Dissertationen: „Menopause Hormone therapy“

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Antoine, Caroline. "Menopause, breast cancer and menopausal treatments." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/271843.

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RESUME Introduction: Le cancer du sein (CS) est le cancer le plus fréquent chez la femme. Le risque de CS est influencé par de nombreux facteurs. Le traitement hormonal de la ménopause (THM) est l’un d’entre eux. Le risque de CS associé au THM varie probablement en fonction de la population traitée, du type de traitement utilisé, de la durée du traitement et du moment où il est instauré par rapport au début de la ménopause. Il existe des alternatives au THM pour soulager les symptômes de la ménopause. Quelques traitements ont montré une certaine efficacité mais présentent des effets secondaires. D’autres traitements doivent faire l’objet d’études plus approfondies. Objectifs: 1) Contribuer à l’analyse de l’influence du THM sur le CS. 2) Contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patientes ayant eu un CS. Résultats: 1) Nous avons analysé l’évolution de l’incidence du CS et des ventes de THM en Belgique et montré une corrélation entre ces deux paramètres. Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique des études analysant l’association entre l’incidence du CS et l’utilisation de THM. Toutes présentaient des limitations et leur hétérogénéité les rendait difficilement comparables. Nous avons analysé l’évolution des ventes de THM en Europe et montré une diminution importante au cours de la dernière décennie dans l’ensemble des pays étudiés. Nous avons analysé l’évolution de l’incidence du CS et de l’utilisation des THM dans différents pays européens et n’avons pas trouvé d’association entre ces deux paramètres. Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique des études évaluant l’influence du THM sur les caractéristiques du CS et montré que les CS développés sous THM n’étaient pas de meilleur pronostic. 2) Nous avons réalisé deux revues systématiques sur la sécurité d’emploi des THM et des traitements non hormonaux de la ménopause chez les femmes ayant eu un CS. Nous avons montré que le CS représentait une contre-indication au THM et que peu de données existaient concernant les traitements alternatifs. Nous avons mené deux études concernant l’utilisation de traitements de la ménopause chez les femmes ayant eu un CS et montré qu’une proportion importante des femmes ayant eu un CS présentait des symptômes de la ménopause mais que peu d’entre elles utilisaient un traitement. Certains de ces traitements pouvaient potentiellement réduire l’efficacité de leur traitement contre le CS. Conclusions: 1) L’influence exacte du THM sur l’incidence du CS reste difficile à déterminer. D’autres facteurs interviennent également. Nous avons montré l’importance du temps lorsqu’on observe l’évolution de deux paramètres. 2) Les traitements sûrs et efficaces des symptômes de la ménopause chez les femmes ayant eu un CS sont limités. La qualité de vie des patientes ménopausées, ayant souffert d’un CS, peut cependant être nettement améliorée. ABSTRACT Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. BC risk is influenced by many factors. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is one of them. BC risk associated with MHT may vary depending on the treated population, the type of MHT used, the treatment duration and the delay between the beginning of the treatment and the onset of the menopause. There are alternatives to MHT for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Some of them have shown some efficacy but have side-effects. Others need further research. Objectives: (1) To contribute to the analysis of the influence of MHT on BC; (2) to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of BC patients. Results: (1) We analysed changes in BC incidence and MHT sales in Belgium and showed a correlation between these two parameters. We made a systematic review of studies analysing the association between BC incidence and MHT use. All the studies had limitations and were heterogeneous, making them difficult to compare. We analysed changes in MHT sales in Europe and showed an important decrease during the last decade in all the studied countries. We analysed changes in BC incidence and MHT sales in several European countries and found no association between these two parameters. We made a systematic review of studies assessing the influence of MHT on BC characteristics and showed that cases of BC developed under MHT did not have a better prognosis. (2) We made two systematic reviews on the safety of MHT and non-hormonal treatments in BC patients. We showed that BC was a contra-indication to MHT and that few data on alternative treatments were available. We conducted two studies on the use of treatments to alleviate menopausal symptoms in BC patients and showed that an important proportion of these women suffered menopausal symptoms but that few of them were using a treatment. Some of these treatments could reduce the efficacy of their BC treatment. Conclusions: (1) The exact influence of MHT on BC incidence is difficult to evaluate. Other factors are also involved. We showed that long follow-ups are needed when analysing time trends. (2) Efficient and safe treatments for menopausal symptoms in BC patients are limited. However, the quality of life of BC patients may be improved. Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Homer, Natalie. "Erythocyte oxidative stress : focus on hormone replacement therapy." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273852.

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Rhoads, Misty Lynn. "Hormone replacement therapy : attitudes, knowledge, and usage by perimenopausal and postmenopausal women /." View online, 2005. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131275302.pdf.

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Towne, Cheryl Luann Rush. "Older women's beliefs about hormone replacement therapy : a qualitative study /." View online, 2000. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130976791.pdf.

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Fischer, Mary A. "Women’s Experiences of Discontinuing Hormone Therapy: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsn_diss/23.

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Although many women find relief from menopause through hormone therapy (HT), current guidelines recommend that HT be used only for short-term relief of symptoms. Women who attempt to stop HT often encounter troublesome recurrent symptoms leading to a diminished quality of life (QoL); 25% of women who discontinue eventually resume HT. Unfortunately, there is little information for women and their health care providers as to the best way to discontinue HT or how to prepare and guide women through this process. An in-depth description of women‘s experiences during HT discontinuation and the factors influencing recurrent symptoms, QoL and discontinuation outcome would provide knowledge to develop much needed counseling and support interventions. The purpose of this study was to explore women‘s experiences discontinuing hormone therapy for menopause. This Internet-based mixed-methods study used a dominant Qualitative Descriptive design with embedded quantitative QoL measurements. Participants completed the quantitative questionnaires online while open-ended questions were completed either online or by telephone. Interview data were analyzed through Qualitative Content Analysis; descriptive statistics were used to explore the quantitative measures. Participants were stratified by discontinuation status for comparison of variations in discontinuation experiences, QoL and influencing factors. Thirty-four women (20 stopped, 9 resumed, 4 tapering) were enrolled. One overarching theme--'a solitary journey'--emerged: although all women embarked on this journey, each woman traveled her own path. Two subthemes--'burden and interference' and 'appraising risk'--encompassed the symptom factors (severity, interference and sensitivity) that influenced women's experiences and the manner in which women evaluated their options. Other influencing factors included: readiness viii and reasons for stopping HT, beliefs about menopause and roles. QoL was strongly connected to symptoms for many but not all women. Information from health care providers was inconsistent; women desired more support from providers and other women. The rich description of women's experiences stopping HT highlights the need for providers to assess women's sensitivity to symptoms and readiness to discontinue to determine which women might benefit from more support. Greater health literacy would enhance women's understanding of HT risks. More research is needed on symptom clusters and interference and strategies for minimizing their impact.

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Yeung, Wing-kwan Rosa. "Adjunctive effect on hormone replacement therapy on periodontal treatment responses in postmenopausal women." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3765195X.

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Ballard, Karen Dawn. "Women on the verge of HRT : factors influencing women's decisions about taking hormone replacement therapy." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396150.

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Yeung, Wing-kwan Rosa, and 楊穎筠. "Adjunctive effect on hormone replacement therapy on periodontal treatment responses in postmenopausal women." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3765195X.

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Thompson, Jennifer Jo, Cheryl Ritenbaugh, and Mark Nichter. "Why women choose compounded bioidentical hormone therapy: lessons from a qualitative study of menopausal decision-making." BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626039.

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Background: In recent years, compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (CBHT) has emerged as a popular alternative to manufactured, FDA approved hormone therapy (HT)-despite concerns within the medical community and the availability of new FDA approved "bioidentical" products. This study aims to characterize the motivations for using CBHT in a U.S. sample of ordinary midlife women. Methods: We analyze data collected from 21 current and former users of CBHT who participated in a larger qualitative study of menopausal decision-making among U.S. women. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using an iterative inductive and deductive process. Results: Although women's individual motivations varied, two overarching themes emerged: "push motivations" that drove women away from conventional HT and from alternative therapies, and "pull motivations" that attracted women to CBHT. Push motivations focused on (1) fear and uncertainty about the safety of conventional HT, (2) an aversion to conjugated estrogens in particular, and (3) and overarching distrust of a medical system perceived as dismissive of their concerns and overly reliant on pharmaceuticals. Participants also voiced dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of herbal and soy supplements. Participants were attracted to CBHT because they perceive it to be (1) effective in managing menopausal symptoms, (2) safer than conventional HT, (3) tailored to their individual bodies and needs, and (4) accompanied by enhanced clinical care and attention. Conclusions: This study finds that women draw upon a range of "push" and "pull" motivations in their decision to use CBHT. Importantly, we find that women are not only seeking alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals, but alternatives to conventional care where their menopausal experience is solicited, their treatment goals are heard, and they are engaged as agents in managing their own menopause. The significance of this finding goes beyond understanding why women choose CBHT. Women making menopause treatment decisions of all kinds would benefit from greater shared decision-making in the clinical context in which they are explicitly invited to share their experiences, priorities, and preferences. This would also provide an opportunity for clinicians to discuss the pros and cons of conventional HT, CBHT, and other approaches to managing menopause.

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Sanders, Sharon Lea. "The effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of depressed mood and depressive disorders occurring during the climacteric /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16707.pdf.

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Duncan, Ann Carolyn. "Hormone replacement therapy and vascular protection : the influence of oestrogen on the endothelium." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482821.

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Behabadi, Shaghayegh. "Assessing the Effects of Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapy Using the Menopause Rating Scale." The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624463.

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Class of 2006 Abstract Objectives: To determine the effect of compounded bio-identical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) on menopause-related quality of life through comparing the results of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) before beginning BHRT and seven weeks into BHRT. Methods: This study used a one group pre-test/post-test design, also known as pre-experimental. Twenty-one patients participating in a BHRT consultation with the pharmacist at Reed’s Compounding Pharmacy completed an MRS at the time of consultation before beginning BHRT. Seven weeks into treatment with BHRT, patients were mailed a second MRS that they were asked to complete and return to the pharmacy. Results: The average age of the 21 study participants was 54.9±6.3 years. There was a statistically significant reduction in symptom severity for the total MRS and each of the three subscales after seven weeks of treatment with compounded BHRT (p<0.001). Additionally, there were statistically significant reductions in symptom severity related to hot flushes and sweating, sleep problems, depressive mood, irritability, and anxiety (p<0.001). Conclusions: Compounded BHRT is effective in improving menopause-related quality of life in women suffering from menopausal symptoms.

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Bojesen, Christine K. "Assessing the Effects of Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapy Using the Menopause Rating Scale." The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624277.

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Class of 2008 Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of using compounded Bio-identical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT) in menopausal women, by employing the MRS. Methods: This study used a one group pre-test/ post-test. Included were 25 menopausal women, whom at initial BHRT consultation at Reed’s Compounding Pharmacy filled out a baseline menopausal rating scale (MRS). Eleven weeks into therapy, patients were asked to participate in this study and if interest was expressed, they were asked to fill out another MRS for comparison. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in overall MRS scores and in each of the 3 subscales (psychological, somatic and urogenital) (p</= 0.001). Additionally, when evaluating each MRS item individually, there were statistically significant decreases in all symptoms of menopause except for heart discomfort. Most improvements were seen in hot flushes/sweating, sleep and sexual problems (p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients using BHRT improved overall physically and mentally, which would be depicted by improved scores on the MRS.

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Ting, Kuei-fu Lily. "Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and its effects on lipoprotein metabolism, oxidation, and bone related biochemical variables /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22713323.

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Held, Cynthia. "Impact of surgical menopause with and without hormone replacement on weight changes in women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46036.

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To determine the effect of estrogen on weight changes in women, eight adult females were followed for a period of six months subsequent to hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy. Three groups comprised the study: 1) a hysterectomy or control group, 2) an ovariohysterectomy group with estrogen replacement therapy, and 3) an ovariohysterectomy without estrogen treatment group. Body weight, caloric intake, and activity level were recorded for the eight prospective subjects over the six month period. Weight data were gathered from past medical records on an additional 19 patients meeting the treatment criteria. Weight changes between groups were not statistically significant. A trend in weight changes among the groups was noted. The hysterectomy group lost five pounds, ovariohysterectomy treated group lost one pound and the untreated group, 0.2 pound. The same trend in weight changes was noted when data from prospective and retrospective subjects were combined. Caloric intake and activity levels did not explain all changes noted. Detailed information on subjects was presented as case studies. The results supported the concept that endogenous estrogen protects against weight gain; evidence did not support the comparable action of exogenous estrogen. Subjects having ovariohysterectomy stated that they experienced appetite changes such as cravings for sweets, undesirable muscle tone and body contour changes, and difficulty in ability to control weight. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to determine direct relationships between female hormones and suppression of weight gain in women. Master of Science

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Jackson, Barbara Ann, and n/a. "A study of baby boomer women and their expectations of menopause." University of Canberra. Professional & Community Education, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060801.142823.

