Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Melissopalynological“

Beekeeping directly depends on the floral biodiversity available to honey bees. In tropical regions, where nectar and pollen resources are numerous, the botanical origin of some honey is still under discussion. A precise knowledge of plants foraged by honey bees is useful to understand and certify the botanical origin of honey. In this study, attention was paid to honey samples from the French Guiana Atlantic coast where beekeepers generally place their hives in four types of biotopes: seaside vegetation, mangrove, savannah, and secondary forest. Pollen analysis of 87 honey samples enabled the identification of major plants visited by Africanized honey bees during the dry season (approximately from July to January). Through melissopalynologic analysis, 51 pollen types were identified and classified according to their relative presence. Frequently observed pollens (with relative presence > 50%) in French Guiana kinds of honey were those from Mimosa pudica, Cocos sp., Rhyncospora sp., Avicennia germinans, Paspalum sp., Spermacoce verticillata, Tapirira guianensis, Cecropia sp., Myrtaceae sp., Mauritia flexuosa sp., Solanum sp., and Protium sp. In many honeys, only M. pudica was over-represented (relative frequency > 90%). Color and electrical conductivity in French Guiana honeys exhibit significant variations, with color ranging from 27 mm to 110 mm Pfund, and electrical conductivity ranging from 0.35 to 1.22 mS/cm.

Honey is usually classified as “unifloral” or “multifloral”, depending on whether a dominating pollen grain, originating from only one particular plant, or no dominant pollen type in the sample is found. Unifloral honeys are usually more expensive and appreciated than multifloral honeys, which highlights the importance of honey authenticity. Melissopalynological analysis is used to identify the botanical origin of honey, counting down the number of pollens grains of a honey sample, and calculating the respective percentages of the nectariferous pollens. In addition, sensory properties are also very important for honey characterization, and electronic senses emerged as useful tools for honey authentication. In this work, a comparison of the results obtained from melissopalynological analysis with those provided by a potentiometric electronic tongue is given, resulting in a 100% match between the two techniques.

Geographical and botanical origin of honeys can be characterized on the basis of physico-chemical composition, sensory properties and on the basis of melissopalynological analysis. No comprehensive description of the characteristics of Czech honey has been published so far. This study provides insights that are important for correct classification. The study analysed 317 samples of authentic honey from randomly selected localities. Due to the diversity of the landscape, the typical honey of the region is blend honey with a predominance of blossom honey. According to the pollen profile and electric conductivity, the honeys were sorted into the following: Brassica honey (BH), Floral honey (FH), Fruit tree honey (PH), Honeydew (HD), Lime tree honey (LH), Robinia pseudoacacia honey (RH), and Trifolium honey (TH). Physico-chemical properties, including higher carbohydrates, were determined for the honeys and their pollen profiles were examined. The physico-chemical properties and pollen profile are partially in compliance with the description of European monofloral honeys, except for RH and TH. Although they had the highest proportion of acacia pollen, amounting to >10% of all the Czech honeys, these RH honeys differ from the European standard, so they cannot be considered acacia honey. Further, PH honeys and FH polyfloral honeys were described. Most honeys contained a significant proportion of rapeseed pollen, which is one of the common agricultural crops grown in the Czech Republic. All the analysed honeys met the parameters defined by the legislation. Due to direct on-site sampling, honeys were characterized by a low 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) content (3.0 mg/kg) and high diastase activity (24.4 DN). Honeydew honeys had the highest proportion of higher carbohydrates, primarily of Melezitose (4.8 g/100 g) and Trehalose (1.3 g/100 g). The presence of higher carbohydrates was also confirmed in LH for Maltose (4.6 g/100 g) and Turanose (2.4 g/100 g).

