceTo prepare and perform movements efficiently, accurate action representations are necessary, formalized by computational science as “internal models”. Actions representations do not require exclusively the representation of object properties, information about the body and particularly the effector such as its posture and dimension are also crucial. Thus, effector representations need to be updated to account for postural changes, yet, they do not play a prominent role in the actual models of motor control. In addition, updates settings of both action and body representation are presumably established ontogenetically, but little is known on their developmental path. First, I investigated the maturation of action representation in children from 5 to 10 years of age, as well as the potential differences in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Through kinematics analyses, I sought to understand how children develop their ability to control their movements. Second, using a tool functionally extending arm length, I questioned the sensory inputs for body representation plasticity in adults, such as proprioception and vision. Third, I probed rapid body representations plasticity during the slowly changing dimensions of the body during growth. To this aim I investigated in typically developing children and adolescents tool-induced plasticity of the upper-limb representation. Finally, I discuss the relationship between body representations and motor control in adults and children, as despite being both related they have often times walked parallel ways
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Metral, Morgane. „Interaction entre le schéma corporel et les comportements moteurs dans l'anorexie mentale et chez le sujet sain“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS048/document.
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Le schéma corporel est une représentation interne et dynamique du corps, de la morphologie, et des positions relatives des segments corporels. Celui-ci serait le support à partir duquel une motricité adaptée va pouvoir se mettre en place. L’objectif principal de ce travail doctoral était d’évaluer plus précisément cette intrication entre schéma corporel et comportements moteurs. Nous avons ainsi évalué à la fois l'effet de différentes distorsions du schéma corporel sur le comportement moteur, et inversement l'effet des comportements moteurs sur la modulation éventuelle du schéma corporel.Tout d’abord, nous avons testé si la distorsion morphologique du schéma corporel rapportée récemment dans l’anorexie mentale avait un retentissement sur la locomotion des patientes, dans une tâche de passabilité d’ouvertures (Etude 1). Les patientes ont effectivement tourné leurs épaules pour des largeurs d’ouvertures qui, compte tenu de leur nouvelle morphologie, ne nécessitaient pas une telle contorsion. Des comportements moteurs identiques ont été observés chez une patiente ayant perdu massivement et rapidement du poids, mais sans souffrir d’anorexie mentale (Etude 2). Ces résultats dans leur ensemble soulignent la rigidité du schéma corporel face à des changements corporels majeurs, ainsi que son incidence forte sur le comportement moteur dans l’anorexie mentale.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons induit chez le sujet sain, grâce au paradigme miroir, souvent utilisé en réadaptation motrice, une distorsion entre schéma corporel et segments corporels, afin d’en évaluer les conséquences sur le comportement moteur volontaire (coordination bimanuelle, Etude 3) et involontaire (post-effet moteur, Etude 4). Les résultats de nos études font apparaître que la modulation des comportements moteurs dans le paradigme miroir serait plus liée aux afférences proprioceptives du bras face au miroir ou encore à une meilleure répartition des processus attentionnels, plutôt qu’à la distorsion du schéma corporel via le miroir.Enfin, nous avons testé si les comportements moteurs, ou tout du moins l’intention motrice à l’origine, pouvaient en retour moduler le schéma corporel et le sens du mouvement (Etude 5). Les illusions de mouvement induites dans le paradigme miroir ont bien été modulées selon que l’intention motrice du bras soumis à l’illusion soit congruente ou non avec le sens du mouvement illusoire généré.Compte tenu de l’implication de l’intention motrice dans la mise à jour du schéma corporel, nous suggérons que la prise en charge des troubles du schéma corporel (e.g. dans l’anorexie mentale), souvent basée sur une réadaptation visuelle de la représentation du corps, devrait être complétée par une remédiation sensori-motrice.Mots clefs : schéma corporel, comportement moteur, anorexie mentale, paradigme miroir, kinesthésieThe body schema is an internal and dynamic representation of the body, of the relative positions of body parts, but also of their metrics. It is supposed to be the support for motor behavior to develop appropriately. The main purpose of this doctoral work was to better assess this entanglement between body schema and motor behaviors. Specifically, we sought to evaluate how different motor behaviors are affected by distortions of the body schema, and conversely how the body schema could be modulated by motor behaviors.First, we tested whether the distortion between body schema and body morphology, recently reported in the anorexia nervosa patients, had an impact on their motor behaviors during a locomotion task of door crossing (Study 1). Results show that these patients are actually turning their shoulders for door widths which, given their body morphology, do not require such a contortion. Similar motor behaviors were observed on a patient who lost weight massively and quickly, without suffering from anorexia nervosa (Study 2). Altogether these results confirm the rigidity of body schema towards major body changes, as well as its significant impact on motor behavior in anorexia nervosa.In the second part of this work, we sought to experimentally induce a visual distortion between body schema and segmental positions in healthy subjects, with a mirror paradigm, usually used as therapeutic tool, and to assess the implications for a voluntary motor behavior (bimanual coordination task - Study 3) and an involuntary one (post-contraction response- Study 4). These results show that modulation on motor behaviors is more related to proprioceptive inputs from one arm facing the mirror or better allocation of attention, rather than distortions of the body schema and mirror itself.Finally, our last aim was to test whether the motor behavior, or at least the original motor intention, could in turn modulate the body schema (Study 5). Our results revealed that illusions of movement induced in the mirror paradigm were regulated by whether the participant conducted a motor intention, with the arm subject to the illusion, that was congruent or not with the induced illusory motion.Given the involvement of motor intention in updating the body schema, we suggest that the treatment of body schema disorders (e.g. anorexia nervosa), often based on a visual rehabilitation of the body representation, should be supplemented by a sensorimotor remediation.Keywords: body schema, motor behavior, anorexia nervosa, mirror paradigm, kinesthesia
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Banakou, Domna. „The Impact of Virtual Embodiment on Perception, Attitudes, and Behaviour“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461704.