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This is a study of a generation of women who are about to enter the climacteric period of their life, the menopause. Born between the years 1946 and 1956 they have been the object of continuous scrutiny by various interest groups. Because they are seen to be unique, many acronyms and titles, the most noted being the 'Baby Boomers' have been attached to them. The women of this generation have been classed as a Very active' generation, leaving a clear mark on society and the re-emerging women's movement. As they near menopause they are approaching a stage that could be seen as their last reproductive transition. For many women there is no cultural ritual, nor a single story to guide them through this period They are however not without advice. The 'big voices' of the drug companies, the medical system and the media, all tender their guidance as the dominant voice. These women have been told what to do by experts throughout their whole lives. It seems 'expert advice' on their reproductive phases have been penned mostly by men in the interests of treating, controlling and saving them. Control of their body remains a key struggle, both physically and linguistically. The purpose of the research was to study the expectations of this post-war, Baby Boom generation of menopause. The study shows that some women have made decisions to embrace non-medical help and accept menopause as an inevitable transition, while others are willing to consider medical help to enhance their 'quality of life '. Believing it is time to look after themselves, it seems many women will take a pragmatic view and accept medical opinion that the menopause is a deficiency disease, even if this requires them to become part of the consumer driven/drug company push for a 'symptom free' menopause. They wish to remain untroubled and express a willingness to do whatever they need to fulfil this. Their fervent hope is that the menopause will not upset their career, family or 'life'. Consequently a large majority of these women will think about or actively pursue hormone replacement therapy.

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Lago, Marília Leal Ferreira. "INFLUÊNCIA DA TERAPIA HORMONAL ESTROPROGESTATIVA E ESTROGÊNICA SOBRE O FLUXO SALIVAR DE MULHERES NA PÓS-MENOPAUSA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2010. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1152.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARILIA LEAL FERREIRA LAGO.pdf: 216529 bytes, checksum: 435c5f8a55505185c35ba10df038cf6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-24 Objective: Check if there are differences in salivary flow of postmenopausal women with and without estroprogestative and estrogen hormone therapy Methods: We conducted a study of case-control, composed of 86 postmenopausal women, comprising in the case group, 47 users estroprogestative or estrogen HRT, and the control group, 39 women not taking HRT. All patients underwent history taking, through the application of a standard questionnaire, followed by the realization of sialometry stimulated whole. It was used as comparative values, the normal flow from 1.0 to 3.0 mL / min flow down from 0.7 to 1.0 mL / min; hyposalivation, less than 0.7 mL / min. Data were statistically analyzed by chi-square and Student t test (p <0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the variables analyzed, except for body mass index. Conclusion: In this sample, the flow of saliva in postmenopausal women is not influenced by hormone therapy, regardless of whether estroprogestative or estrogen. Objetivo: Verificar se existem diferenças no fluxo salivar de mulheres na pós-menopausa com e sem terapia hormonal estroprogestativa e estrogênica. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo do tipo caso-controle, composto por 86 mulheres na pósmenopausa, contendo, no grupo caso, 47 usuárias de TRH estroprogestativa ou estrogênica, e no grupo controle, 39 mulheres que não utilizavam a TRH. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à anamnese, por meio da aplicação de um questionário padrão, seguido da realização de sialometria total estimulada e da obtenção do índice de massa corporal. Utilizou-se, como valores comparativos, fluxo normal de 1,0 a 3,0 mL/min, baixo fluxo de 0,7 a 1,0 mL/min; hipossalivação, menos de 0,7 mL/min. Os dados levantados foram submetidos à análise estatística, pelos testes qui-quadrado e t de student (p<0,05). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas nas variáveis analisadas, exceto no índice de massa corporal. Conclusão: Na amostra estudada, o fluxo salivar de mulheres na pós-menopausa não sofre influência da terapia hormonal, independente de ser estroprogestativa ou estrogênica.

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Carmignani, Lucio Omar 1965. "Efeito da suplementação dietética com isoflavona da soja sobre a qualidade de vida e sintomas urogenitais do climatério : ensaio clínico randomizado controlado." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312452.

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Orientador: Adriana Orcesi Pedro Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmignani_LucioOmar_D.pdf: 1313710 bytes, checksum: e5a2ce3ebfaf92d14e105ee597ca752a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 Resumo: Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos da ingestão diária de um suplemento alimentar à base de isoflavona de soja, terapia hormonal (TH) de baixa dosagem e placebo sobre a qualidade de vida (QV) em mulheres sintomáticas na pós-menopausa e avaliar a correlação entre a melhora dos sintomas da menopausa e a QV de acordo com o tipo de tratamento e comparar os efeitos de cada uma das intervenções sobre o sistema urogenital da mulher na pós-menopausa. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado envolvendo 60 mulheres na pós-menopausa, com idade entre 40 e 60 anos. Foram selecionadas e randomizadas em três grupos: um grupo recebeu um suplemento alimentar à base de soja (isoflavona 90mg/dia), outro grupo recebeu terapia hormonal de baixa dose (estradiol 1mg e acetato de noretisterona 0,5mg) e um grupo-controle que recebeu placebo, por um período de 16 semanas. O Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) foi utilizado para avaliar as mudanças nos sintomas climatéricos. A QV foi avaliada através da Versão Abreviada do Instrumento de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF). Os instrumentos foram aplicados no início e após 16 semanas de tratamento. As queixas urinárias, vaginais e sexuais foram avaliadas através da subescala urogenital do MRS. A avaliação dos efeitos terapêuticos no sistema urogenital foi realizada através da medida do pH vaginal e calculo do valor de maturação vaginal. A espessura endometrial foi mensurada através da ultrassonografia transvaginal. A análise estatística foi realizada usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, teste t de Student pareado, teste de Kruskal-Wallis, teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e análise de variância (ANOVA). Para a análise intergrupo dos escores do MRS e da QV foi utilizado ANOVA, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Kruskal-Wallis seguido de Mann-Whitney. Para a análise de correlação usou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Para a comparação intergrupo das subescalas urogenitais do MRS utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: A média de idade das participantes foi de 52,4 (±3,9) anos com tempo médio desde a menopausa de 4,1 (±3,1) anos. Os escores de QV aumentaram significativamente no domínio físico da QV nas usuárias da TH e em menor escala no grupo da soja (233,1% x 39,7%; p=0,02). Apenas no grupo que utilizou TH houve correlação significativa entre a melhora dos sintomas climatéricos e a melhora nos domínios físico (p=0,01) e psicológico (p=0,01) da QV e na questão da saúde geral (p<0,01). A avaliação do sistema urogenital mostrou que houve melhora da secura vaginal nos grupos da soja e da TH (p=0,04). As queixas sexuais e urinárias não se alteraram ao longo do tratamento. Apenas no grupo que usou TH houve um aumento significativo no índice de maturação vaginal (p<0,01) e uma diminuição no pH vaginal (p<0,01). Não houve mudança na espessura endometrial e os efeitos colaterais foram semelhantes nos três grupos estudados. Conclusões: O uso da terapia hormonal mostrou-se eficaz na melhora nos escores do domínio físico da qualidade de vida, isto também foi observado com o uso da isoflavona em uma escala muito menor, mas superior ao uso do placebo, porém apenas o grupo que utilizou a terapia hormonal apresentou uma correlação significativa entre a melhora dos sintomas climatéricos e a melhora na qualidade de vida. O uso de suplemento alimentar à base de soja contendo isoflavonas mostrou eficácia comparável à da terapia hormonal na melhora do ressecamento vaginal, sem exercer ação estrogênica no trato urogenital, em mulheres na pós-menopausa, e superior ao placebo Abstract: Objectives: To compare the effects of a soy-based dietary supplement, low-dose hormone therapy (HT) and placebo on climacteric symptoms and on quality of life (QOL) of symptomatic postmenopausal women, and to evaluate the correlation between the improvement in menopausal symptoms and QOL according to treatment type, and also assess the effects of each intervention on the urogenital system in postmenopausal women. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women, aged 40-60, were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: a soy dietary supplement group (isoflavone 90mg/day), a low-dose HT group (estradiol 1mg plus noretisterone acetate 0.5mg) and a placebo group. Menopausal symptoms changes were evaluated through Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). QOL was measured by the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization¿s Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). These instruments were applied at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. Urinary, vaginal and sexual complaints were evaluated by using the urogenital subscale of the MRS. Evaluation of therapeutic effects on urogenital system was performed by vaginal pH measurement and maturation value calculation. Transvaginal sonography was performed to evaluate endometrial thickness. Statistical analysis were performed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired Student¿s t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). For MRS and QOL scores intergroup analysis were used ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Kruskal-Wallis followed Mann-Whitney test. Correlation analysis was performed using the Correlation Spearman Coefficient. For Intergroup comparisons related to MRS urogenital subscale, the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used, followed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.4 (±3.9) years, with 4.1 (±3.1) years mean time since menopause. QOL scores increased significantly in the physical health domain of QOL in the users of HT and in a much lesser extent in the soy group (233,1% x 39,7%; p=0,02). It was observed that only in the HT group there was a statistically significant correlation between the improvement of symptoms of total MRS and improvement in the QOL physical (p=0.01) and psychological (p=0.01) domains and also on general health assessment (p<0.01). Urogenital system evaluation showed a significantly improvement in vaginal dryness in the soy group and HT group (p=0.04). Urinary and sexual symptoms did not change with treatment in the three groups. After 16 weeks of treatment, there was a significant increase in maturation value only in the HT group (p<0.01). Vaginal pH decreased only in this group (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in endometrial thickness between the three groups and the adverse effects evaluated were similar. Conclusions: Hormone therapy was effective in improving the physical health domain of QOL, it was also observed with the use of isoflavones on a much lesser extent, but superior to placebo. However, only the HT group showed a significant correlation between the improvement of climacteric symptoms and the improvement in QOL. The use of soy-based dietary supplement containing isoflavones showed an efficacy similar to that of HT in improving vaginal dryness, and greater than placebo, without exerting estrogen action on urogenital tract in postmenopausal women Doutorado Fisiopatologia Ginecológica Doutor em Ciências da Saúde

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Pipole, Fernando. "Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos das isoflavonas da soja em ratas ovariectomizadas. Parâmetros bioquímicos e imunológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-04082015-153628/.

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O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da administração de isoflavonas da soja (ISOs) sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e atividade imunológica em ratas ovariectomizadas. As ISOs foram administradas na apresentação não isolada nas doses de 100, 300 e 900 mg/kg, por gavage, durante 28 dias. Ao longo do tratamento foram avaliados o peso e o consumo de ração que evidenciaram efeito moderador na ingesta de alimentos e perda de peso com as maiores doses das ISOs. Foram avaliadas também a bioquímica sérica e urinária, que revelaram alteração do perfil lipídico (&uArr; HDL) de forma dose-dependente, aumento de glicemia e diminuição de glicosúria, embora esta última não diferente estatisticamente do controle. No grupo de 900 mg/kg, o estresse oxidativo foi maior e caracterizado pelo aumento de glutationa oxidada (GSSG). No sistema imune foram avaliados diversos parâmetros, a saber: peso relativo de baço e timo e suas celularidades; celularidade de medula óssea; atividades de neutrófilos circulantes e macrófagos peritoneais; resposta imune do tipo tardia (DTH); fenotipagem de linfócitos T e B no sangue e baço e proliferação de linfócitos esplênicos em resposta a ConA e LPS. As maiores doses de ISOs causaram diminuição do peso absoluto do timo e aumento do peso relativo do baço, além de aumento da intensidade de fagocitose de macrófagos na dose de 900 mg/kg. Com a dose de 300 mg/kg de ISOs foi observado menor intensidade na fagocitose de neutrófilos. Assim, pode-se concluir que a utilização de ISOs, na apresentação não isolada, não induziu melhora no perfil lipídico, na proteção ao estresse oxidativo e nem alterou a capacidade de resposta do sistema imune de ratas ovariectomizadas, e, ainda, que a exposição a doses mais elevadas de ISOs apresenta potente efeito sobre a ingesta de alimentos, piora do perfil lipídico, aumento de glicemia e alteração na sinalização redox das células, portanto, futuros experimentos são necessários para melhor caracterizar os efeitos destas agliconas sobre o metabolismo dos lipídeos e também na proteção ao estresse oxidativo. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of administration of soybean isoflavones (ISOs) on biochemical and immunological parameters in ovariectomized rats. For this, the ISOs were administered in non-isolated presentation at doses of 100; 300 and 900 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. Throughout the treatment, the body weight gain and feed intake were evaluated and higher doses of ISOs showed a moderating effect on food intake and weight loss. It were also evaluated the serum and urine biochemistry, which showed altered lipid profile (&uArr; HDL), increase in blood glucose and decreased glycosuria in a dose-dependent fashion, although the latter is not statistically different from the control. In the group of 900 mg/kg, the oxidative stress was higher, characterized by increased in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. In the immune system several parameters were evaluated, relative weight of thymus and spleen and their cellularity, bone marrow cellularity, neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages activity, delayed type immune response (DTH), T and B lymphocytes phenotyping in the blood and spleen and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in response to ConA and LPS. Higher doses of ISOs caused decreased in the absolute thymus weight and increase in relative spleen weight. In addition, the dose of 900 mg/kg increased the intensity of phagocytosis of macrophages. On the other hand, it was observed lower phagocytic activity of the neutrophils in the group of 300 mg/kg. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of ISOs in a non-isolated presentation did not induce an improvement in the lipid profile, in the cellular protection to oxidative stress and did not alter the immune response of ovariectomized rats; furthermore, the exposure to higher doses of ISOs has potent effect on food intake, worsening lipid profile, increased blood glucose and changes in redox signaling cells, so further experiments are needed to better characterize the effects of these aglycones on the metabolism of lipids and also in protecting the oxidative stress.