Ce travail de thèse porte sur les miels de Corse commercialisés sous l’AOC et l’AOP « Miel de Corse-Mele di Corsica » et classés en six catégories variétales : « printemps », « maquis de printemps », « miellat du maquis », « maquis d’été », « châtaigneraie » et « maquis d’automne ». Notre objectif principal était de caractériser la composition volatile des miels de Corse et de développer une approche interdisciplinaire en vue de compléter la caractérisation de ces productions par la recherche de nouveaux critères pour la qualification de l’origine botanique et/ou géographique. Les travaux ont donc consisté à croiser les données obtenues par la méthode conventionnelle basée sur les analyses polliniques, sensorielles et physico-chimiques avec celles issues de l’analyse chimique de la fraction volatile des miels.Dans une première partie, 195 miels de nectar ont été caractérisés au niveau pollinique, physico-chimique ainsi que par leurs compositions volatiles. L’analyse pollinique a permis de certifier l’origine Corse et de mettre en évidence les principales espèces nectarifères de chaque gamme variétale et/ou les associations végétales caractéristiques des miellées. L’analyse de la fraction volatile par MEPS, CPG et CPG/SM a conduit à l’identification des marqueurs chimiques des diverses variétés de miels, à savoir la 2-aminoacétophénone (« châtaigneraie ») ; le p-anisaldéhyde et le 4-n-propylanisole (« maquis de printemps ») ; l’isophorone et le 3,4,5-triméthylphénol (« maquis d’automne ») ; les isomères de lilac aldéhyde et du p-menthèn-9-al (« printemps typé clémentinier »). De plus, une étude interdisciplinaire (analyse mélissopalynologique, physico-chimique et fraction volatile) basée sur l’utilisation de traitements statistiques des données multifactorielles a été menée sur chacune des catégories variétales. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mieux cerner l’origine botanique des miels « quasi-monofloraux » ; de proposer des hypothèses sur les autres apports nectarifères et/ou miellatifères dans les miels à taxon dominant de type sur-représenté (« châtaigneraie ») et normal (« maquis de printemps ») ; de déterminer les différentes contributions nectarifères dans les miels dont l’espèce dominante à un taxon de type sous-représenté (« printemps » et « maquis d’automne ») et dans ceux ayant une origine botanique complexe (« maquis d’été »).Dans la seconde partie de nos travaux, nous avons caractérisé la fraction volatile de 74 miels des gammes « miellat du maquis » et « miel de Corse ». L’analyse statistique de la variabilité chimique a permis de distinguer les miellats de Metcalfa par la teneur en 3-furaldéhyde. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu qualifier l’origine botanique des miels dit « génériques » (mélange « miel de miellat »/« miel de nectar »), notamment les apports significatifs de « châtaigneraie » (molécule marqueur : 2-aminoacétophénone) et/ou de « maquis de printemps » (p-anisaldéhyde et 4-n-propylanisol).Enfin, ces travaux ont permis de développer une approche innovante basée sur une approche multifactorielle (polliniques, physico-chimiques et volatils) afin de mieux qualifier la complexité des origines botaniques des miels de Corse
This thesis was focused on the Corsican honeys under the AOC and AOP appellation “Miel de Corse-Mele di Corsica”. The Corsican honey was classified in six varietal categories: “spring”, “spring maquis”, “honeydew”, “summer maquis”, “chestnut grove” and “automne maquis”. The aim of this work was to characterize the volatile composition of Corsica honey and to develop an interdisciplinary approach to complete the characterization of Corsican honey and the qualification of the botanical and/or geographical origin. In the first part, 195 nectar honeys were characterized by melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile analyses. Pollen analysis allowed the certification of Corsican origin and highlights the main nectariferous species and/or characteristic plant associations of each varietal range. Thus, the volatile analysis by SPME, GC and GC/MS allowed the identification of some chemical markers of honey, namely 2-aminoacetophenone (“chestnut grove”); p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisole (“spring maquis”); isophorone and 3,4,5-trimethylphenol (“automne maquis”); isomers of lilac aldehydes and p-menth-1-en-9-al (“spring clementine”).For each honey range, an interdisciplinary study was carried out by using statistical analysis of multifactorial data (melissopalynological, physico-chemical and volatile data). These results allowed us to identify the “monofloral” honey samples; to propose some hypotheses about the nectar and/or honeydew contribution in honeys with dominant over-represented (“chestnut grove”) and normal taxon (“spring maquis”); and to determine the role of different nectariferous