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Over the past two decades extensive research in experimental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and virtual reality has provided evidence for the malleability of our brain's body representation. It has been shown that a person's body can be substituted by a life-sized artificial one, resulting in a perceptual illusion of body ownership over the fake body. Interestingly, several studies have shown that when people are virtually represented with a body different to their own, they exhibit behaviours associated with attributes pertaining to that body.
In the research described here we exploited Immersive Virtual Reality to induce body ownership illusions over distinct virtual bodies. We examined how an altered self-representation can influence one's self-perception, perception of the environment, and implicit biases. To this end, we carried out two experimental studies to investigate embodiment of adults in a child virtual body, and a different race virtual body. Moreover, we tested whether it is possible to induce illusory agency over specific actions that are not carried out by the participants themselves.
In the Virtual Child Body study, we embodied adults both as a 4-year-old child, and as an adult scaled-down to the same height as the child. The results showed that embodiment in the child body led to a significant overestimation of object sizes, which was approximately double the overestimation of those embodied in the adult body. Moreover, embodiment in the child resulted in changes in implicit attitudes about the self towards being child-like. These findings were diminished under asynchronous visuomotor correlations, providing further proof for the importance of visuomotor contingencies in producing body ownership illusions. Our findings extend and enrich previous research, yielding additional evidence of the malleability of our body representation.
In the Racial Bias study, we aimed to explore how the type of body can influence racial discrimination, by embodying white people in a black virtual body. Previous research has shown that this type of embodiment can lead to a reduction of implicit racial bias, but its long-term effects were unknown. Here we tested whether this reduction in implicit bias can (a) be replicated, (b) it can last for at least one week, and (c) it is enhanced by multiple exposures. Participants were immersed in a virtual scenario between one and three times, each separated by two days, and implicit bias was measured one week before their first exposure, and one week after their last. The results showed that implicit bias decreased more for those with the black virtual body than the white, even a week after their virtual exposure, and irrespective of the number of exposures.
In the Illusory Speaking study, we explored the possibility of inducing illusory agency over an action that participants did not carry out themselves. We describe a set of experiments, where under appropriate sensorimotor contingencies, we induce a subjective illusion of agency over the participants' speaking virtual body, as if they had been themselves speaking. When participants were asked to speak after this exposure, they shifted the fundamental frequency of their utterances towards that of the stimulus voice of the virtual body. We argue that these findings can be reconciled with current theories of agency, provided that the critical role of both ownership and actual agency over the virtual body are taken into account.
Overall, our studies expand previous evidence for the malleability of our body representation, demonstrating how it is possible to induce ownership illusions over a child body, a different race body, or even a speaking body. Notably, we provide evidence of how body ownership and agency over the virtual body result in powerful, lasting changes in perceptual and cognitive processing, having the potential of compelling applications in psychology and neuroscience.Durante las dos últimas décadas se ha llevado a cabo una amplia investigación que ha permitido descubrir la maleabilidad de la nuestra representación corporal. Se ha demostrado que nuestro cuerpo puede ser sustituido por uno artificial de tamaño real, dando lugar a una ilusión perceptual de posesión de un cuerpo falso (Body Ownership). En la investigación descrita en esta tesis hemos empleado Realidad Virtual Inmersiva con el fin de inducir ilusiones de Body Ownership sobre cuerpos muy diversos. En el estudio del Nino Virtual, ponemos adultos en el cuerpo de un niño, o bien en el de un adulto re-escalado para tener la misma altura que el niño. Los resultados evidencian que la ilusión en el cuerpo del niño conllevó una sobreestimación significativa del tamaño de objetos, la cual era aproximadamente el doble de la estimación dada en el caso del cuerpo del adulto. Además, en el caso del niño virtual la ilusión dio lugar a cambios en la actitud implícita propia hacia un carácter más infantil. En el estudio de la Discriminación Racial, exploramos el modo en que el tipo de cuerpo puede influir en la discriminación racial, poniendo a gente de piel de color blanca en un cuerpo de piel de color negra. En estudios anteriores se ha demostrado que este tipo de ilusión corporal puede conllevar una reducción del sesgo racial implícito. Aquí evaluamos si tal reducción en el sesgo implícito puede a) ser replicada, b) puede durar al menos una semana, y c) se ve incrementada después de múltiples exposiciones. Los resultados muestran que el sesgo implícito disminuyó más en el caso de aquellos participantes que tengan el cuerpo virtual de piel negra incluso una semana después de la exposición virtual. En el estudio de la Ilusión de Hablar exploramos la posibilidad de inducir en los participantes una ilusión de agencia sobre una acción que ellos no llevaron a cabo. Describimos una serie de experimentos donde logramos una ilusión subjetiva de agencia sobre el habla del cuerpo virtual del participante, tal y como si ellos hubieran estado hablando. Cuando pedimos a los participantes que hablaran después de la exposición, modularon la frecuencia fundamental de su tono de voz en la dirección de la voz del cuerpo virtual.