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Ting, Kuei-fu Lily. "Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and its effects on lipoprotein metabolism, oxidation and bone related biochemcialvariables." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241062.

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Kerner, David Neal. "Impact of a decision aid videotape on young women's attitudes and knowledge about hormone replacement therapy /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9901432.

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Wu, Chao-Yuan. "The Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Menopausal Health Needs of Women in Taiwan." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365806.

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The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been surrounded by controversy regarding drug safety and to what extent it meets the health needs of menopausal women. HRT became the prevailing treatment in Western medicine for women with menopause-associated complaints, but a huge worldwide reduction in use began in July, 2002, following the release of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) reports warning of its risks. The implications of this large reduction on the health needs of menopausal women have not been fully appraised, particularly from the perspective of the women affected. This brings into question whether HRT use actually meets the health needs of menopausal women, and, indeed, what their health needs are. This study investigates the use of HRT by middle-aged women in Taiwan and their menopausal health needs in order to identify these and recommend comprehensive strategies to promote women’s health and well-being. A broad and in-depth exploration of Taiwanese menopausal women’s health needs has been carried out using both quantitative and qualitative methods. As well as examining the allocation and efficiency of health resources associated with menopausal health, it presents and analyses the perspectives of the principal stakeholders of HRT use: women, doctors, health policy decision-makers, women’s health activists and researchers. The study found that menopausal women in Taiwan have significant health needs. In each month of the study period (2000–2004 inclusive), over 60% of the middle-aged women insured with the National Health Insurance (NHI) Scheme utilised NHI-subsidised medical services. Moreover, these women frequently consulted doctors and medical specialists in different fields, indicating that they also had unmet health needs. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Griffith School of Environment Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Full Text

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Rosenberg, Lena. "Hormone-related factors and breast cancer : studies of risk and prognosis /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-821-5/.

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Barron, Anna May. "The role of the female reproductive hormones in Alzheimer's disease." University of Western Australia. School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0205.

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[Truncated abstract] Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which manifests clinically as personality changes and global cognitive decline resulting in a loss of function, ultimately leading to death. Whilst causal genetic mutations have been identified, accounting for a small proportion of familial cases, the vast majority of all AD cases are late onset and idiopathic. However, a number of risk factors have been identified, including age associated changes in the reproductive hormones estrogen and the gonadotropins. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have implicated both estrogen and the gonadotropins in the regulation of the neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aß) peptide, accumulation of which is thought to be a key pathogenic event in the development of AD, but the role of these hormones in the etiology and pathogenesis of AD remains contentious. The aim of this thesis was to further understanding of the role of female reproductive hormones in modulating susceptibility to AD. The role of menopausal hormone dysregulation in behavior, cognitive decline and Aß-related neuropathology was examined in vivo in 4 studies using animal models of AD and menopause. The first two studies used a mouse model of AD expressing a human PS1 mutation (PS1KI) to examine the effects of ovariectomy as a model of menopause on cognition and neuropathology. Ovariectomy was found to selectively impair learning on a spatial working memory task without affecting working memory recall or reference memory performance. However, this cognitive impairment was not associated with any changes in Aß accumulation or oxidative stress. ... However, these findings cannot explain the lack of effect of estrogen supplementation on Aß levels. It is possible that supra-physiological doses of estrogen are necessary to yield anti-amyloidogenic and anti-oxidative benefits in ovariectomized sheep. It is becoming clear that the relationship between hormone changes at menopause and risk of AD may be more complicated than previously conceived. This study has begun to tease apart the relative contributions of estrogen and the gonadotropin hormones in the modulation of Aß, accumulation of which may confer susceptibility to AD. The findings presented indicate that the gonadotropins may play an important role in the regulation of AD-related behavior and cognition. The observed functional effects of the gonadotropins may also have implications for our understanding of behavioral and cognitive changes occurring during reproductive events. Based on the evidence presented here, combined with previous literature, it is clear that both estrogen and the gonadotropins are involved in the modulation of Aß accumulation, however, elucidation of the circumstances necessary to elicit these effects and their clinical relevance to humans will require further investigation. These findings contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the post-menopausal hormonal milieu, recognizing the role of the gonadotropin hormones and that gonadal estrogen depletion does not necessarily result in brain estrogen depletion.

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Fumagalli, Helen Figueiredo. "Avaliação do efeito do extrato de soja (Glycine max) biotransformado pelo fungo Aspergillus awamori em cultura de células de cêncer de mama estrógeno-dependente e independente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-27092011-090650/.

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Introdução: Isoflavonóides são compostos encontrados em vários vegetais e apresentam diversos efeitos farmacológicos. Dentre estes compostos, encontramos os fitoestrógenos, assim chamados por possuírem ações que mimetizam o efeito do estrógeno natural sobre as células. A soja (Glycine max), um dos vegetais ricos nos fitoestrógenos daidzeína e genisteína, tem sido indicada pela literatura como terapia alternativa para a menopausa pela atividade estrogênica que apresenta, visto que a terapia estroprogestiva para tratar os sintomas desta fase aponta um aumento da incidência de câncer de mama. Objetivo: Avaliar a promoção de apoptose e/ou necrose por um Extrato de Soja (Glycine max) Biotransformado pelo fungo Aspergillus awamori (ESBF) em células de linhagem de adenocarcinoma mamário estrógeno-dependentes (MCF-7) e estrógeno-independentes (SK-BR-3). Materiais e métodos: o ESBF foi produzido na Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP/USP), com concentração determinada de daidzeína (D) e genisteína (G) por CLAE e avaliado em dois modelos de células de adenocarcinoma mamário: estrógeno-dependentes (MCF-7) e estrógeno-independentes (SK-BR-3). Nestes modelos experimentais, foram avaliados também, o Extrato de Soja (ES) e os padrões comerciais de daidzeína (D) e genisteína (G) isoladas ou em combinação (D+G). Neste estudo avaliamos estes compostos perante os parâmetros: a) citotoxicidade pelo método de MTT; b) necrose e apoptose celular pelo ensaio de marcação por iodeto de propídio (IP) e anexina-V e IP; c) a atividade da caspase-3 por western blotting. Resultados: o ESBF nas linhagem MCF-7 e SK-BR-3 apresentou citotoxicidade dose-dependente a partir de 2,184 mg/mL; o ES apresentou aumento na viabilidade celular em todas as concentrações estudadas; os padrões D e G nas concentrações 1,3 e 1,5 µM respectivamente aumentou a viabilidade celular apenas para a linhagem MCF-7; resultado este não observado nas células SK-BR-3. Quanto aos ensaios de necrose e apoptose, encontramos que as duas linhagens celulares apresentaram marcação pelo IP a partir da concentração de 1,638 mg/mL do ESBF, enquanto que o ES e D+G não apresentaram marcação nas concentrações testadas. Somente para a linhagem MCF-7 encontramos no teste de anexina-V + IP apoptose precoce a partir da concentração 0,819 mg/mL e apoptose tardia/necrose a partir da concentração de 2,717 mg/mL frente ao ESBF, enquanto que frente ao ES e aos padrões D+G este resultado não foi observado. Utilizando apenas a linhagem MCF-7, com relação a detecção da caspase-3 íntegra, não foi possível visualizar sua presença a partir da concentração de 1,638 mg/mL do ESBF. Conclusão: Com este estudo verificamos que o ESBF favorece a indução a morte celular das linhagens MCF-7 e SK-BR-3, não acontecendo o mesmo com o ES e os padrões D+G. Nossos achados sugerem que componentes do fungo são os responsáveis por este efeito biológico, e não os metabólitos da soja, visto que os padrões de daidzeína e genisteína, bem como o ES, não apresentaram os resultados de morte celular evidenciados aqui. Introduction: Isoflavones are compounds found in various vegetables and have different pharmacological effects. Among these compounds there are phytoestrogens, so called because they have actions that mimic the effects of natural estrogen on cells. Soybean (Glycine max), a plant rich in phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein, have been cited in the literature as an alternative therapy for menopause because this plant has estrogen activity. Since oestroprogestative therapy to treat the symptoms of this phase, has many collateral effects, like increased incidence of breast cancer. Objective: To evaluate the promotion of apoptosis and/or necrosis caused by an extract of soybean (Glycine max) biotransformed by the fungus Aspergillus awamori (ESBF) by cell lineage of estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) and estrogen-independent (SK- BR-3) breast adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods: ESBF was produced at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP / USP), with known concentration of daidzein (D) and genistein (G) by HPLC and subjected to two models of breast adenocarcinoma cells: estrogen- dependent (MCF-7) and estrogen-independent (SK-BR-3). In these experimental models were also evaluated, Soy Extract (ES) and the commercial standards of daidzein (D) and genistein (G) alone or in combination (D+G). In this study we evaluated all these compounds the following parameters: a) cytotoxicity by MTT method; b) necrosis and apoptosis assay by dialing propidium iodide (PI) and annexin-V + PI; c) the activity of caspase-3 by western blotting. Results: ESBF in cell line MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity starting from 2.184 mg/mL, the ES showed an increase in cell viability at all concentrations studed, D and G standards at concentrations of 1, 3 and 1.5 mM respectively increased cell viability only in line MCF-7, this result not observed in SK-BR-3. For the tests of necrosis and apoptosis, we found that that two cell lines presented labeling IP from the concentration of 1.638 mg/mL of ESBF, while the ES and D + G showed no labeling at all concentrations tested. Only line MCF-7 in the test of annexin-V + PI early apoptosis from the concentration 0.819 mg / mL and late apoptosis or necrosis from the concentration of 2.717 mg / mL against the ESBF, while facing the ES and D+G standards this result was not observed. Using only the cell line MCF-7 in assay to detection of caspase-3 intact, we could not see his presence from the concentration of 1.638 mg/mL ESBF. Conclusion: This study verified that the ESBF favors the induction of cell death in cell line MCF-7 and SK-BR-3, the same not happening with the ES and D+G standards. Our findings suggest that components of the fungus are responsible for this biological effect and not the soy metabolites, since the standards of daidzein and genistein, as well as the ES, the results showed no cell death.

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Proudler, Anthony John. "Influence of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on insulin and insulin peptides, potential metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243440.

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Kettle, Nancy M. "Informed Consent: Its Origin, Purpose, Problems, and Limits." Scholar Commons, 2002. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1523.

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The doctrine of informed consent, defined as respect for autonomy, is the tool used to govern the relationship between physicians and patients. Its framework relies on rights and duties that mark these relationships. The main purpose of informed consent is to promote human rights and dignity. Some researchers claim that informed consent has successfully replaced patients' historical predispositions to accept physicians' advice without much explicit resistance. Although the doctrine of informed consent promotes ideals worth pursuing, a successful implementation of these ideals in practice has yet to occur. What has happened in practice is that attorneys, physicians, and hospital administrators often use consent forms mainly to protect physicians and medical facilities from liability. Consequently, ethicists, legal theorists, and physicians need to do much more to explain how human rights and human dignity relate to the practice of medicine and how the professionals can promote them in practice. This is especially important because patients' vulnerability has increased just as the complexity and power of medical science and technology have increased. Certain health care practices can shed light on the difficulties of implementing the doctrine of informed consent and explain why it is insufficient to protect patients' rights and dignity. Defining a normal biological event as a disease, and routinely prescribing hormone drug therapy to menopausal women for all health conditions related to menopause, does not meet the standards of free informed consent. Clinicians provide insufficient disclosure about risks related to long-term use of hormone therapies and about the absence of solid evidence to support their bias toward hormone therapies as a treatment of choice for menopause related health conditions. The contributing problem is women's failure to act as autonomous agents because they either choose not to take an active part in their own therapy or because they fear to question physicians' medical authority. To insure that patients' autonomy and free choice are a part of every physician-patient interaction, physicians and patients need actively to promote them as values that are absolutely indispensable in physicians' offices, clinics, and hospitals.

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Phillips, Susana M. (Susana Maria). "The relationship between sex steroid levels and memory functions in women." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28513.

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Memory function was examined in association with sex hormone levels in women. The results of the first study suggest that self-reports of memory problems were especially prevalent among women attending a menopause clinic compared to a nonpatient sample. In the following investigation, women given placebo after undergoing a bilateral oophorectomy showed decreases in memory performance, specifically on a paired-associate learning task, coincident with declines in estrogen levels. Significant improvements were found in estrogen-treated women pre- to postoperatively in the immediate recall of paragraphs, in association with supraphysiological estrogen levels. A final study on naturally-cycling women found a decline in visual memory performance during the menstrual compared to the luteal phase of the cycle. Visual memory scores were positively correlated with progesterone levels whereas paired-associate recall scores were positively associated with estradiol levels during the luteal phase. These results suggest that certain aspects of memory covary with changes in sex steroid levels in some women.