and/or polleniferous species in honeys with underrepresented taxon (“spring” and “autumn maquis”) and those with complex botanical origin (“summer maquis”).In the second part of our work, the volatile fraction of 74 Corsican honeydews and blend honeys has also been investigated. Statistical analysis of the volatile composition has distinguished Metcalfa honeydew by a high abundance of 3-furaldehyde. Otherwise, the other honey samples were characterized by a high abundance of 2-aminoacetopheneone (marker of “chestnut grove” honey) and/or p-anisaldehyde and 4-n-propylanisol (characteristic compounds of “spring maquis" honey). These observations could be explained by the nectar contribution of Castanea sativa and/or Erica arborea in the honeydew samples. Finally, this work has allowed us to develop an innovative approach based on multifactorial approach (pollen analysis, physic-chemical parameters, volatile composition) to obtain discriminant information for the determination of the floral origin from Corsican honeys
U Mele di Corsica hè un pruduttu sputicu di l’isula. E prime vistighe di l’apicultura inCorsica si ritrovanu in l’Antichità più anziana ma l’arte di a bugna è di u mele vene tralasciatadopu a Sigonda guerra mundiale. Cù a mossa idintitaria di l’anni sittanta (XXu seculu),s’urganizeghjanu i prufiziunali ed ottenenu una Appillazione d’Origine Cuntrullata (AOC) inlu 1998 po una Appillazione d’Origine Prutetta (AOP) in lu 2000. Fatta fine chì a pruduzzioneoghjinca (300 à 350 tunnillate/annu), cummircializata cù a sugillata « Miel de Corse-Mele diCorsica » si spachja sigondu sei catigurie variitesche : « veranu », « machja viraninca », «milata di u machjetu », « machja d’istate », « castagnetu » è « machja auturnale ».In lu quatru di e norme naziunale (AOC) ed eurupee (AOP), u metudu cunvinziunaleda cirtificà l’origine geugrafica è butanica s’arremba à e caratteristiche pulliniche, fiscuchimicheè urganulettiche di i meli. U fine principale di sta tesi dutturale hè di caratterizà avariabbilità chimica di ste pruduzzione di modu à prupone criterii novi di qualifichera.U studiu di a frazzione vulatile di 269 campioni di meli (inclusuci e sei catigurievariitesche), hà permessu d’invinturià, pè a prima volta, a custituzione in cumposti vulatili di imeli di Corsica. I nostri travagli sò sbuccati dinò nantu à l’idintificazione di i marcadorichimichi in leia diretta cù e spicificità di i rughjoni di pruduzzione. Per quessa, un accostuinterdisciplinariu – appaghjendusi i dati di i metudi cunvinziunali cun quelli di a tippulugiavulatile- hè statu prupostu da pudè diterminà l’origine fiurale.Cusì sò stati idintificati i marcadori chimichi di parechje variità di mele, vene à dì u 2-aminoacetofenune (« castagnetu ») ; u p-anisaldeide è u 4-n-prupilanisole (« machja viraninca») ; l’isoforunu è u 3,4,5- trimetilfenule (« machja auturnale ») ; l’isomeri di lilace aldeide è diu p-menten-9-al (« veranu tippu clementinu »).Sta prima caratterizazione multifatturiale di i meli di Corsica hè propiu d’opu pèl’apicultori in lu quatru di l’evuluzione spaziu-tempurale di e pruduzzione isulane in funzionedi e cundizione di u mezu (variazione bioclimatiche, mudifica di u prucessu di e milate, rigiruapaghju)

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
100
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Euphoria longan) are two of most important nectariferous plants for monofloral honeys in Taiwan. Owing to high similarity in pollen morphology and overlapping of flowering time in some areas, it is difficult to distinguish either kind of honey. In order to set up a method for identifying them, we collected in this study 43 litchi honeys, 94 longan honeys, 10 mixtures of litchi- and longan-honeys, 28 other honeys from Taiwan and 3 foreign lhoneys from foreign country over the time from March to May, 2011. Melissopalynological analysis was applied to construct the pollen profiles. In addition, samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detected at 280 nm to find out reliable botanical markers. In studied samples, there were 98 pollen types belonging to 51 families. The frequencies of the litchi-longan type pollen grains were generally above 50% in litch- and longan-honeys and were readily differentiated from other Taiwan honeys.. Both litchi- and longan-honeys displayed three characteristic peaks (A, B, D) in HPLC-chromatogram. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that the peak D was significantly lower for litchi honeys, whereas higher for longan honeys. The results of melissopalynological and HPLC analyses supported that A, B and D peaks originated mainly from litchi– and longan-nectars, and could be used as the botanical markers of ether type of honeys. It is suggested those labeled with typical litchi- or longan-honey should have pollen frequency higher than 50%, respectively.