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Danchin, Emmanuelle. „Les ruines de guerre et la nation française (1914-1921)“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100201.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les destructions matérielles de la Grande Guerre et plus particulièrement sur la manière dont la société française s’est emparée des représentations de ruines pour en faire un symbole de douleur. Première conséquence directe et visible d’un conflit, les ruines témoignent de la guerre, de sa conduite, mais aussi des souffrances vécues par les militaires et les populations civiles. De l’artiste officiel rattaché aux armées au simple citoyen non mobilisé, en passant par le soldat anonyme, tous ont évoqué pendant la Première Guerre mondiale les destructions matérielles, les paysages désolés, la terre bouleversée par l’artillerie. Photographiées, dessinées, filmées, exposées à Paris, Londres ou Genève, les représentations de ruines se sont ainsi affichées dans les journaux, ont circulé sous forme de cartes postales et ont été reproduites dans divers ouvrages. Ces représentations iconographiques ont été instrumentalisées dès le commencement du conflit pour appuyer des discours contribuant à mobiliser les populations et à convaincre les pays neutres du bien-fondé de la guerre. Elles sont ensuite devenues une manière de rendre visible le conflit, mais surtout de témoigner de la violence nouvelle de cette guerre d’artillerie. Les descriptions littéraires en firent des corps vivants, blessés, transpositions anthropomorphes des soldats dont on montrait peu les corps. Cibles de la violence des armes, corps symboliques, fragiles, elles incarnèrent donc successivement le corps du combattant, puis le corps sacré de la Nation. La paix revenue, les ruines furent mobilisées une dernière fois pour appuyer les demandes de réparations de guerre. Elles furent aussi honorées par des remises de décorations et valorisées dans les circuits touristiques. Le débat autour des ruines se réduisit alors à un questionnement sur la conservation des vestiges de guerreThis PhD work focuses on the material destruction caused by the Great War and more specifically on the way French society used the representations of ruins as a symbol of pain. As a first direct and visible consequence of conflict, ruins bear testimony to it, to its course, but also to the suffering of soldiers and civilian populations. Everybody, from the official military artist, the anonymous soldier to the ordinary citizen, evoked the material destruction, the desolate landscapes and the earth upheaved by artillery shells during the First World War. Photographed, drawn, filmed, exhibited in Paris, London or Geneva, the representations of ruins were shown in newspapers, they have been distributed as postcards and have also been reproduced in various works. These iconographic representations were used from the very beginning of the conflict to support the arguments used to mobilize populations and convince neutral countries of the validity of the war. They then became a way of making the conflict visible, but especially to testify the new violence caused by artillery. The Literary descriptions presented them as living, wounded bodies, as anthropomorphic transpositions of the soldiers whose bodies were rarely displayed. Targets of armed violence, symbolic bodies and fragile, ruins have embodied first of all the body of the warrior and subsequently the sacred body of the Nation. Once peace had been restored, the ruins were mobilized one last time to reinforce the demands for war reparations. They were also honoured through decorative ceremonies and valued through organized tourist tours. Since then the debate around ruins has been minimized to a question of their conservation as remnants of war
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Hart, M. J. Alexandra. „Action in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: an Enactive Psycho-phenomenological and Semiotic Analysis of Thirty New Zealand Women's Experiences of Suffering and Recovery“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5294.
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This research into Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) presents the results of 60 first-person psycho-phenomenological interviews with 30 New Zealand women. The participants were recruited from the Canterbury and Wellington regions, 10 had recovered. Taking a non-dual, non-reductive embodied approach, the phenomenological data was analysed semiotically, using a graph-theoretical cluster analysis to elucidate the large number of resulting categories, and interpreted through the enactive approach to cognitive science.
The initial result of the analysis is a comprehensive exploration of the experience of CFS which develops subject-specific categories of experience and explores the relation of the illness to universal categories of experience, including self, ‘energy’, action, and being-able-to-do.
Transformations of the self surrounding being-able-to-do and not-being-able-to-do were shown to elucidate the illness process.
It is proposed that the concept ‘energy’ in the participants’ discourse is equivalent to the Mahayana Buddhist concept of ‘contact’. This characterises CFS as a breakdown of contact. Narrative content from the recovered interviewees reflects a reestablishment of contact.
The hypothesis that CFS is a disorder of action is investigated in detail.