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Hanly, Teia. "The women's health initiative study: impact on the prescribing of hormone replacement therapy in a defined South African population." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/519.

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Context: The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, published in July 2002, had a significant impact on the prescribing of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The controversy surrounding the findings, however, has led to much uncertainty regarding the prescription of HRT. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine both the initial and the continued impact of the WHI study on the prescribing of HRT in a defined South African population and to determine whether HRT was appropriately individualised based on recommendations published subsequent to the WHI study. Setting: Claims data from a Managed Healthcare Organisation (MHO) that administers for a number of medical aid schemes in South Africa. Method: A retrospective drug utilisation review (DUR) was conducted to identify HRT-related prescribing patterns in the defined populations. The time-frame of the dataset included January 2002, to assess prescribing patterns prior to the publication of the WHI study, January 2003 to determine the initial impact of the WHI study, and January 2005 to assess the continued impact. An extensive, additional dataset of all the HRT users in the defined populations was utilised to conduct a sub-group analysis and determine whether HRT had been appropriately individualised. Key Findings: The percentage of patients in the dataset using HRT decreased from 30.05 percent in January 2002 to 28.30 percent in January 2003 and to 23.24 percent in January 2005, with the latter decrease reaching statistical significance. Although sex hormones and modulators (G03) of the genital system were the most frequently prescribed drug class in all three years of the study period, the prescribing frequency decreased significantly from 10.40 percent in January 2002 to 9.32 percent in January 2003 and 7.44 percent in January 2005. The most noteworthy change in the prescribing of HRT was a 3.95 percent decrease in the prescribing of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE), with a corresponding 2.53 percent increase in the prescribing of estradiol between January 2002 and January 2003. However, less pronounced changes were observed in the prescribing frequencies of other types of HRT, including medroxyprogesterone and estrogen (the HRT type investigated in the estrogen plus progestin phase of the WHI study). Patients initiating HRT post-WHI publication were generally found to be in the younger menopausal age categories (40 to 49 years). These patients were more likely to have been initiated on HRT types other than those investigated in the WHI study and were at a higher risk for disease states for which HRT use is beneficial, such as osteoporosis. Patients discontinuing HRT post-WHI publication were generally found to be in the older menopausal age categories (60 to 69 years), were more likely to have been combined HRT users (although not necessarily the type investigated in the WHI study) and were at a higher risk for disease states for which HRT use is considered harmful or has an uncertain effect, such as diseases affecting the cardiovascular system. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the WHI study did have an impact on the prescribing of HRT in the defined South African population of this study, but that the impact was considerably less than the impact reported in global studies. It was also determined that HRT was appropriately individualised according to recommendations made subsequent to publication of the WHI study.

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Lazar, Junior Felipe. "Conhecimento, atitude e pratica dos ginecologistas sobre terapia hormonal em mulheres na pos-menopausa apos a publicação do Womes's Health Initiative." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312998.

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Orientador: Lucia Helena Simões da Costa Paiva Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T03:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LazarJunior_Felipe_D.pdf: 154939 bytes, checksum: 9790b7b84c0e5eb21859931d78316ca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento e as repercussões sobre a atitude e prática dos médicos ginecologistas três anos após a publicação dos resultados do estudo Women¿s Health Initiative. Sujeitos e Método: Um questionário auto-administrado e anônimo com 19 questões foi enviado aos 6000 ginecologistas da Associação de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia do Estado de São Paulo (SOGESP). Os questionários foram postados em novembro de 2005 com recepção concluída em dezembro de 2005. Resultados: O índice de resposta foi de 24,2% (1453 questionários preenchidos) com erro amostral de 2,23% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Apesar de 95,9% dos ginecologistas referirem conhecer o estudo WHI, apenas 24,4% tinham conhecimento dos outros estudos (HERS I, HERS II, e Million Women Study) além do WHI. Apesar de 84,6% referirem que os resultados obtidos no estudo WHI não poderiam ser extrapolados para outros tipos de TH, 23,1% e 25,2% abandonaram o uso de EEC ou AMP, 63,7% diminuíram a dose, 55,2% passaram a prescrever drogas como bifosfonatos, tibolona e serms, e 46,3% passaram a utilizar calmantes, isoflavonas e drogas naturais. Além disso, 59,2% concordaram que o tempo ideal de TH deveria ser diminuído para 4-5 anos. Houve queda significativa nas prescrições para todas as indicações de TH (p<0.0001). Para os médicos, a causa mais importante de descontinuação da TH foi o maior risco de câncer de mama (62,3%), no entanto, segundo os médicos, o fator mais importante para as pacientes foi o medo da TH (80,3%) Conclusão: Os ginecologistas têm elevado conhecimento do estudo WHI e seguiram suas recomendações com relação à prevenção de doença cardiovascular, consequentemente, mudaram sua forma de abordar o tratamento das mulheres na pós-menopausa, restringindo as indicações, tempo de uso e dose da TH Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate gynecologists¿ knowledge of the Women¿s Health Initiative study, and its repercussions on their attitudes and practice three years after publication. Design: A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire containing 19 questions was sent to 6000 gynecologists, members of the São Paulo Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Results: The response rate was 24.2% (1453 completed questionnaires) with a sample error of 2.23% and confidence level of 95%. Although 95.9% of gynecologists were aware of the WHI study, only 24.4% had knowledge of all the other studies mentioned (HERS I, HERS II and Million Women Study). Although 84.6% stated that the results of the WHI study could not be extrapolated to other forms of HT, 23.1% and 25.2%, respectively, stopped prescribing CEE or MPA, 63.7% decreased the dose, 55.2% opted for drugs such as bisphosphonates, tibolone and SERMS, and 46.3% began to prescribe tranquilizers, isoflavone and other natural medications. Moreover, 59.2% agreed that HT should be used for only 4-5 years. Prescriptions decreased significantly for all indications (p<0.0001). The principal reason for physicians to discontinue HT in a patient was increased risk of breast cancer (62.3%), whereas, according to the physicians, the most important factor for the patients was fear of HT (80.3%). Conclusion: A high percentage of gynecologists in this study knew of the WHI study and followed its recommendations concerning cardiovascular prevention; consequently they changed their management of the treatment of postmenopausal women by restricting indications for HT and decreasing its duration of use and dose Doutorado Tocoginecologia Doutor em Tocoginecologia

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Sakabe, Daniel Iwai. "Efeitos do treinamento físico sobre a modulação autonômica da freqüencia cardíaca e a capacidade aeróbia de mulheres pós-menopausa sem o uso e em uso de terapia hormonal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17145/tde-21052008-135005/.

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O hipoestrogenismo, decorrente da fase pós-menopausa, determina uma série de alterações físicas, psicológicas e metabólicas na mulher, com piora significativa em sua qualidade de vida. No entanto, são os efeitos da deficiência estrogênica a longo prazo que mais preocupam, pois podem levar a comprometimentos importantes, como as doenças cardiovasculares. Desta maneira, a terapia hormonal (TH) e o treinamento físico têm surgido como esquemas terapêuticos úteis para o controle das alterações presentes na pós-menopausa. Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a modulação autonômica da freqüência cardíaca (FC) e a capacidade aeróbia de mulheres pós-menopausa em uso ou não de TH, antes e após um programa de treinamento físico (PTF). Casuística e Métodos: foram estudadas 18 mulheres sedentárias, divididas em 2 grupos, sendo: Grupo controle - 10 mulheres na pós-menopausa (50 a 60 anos) sem TH; Grupo TH - 8 mulheres na pós-menopausa (50 a 60 anos) com TH (valerato de estradiol + levonorgestrel). Ambos os grupos foram avaliados em dois momentos distintos: antes (avaliação) e após (reavaliação) um PTF de 3 meses de duração. Tanto na avaliação, como na reavaliação, as voluntárias foram submetidas a dois protocolos experimentais: protocolo 1 - para avaliação da modulação autonômica da FC, esta foi coletada em condições de repouso, nas posições supina e sentada, durante 15 minutos em cada posição; protocolo 2 - para avaliação da capacidade aeróbia, as voluntárias foram submetidas a um teste cardiopulmonar com protocolo incremental. Os índices avaliados no protocolo 1 foram: média da FC e dos intervalos R-R (iR-R), índice RMSSD dos iR-R, bandas de baixa (BF) e alta (AF) freqüência da análise espectral, em unidades normalizadas, e razão BF/AF. No protocolo 2 foram comparados os valores de potência, consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e FC no limiar de anaerobiose (LA) e no pico do exercício. Para comparação entre os grupos estudados, foi utilizado o teste t de student não-pareado; para a comparação intra-grupo entre as condições de avaliação e reavaliação, o teste estatístico utilizado foi o t de student pareado. Nível de significância estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: em relação ao protocolo 1, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas tanto na comparação entre os grupos como na comparação entre as fases de avaliação e reavaliação, para os dois grupos estudados, em nenhum dos índices avaliados. Na análise dos resultados do protocolo 2, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) entre a condição de avaliação para a condição de reavaliação dos parâmetros potência e VO2 no LA e no pico do exercício, para os dois grupos estudados. O grupo TH apresentou valores estatisticamente (p<0,05) superiores do VO2 na fase de reavaliação, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Ainda para o grupo controle, a FC no pico do exercício da reavaliação foi estatisticamente (p<0,05) superior à da avaliação. Conclusões: o programa de treinamento físico realizado na intensidade do LA durante 3 meses promoveu ganhos aeróbios significativos, embora não tenha alterado a modulação autonômica da freqüência cardíaca de mulheres menopausadas sem e em uso de terapia hormonal; tais ganhos parecem ser decorrentes principalmente de adaptações periféricas musculares. A terapia hormonal não teve influência importante sobre a variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca e teve apenas efeito discreto sobre a capacidade aeróbia na reavaliação; esse efeito se deve possivelmente à reserva de vasodilatação presente em mulheres usuárias de reposição estrogênica, que se evidencia apenas em altas intensidades de exercício. Low levels of estrogen observed at menopause determine many physical, psychological and metabolic changes in women, resulting in a lower quality of life. However, long-term effects of estrogen deficit that could possibly lead to serious diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are the problems that concern us the most. Within this context, hormone therapy (HT) and physical training are frequently used as useful therapeutic regimens for controlling postmenopausal alterations. Objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the autonomic modulation of heart rate (HR) and the aerobic capacity of postmenopausal women using and not using HT, prior and after a physical training program (PTP). Methods: 18 sedentary women were divided in two groups, as follows: Control Group - 10 postmenopausal women (50 to 60 years) without HT; HT Group - 8 postmenopausal women (50 to 60 years) receiving HT (estradiol plus levonorgestrel). Both groups were evaluated at two distinct moments: prior to (evaluation) and after (re-evaluation) a PTP lasting 3 months. Subjects were submitted to two experimental protocols at both moments: protocol 1 - HR was recorded in a resting condition, in supine and sitting positions, during 15 minutes in each position, for the evaluation of autonomic modulation of HR; protocol 2 - subjects were submitted to a cardiopulmonary test with incremental protocol for the evaluation of aerobic capacity. Autonomic indexes used for protocol 1: mean HR and mean R-R intervals (R-Ri), rMSSD of R-Ri index, low (LF) and high (HF) frequency bands of spectral analysis, in normalized units, and the LF/HF ratio. Aerobic capacity indexes used for protocol 2: workload, oxygen uptake (VO2) and HR values obtained at anaerobic threshold (AT) and at exercise peak. Unpaired Student\'s t-test was used for groups\' comparisons; for comparing evaluation and re-evaluation conditions within groups, paired Student\'s t-test was applied. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: in relation to protocol 1, no statistically significant differences were found in the comparisons between groups and between evaluation and re-evaluation phases within groups, for any of the autonomic indexes. Protocol 2 analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) between evaluation and re-evaluation phases for workload and VO2 values at AT and at exercise peak, for both groups. HT group presented significant (p<0.05) higher values of VO2 than control group, in the re-evaluation phase. The levels of HR at exercise peak for control group were statistically (p<0.05) higher than evaluation phase\'s. Conclusions: the 3-month anaerobic threshold-intensity physical training program significantly improved aerobic capacity although not changed the autonomic modulation of heart rate of postmenopausal women using and not using hormone therapy; the nature of this improvement seems to be related to muscle peripheral adaptations. Hormone therapy had not important influence on heart rate variability and a low-magnitude effect on aerobic capacity at re-evaluation test; this effect is possibly related to a vasodilatory reserve presented by HT women that becomes apparent only at high intensity levels of exercise.

