Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Medium Casamance“

ABSTRACTYoung women who live in the improvised urban spaces on the outskirts of Senegal's capital city, Dakar, extemporize their respectability in a time of fiscal uncertainty through personal photography. The neighbourhood of Khar Yalla is an improvised, interconnected and multilayered space settled by families removed from the city centre during clean-up campaigns from the 1960s to the 1970s, by families escaping conflict in Casamance and Guinea-Bissau, and by recent rural migrants. As much as Khar Yalla is an improvised neighbourhood, it is also a space of improvisation. When women pose for, display, and pass around portraits of themselves at key moments in their social life, whether in the medium of social networking sites or photo albums, they reveal as much as they conceal the elements of individual and social life. They index their social networks and constitute their urban space not as peripheral, but as central to the lives and imaginations of their siblings and spouses who live abroad. Photographs actively shape and construct urban spaces, which are often loud, unruly and fraught spaces with vast inequalities and incommensurabilities. How women deal with economic and social disparity, within their own families, communities, and globally, is the subject of this article.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an economically important export crop for Senegal, producing about 100,000 tons of fruit annually. In April 2009, severe outbreaks of a new disorder occurred in mango orchards in the southeastern part of Casamance. Diseased plants showed abnormal growth of vegetative shoots with short thickened internodes and malformed inflorescence with short leaves interspersed among thickened sterile flowers that aborted early. These symptoms resembled those caused by mango malformation disease (4). To identify the causal agent, floral and vegetative samples from symptomatic mango plants were collected from Kolda district (12°53' N, 14°56' W). Malformed tissues were cut into 4-mm2 pieces, surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 2 min, dried, and plated on the Fusarium isolation medium Peptone PCNB Agar (PPA) (2). Fungal growth with Fusarium morphology were transferred on PPA and further purified on water agar as single spore isolates. Cultures were identified on the basis of spore characters on carnation leaf agar and colony morphology on PDA (2). Two isolates (I4 and I17) were similar to F. mangiferae/F. sterilihyphosum/F. tupiense complex (3). Macroconidia were slender, slightly falcate, three- to five-septate, 18.5 to 27.7 × 1.1 to 2.3 μm with slightly curved apical cell produced on cream to orange sporodochia. Microconidia were single-celled, oval, 3.7 to 13.6 × 0.75 to 1.1 μm produced on mono- and polyphialides in false heads. Chlamydospores were absent. To confirm the identity, genomic DNA was isolated from pure cultures of I4 and I17, used for amplification of portion of translation elongation factor (TEF-1α). Amplified products (241 bp) were purified and sequenced in both directions (GenBank Accession Nos. JX272929 and JX272930). A BLASTn search revealed 100% sequence identity with F. tupiense (DQ452860), 99% identity with F. mangiferae (HM135531) and F. sterilihyphosum (DQ452858) from Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the Clustalw alignment of TEF-1α sequences clustered I4 and I17 isolates with F. tupiense (3). To confirm Koch's postulates, 2-year-old healthy mango seedlings var. Keitt and Kent (12 plants each) were inoculated by placing 20 μl conidial suspension (5 × 107 conidia ml–1) on micro-wounds created in apical and lateral buds. Inoculated buds were covered with filter paper soaked in the same spore suspension (1). Seedlings inoculated similarly with sterile distilled water served as control. Seven months after the inoculation, typical malformation symptoms were observed on vegetative parts on all inoculated plants, but not on control plants. F. tupiense was reisolated from symptomatic shoots of inoculated plants. Based on the morphological characteristics, sequence analysis, and pathogenicity test, the pathogen of mango malformation in Senegal was identified as F. tupiense (3). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed record in Senegal of mango malformation caused by F. tupiense. This disease is a serious threat to mango production and trade of Senegal. Urgent actions are necessary to stop this emerging epidemic that can spread to other countries in West Africa. References: (1) S. Freeman et al. Phytopathol. 6:456, 1999. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (4) C. S. Lima et al. Mycologia. 104: in press (doi: 10.3852/12-052). (2) W. F. O. Marasas et al. Phytopathol. 96:667, 2006.