A general model for the phenomenology and functional architecture of action is proposed. This model is a recursive loop involving felt meaning, contact, action, and perception and appears to be phenomenologically supported.
It is proposed that the CFS illness process is a dynamical decompensation of the subject’s action loop caused by a breakdown in the process of contact.
On this basis, a new interpretation of neurological findings in relation to CFS becomes possible. A neurological phenomenon that correlates with the illness and involves a brain region that has a similar structure to the action model’s recursive loop is identified in previous research results and compared with the action model and the results of this research. This correspondence may identify the brain regions involved in the illness process, which may provide an objective diagnostic test for the condition and approaches to treatment.
The implications of this model for cognitive science and CFS should be investigated through neurophenomenological research since the model stands to shed considerable light on the nature of consciousness, contact and agency.
Phenomenologically based treatments are proposed, along with suggestions for future research on CFS. The research may clarify the diagnostic criteria for CFS and guide management and treatment programmes, particularly multidimensional and interdisciplinary approaches.
Category theory is proposed as a foundation for a mathematisation of phenomenology.
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Bielecka, Urszula. „Sposób doświadczania własnego ciała i reprezentacje psychiczne osób znaczących u osób z zespołem jelita drażliwego“. Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3330.
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Wprowadzenie: Zespół jelita drażliwego jest czynnościowym zaburzeniem dolnej części przewodu pokarmowego, charakteryzującym się nawracającymi bólami brzucha i zmianą rytmu wypróżnień. Należy do zaburzeń związanych ze stresem i znacząco negatywnie wpływa na jakość życia. Jego etiologia nie została w jednoznaczny sposób ustalona. Obok szeregu czynników medycznych, odnotowuje się istotny wpływ czynników psychicznych w przebiegu zaburzenia, ale mechanizmy tego oddziaływania pozostają niewyjaśnione. Podstawę teoretyczną w niniejszej rozprawie stanowią teorie psychodynamiczne dotyczące Ja cielesnego, zaburzeń psychosomatycznych oraz koncepcji parentyfikacji.
Cel: Głównymi celami rozprawy są: 1) eksploracja sposobu doświadczania własnego ciała (oparta na badaniach ilościowych oraz jakościowych), 2) analiza reprezentacji psychicznych osób znaczących, oraz 3) określenie związków między psychicznymi reprezentacjami ciała a wewnętrznymi obrazami osób znaczących u pacjentów z zespołem jelita drażliwego.
Osoby badane: Wyróżniono trzy grupy badawcze: A) grupę pacjentów z rozpoznaniem zespołu jelita drażliwego (N = 63), B) grupę pacjentów z diagnozą nieswoistych zapaleń jelit (N = 60) oraz C) grupę osób zdrowych (N = 61). Ogółem w badaniu udział wzięły 184 osoby w wieku od 18 do 64 lat. We wszystkich grupach większość stanowiły kobiety (72,8%).
Metody: 1) Ankieta dotycząca danych socjodemograficznych oraz danych na temat poczucia stanu zdrowia, 2) Bateria Testów do Badania Reprezentacji Ja Cielesnego (B. Miruckiej), 3) Kwestionariusz Dzieciństwa (J. Hardta, U.T. Egle’a i A. Engfer), 4) Kwestionariusz Doświadczenia Parentyfikacji (G. Jurkovica i A. Thirkielda), 5) Skala Kontroli Emocjonalnej (M. Watson, S. Greer’a), 6) autorski test zdań niedokończonych „Jak doświadczam swojego ciała?”
Wyniki: 1) Pacjenci z zespołem jelita drażliwego charakteryzują się słabiej rozwiniętymi reprezentacjami schematu ciała, obrazu ciała i poczucia ciała w porównaniu do osób zdrowych oraz niżej zorganizowanym schematem ciała i poczuciem ciała w porównaniu do pacjentów z zapalnymi chorobami jelit. Wyniki testu zdań niedokończonych wskazują na to, że pacjenci z zespołem jelita drażliwego są bardziej wrodzy i zaniedbujący wobec własnych ciał, zgłaszają wityęcej negatywnych przeżyć w zakresie seksualności oraz w relacjach z innymi ludźmi w porównaniu do pacjentów z zapalnymi chorobami jelit i osób zdrowych. Pacjenci z diagnozą jelita drażliwego nie są jednak grupą jednorodną w sposobie doświadczania własnego ciała. Większość (84%) charakteryzuje się zakłóconą strukturą Ja cielesnego: typem zdezintegrowanym, dewaluowanym lub obiektywizowanym. Jedynie 16% pacjentów cechuje się zintegrowanym typem Ja cielesnego.