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Lotter, Rene Louise. ""Elixir of youth" or "Cancer potion"? The battle for the purse of the middle-aged woman and the role of the media in reporting themes in medical science." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97628.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The popular media ("Media" here referring to newspapers, magazines. television, internet) adds to confusion and panic when reporting on the risks and benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy for women (HRT). Most reports show bias, cast scientists as villains, or leave the reader more confused than before about terminology. The Southern African media does in general aspire to objectivity towards both the pharmaceutical and natural health industry. However, shallow or inept reporting, the need to generalise complicated findings and dramatise what's regarded as cold scientific news, create this bias and confusion. Misleading health reporting, in South Africa as much as anywhere else in the world, can change health behaviour and can even cost lives. Ethical health reporting can therefore be described as a matter of life and death. This paper aims to analyse the media for biased, confusing and alarmist reporting. It then aims to explain reasons for the bias or confusion. Fourteen reports are analysed. One Time magazine report, and 13 reports selected from the Southern African media. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Berigte oor Hormoonvervangingsterapie (HVT) vir vroue in die media ("Media") hier verwys na koerante, tydskrifte, televisie, internet) dra by tot verwarring en paniek. Die meerderheid berigte is bevooroordeeld, in die sin dat medici as booswigte uitgebeeld word. Indien hulle nie bevooroordeeld is nie, is berigte verwarrend, soms juis in 'n poging om konsepte te vereenvoudig. Die media in Suider Afrika aspireer wel tot objektiwiteit, teenoor beide die farmaseutiese sowel as die holistiese (kruie) industrie. Nietemin, oppervlakkige/oningeligte verslaggewing en die behoefte om ingewikkelde navorsing te vereenvoudig/interessant te maak, dra by tot vooroordeel en verwarring. Misleidende mediese beriggewing in Suid Afrika, net soos in die res van die wêreld, kan mense hoop om besluite te neem wat hul gesondheid kan skaad. Die belang van etiese verslaggewing kan dus as 'n kwessie van lewe en dood beskryf word. Hierdie studie ontleed berigte en ondersoek vooroordeel, verwarring of sensasionalisering. Redes vir bogenoemde word dan bespreek. Veertien berigte word ontleed. (een berig uit die Amerikaanse tydskrif Time, en 13 uit die Suider Afrikaanse media)

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Fox-Young, Stephanie. "Uncertainty and difficulty in women's decision making at menopause." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999.

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Gambling with health and well-being is not usually recommended. However, in the context of menopause, women's decisions are often more related to roulette than reasoned strategies. Currently available literature for general and medical or allied health audiences does not provide clear and unambiguous information on which women can rely to make menopause-related decisions. Three paradigms of menopause can be identified, each competing with the others not only in terms of their definition of menopause but also in their research methodologies and consequent findings. This competition between sources of information about menopause therefore contributes to the uncertainty that women experience when making decisions about menopause related problems and issues. The effects of this diversity of paradigms of menopause on women's knowledge of menopause and their decision making practices and experiences were examined in three studies conducted in two phases. In the first phase, interviews were held with a representative sample of 381 midlife women. Their knowledge of menopause was found to be reasonable when compared to information commonly available at the time. Forty women who were drawn from the initial sample then participated in focus groups and reported experiencing uncertainty arising from the information they had accessed about menopause. In the second phase of the thesis, a model of menopause-related decision making in uncertainty was developed for testing which drew upon the findings of these two studies, and literature of decision making in uncertainty. This model hypothesised that characteristics of the decision maker, including decision making and information seeking styles; inadequacies of the information; the complexity and difficulty of the decision; and the seriousness, urgency and severity of the problem or issue about which a decision was being made contributed to the level of uncertainty that women experienced. This uncertainty in turn was hypothesised to affect the woman's choice of decision strategy, her satisfaction with the decision and the time it would take her to resolve the matter. The model of women's decision making in uncertainty was tested in the context of a menopause-related issue or problem in a third study, a self-report questionnaire completed by 166 women. The menopause-related problems and issues about which women were making decisions were varied, but Hormone Replacement Therapy was a common factor in a majority of cases. Women used a range of sources of information, and found them adequate overall, but decision making was reported to be difficult where conflict existed between sources of information and between the woman's and her sources' paradigms of menopause, or where there were inaccuracies or ambiguities in the sources she used. The severity of the problem and, to a lesser extent, the complexity of the decision were also influential factors in decision difficulty, as was the level of uncertainty experienced by the woman. While women were able to manage their uncertainty, it contributed to a sense of the decision being difficult, which in turn reduced their satisfaction with their decision. Although many women used purposeful strategies that were designed to improve their situation or solve their problem, for some, the focus became a search for certainty. Nevertheless, women's satisfaction with their decision regarding appropriate action for menopause-related problems or issues was dependent on the perceived difficulty of the decision rather than on uncertainty per se or on any characteristic of the problem, the decision maker, or the decision itself. Past literature and research about the effects of uncertainty in decision making are challenged by the findings of this study. Rather than uncertainty being the core component in decision making in the context of inadequate or unreliable information, the self reported difficulty of the decision is a more critical factor for women engaged in making menopause-related decisions. Moreover, decision making style, attitude to menopause, information source contact profile, and menopausal status are largely irrelevant in explaining women's behaviour in menopause-related decision making. Further research is necessary to clarify the interrelationships of knowledge, attitude, uncertainty, decision difficulty and satisfaction. In the meantime, however, health professionals should provide assistance with decision making for patients who are experiencing problems or considering options in any field where the evidence is controversial.

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Soares, Patricia Magda. "Terapia hormonal e densidade mamaria em mulheres com falencia ovariana prematura." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308768.

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Orientadores: Cristina Laguna Benetti Pinto, Cesar Cabello dos Santos Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T23:14:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_PatriciaMagda_M.pdf: 577708 bytes, checksum: 8c6bf6d9b0ca54c8a95e75182572343d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 Resumo: Introdução: A falência ovariana prematura (FOP) provoca graves conseqüências devido ao estado prolongado de hipoestrogenismo, havendo indicação precisa de reposição hormonal para minimizar tais alterações. Estudos mostram que a terapia hormonal pode aumentar o risco de câncer de mama em mulheres na pósmenopausa, porém as conseqüências em mamas de mulheres jovens ainda são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da terapia hormonal com Estrogênio Eqüino Conjugado (EEC) associado ao Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona (AMP) cíclico ou contínuo sobre a densidade mamária de mulheres com falência ovariana prematura. Sujeitos e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo tipo corte transversal em 31 mulheres com FOP atendidas no Ambulatório de Ginecologia-Endócrina do Departamento de Tocoginecologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp. Todas realizaram mamografia, sendo feita a digitalização destas mamografias. O grupo de estudo foi comparado a um grupo de controle composto por 31 mulheres eumenorréicas pareadas por idade em anos completos, que também realizaram mamografia. Um segundo grupo de controle composto por 31 mulheres na pós-menopausa, utilizando terapia hormonal com Estrogênio Eqüino conjugado associado ao Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona, pareadas pelo tempo de terapia hormonal em meses (± 11 meses) que também realizou mamografia para comparação. A densidade mamária dos três grupos foi quantificada pela técnica de digitalização das imagens mamográficas recebendo valores de 0 a 100%. Utilizamos ainda para a avaliação da densidade mamária o Método de Wolfe, porém subestratificado em duas categorias: mamas densas (incluindo os padrões N1 e P1, ou seja, com densidade mamária < 25%) e não-densas (incluindo os padrões P2 e Dy, ou seja, com densidade mamária = 25%). Análise Estatística: Os dados idade e IMC foram avaliados pela média e desvios-padrão. Para comparação da densidade mamária, avaliada pelo método da digitalização de imagens, foi utilizado o teste de ANOVA e, quando analisada pelo método de Wolfe, utilizou-se o teste Qui-Quadrado (X2). Para avaliar as variáveis paridade, tempo de falência gonadal e tempo de terapia hormonal foi utilizado o teste T de Student e o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e, para a variável amamentação utilizou-se o teste Qui-Quadrado. O nível de significância assumido foi de 5%. O software utilizado para a análise estatística foi o SPSS 15.0 para Windows/2006. Resultados: As médias das densidades mamárias das mulheres com FOP e eumenorréicas, pela técnica de digitalização, foram de 24,1% (DP ±14,6) e de 21,8% (DP ±11,3), respectivamente (p= 0,50), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Também a avaliação pelo método de Wolfe não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. As médias das densidades mamárias das mulheres com FOP e das mulheres na pós-menopausa foram de 24,1% (DP ±14,6) e de 18,1% (DP ±17,2), respectivamente (p= 0,15), sem diferença entre os grupos, o mesmo ocorrendo quando a análise foi realizada pelo método de Wolfe. Conclusão: Apresentamos uma evidência inicial de que a reposição hormonal com Estrogênio Eqüino Conjugado associado ao Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona parece não aumentar a densidade mamária de mulheres com FOP quando comparadas a mulheres com função gonadal preservada de mesma idade e quando comparadas a mulheres após a menopausa, pareadas pelo tempo de reposição hormonal Abstract: Introuction: Premature ovarian failure (POF) may lead to serious consequences due to a prolonged low estrogen state and there is a precise indication for hormone replacement therapy to minimize such alterations. Studies have evaluated the impact of hormone therapy on the breasts of postmenopausal women, however the consequences of treatment on the breasts of younger women are still unknown. Objective: To evaluate the effects of hormone therapy with Conjugated Equine Estrogen (CEE) associated with cyclic or continuous Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) on breast density in women affected by premature ovarian failure, compared to breast density in age-matched eumenorrheic women, and also to breast density in postmenopausal women who had been receiving hormone therapy for the same amount of time. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 31 women with premature ovarian failure seen at the Gynecologic Endocrinology Outpatient Clinical Facility of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the UNICAMP Medical School. All women underwent mammography and digitization of mammogram films was performed. The study group was compared to a control group composed of 31 eumenorrheic women paired by age in years, who had also undergone mammography. A second control group consisting of 31 postmenopausal women, using hormone therapy with Conjugated Equine Estrogen associated with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, paired by length of hormone replacement therapy in years (±11 months), also underwent mammography for comparison. Breast density in the three groups was quantified by a digitizing technique of mammographic images and also by the Wolfe classification system, stratified into two categories: dense and non-dense. Statistical and Analysis: Age and BMI were data assessed by the mean and standard deviations. For comparison of breast density, calculated by an image digitization method, the ANOVA test was used. When breast density was analysed by the Wolfe system, the chi-square test was used (X2). The Student¿s T-test and the Mann-Whitney¿s nonparametric test were used to evaluate the following variables: parity, time since gonadal failure and duration of hormone therapy. The Chi-Square test (X2) was used to evaluate the breastfeeding variable. The significance level was set at 5%. For statistical analysis, the SPSS 15.0 software for Windows/2006 was used. Results: The mean mammographic breast densities in women with POF who were eumenorrheic, using the digitization technique were 24.1% (±14.6) and 21.8% (±11.3), respectively (p= 0.50) and no differences were observed between the groups. Evaluation by the Wolfe system also showed no significant difference among the groups. The mean breast densities in women with POF and in postmenopausal women were 24.1% (±14.6) and 18.1% (±17.2), respectively (p= 0.15) and no difference was observed among the groups, the same occurring when analysis was performed by the Wolfe system. Conclusion: We have presented initial evidence that hormone replacement therapy with CEE + MPA does not increase breast density in women with POF, when compared to agematched women with preserved gonadal function or postmenopausal women paired by length of hormone replacement therapy. Follow-up of the POF group is now being carried out for future prospective studies Mestrado Tocoginecologia Mestre em Tocoginecologia