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Moulay Taher
This study was intended to evaluate the quality parameters of ten honey samples, from various regions in semi-arid region of Algeria. Different parameters such as the melissopalynological and the physicochemical properties of the honeys (moisture, color, electrical conductivity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pH, acidity, proline, and diastase activity) were determined, as well as the evaluation of sugars, minerals and phenolic compounds. Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity (reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity), anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity were also evaluated. Finally, antibiotics residues such as sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotics residues were screened. The melissopalynological results identified ten types of pollen, with Cytisus striatus pollen being identified as the most abundant, present in all samples with percentages between 26.0 % and 83.8 %. EC1, MF1 and MF2 (Sidi Belabes region) were classified as monofloral of Cytisus striatus honey. Additionally, although samples J1 to J3 were not considered as Jujube monofloral, they showed a high percentage of Ziziphus pollen. The remaining samples (EC2, EF1, EF2, and EF3) were classified as multifloral. Regarding the physicochemical parameters, no significant differences were found in the color of the samples which ranged between amber, light amber and extra light amber. Moisture content was found to be between 13.6% (EF1) and 18.3% (EC1), while pH values ranged between 4.2 and 5.1. Electrical conductivity values varied between 270 and 410 μS.cm-1, while 5- hydroxymethylfurfural content showed values between 0 and 36.5 mg.kg-1 and diastase values between 8.8 DN and 13.3 DN. Concerning the proline content, the samples showed proline levels between 2.2–4.7 mg/kg, indicating a good maturity of the honeys and absence of adulteration. All the honeys meet the standard required by the European legislation with exception of the diastase index. The sugar profile, analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RI), showed that all samples have higher fructose content than glucose, being the total more than 88.70 %, allowing the classification of all the samples as nectar honeys. Within the minerals, potassium was quantitatively the most important mineral (72.93% of total minerals quantified), having an average content 730.59mg/kg, followed by sodium, calcium and magnesium, with 17.05%, 4.43% and 4.22%, respectively, while cadmium and lead had the lowest concentration, 0.003 % and 0.04% respectively. The total phenolic content of the analyzed honey samples ranged between 0.7 mg GAE/g, for samples EF and J and 1.4 mg GAE/g, for samples EC, with an average of 0.9 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content varied from 0.03 to 0.09 mg QE/g with the highest levels observed in J honey samples. The values obtained for DPPH ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL, without significant differences between the samples. The analysis of the phenolic profile was performed by UPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn, where nineteen phenolic compounds were identified, including six phenolic acids, nine flavonoids, two isoprenoids (abscisic acid isomers), one phenolic diterpenoid (carnosol) and one spermidine (N1, N5, N10-tri-p-coumaroyespermidine). The major quantity of phenolic compounds was found in sample EC1 with 202 mg/100 g, while sample EF3 showed the lowest amount with 59.85 mg/100 g. Concerning the anti-tumoral evaluation, all the studied extracts presented good activity, with MF1 showing the highest cytotoxicity, followed by EF1. Also, all the extracts under study showed anti-inflammatory capacity, with IC50 values between 8 and 400 μg/mL. Regarding the antibiotics residues, its presence was found in three of the samples (MF1 EF1 EF3) showed positive results for sulphonamides residues.