2) Pacjenci z zespołem jelita drażliwego w zbliżony sposób do pacjentów z zapalnymi chorobami jelit i osobami zdrowymi opisują postawę swoich matek w okresie dzieciństwa jako podobnie wymagającą, kontrolującą, kochającą oraz podobnie skłonną do odwracania ról w relacji z nimi. W porównaniu do osób zdrowych pacjenci z zespołem jelita drażliwego przeżywają swoich ojców jako istotnie mniej ich kochających w okresie dzieciństwa, zgłaszają większe poczucie niesprawiedliwości w okresie dzieciństwa i obecnie oraz częściej udzielają opieki emocjonalnej członkom swojej rodziny pochodzenia. W porównaniu do pacjentów z zapalnymi chorobami jelit pacjenci z zespołem jelita drażliwego wykazują większe poczucie niesprawiedliwości w relacji z członkami swojej rodziny generacyjnej oraz otrzymują istotnie mniej wsparcia psychicznego w relacji romantycznej.
3) W grupie pacjentów z zespołem jelita drażliwego występują istotne umiarkowane związki między poczuciem ciała a retrospektywnie postrzeganą postawą miłości i kontroli zarówno ze strony matki, jak i ojca. Poczucie niesprawiedliwości doznawane w odniesieniu do czasu dzieciństwa łączy się w sposób umiarkowany i ujemny z reprezentacją poczucia ciała i schematu ciała. Stopień wsparcia psychicznego otrzymywanego w aktualnym związku jest w sposób umiarkowany i dodatni związany z poczuciem ciała i schematem ciała. Predyktorami psychicznych reprezentacji ciała okazały się najczęściej: kontrola oraz miłość ze strony matki, ambicja oraz kontrola ze strony ojca a także kontrola depresji.Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. The main symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements. It is a stress-related disorder, it negatively affects the quality of life. Its aetiology has not been clearly defined. In addition to a number of medical factors, there is a significant impact of psychological factors, but the mechanisms of this influence remain unexplained. The theoretical background of the research is psychodynamic theories and concepts about body self, psychosomatic disorders and the parentification. Aim: The main aims of the thesis are: 1) the exploration of the way of experiencing one’s own body (based on quantitative and qualitative methods), 2) the analysis of mental representations of significant others, and 3) determining the relationship between the body representations and mental representations of significant others in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Subjects: The sample consisted of three groups: A) a group of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (N = 63), B) a group of patients with inflammatory bowel disorder (N = 60), and C) a healthy control group (N = 61). A total of 184 subjects were recruited to the study. All subjects were between 18 and 64 years of age. In all groups, women were the majority (72,8%). Methods: 1) The questionnaire about basic demographic and health status data, 2) The Battery of Tests of the Body Self Representations (B. Mirucka), 3) The Childhood Questionnaire (J. Hardt, U.T. Erge, and Engfer), 4) The Filial Responsibility Scale for Adults (G. Jurkovic and A. Thirkield), 5) The Emotional Control Scale (M. Watson and S. Greer), 6) an author’s test of unfinished sentences “How I feel my own body?”. Results: 1) Patients with irritable bowel syndrome are characterized by lower representations of the body schema, body image and sense of body sense compared to healthy people and lower organized body schema and sense of body feeling compared to patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Results of the test of unfinished sentences showed that patients with irritable bowel syndrome are more often aggressive and neglectful toward their own bodies, have much more difficulties in their sexual lives and in general in relationships with others compared to patients with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy participants. Patients with a diagnosis of irritable bowel are not homogeneous in terms of experiencing their own body. The majority (84%) are characterized by the disordered structure of the body self: a disintegrated, devalued or objectified type of body self. Only 16% of patients have an integrated type of body self. 2) Patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a similar way to patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and healthy people describe the attitude of their mothers during childhood as similarly demanding, controlling, loving and similarly prone to role reversal with them. In comparison to healthy people, patients with irritable bowel syndrome experience their fathers as significantly less affectionate, report a greater sense of injustice during their childhood and in the present and more often provide emotional care to the members of their family of origin. In comparison to patients with organic intestinal diseases, patients with irritable bowel syndrome show a greater sense of injustice in the relationship with the members of their family of origin in the present and estimate significantly lower psychological support which they receive in their romantic relationship. 3) In the group of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, there are significant moderate relationships between the sense of body sense and the retrospectively perceived attitude of love and control from both mothers and fathers. The sense of injustice experienced in relation to childhood is linked in a moderate and negative manner with the representation of the body sense and the body schema. The degree of psychological support received in the current romantic relationship is moderately and positively correlated with the body sense and the body schema. The most often found predictors of mental body representations were: perceived attitude of maternal control and maternal love, the attitude of paternal ambition and paternal control, and the emotional control of depression.
Bücher zum Thema "Mental body representations"
2
Cummins, Robert. Meaning and mental representation. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995.
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3
Tye, Michael. Ten problems of consciousness: A representational theory of the phenomenal mind. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995.
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4
Paivio, Allan. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1990.
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5
Paivio, Allan. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach (Oxford Psychology Series). Oxford University Press, USA, 1990.
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Representations, targets, and attitudes. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996.
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Symbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences: Primordial Mental Activity and Archetypal Constellations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Manica, Giselle. Symbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences: Primordial Mental Activity and Archetypal Constellations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Manica, Giselle. Symbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences: Primordial Mental Activity and Archetypal Constellations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Manica, Giselle. Symbolic Mental Representations in Arts and Mystical Experiences: Primordial Mental Activity and Archetypal Constellations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Mental body representations"
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Sutton, John. „Body, Mind, and Order: Local Memory and the Control of Mental Representations in Medieval and Renaissance Sciences of Self“. In Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 117–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9478-3_4.