Abstract Breeders face the challenging task of tailoring crop varieties to complex consumer preferences shaped through culture and history. The Casamance rice sector in Senegal is an interesting case; while the region is endowed with a 3,000-year-old cultural heritage of African rice domestication, it has also been exposed to century-long colonial import substitution policies, leading to massive influx of cheap, broken Asian rice. Markets have responded to the amalgam of consumer preferences that have emerged as a result of cultural and colonial heritage by offering three standard grades of rice: 100 per cent broken, semi-broken (35–60 per cent broken), and unbroken. To disentangle the trade-off between indigenous and ‘imported’ traits and inform breeding priorities, we conducted framed field experiments with urban women in the Casamance. We assessed consumers’ revealed price premiums for replacing imported, broken Asian rice with three locally produced New Rice for Africa (NERICA) hybrids between African and Asian rice: (i) broken, fragrant NERICA 1; (ii) broken NERICA 4; and (iii) unbroken NERICA 6 featuring medium/bold grain shape. Consumers with genealogical lineages tracing back to the original domesticators of African rice put significantly higher value on locally produced NERICAs relative to immigrants from the north and northeast, who put premiums on ‘imported’ traits such as rice fragrance. Driven by preferences for both broken and unbroken rice, NERICA 6 outcompeted all other varieties as it mimics the grain shape of semi-broken rice while being unbroken. The latter exemplifies how breeders can strike an optimal compromise in the trade-off between cultural and colonial heritage-induced preferences.

Abstract The prioritisation of catchments, particularly in the context of catchment plans and management programmes, is part of water resources development. In fact, morphometric analysis assisted by geospatial technology is carried out by prioritising sub-catchments according to their natural resource availability characteristics. Information on the geomorphology and erosion factors of the study area is used in the area in the preparation of local models of ungauged sub-catchments, which otherwise lack an adequate hydrological database. The objective of this paper is to use geographic information systems (GISs) in morphometric analysis to prioritise sub-catchments of the Soungrougrou (a tributary of the Casamance River). In this respect, the integrated methodology involving morphometric aspects from geospatial technology is used. To carry out the geospatial research, basic mathematical equations used in a GIS environment were used to measure a series of aspects of hydrology such as flow length, flow length ratio, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, drainage texture, flow frequency, elongation rate, circularity ratio, form factor, relief and relief ratio. The results divided the whole catchment into three priority areas, namely high, medium and low. The results are relevant for establishing soil and water conservation plans in the Soungrougrou basin, as well as adequate groundwater production and management. The high category (sub-basins 6, 8, 14, 17 and 18) is subject to maximum soil erosion, which requires immediate intervention to avoid possible natural hazards.

AbstractThe main objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of climate change first on precipitation and temperature, and then on the runoff characteristics of two tropical watersheds located in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. To achieve this, eighteen General Circulation Models (GCMs) were selected to measure various climate change scenarios under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, using the reference period of 1985–2014. The GR2M hydrological model was employed to replicate past monthly surface runoff patterns for the Casamance and Kayanga-Géva watersheds. After calibrating and validating the GR2M model, the researchers simulated the predictable effect of climate change on the flow for the near future (2021–2040), medium future (2041–2060), and distant future (2081–2100) for each watershed, using the GCM multi-model ensemble mean. The quantile method was used to correct bias in temperature and precipitation data. The results of bias correction give a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9% for temperatures and 0,6% precipitation between the outputs of the multi-model ensemble and observations used. The results indicate also that all watersheds are expected to experience drier conditions in the near-future, mid-future, and far-future periods under both the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Furthermore, the predictable temperature trends consistently show a warmer situation with growing radiative making in the future times. However, the primary factor influencing changes in flow for all watersheds is the projected precipitation changes. The anticipated drier conditions in the near-future, mid-future, and far-future horizons under both scenarios would lead to significantly reduced runoff volumes at the beginning and middle of the rainy season. Consequently, the projected seasonal changes in river flow for all catchments (e.g., under SSP5-8.5 scenario, a decline of -34.47%, -56.01%, and -68.01% was noted, respectively, for the horizons 2050, 2070, and 2090 for the Casamance basin) could lead to new frequent occurrences of drought and water scarcity associated with past hydrological regimes. These scenarios enhance the necessity of improving water management, water prizing, and water recycling policies, to ensure water supply and to reduce tensions among regions and countries.