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Pulchinelli, Júnior Alvaro [UNIFESP]. "Análise do polimorfismo C>514T do gene da Lípase Hepática em mulheres sob reposição estrogênica." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2012. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/8928.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-13210a.pdf: 2089186 bytes, checksum: 4bd9af1812c538db03b2120cffdc516f (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-13210a.pdf: 2089186 bytes, checksum: 4bd9af1812c538db03b2120cffdc516f (MD5) Publico-13210b.pdf: 2054432 bytes, checksum: c717885187f0d071e0c0fb8d4bbfe281 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-13210a.pdf: 2089186 bytes, checksum: 4bd9af1812c538db03b2120cffdc516f (MD5) Publico-13210b.pdf: 2054432 bytes, checksum: c717885187f0d071e0c0fb8d4bbfe281 (MD5) Publico-13210c.pdf: 540730 bytes, checksum: fba8c62dcb0177a09d2fde3ef4bace9d (MD5) A lípase hepática (HL) é uma enzima presente nos sinusoides hepáticos, responsável pela lipólise de lipoproteínas. Contém quatro sítios polimórficos: G-250A, T-710C, 763G-A, e C-514T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). O último polimorfismo é o foco do presente estudo. Os genótipos associados com o polimorfismo C-514T são CC (homozigoto normal - W), CT (heterozigoto - H) e TT (alelo homozigoto menor - M). A atividade da HL é, significativamente, diminuída nos indivíduos dos genótipos TT e CT. Um total de 58 mulheres pós-menopausas foi estudado. As participantes eram histerectomizadas e submetidas à terapia de reposição hormonal, consistindo de 0,625 mg de estrogênio equino conjugado, uma vez ao dia. Os critérios de inclusão foram: menopausa de até há três anos, resultados de exames de sangue, radiografias, citologia cérvico-vaginal e densitometria óssea normais. O DNA foi extraído a partir de células da mucosa bucal e de células de sangue periférico de todas as pacientes, utilizando-se um conjunto comercialmente disponível (GFX ® - Amersham-Pharmacia, EUA). Resultados: foram encontradas reduções estatisticamente significativas nos triglicérides (t = 2,16; n = 58, p = 0,03), mas não nos níveis de colesterol total (t = 0,14; n = 58, p = 0,89) após o tratamento. Este grupo de bons respondedores eram portadores do alelo T; os genótipos CT e TT estavam presentes com frequência significativamente maior do que no grupo de nãorespondedores (p = 0,02 ou p = 0,07, respectivamente). No entanto, nenhuma diferença significativa nos níveis de HDL-C (t = 0,94; n = 58, p = 0,35) ou LDL-C (t =- 0,83; n = 58, p = 0,41) foi encontrada nestas pacientes. Conclusões: as variações no perfil lipídico associadas ao polimorfismo C-514T são significativas e o alelo T é associado à melhor resposta à TRE. Background: Hepatic lipase (HL), an enzyme present in the hepatic sinusoids, is responsible for the lipolysis of lipoproteins. Human HL contains four polymorphic sites: G-250A, T-710C, A-763G, and C-514T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The last polymorphism is the focus of the current study. The genotypes associated with the C-514T polymorphism are CC (normal homozygous – W), CT (heterozygous – H), and TT (minor-allele homozygous – M). HL activity is significantly impaired in individuals of the TT and CT genotypes. A total of 58 postmenopausal women were studied. The subjects were hysterectomized women receiving hormone replacement therapy consisting of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen once a day. The inclusion criteria were menopause of up to three years and normal blood tests, radiographs, cervical-vaginal cytology, and densitometry. DNA was extracted from the buccal and blood cells of all 58 patients using a commercially available kit (GFX® - Amersham-Pharmacia, USA). Results: Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides (t=2.16; n=58; p=0.03) but not in total cholesterol (t=0.14; n=58; p=0.89) were found after treatment. This group of good responders were carriers of the T allele; the CT and TT genotypes were present significantly more frequently than in the group of non-responders (p=0.02 or p=0.07, respectively). However, no significant difference in HDL-C (t=0.94; n=58; p=0.35) or LDL-C (t=- 0.83; n=58; p=0.41) was found in these patients. Conclusions: The variation in lipid profile associated with the C-514T polymorphism is significant, and the T allele is associated with the best response to ERT. TEDE

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Lago, Suzana Cardona. "Terapia hormonal : efeitos sobre marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres pós-menopáusicas com diabete melito tipo 2." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10598.

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O climatério afeta significativamente a vida de milhares de mulheres ao redor do mundo. A evolução do conhecimento em relação à segurança das opções medicamentosas utilizadas para manejo de seus sintomas se faz essencial no atual momento. A terapia hormonal usando estrógeno e progestágeno (TEP) tem sido amplamente prescrita para o manejo dos sintomas climatéricos. O uso da TEP foi recomendado no passado também com o objetivo de prevenção de doença cardiovascular. Porém, ensaios clínicos randomizados recentes falharam em comprovar os benefícios cardiovasculares do regime de TEP mais comumente utilizado (EEC 0.625mg + AMP 2.5mg /dia), tendo também sugerido que este regime está associado a significativo aumento de risco cardiovascular. A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de mortalidade em países ditos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Atualmente, mulheres brasileiras com faixa etária entre 50-59 anos apresentam taxa de mortalidade por DCV de 36%, aumentando este percentual gradativamente nas décadas que se seguem (60-69 anos = 40%, ≥70 anos = 46%). A população de mulheres pós-menopáusicas com Diabete Melito Tipo 2 (DM2) também vem crescendo significativamente em todo o mundo. O Brasil é um dos 10 países do mundo que apresentará o maior número de pessoas com diagnóstico de DM em 2025. A maioria desta população será de mulheres, moradoras de áreas urbanas, com idade entre 45-64 anos. Desta forma, mulheres pós-menopáusicas com DM2 representam um percentual significativo da população, e sabidamente apresentam risco cardiovascular aumentado. Além de ser um grupo de alto risco cardiovascular, estas mulheres freqüentemente necessitam manejo medicamentoso dos sintomas climatéricos. Este estudo visa revisar a literatura existente sobre o uso de TEP em mulheres pósmenopáusicas com DM2, analisando o impacto das diversas combinações sobre marcadores de risco de doença cardiovascular clássicos e não-clássicos. The menopause has significant impact on thousands of women worldwide. The safety of pharmacological options in the management of menopause symptoms is an essential area of research and development. The hormonal therapy by means of estrogen and progestogen (EPT) has been widely prescribed to manage menopausal symptoms. The use of EPT had been also recommended in the past to prevent cardiovascular disease. However, recent large-scale randomized clinical trials have not only shown no cardiovascular benefit, but also have demonstrated that it is associated with significant increase in cardiovascular risk, at least with the most used regimen (CEE 0.625mg+MPA 2.5mg/day). Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in developed world and in developing countries such as Brazil. Brazilian women, who are currently in the 50-59 age range, are expected to have a CVD mortality rate of 36%, with gradual increase in risk in the following decades (60-69 years-old = 40%, ≥ 70 years-old = 46%). The postmenopausal diabetic women population has also grown significantly worldwide. Brazil is one of the 10 countries in the world that will have the largest population of diabetics by 2025. The majority of this population will be female, living in urban areas and between 45 and 64 years-old. Therefore, post-menopausal diabetic women will represent a significant percentage of people, who knowingly have increased cardiovascular risk, these women frequently need medical management of their menopause symptoms. The aim of this study is to review the existing literature on EPT in post-menopausal diabetic women, analyzing the impact of several regimens over classic and non-classic CVD risk factors.

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Junior, Crivaldo Gomes Cardoso. "Efeito da terapia hormonal oral de estrogênio e do treinamento aeróbico sobre a sensibilidade à insulina e as respostas hemodinâmicas e autonômicas à hiperinsulinemia aguda em mulheres na pós-menopausa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-09042010-161742/.

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Esta tese avaliou as respostas fisiológicas à hiperinsulinemia aguda em mulheres na pós-menopausa, verificando os efeitos isolados e associados da terapia hormonal (TH) e do treinamento aeróbico (TF) sobre estas respostas. Assim, 31 mulheres histerectomizadas, saudáveis e na pós-menopausa foram divididas, aleatoriamente e de forma duplo cega, nos grupos: PLA-CO(n=7), TH-CO(n=6), PLA-TF(n=10), TH-TF(n=8). Os grupos TH receberam valerato estradiol (1 mg/dia) e os PLA, placebo. Os grupos TF treinaram em cicloergômetro, 3x/sem em intensidade moderada e os CO permaneceram sedentários. Antes e após 6 meses, foi realizado um clampeamento euglicêmico/hiperinsulinêmico. Em resposta à hiperinsulinemia, houve aumento das catecolaminas plasmáticas, da modulação simpática cardíaca, da pressão arterial sistólica, da frequência cardíaca e do fluxo sanguíneo. Após 6 meses, o TF aumentou a sensibilidade à insulina e reduziu o aumento da noradrenalina durante a hiperinsulinemia. Tanto isoladamente quanto em associação, o TF e a TH impediram a redução do aumento do fluxo sanguíneo durante a hiperinsulinemia, o que foi observado no grupo PLA-CO. Além disso, quando associadas, estas condutas reduziram o aumento da adrenalina durante a hiperinsulinemia. Concluindo: em mulheres pós-menopausadas saudáveis, a hiperinsulinemia aguda aumentou a atividade simpática e promoveu vasodilatação, levando ao aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e da frequência cardíaca, sem alterar a pressão diastólica, respectivamente. O TF aumentou a sensibilidade à insulina, diminuindo a ativação simpática e mantendo a vasodilatação induzida pela hiperinsulinemia, enquanto que a TH teve o mesmo efeito sobre a vasodilatação, sem alterar a sensibilidade à insulina. A associação das duas condutas teve pouco efeito aditivo This thesis evaluated the physiological responses to acute hyperinsulinemia in post-menopausal women, analyzing the isolated and combines effects of hormone therapy (HT) and aerobic training (AT) on these responses. Thus, 31 healthy, hysterectomized postmenopausal women were randomly divided (in a double-blinded manner) into groups: PLA-CO(n=7), HT-CO(n=6), PLA-AT(n=10), HT-AT(n=8). HT groups received valerato estradiol (1 mg/day) while PLA groups received placebo. AT groups trained on cycle ergometer, 3x/week at moderate intensity, while CO groups stayed sedentary. Before and after 6 months, an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp were performed. Hyperinsulinemia increased plasma catecholamines, sympathetic cardiac modulation, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow. After 6 months, AT increased insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin induced increase in norepinephrine. AT and HT, applied alone or together, abolished the decline in insulin induced increase in blood flow that was observed in PLA-CO. Besides, the association of both interventions decreased insulin induced increase in epinephrine. In conclusion: in healthy postmenopausal women, acute hyperinsulinemia increased sympathetic activity but produced vasodilation, which resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no change in diastolic blood pressure, respectively. AT increased insulin sensitivity, decreasing sympathetic activation and maintaining vasodilatory response during hyperinsulinemia, while HT had the same effect on vasodilation without changing insulin sensitivity. The association of both interventions had minor addictive effects

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Kettle, Nancy M. "Informed consent: its origins, purpose, problems, and limits [electronic resource] / by Nancy M. Kettle." University of South Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000041.

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Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 165 pages. Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2002. Includes bibliographical references. Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. ABSTRACT: The doctrine of informed consent, defined as respect for autonomy, is the tool used to govern the relationship between physicians and patients. Its framework relies on rights and duties that mark these relationships. The main purpose of informed consent is to promote human rights and dignity. Some researchers claim that informed consent has successfully replaced patients&softsign; historical predispositions to accept physicians' advice without much explicit resistance. Although the doctrine of informed consent promotes ideals worth pursuing, a successful implementation of these ideals in practice has yet to occur. What has happened in practice is that attorneys, physicians, and hospital administrators often use consent forms mainly to protect physicians and medical facilities from liability. Consequently, ethicists, legal theorists, and physicians need to do much more to explain how human rights and human dignity relate to the practice of medicine and how the professionals can promote them in practice. This is especially important because patients' vulnerability has increased just as the complexity and power of medical science and technology have increased. Certain health care practices can shed light on the difficulties of implementing the doctrine of informed consent and explain why it is insufficient to protect patients' rights and dignity. Defining a normal biological event as a disease, and routinely prescribing hormone drug therapy to menopausal women for all health conditions related to menopause, does not meet the standards of free informed consent. Clinicians provide insufficient disclosure about risks related to long-term use of hormone therapies and about the absence of solid evidence to support their bias toward hormone therapies as a treatment of choice for menopause related health conditions. The contributing problem is women's failure to act as autonomous agents because they either choose not to take an active part in their own therapy or because they fear to question physicians' medical authority. To insure that patients' autonomy and free choice are a part of every physician-patient interaction, physicians and patients need actively to promote them as values that are absolutely indispensable in physicians' offices, clinics, and hospitals. System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

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Shultz, Jennifer M. "Effects of sex steroids and diet on adipose distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6592.