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Eekhoff, Judy K. „The body as a mode of representation“. In Trauma and Primitive Mental States, 94–111. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429431401-8.
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Karnaukh, Bohdan. „War-Related Moral Damage: Ukrainian and International Practice“. In Contributions to Security and Defence Studies, 305–15. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66434-2_21.
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AbstractMoral damage is a negative psychological experience endured by a person, consisting of mental pain and anguish. War brings with it an inconceivable amount of such experience. However, not all such experience can be compensated through legal mechanisms. There is a certain threshold of severity of moral damage below which compensation is not provided. Such a ‘threshold’ of compensability is often dependent on the functioning and purpose of a particular compensation mechanism. The chapter aims to explore the practice of Ukrainian courts, the UN Compensation Commission, and the ECtHR in matters concerning compensation for war-related moral damage. The chapter addresses evidentiary matters (burden of proof, standard of proof and presumptions) and provides some guidance on the calculation of monetary compensation for mental pain and anguish. The author concludes that the awarded sum should not be viewed as a precise monetary representation of the ordeal. Rather, it serves as a relative indication of the severity and duration of the pain and suffering endured. Determining the monetary unit of measurement hinges on various political, economic, and practical factors, such as the nature and responsibilities of the adjudicating body, the socioeconomic conditions in the applicant’s country, and the resources available to the responsible entity.
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Stanchina, Gabriella. „1. The Question of Subjectivity“. In The Art of Becoming Infinite, 39–68. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0442.01.
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The first chapter of this volume is devoted to a critical overview of the modern and contemporary theories about the self. The aim of this overview is to highlight the centrality of this question in the modern scientific and philosophical discourse, as well as to provide a background for a better appreciation of the originality and specificity of Mou’s thought on self. Thanks to the development of the neurosciences, with its research into the neural correlates of our mental life, as well as the emergence of the cognitive sciences, the question of the self has acquired an unprecedented centrality in the philosophical debate. The method and scope of such debate are moreover often determined by requests for theoretical clarification that have arisen in the scientific field, and therefore present a marked gnoseological character. I individuated three main topics running through the discussion, and tried to synthesize the state of the art in the philosophy of mind around these three questions. The first question examines the necessity of the idea of self, intended as an “ego,” i.e., a stable and persistent fulcrum of self-identification in mental life. Some scholars argue that we need a fixed and centralized point of perspective embedded in our thought or hovering above it, in order to maintain in our mind order, continuity, and sense of “mineness.” Other scholars, starting from Husserl and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), theorize that one’s flux of representation is self-ordering and self-structuring, and possesses therefore coherence and meaning even before an “ego” is reflexively constructed. The second topic is self-consciousness. In what way do I become aware of myself? Some thinkers argue that the knowledge of myself is not essentially different from the knowledge of any outer object. Self-consciousness emerges when I look at myself in an objectifying manner, like through an ideal mirror. Other thinkers object that the process of self-recognition seems to require a preventive acquaintance with oneself, and therefore the phenomenon of self-consciousness presents itself as a familiarity and intimacy with oneself that precedes and makes possible any act of reflection. Finally, I investigate the relationship between the self and the outer reality, starting from the body and extending to the consciousness of other human beings. Some scholars represent the self as structurally embodied or constituted in the sight of the others. The question is to which degree can I admit a “transcendentality” of the self, thinking of it as an a priori scheme making my experience possible. Furthermore, can I attribute to the self an autonomy, i.e., a capacity of detaching itself from its neural conditions, for example as an “emergent property” new and irreducible to the brain which is its corporeal basis? May I legitimately represent my mental life as an inner and secluded domain, or should I locate my self outside of me, in the contact membrane between consciousness and the world? I finally provide an overview of the scholarly work attempting to answer to this question through a comparison between Western and non-Western ideas of self, highlighting that these kinds of comparative attempts are still very limited in numbers and in their capacity to challenge the epistemological-oriented mainstream of contemporary philosophy of mind. However, these works are advocating for a paradigm shift from the cognitive self to a performative, dynamic, and multidimensional idea of self which could impart an unexplored and groundbreaking turn in studies of self. In my literature review, I did not find monographs that systematically approach these aspects in the wider horizon of contemporary research about philosophy of mind, nor works which recognize the original contribution that Mou can offer on the debate about the question of “I” and self-consciousness. For these reasons, in my research I tried to follow the red thread of the question of subjectivity throughout the development of Mou’s thought, sometimes using the conceptual tools of philosophy of mind to highlight the similarities and differences between Mou’s idea of subjectivity and some of the most debated theories about the notion of “I.”
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Hiromitsu, Kentaro, und Tomohisa Asai. „Generalized Internal Model of Mental Representations“. In Intruders in the Mind, herausgegeben von Pablo López-Silva und Tom McClelland, 239—C14P70. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192896162.003.0014.