Le Sénégal est connu comme un pays d'immigration et d'émigration. Ses émigrés sont présents dans les différents continents. Depuis son indépendance, de multiples découpages territoriaux se sont opérés. Si le but est de réduire les inégalités de développement entre les régions, on observe encore sur le terrain des disparités. La décentralisation et la migration n'ont pas encore résolu la problématique de l'aménagement du territoire et de la dynamique entre les espaces.Malgré l'insuffisance de données statistiques officielles à l'échelle de la Moyenne Casamance, trois approches ont permis d'arriver à des résultats. Il s'agit de la documentation, des entretiens qualitatifs et quantitatifs (questionnaire adressé aux ménages, des guides d'entretien adressés à l'ensemble des acteurs) et de relevés de points de GPS pour la cartographie couplée à des photographies et des observations de terrain.En Moyenne Casamance, cette recherche analyse comment migration internationale et décentralisation peuvent constituer un modèle de développement local. Les acteurs agricoles, les migrants, les ONG, les élus locaux et les associations font de la région un espace dynamique malgré l'insuffisance des infrastructures et le conflit casamançais. Nos résultats de terrain montrent que les migrants sont parmi les acteurs qui jouent un rôle important dans la reconstruction et dans la recomposition du territoire. Leurs envois de fonds permettent de soulager les familles et sont utilisés presque dans tous les secteurs. Les migrants de retour sont des acteurs qui participent à la recomposition et au développement local de leur pays d'origine de leur investissement. Ils mettent au service de leur communauté leur expérience migratoire et sont créateurs d'emploi. Son espace frontalier présente des avantages qui passent par l'échange de flux de personnes, de biens, de marchandises, de transports et culturels. Ces derniers doivent être mis au profil pour résoudre le déséquilibre territorial entre les régions et le problème du conflit avec les pays frontaliers, en l'occurrence la Gambie et la Guinée-Bissau. Le département de Sédhiou a longtemps été rattaché à celui de Kolda. C'est en 2008 qu'il est érigé en région et depuis 2013, une réorganisation territoriale s'est opérée. La région de Sédhiou, vu sa position géographique et son caractère rural, connaît des difficultés sous diverses formes (administratives, accès aux infrastructures sociales et à l'emploi, etc.). Pour une cohésion territoriale, les acteurs doivent travailler de manière étroite pour arriver à un aménagement équilibré et équitable. Les activités agricoles sont essentiellement pratiquées durant la saison des pluies. En saison sèche, l'activité agricole est moins pratiquée à cause d'une insuffisance d'infrastructures. L'anacarde et la banane sont les secteurs agricoles qui réunissent le plus d'acteurs en GIE et en exploitation familiale. Le département de Goudomp regorge plus de potentialités en termes d'activités agricoles, suivi de celui de Sédhiou et de Bounkiling
Senegal is known as a country of immigration and emigration. Its emigrants are present in different continents. Since Senegal's independence, multiple territorial divisions have taken place. If the aim is to reduce development inequalities between regions, disparities still exist on the ground. Decentralization and migration have not yet solved the problem of spatial planning and the dynamics between spaces.Despite the lack of official statistical data at the Casamance Mean level, three approaches have led to results. These include documentation, qualitative and quantitative interviews (questionnaire addressed to households, interview guides addressed to all actors) and GPS point surveys for mapping coupled with photographs and field observations.In Average Casamance, this research analyzes how international migration and decentralization can constitute a model of local development. Agricultural actors, migrants, NGOs, local elected officials and associations make the region a dynamic space despite the lack of infrastructure and the Casamance conflict. Our field results show that migrants are among the actors who play an important role in the reconstruction and restructuring of the territory. Their remittances provide relief to families and are used in almost all sectors. Return migrants are actors who participate in the restructuring and local development of their country of origin of their investment. They put their migratory experience at the service of their community and are job creators. Its border area has advantages through the exchange of flows of people, goods, goods, transport and culture. These need to be profiled in order to resolve the territorial imbalance between the regions and the conflict with the border countries, in this case Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. The department of Sedhiou has long been attached to that of Kolda. It was established in 2008 as a region and since 2013, a territorial reorganization has taken place. The Sédhiou region, given its geographical position and rural character, is experiencing difficulties in various forms (administrative, access to social infrastructure and employment, etc.). For territorial cohesion, actors must work closely to achieve balanced and equitable development. Agricultural activities are mainly practiced during the rainy season. In the dry season, agricultural activity is less practiced because of a lack of infrastructure. Cashew and banana are the agricultural sectors that bring together the most actors in EIG and family farming. The department of Goudomp has more potential in terms of agricultural activities, followed by that of Sédhiou and Bounkiling