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Snell-Bergeon, Janet K. "Reproductive history and sex hormones and their association with subclinical atherosclerosis in women with and without type 1 diabetes /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Epidemiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-117). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

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Júnior, Altamiro Ribeiro Dias. "Efeitos das terapêuticas com estrogênios eqüinos conjugados ou raloxifeno sobre a rigidez arterial em mulheres na menopausa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-03102014-143049/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A rigidez arterial é fator de risco cardiovascular pouco estudado e importante determinante de sobrecarga cardiovascular, estando associada ao envelhecimento. Analisou-se a ação das terapêuticas com estrogênios eqüinos conjugados (EEC) ou raloxifeno sobre os índices de rigidez, com o intuito de se observar a influência destas medicações na rigidez arterial, bem como se as mesmas são capazes de influenciar o envelhecimento vascular bem sucedido. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo duplo cego, randomizado, placebo-controlado, que envolveu sessenta e sete mulheres saudáveis, normotensas e com 1 a 10 anos de menopausa, divididas em três grupos de 24, 25 e 18 mulheres. Estas receberam placebo, 0,625 mg EEC ou 60 mg de raloxifeno, respectivamente, 1 comprimido por dia, por 4 meses consecutivos. Analisou-se a rigidez arterial, através da avaliação das velocidades de onda de pulso carótida-femoral (VOP CF), fêmoro-pediosa (VOP FP), e do índice de amplificação (IA) da pressão sistólica na artéria carótida. RESULTADOS: Não se observou qualquer alteração dos índices de rigidez arterial associada às intervenções farmacológicas no grupo placebo (VOP CF pré x pós: 644 x 626 cm/s, p= 0,09; VOP FP pré x pós: 1006 x 1012 cm/s, p= 0,77; IA pré x pós = 30 x 29%, p= 0,55), no grupo EEC (VOP CF pré x pós: 642 x 600 cm/s, p= 0,11; VOP FP pré x pós: 952 x 971 cm/s, p= 0,66; IA pré x pós: 25 x 32%, p= 0,82) e no grupo raloxifeno (VOP CF pré x pós: 636 x 601 cm/s, p= 0,12; VOP FP pré x pós: 964 x 941 cm/s, p= 0,62; IA pré x pós:25 x 25%, p= 0,65). Apesar da ausência de ação das drogas sobre a rigidez arterial, houve uma correlação significativa entre o grau de rigidez arterial basal e a resposta à intervenção farmacológica, particularmente no grupo EEC, de tal maneira que a redução dos índices de rigidez neste grupo foi proporcional ao nível de rigidez basal, apresentando as seguintes relações: VOP CF (r= -0,602, p= 0,001); VOP FP (r= -0,455, p= 0,022); IA (r= -0,410, p= 0,042). CONCLUSÃO: EEC e raloxifeno não parecem afetar a rigidez arterial de mulheres sadias e normotensas com menos de 10 anos de menopausa INTRODUCTION: Arterial stiffness has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor, an important determinant of the left ventricular overload and a marker of cardiovascular aging. However, the clinical impact of arterial stiffness and how it is affected by hormone therapy has not been fully investigated. This study analyzed the influence of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) or raloxifene on arterial stiffness and how the may influence successful cardiovascular aging. METHODS: Sixty-seven healthy and normotensive women with 1 to 10 years of menopause were randomly assigned to one of three groups, with 24, 25, and 18 participants. They were given oral placebo, 0,625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen, or 60 mg of raloxifene, respectively, for 4 consecutive months. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by measurement of the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV CF) and femoral-dorsalis pedis pulse wave velocity (PWV FP), and the systolic pressure augmentation index (AI) at the carotid artery obtained by applanation tonometry. RESULTS: None of the treatment regimens affected arterial stiffness: placebo (PWV CF before x after: 644 x 626 cm/s, p= 0.09; PWV FP before x after : 1006 x 1012 cm/s, p= 0.77; AI before x after = 30 x 29%, p= 0.55), CEE (PWV CF before x after: 642 x 600 cm/s, p= 0.11; PWV FP before x after: 952 x 971 cm/s, p= 0.66; AI before x after: 25 x 32%, p= 0.82) and raloxifene (PWV CF before x after: 636 x 601 cm/s, p= 0.12; PWV FP before x after: 964 x 941 cm/s, p= 0.62; AI before x afer:25 x 25%, p= 0.65). Despite the absence of statistically significant reduction in arterial stiffness with treatment, there was a significant correlation between basal stiffness and the degree of reduction in the indexes measured, indicating that the higher the basal stiffness, the greater the degree of reduction, particularly in the CEE group: PWV CF (r= -0.602, p= 0.001); PWV FP (r= -0.455, p= 0.022); AI (r= -0.410, p= 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Conjugated equine estrogen and raloxifene do not seem to affect arterial stiffness of healthy normotensive women with less than 10 years of menopause

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Lindh-Åstrand, Lotta. "Women's knowledge, attitudes, and management of the menopausal transition." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Obstetrik och gynekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-21896.

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Introduction: Hormone therapy (HT) has been considered as a safe treatment for menopausal symptoms. Use of HT increased dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. Results from large randomized clinical trials (RCT) could, around the turn of the century, however not find evidence for long-term benefits with HT. These results attracted great attention from media and the scientific community leading to changed treatment guidelines and decreased use of HT. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore Swedish women’s conceptions, knowledge, management, and attitudes regarding the menopausal transition and HT. Material and methods: To explore and describe women’s conceptions of the menopausal transition women seeking medical advice due to climacteric symptoms were interviewed (n=20) and their statements were analyzed with a qualitative method (paper I). In 1999 (n=1760) and 2003 (n=1733) attitudes to (paper II) and knowledge of (paper III) the menopausal transition and HT among 53- and 54 year old women were investigated with a cross-sectional design using postal questionnaires. We also analyzed if attitudes differed before and after new scientific findings were published on risks and benefits of HT and if knowledge differed between educational levels. Since many women try to abandon use of HT a RCT was performed to study the effect of two different methods to discontinue HT, on recurrence of hot flushes, resumption of HT and on health related quality of life (HRQoL). Women (n=87) with vasomotor symptoms before initiating HT participated. Results: We found that the majority of the middle aged women in our study viewed the menopausal transition as a natural process the nature of which is affected by both hormonal changes and by ageing. Each woman seems to experience a set of psychological and physical symptoms that are in some sense unique to her experience. Women’s answers to the questions about HT demonstrate that attitudes towards HT held by women going through menopause have changed rather dramatically between 1999 and 2003. These changes probably reflect the influence on the women of media reports based on research that identified risks associated with HT that had not been identified before 1998. Women’s knowledge of the effects of HT seems to be unsatisfactory from a clinical perspective. No differences in hot flush frequency and resumption of HT were found between the women randomized to two different modes of discontinuation of HT. Almost 50 % of the women restarted HT within one year after discontinuation. Deteriorated wellbeing and severity of hot flushes were important predicting factors for resumption of HT. Conclusion: It is important to be aware of the individual woman’s conceptions and attitudes about and knowledge of the menopausal transition and HT to be able to individualize the counselling situation. Women who initiate HT due to hot flushes may experience recurrence of vasomotor symptoms and deteriorated HRQoL after discontinuation. A great proportion of them may resume HT. At present knowledge of possible advantages for the taper-down method when discontinuing HT is still lacking.

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Unfer, Taís Cristina. "Influência de estrógenos e progestinas sobre a atividade da superóxido dismutase e o estatus oxidativo em mulheres." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3841.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The deficit of estrogen that accompanies menopause may be involved in the metabolic changes and increased oxidative stress during non-reproductive female life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used to attenuate the menopausal symptoms. It is prescribed either as the replacement of estrogen alone or the combination of estrogen with progestins. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme in the control of reactive oxygen species levels and SOD modulators may have potential use as therapeutic agents in oxidative stress-associated disorders. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: i) the effects of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestins on the activity of SOD from human blood in vitro; and ii) the effect of the hormone therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus progestin on the markers of oxidative stress in the blood of postmenopausal women and the relationship among these markers and the serum levels of estradiol and progesterone. The in vitro effect of steroid hormones (17 β-estradiol 17-acetate, progesterone, β-estradiol 3-benzoate and medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate) was evaluated in the enzyme purified from human erythrocytes (CuZnSOD) (Sigma) and in samples of erythrocytes (cytosolic CuZnSOD) and platelets-rich plasma (PRP) (MnSOD and cytosolic and extracellular CuZnSOD) obtained from healthy men and women. Hormones caused a dose-dependent stimulation of erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity at low concentrations (physiological), but this effect was abolished at higher concentrations. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin had a synergic effect on the erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity. In the PRP the activity of MnSOD was not affected by hormones, whereas the CuZnSOD activity was modulated only by the natural, but not by the synthetic hormone derivatives. Four groups of women were selected to evaluate blood markers of oxidative stress: premenopausal women (n=24), postmenopausal women without hormone therapy (HT) (n=31), postmenopausal women with estrogen-only HT (ET) (n=12) and estrogen plus progestin HT (EPT) (n=16). The levels of protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation and the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase did not differ among groups. However, the activities of SOD isoforms (CuZn and MnSOD) and total plasma antioxidant power (FRAP) were significantly higher in postmenopausal women under EPT compared with postmenopausal women without HT, whereas ET increased only the activity of CuZnSOD in postmenopausal women. The duration of HT and serum E2 levels were positively correlated with the activity of CuZnSOD and the total antioxidant power of plasma (FRAP levels), whereas progesterone levels were positively correlated with the activity of CuZnSOD and negatively correlated with protein carbonyl levels. The total antioxidant power of plasma was positively correlated to the CuZnSOD activity and to the GPx activity. The present study demonstrated for the first time, that the natural and synthetic steroid hormones have a direct biphasic effect on CuZnSOD activity of human erythrocytes in vitro. We also observed that the hormone replacement therapy increase the antioxidant status of postmenopausal women due to an increase of the enzymatic antioxidant defenses and this effect is more remarkable with the combined hormone therapy (estrogen plus progestin). O déficit de estrogênio, que acompanha a menopausa pode ser relacionado às alterações metabólicas e ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, observados na fase não reprodutiva feminina. A terapia de reposição hormonal é utilizada para atenuar os sintomas da menopausa. Ela é prescrita como reposição de estrogênio ou uma combinação de estrogênio com progestina. A superóxido dismutase (SOD) é uma enzima chave no controle dos níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio e, moduladores da SOD podem ser úteis como agentes terapêuticos em desordens associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar: i) os efeitos, in vitro, de estrógenos e progesterona, naturais e sintéticos, sobre a atividade da SOD presente em sangue humano, e ii) o efeito da terapia hormonal com estrogênio ou estrogênio mais progestinas sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo no sangue de mulheres na pós-menopausa e a relação entre esses marcadores e os níveis séricos de estradiol e progesterona. O efeito, in vitro, de hormônios esteroides (acetato de 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterona, 3-benzoato de 17β-estradiol e 17-acetato de medroxiprogesterona) foi avaliado na enzima purificada a partir de eritrócitos humanos (CuZnSOD) (Sigma), e em amostras de eritrócitos (CuZnSOD citosólica) e de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) (CuZnSOD, citosólica e extracelular, e MnSOD, mitocondrial), obtidas a partir de homens e mulheres saudáveis. Os hormônios, em concentrações baixas (fisiológica), causaram uma estimulação, dose dependente, da atividade da CuZnSOD eritrocitária, embora, este efeito tenha sido suprimido em concentrações mais elevadas. Ademais, a combinação de um estrogênio com uma progestina apresentou um efeito sinérgico sobre a atividade da CuZnSOD eritrocitária. No PRP a atividade da MnSOD não foi afetada por hormônios, enquanto que a atividade da CuZnSOD foi modulada apenas pelos esteroides naturais. Quatro grupos de mulheres foram selecionados para avaliar marcadores sanguíneos de estresse oxidativo: mulheres na pré-menopausa (n = 24), mulheres na pós-menopausa sem terapia hormonal (TH) (n = 31), mulheres na pós-pausa utilizando TH, composta apenas de estrogênio (ET) (n = 12), ou de uma combinação de estrogênio mais progestinas (EPT) (n = 16). Os níveis de proteína carbonilada, peroxidação lipídica e da atividade de catalase e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) não diferiram entre os grupos. No entanto, as atividades das isoformas da SOD (CuZn e MnSOD) e o poder antioxidante total do plasma (FRAP) foram significativamente maiores em mulheres na pós-menopausa sob EPT em comparação com mulheres na pós-menopausa sem TH, enquanto que a ET aumentou apenas a atividade da CuZnSOD em mulheres na pós-menopausa. A duração da TH e os níveis séricos de E2 foram positivamente correlacionados com a atividade da CuZnSOD e com o poder antioxidante total do plasma (FRAP), enquanto que os níveis de progesterona foram positivamente correlacionados com a atividade da CuZnSOD e negativamente correlacionados com os níveis de proteína carbonilada. O poder antioxidante total do plasma foi positivamente correlacionada com a atividade da CuZnSOD e da GPx. O presente estudo demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que os hormônios esteroides, naturais e sintéticos, têm um efeito direto e bifásico na atividade da CuZnSOD eritrocitária humana in vitro. Também foi observado que a terapia de reposição hormonal aumenta a capacidade antioxidante de mulheres na pós-menopausa devido a um aumento das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas (SODs) e que este efeito é ainda mais pronunciado com o uso de terapia hormonal combinada (estrogênio e progestinas).

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Rodriguez-Macias, Wallberg Kenny A. "Artery Wall Imaging and Effects of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5722.

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Kampen, Diane L. "The relationship between estrogen and memory in healthy postmenopausal women and women in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41108.

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The effects of exogenous estrogen administration on aspects of memory and cognition in women were examined in two studies. In Study 1, women receiving estrogen replacement therapy were compared to untreated women on four measures of verbal memory. Those receiving estrogen had significantly better scores on a measure of delayed memory for propositional material. In Study 2, women in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) were administered either estrogen or placebo on a double-blind basis for six months. Women given estrogen showed improvement on a measure of verbal memory and spatial attention compared to the placebo controls. The combined results of these studies provide evidence that estrogen enhances aspects of verbal memory in both healthy postmenopausal women and in postmenopausal women in the early stages of AD as measured by neuropsychological tests. These effects might be mediated by actions of estrogen on neuronal morphology and physiology in brain areas important for memory and cognition.

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Fernandes, Eney Oliveira. "Terapia de reposição hormonal não altera a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres pós-menopáusicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3914.