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Abstract The current literature agrees that the internal model theory explains precision motor control. However, this theory applies to any neural representation of the external world, even our own mental states. This generalized hypothesis provides an analogy between controlled body movements and the manipulation of mental activities; that is, both models are presumably embedded within the cerebellum (reduced dimensions), but the cerebral cortex is more oriented toward the actual sensorium (higher dimensions). The following chapter thus contains three parts, including mental agency among healthy persons (e.g., Bayesian causal inference), thought insertion and psychosis (i.e., the loss of agency), and the aftereffects of cortical lesions (e.g., disturbed models and psychotic-like experiences). An exploration of the shared mechanism between these factors indicates that the generalized theory of thought insertion is associated with the internal model principle.
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Clapin, Hugh. „Introduction“. In Philosophy of mental Representation, 1–20. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250517.003.0001.
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Abstract Two mysteries continue to frame debate in contemporary philosophy of mind. The first is the nature of consciousness. In particular, how can our conscious experience fit into the growing body of scientific knowledge about the mind and the brain? The second mystery is intentionality. How can our thoughts be about other things? For some time intentionality has appeared the easier of these two problems, and it seems that significant progress has been made. The invention of automatic computing devices in the middle of the century, following important theoretical work by Alan Turing, showed that a machine could manipulate and make use of internal representational states, thus providing an example of how the mind’s internal representations might operate. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s much work has been done on the questions of how material states of mind could bear content.
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Rosenthal, David M. „Unity of Consciousness and the Self“. In Consciousness and Mind, 339–64. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198236979.003.0014.
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Abstract One of the most central and important phenomena a theory of consciousness must explain is the sense of unity we have in respect of our conscious mental states. It seems that, for mental representations to be mine, they must, as Kant put it, “all belong to one self-consciousness” (KdR.V., B132). Indeed, it was just such mental unity to which Descartes appealed in Meditation VI in arguing for the real distinction between mind and body. Whereas the geometrical essence of body guarantees its divisibility, the unity of consciousness ensures that mind is indivisible.
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Thagard, Paul. „Mind“. In Natural Philosophy, 25–57. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0002.
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Multilevel materialism contends that all mental processes are brain processes while allowing the importance of molecular, mental, and social mechanisms that complement neural ones. The Semantic Pointer Architecture provides a good candidate for explaining how the brain has thoughts and conscious feeling. Representation by patterns of firing in groups of neurons, binding of representations into more complex ones by convolution, and competition among semantic pointers serve to produce perception, inference, and consciousness. The conceivability of minds without brains and of mental processes without semantic pointers is of no relevance to how minds actually operate in this world. Because of their sensory-motor operations, semantic pointers naturally incorporate important aspects of embodiment and action embedded in the world, while also enabling minds to transcend the body in order to engage in abstract thought.
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Bryant, David J., Barbara Tversky und Margaret Lanca. „Retrieving Spatial Relations From Observation and Memory“. In Cognitive Interfaces, 116–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198299615.003.0006.
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Abstract According to the classical view of imagery, images have analogue properties and are like internalized perceptions. Mental representations of some spatial situations, such as the one investigated here, do not conform to that view. In the present research, people studied spatial scenes consisting of an array of objects either around themselves or around a doll. To direction probes, they reported the objects lying in different directions from the body either from observation or from memory. The patterns of retrieval times from observation and memory differed, and were not analogue in memory, indicating that mental representations of these scenes are more like mental models than like images. Three models that account for the behaviour in the different tasks are presented. In contrast to images, mental models reflect conceptions of space rather than perceptions of it. Mental models are more schematic or categorical than images and incorporate knowledge about the world that is not purely perceptual.
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Mirucka, Beata, und Monika Kisielewska. „The Importance of Physical Activity in the Normative Development of Mental Body Representations during Adolescence.“ In Rethinking Teacher Education for the 21st Century, 223–38. Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpb3xhh.18.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Mental body representations"
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Pierce, Devin, Shulan Lu und Derek Harter. „Enacting Actions in Simulated Environments“. In ASME-AFM 2009 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2009-726.
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The past decade has witnessed incredible advances in building highly realistic and richly detailed simulated worlds. We readily endorse the common-sense assumption that people will be better equipped for solving real-world problems if they are trained in near-life, even if virtual, scenarios. The past decade has also witnessed a significant increase in our knowledge of how the human body as both sensor and as effector relates to cognition. Evidence shows that our mental representations of the world are constrained by the bodily states present in our moment-to-moment interactions with the world. The current study investigated whether there are differences in how people enact actions in the simulated as opposed to the real world. The current study developed simple parallel task environments and asked participants to perform actions embedded in a stream of continuous events (e.g., cutting a cucumber). The results showed that participants performed actions at a faster speed and came closer to incurring injury to the fingers in the avatar enacting action environment than in the human enacting action environment.
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Ansari, Shahzeb, Haiping Du, Fazel Naghdy und David Stirling. „Application of Fully Adaptive Symbolic Representation to Driver Mental Fatigue Detection Based on Body Posture“. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9659024.