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade de dez amostras de mel, de várias regiões da região semiárida da Argélia. Neste âmbito foram determinadas as características melissopalinológicas e os parâmetros físico-químicos dos méis (humidade, cor, condutividade elétrica, 5-hidroximetilfurfural, pH, acidez, prolina e diástase), bem como efetuada a avaliação do perfil de açúcares, minerais e compostos fenólicos. A presença de resíduos de antibióticos como sulfonamidas e tetraciclinas foi também verificada. Paralelamente foi estudada a composição nutricional dos méis e a sua bioatividade através da atividade antioxidante (DPPH e poder redutor), anti-inflamatória e citotoxicidade. Os resultados melissopalinológicos identificaram dez tipos de pólen, sendo o pólen de Cytisus striatus o mais frequente, estando presente em todas as amostras com percentagens entre 26,0% e 83,8%. As amostras EC1, MF1 e MF2 (região de Sidi Belabes) foram classificados como méis monoflorais de Cytisus striatus. Já as amostras J1, J2 e J3, não tenham sido consideradas monoflorais de Jujube, apresentaram uma alta percentagem de pólen de Ziziphus. As restantes amostras (EC2, EF1, EF2 e EF3) foram classificadas como méis multiflorais. Em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na cor das amostras que variaram entre âmbar, âmbar claro e âmbar extra claro. Os resultados do teor de humidade encontrados ficaram entre 13,6% (EF1) e 18,3% (EC1), enquanto os valores do pH variaram entre 4,2 e 5,1. Os valores da condutividade elétrica variaram entre 270 e 410 μS.cm-1, enquanto o conteúdo de 5-hidroximetilfurfural apresentou valores entre 0 e 36,5 mg.kg-1 e a diástase variou entre 8,8 DN e 13,3 DN. Quanto ao conteúdo de prolina, as amostras apresentaram níveis de prolina entre 2,2–4,7 mg/kg, indicando boa maturidade dos méis e ausência de adulteração. Todos os méis presentaram valores dentro do requerido pela legislação europeia, com exceção do índice de diástase. O perfil de açúcares, analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão com deteção de índice de refração (HPLC-RI), confirmou um maior teor de frutose do que glucose, sendo o total superior a 88,7%, permitindo a classificação de todas as amostras como méis de néctar. O potássio foi o mineral encontrado em maior quantidade (72,93% dos minerais totais quantificados), tendo um teor médio de 730,59mg/kg, seguido do sódio, cálcio e magnésio com17,05%, 4,43% e 4,22% respetivamente), enquanto o cádmio e o chumbo apresentaram a concentração mais baixa, 0,003% e 0,04%, respetivamente. O conteúdo fenólico total das amostras variou entre 0,7 mg GAE/g, para as amostras EF e J e 1,4 mg GAE/g, para as amostras CE, apresentando uma média de 0,9 mg GAE/g. O teor de flavonóides totais variou entre 0,03 e 0,09 mg QE/g, sendo as amostras J as que apresentaram um valor mais elevado. Os valores obtidos para o DPPH variaram entre 0,02 e 0,04 mg/mL, sem diferenças significativas entre as amostras. A análise do perfil dos compostos fenólicos foi realizada por UPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn, onde foram identificados dezanove compostos fenólicos, incluindo seis ácidos fenólicos, nove flavonóides, dois isoprenóides (isómeros do ácido abscísico), um diterpenóide fenólico (carnosol) e uma espermidina (N1, N5, N10-tri-p-coumaroyespermidina). A amostra EC1 apresentou a maior quantidade de compostos fenólicos com 202 mg/100g, enquanto a amostra EF3 apresentou a menor quantidade com 59,85 mg/100 g. Quanto à avaliação anti-tumoral, todos os extratos estudados apresentaram atividade, sendo o MF1 o que apresentou maior citotoxicidade, seguido do EF1. Além disso, os extratos apresentaram capacidade anti-inflamatória, com valores de IC50 entre 8 e 400 μg/mL. Em relação aos resíduos de antibióticos verificou-se a presença de três das amostras (MF1, EF1, EF3) com resultados positivos para resíduos de sulfonamidas.