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INTRODUÇÃO. Mulheres pós-menopáusicas apresentam maior risco de desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronariana. Estudos observacionais demonstraram que a terapia de reposição hormonal produz efeitos benéficos no perfil lipídico e na modulação autonômica cardíaca. O aumento da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), até então atribuído à reposição hormonal, não foi testado em estudos randomizados, placebo-controlados, delineados para permitir a comparação entre as duas formas mais utilizadas de reposição hormonal. A VFC de 24 horas calculada pelo método não linear Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional permite avaliar tanto a modulação vagal como a simpática. OBJETIVOS Avaliar a modulação autonômica cardíaca de mulheres pósmenopáusicas através da análise da VFC no domínio do tempo e dos índices do Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional no ECG de 24 horas. Testar a hipótese de que a reposição hormonal contínua, seja com estradiol isolado (TRE), seja com estradiol associado à noretisterona (TRH), por um período de três meses, aumenta a VFC nessas mulheres. MÉTODOS Quarenta mulheres pós-menopáusicas (46 a 63 anos; média = 54,6 ± 4,2) foram randomizadas para um dos três tratamentos, de forma contínua: TRH, estrogenioterapia (TRE) ou placebo, por três meses consecutivos. Previamente, todas as mulheres foram submetidas a exames clínico, ginecológico e laboratorial (glicose, estradiol, HDL, LDL, triglicerídios; mamografia e ultrassonografia transvaginal). O ECG de 24 horas foi gravado em cada paciente, antes e após o tratamento, para calcular os índices da VFC. RESULTADOS Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos, após 3 meses de tratamento, nos índices da VFC e do Mapa de Retorno Tridimensional. A TRH diferiu da TRE apenas quanto ao perfil lipídico. A associação com a noretisterona provocou uma redução de 12,4 % no HDL (p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO Em mulheres pós-menopáusicas, a terapia de reposição hormonal contínua com estradiol, ou com estradiol associado à noretisterona, por um período de 3 meses, não altera a modulação autonômica cardíaca avaliada pela VFC. Background: Postmenopausal women are at greater risk of coronary heart disease. Observational studies have demonstrated that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) improves lipid profile and cardiac autonomic modulation. The cardioprotective effect attributed to HRT has not been tested in randomized, placebo-controlled trials to compare the two most frequently used regimens. This study evaluates cardiac autonomic modulation in postmenopausal women using time domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and indices derived from the three-dimensional return map, and investigates whether continuous HRT for three months, either with estradiol alone (ERT) or with estradiol and norethisterone (HRT), increases HRV in postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty postmenopausal women aged 46 to 63 years were consecutively and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: HRT, ERT, or placebo. For all women, clinical, gynecological and laboratory data (glucose, estradiol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, mammography and transvaginal sonography) were collected. Patients underwent 24-h ECG before and after the treatment to evaluate HRV indices. Results: Time domain indices of HRV as well as indices derived from the threedimensional return map presented no significant changes after interventions. The only significant difference between HRT and ERT groups was in lipid profile. HDL cholesterol levels decreased 12.4% (p = 0.008) for women who used HRT. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, continuous hormone replacement therapy with estradiol or estradiol with norethisterone for 3 months does not affect cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated by HRV.

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Murtagh, Madeleine Josephine. "Intersections of feminist and medical constructions of menopause in primary medical care and mass media: risk, choice and agency." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm9851.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-288). Examines language used by general practitioners and in mass media to ask 'what are the implications of constructions of menopause for health care practice and public health for women at menopause?'. Presents the findings of qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine general practitioners working in rural South Australia and qualitative and quantitative analyses of 345 south Australian newspaper articles from 1986 to 1998.

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Carmignani, Lucio Omar 1965. "Fitoestrogenios como alimento funcional no tratamento da sindrome climateria : ensaio clinico randomizado duplo-cego e controlado." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313700.

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Orientador: Adriana Orcesi Pedro Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:20:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmignani_LucioOmar_M.pdf: 2392759 bytes, checksum: a5c2901d4556742da71bc7aadac07581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 Resumo: Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos da ingestão diária de um suplemento alimentar à base de soja, terapia hormonal (TH) de baixa dosagem e placebo sobre os sintomas menopausais psicológicos, somáticos e urogenitais em mulheres na pós-menopausa e avaliar os efeitos sobre os principais marcadores de risco cardiovascular. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado envolvendo 60 mulheres sintomáticas com tempo médio desde a menopausa de 4,1 anos, com idade entre 40 e 60 anos. Foram selecionadas e randomizadas em três grupos: um grupo recebeu um suplemento alimentar à base de soja (isoflavona 90mg/dia), outro grupo recebeu terapia hormonal de baixa dose (estradiol 1mg e acetato de noretisterona 0,5mg) e um grupocontrole que recebeu placebo, por um período de 16 semanas. Foi utilizado o Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) para avaliar as mudanças nos sintomas climatéricos no início e após 16 semanas de tratamento. Também foram avaliados o perfil lipídico, glicemia, índice de massa corpórea, pressão arterial e relação cintura-quadril em todas as participantes no início e final do tratamento. Com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos deste tratamento sobre os níveis hormonais endógenos, foi medida a concentração sérica do hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH) e o 17'beta'-estradiol. A análise estatística foi realizada usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, análise de co-variância, teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, teste t de Student pareado, teste de Kruskal-Wallis (seguido por Mann-Whitney), teste de Wilcoxon pareado, teste ANOVA (seguido de Tukey) e teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (seguido de Mann-Whitney). Resultados: os resultados mostraram uma diminuição da pontuação do MRS total, comparando-se o início e o final do tratamento em todos os grupos, não havendo diferença estatística entre eles. Houve uma melhora significativa dos sintomas somáticos (fogachos e queixas articulares/musculares) e urogenitais (secura vaginal) nos grupos TH e soja. Em relação aos sintomas psicológicos, não houve diferença entre os grupos estudados: todos apresentaram uma melhora semelhante. Após 16 semanas de intervenção, o colesterol total diminuiu em 11,3% e o LDL-colesterol diminuiu 18,6% apenas no grupo TH. As triglicérides, HDL-colesterol, glicemia, índice de massa corpórea, pressão arterial, e relação cintura-quadril não se alteraram durante o tratamento nos três grupos. O FSH diminuiu e o 17'beta'-estradiol aumentou apenas no grupo TH. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere que o tratamento com suplemento alimentar à base de soja pode ser uma terapia alternativa efetiva para os sintomas somáticos e urogenitais relacionados à menopausa. O suplemento alimentar à base de soja não mostrou efeito favorável significativo sobre os marcadores de risco cardiovascular quando comparados ao uso da TH Abstract: Objectives: To compare the effects of daily ingestion of soy dietary supplement, low-dose hormone therapy (HT) and placebo on menopausal psychological, somatic and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women and to assess the effects on the main biomarkers of cardiovascular health. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized and controlled intention-to-treat trial. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women, aged 40-60, 4.1 years mean time since menopause were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: a soy dietary supplement group (isoflavone 90mg/day), a low-dose HT group (estradiol 1mg plus noretisterone acetate 0.5mg) and a placebo group. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to assess change in menopausal symptoms at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. Lipid profile, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure and abdominal/hip ratio were evaluated in all the participants at the baseline and after 16 weeks. To examine the effects of this regime on endogenous hormone levels, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and 17 'beta'-estradiol were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test, Fisher¿s exact test, repeated-measures analysis of co-variance, Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, paired Student¿s t test, Kruskal-Wallis test (followed by Mann-Whitney test), paired Wilcoxon test, ANOVA test (followed by Tukey test) and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (followed by Mann-Whitney test). Results: The data showed decrease in MRS total score comparing baseline values and after 16 weeks in all of the groups, but without statistical difference among the groups. There was significant improvement in somatic (hot flashes and joint/muscle complaints) and urogenital (vaginal dryness) symptoms from baseline to after 16 weeks for both the HT and soy groups, compared with the placebo group. There was no difference among the studied groups concerning psychological symptoms: all three groups showed a similar improvement. After a 16 weeks intervention period, total cholesterol decreased 11.3% and LDLcholesterol decreased 18.6% in HT group, but in the soy dietary supplement and placebo groups it did not change. The values for triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose level, body mass index, blood pressure, and abdominal/hip ratio did not change over the time in all of the three groups. FSH decreased and 17'beta'-estradiol increased only in the HT group. Conclusions: This study suggests that a soy dietary supplement may be an effective alternative therapy for somatic and urogenital symptoms. The use of dietary soy supplement did not show a significant favorable effect on cardiovascular health biomarkers comparing with HT Mestrado Tocoginecologia Mestre em Tocoginecologia

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Wihlbäck, Anna-Carin. "Ovarian hormones and effects in the brain : studies of neurosteroid sensitivity, serotonin transporter and serotonin2A receptor binding in reproductive and postmenopausal women." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Obstetrik och gynekologi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-365.

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Background: Estrogen has been reported to enhance well-being and quality of life during the climacteric phase. In women with an intact uterus estrogen treatment is always combined with progestins in order to protect the endometrium from hyperplasia and malignancies. However, in certain women the addition of progestins causes cyclicity in negative mood symptoms and physical symptoms similar to those encountered during ovulatory cycles in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone have profound effects on a number of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the serotonergic system. Progesterone metabolites, such as allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (also referred to as neurosteroids) modify the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) and enhance GABAergic inhibitory transmission. Neurosteroid sensitivity in human studies can be studied by saccadic eye movement measurements using pharmacodynamic challenges with pregnanolone. Altered neurosteroid sensitivity has been suggested as a possible contributory factor to the progesterone/progestin-induced adverse mood effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). There is also evidence of estrogen treatment affecting the serotonergic system in postmenopausal women, although progestin addition has been less well studied. Aims and method: The aim was to investigate whether the negative mood symptoms experienced during the progestin or progesterone phase of HRT were associated with changes in neurosteroid sensitivity, or changes in platelet serotonin uptake site (transporter) and serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor binding. The intention was also to investigate whether hormonal changes during the normal menstrual cycle affect these peripheral serotonergic parameters. Postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms were given HRT in two randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover studies. The women received 2 mg estradiol (E2) continuously during 28- day cycles. Synthetic progestins or natural progesterone were added sequentially during the last 14 days, and compared to a placebo addition. Before treatment, as well as during the last week of each treatment cycle the pharmacodynamic response to pregnanolone was assessed using saccadic eye movement measurements. Throughout the studies daily symptom ratings were made. In the study regarding synthetic progestins, platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding were assayed before entering the study, as well as during the last week of each treatment cycle. In the study on reproductive women, blood samples were collected for analysis of platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding at six different points in time during the menstrual cycle. Results and conclusion: The addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen treatment increased negative mood symptoms and physical symptoms, whereas positive symptoms decreased. The addition of progestins also increased the sensitivity to pregnanolone. The addition of natural progesterone to estrogen treatment increased the sensitivity to pregnanolone. However, in this study the pregnanolone sensitivity was enhanced also during estrogen treatment. Women expressing cyclicity in negative mood symptoms were more sensitive to pregnanolone than women without symptom cyclicity. Thus, it is evident that mood deterioration during HRT is associated with altered neurosteroid sensitivity. Platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding did not change during the different treatment conditions in HRT. Thus, we were unable to explain the negative mood changes of HRT by use of these peripheral serotonergic parameters. In the study on reproductive women however, it was clear that the serotonergic variables did change during the menstrual cycle. Binding to the serotonin transporter was higher in the late follicular phase than in the ovulatory, early luteal or mid-luteal phases. Binding to the 5-HT2A receptor was higher in the early follicular phase and the early luteal phase than in the mid-luteal phase. These findings may provide a link between the ovarian steroids, and the GABAergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, which in turn, could explain part of the specific vulnerability that women have for the development of adverse mood effects during HRT, mood and anxiety disorders and for the deterioration of mood so frequently seen during the luteal phase.

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Khorsheed, Sarah. "Kartläggning av användningsmönstret av Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432290.

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Background Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is used to treat menopausal symptoms. The use of MHT decreased after the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study which proved an increased risk of stroke and breast cancer. In 2019 the Swedish Medical Products Agency was commissioned to update the treatment recommendations of MHT. Aim To conduct a review of studies analyzing the use of MHT through the literature, and to describe the use of MHT in Sweden. Methods A literature study assessing published studies on MHT use from different countries, by using PubMed database and publications found at various Swedish authorities’ websites such as the Swedish Medical Products Agency and the National Board of Health and Welfare between 2003 and 2020 that fulfilled the purpose.A register study to analyze MHT use in the Swedish female population between 2008 – 2019 for women between 40 – 59 years. The databases used was the National Board of Health and Welfare's patient register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register Results There is a large variation in MHT utilization between countries due to differences in guidelines and other factors.In Sweden, the use of MHT was low in comparison with other countries, women had more knowledge about the treatment and prescribers followed the Swedish Medical Products Agency's recommendations.In 2019, the increase in patients diagnosed with menopause was twice as high as it was in 2008. in addition, the use of (MHT) in Sweden increased in the period 2017 - 2020. The most widely used MHT group was estrogen. Conclusions MHT use has increased in the Swedish population between 2017 and 2020, further knowledge of the benefit- risk profile is needed

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