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Marinescu, Gheorghe, Simona nicoleta Bidiugan, Catalin Becheru, Adrian Radulescu und Laurentiu daniel Ticala. „EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVES OFFERED BY THE USE OF H-902 WATERPROOF BONE CONDUCTION SYSTEM IN THE PREPARATION OF SWIMMERS“. In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-198.
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Exercise performed in swimming events can be systematized depending on the supply of oxygen in the aerobic effort (1,500m Freestyle, 10,000m Freestyle), anaerobic effort (50m Freestyle, 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle) and mixed effort, where the energy source is provided by both anti-oxidative reactions and oxybiotic reactions, their ratio varying according to exercise intensity and duration (400m Freestyle, 800m Freestyle). One cannot approach exercise capacity without referring to its psychological dimension, with implications on the psychomotor sphere of the athlete. A major challenge faced by performance swimming is early dropout and mental wear, in connection with different forms of motivation. Through the H-902 Waterproof Bone Conduction System, the coach can communicate directly with the athletes during training, encouraging them and influencing a change in the activation level of their positive emotional feelings. Direct communication allows transposing/ strengthening the principles of active and conscious participation and of intuition during training, removes monotony and develops the self-control ability. Examples of technical and tactical components: DAC (distance covered per arm cycle/rate, stroking length and swimming speed), correction of swimming technique, the start and turns, all of them are effectively improved. The device also allows understanding and learning the key-elements of the motor act, and enhances psychomotricity (by the correct representation of body schema and balance), in close connection with the coordination abilities.
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Geraldo, Carlos Arthur Emerenciano. „Health and quality of life: A survey of military personnel from the paratrooper infantry brigade“. In IV Seven International Congress of Health. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeivsevenhealth-094.
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During the careers of military personnel of the Parachute Infantry Brigade, who, due to the needs of their service, are exposed to various stimuli in their activities considered high risk, the physical and mental health of these professionals is essential, as they can be affected by high levels of stress, suggesting impacts on their quality of life. Based on the encouragement of professor Janiara de Lima Medeiros provoked by concerns about the inclusion of the female body in the Agulhas Negras Military Academy, starting in 2018, this research was directed to questions about healthy living in the barracks. The objective of this research was to correlate the stress levels and quality of life of 113 military personnel of the Parachute Infantry Brigade, who are fit for airborne activities. Five instruments were used in this research: free and informed consent form; letter of consent; sociodemographic data; stress inventory (LIPP-2000) and quality of life assessment instrument of the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-100). The results highlighted positive correlations between quality of life, length of service and age, and there was no significant correlation between total stress and quality of life. The limitations of the research are discussed, since it did not include samples from other genders, thus restricting the scope of other possibilities inherent to the researched public, since in its active personnel, we have female representation. Another issue is the size of the sample in relation to the population, since it did not include a sufficient number of participants to achieve a smaller margin of error and a higher level of confidence in the results. We emphasize the importance of a more comprehensive study to verify whether the results found in this study will be maintained in the face of changes in the scenario of this military institution.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Mental body representations"
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Zerla, Pauline. Trauma, Violence Prevention, and Reintegration: Learning from Youth Conflict Narratives in the Central African Republic. RESOLVE Network, Februar 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/lpbi2024.1.
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This research report is a case study on the relationship between trauma, peacebuilding, and reintegration for conflict-affected youth in the Central African Republic (CAR) following the 2019 peace agreement. Based on qualitative research fielded in Spring 2022, the study examines how youth experience conflict, trauma, and reintegration in CAR, highlighting individual experiences through a participant narrative approach. In doing so, the report provides localized insight into the challenges that impact social reintegration and cohesion in fragile, conflict-affected contexts. The report further underscores the implications of these insights for local and international efforts to establish peace and security through disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs and community violence reduction (CVR) initiatives. In addition to standard data collection methods such as interviews and focus group discussions, data collection undertaken for this report utilized a trauma-informed method called body mapping. The use of body maps—life size images of a human body with visual representations of experiences— in research can offer a means for individuals to reflect on potentially difficult experiences through a non-verbal process. Given the potential relevance of this tool in future studies examining the nexus between conflict, reintegration, mental health, and trauma, this report also includes discussion of the implementation of this method with considerations for others hoping to adapt it for their own use.
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Drouillard, Matthew, und Michael Lewis. Time-series reduction for dynamic vector model attribute representation in a geographic information system : exploration of procedure. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/49418.
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Spatiotemporal data, generally in the form of temporal rasters, can be used to analyze phenomena, such as weather patterns or other environ-mental conditions, that vary in time and space. However, spatially extensive datasets over large periods of time become cumbersome to visually represent and to analyze efficiently. In addition, the ability to compactly assign the information contained in the raster time series to overlain vector data model objects and to effectively visualize it is lacking. These two drawbacks can limit the ability to use such data in field-based applications, where nimble data size and computational efficiency may be paramount. This body of work pursues a method for efficiently reducing spatiotemporal data into aggregated yearly patterns for data reduction and puts forth a new concept of vector data model attribute representation called dynamic vector model attribute representation.