Bücher: „Measles outbreak“

1

Nepal, WHO, Hrsg. Measles outbreak in Kapilavastu, Nepal: An outbreak investigation 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Health Research Council, 2016.

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2

Yuan, Lilian. Risk factors for vaccine failure in a measles outbreak. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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3

National Health and Medical Research Council, Hrsg. Measles: Guidelines for the control of outbreaks in Australia. Canberra: NHMRC, 1996.

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4

Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (U.S.), Hrsg. Guidelines for foodborne disease outbreak response. [Washington, D.C.?]: Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response, 2009.

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5

Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (U.S.), Hrsg. Guidelines for foodborne disease outbreak response. [Washington, D.C.?]: Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response, 2009.

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6

Organization, World Health, Hrsg. Safety measures for use in outbreaks of communicable disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986.

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7

Chinyundu, Hastings. Research report on factors contributing to high prevalence of measles outbreaks in Itezhi-Tezhi District. [Itezhi-Tezhi, Zambia?]: Itezhi-Tezhi District Health Board, 1999.

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8

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Department of Medical Humanities. Active measures in the war against epidemics in colonial Guatemala, 1519-1821. Springfield, Ill: Department of Med. Humanities, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, 1992.

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9

Benedict, Jeff. Poisoned: The true story of the deadly E. coli outbreak that changed the way Americans eat. Buena Vista, VA: Inspire Books, 2011.

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10

Epizootics, International Office of, Hrsg. Sydney Olympic Games and Paralympics: Australia's biosecurity measures. Paris: Office International des Epizooties, 2003.

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11

Selendy, Janine M. Water and sanitation related diseases and the environment: Challenges, interventions, and preventive measures. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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12

The salmonella outbreak: The continued failure to protect the food supply : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, February 11, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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13

The salmonella outbreak: The role of industry in protecting the nation's food supply : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, March 19, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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14

Food safety: Current challenges and new ideas to safeguard consumers : hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, on examining current challenges and new ideas to safeguard consumers relating to food safety, focusing on foodborne illness in general and the response to the recent outbreak of E. coli infections associated with fresh spinach, November 15, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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15

Dept, World Health Organization Food Safety. Terrorist threats to food: Guidance for establishing and strengthening prevention and response systems. Geneva, Switzerland: Food Safety Dept., World Health Organization, 2002.

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16

1941-, Goldfrank Lewis R., Liverman Catharyn T, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Board on Health Sciences Policy und National Academies Press (U.S.), Hrsg. Preparing for an influenza pandemic: Personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.

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17

T, Price-Smith Andrew, Hrsg. Contagion and chaos: Disease, ecology, and national security in the era of globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.

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18

C, Chen Lincoln, Leaning Jennifer, Narasimhan Vasant, Harvard University. Global Equity Initiative und Harvard University Asia Center, Hrsg. Global health challenges for human security. Cambridge, Mass: Global Equity Initiative, 2003.

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19

Rodriguez, Sam. Measles Outbreak in Zimbabwe. Independently Published, 2022.

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20

Baxter, David, Gill Marsh und Sam Ghebrehewet. Measles. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0010.

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This chapter describes a case of measles in a school child who contracted measles following travel to a high-risk area. The case resulted in a measles outbreak in the school and further cases in the community. Background information on the epidemiology and clinical features of measles and the public health response to a single case, an outbreak of measles in a school, and measles exposure in a healthcare setting are discussed. Case definitions risk assessment, identification of close contacts including priority groups and the required public health actions including post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG) and/or MMR vaccine, are described in detail. ‘Top tips’ are given to provide practical tips for the reader to think through the public health management of the case study, and ‘tools of the trade’ list the laboratory and epidemiological components of the investigation. Finally, the chapter encourages exploration of other potential scenarios, including the possibility of measles transmission in a nursery.

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21

Harvey, David, und Andrea Ledgerton. Hospital multi-resistant infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0007.

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This chapter outlines common pathogens responsible for neonatal infections. It describes the processes that should be undertaken when dealing with a hospital outbreak caused by a multi-drug-resistant organism, including understanding the clinical picture, epidemiology, and laboratory results to control the outbreak. The tools and control measures required to manage a hospital outbreak caused by a multi-drug resistant organism are described. Some of the challenges in managing a hospital outbreak caused by a multi-drug resistant organism are outlined and briefly discussed. Outbreaks in neonatal units can be amongst the most challenging to control. As such, the principles outlined in this chapter can be applied to other organisms and settings within the hospital.

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22

Outbreaks and Epidemics: Battling Infection from Measles to Coronavirus. Icon Books, Limited, 2020.

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23

Guidelines for foodborne disease outbreak response. [Washington, D.C.?]: Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response, 2009.

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24

Francis, Amy. Foodborne Outbreaks. Greenhaven Publishing LLC, 2016.

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25

Foodborne Outbreaks. Greenhaven Publishing LLC, 2016.

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26

Foodborne Outbreaks. Greenhaven Press, 2016.

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27

Wilson, A. P. R. Microbiological surveillance in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0281.

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Patients in the ICU are at high risk of acquiring multiresistant pathogens. Surveillance quickly identifies outbreaks and promotes antimicrobial stewardship. Catheter-related bacteraemia is often used as a performance measure and intervention using a package of preventative measures can be very successful. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in contrast can be difficult to define accurately. Water sources should be monitored. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may become established in taps and cause invasive infections especially in neonates. Screening of nasal swabs for MRSA followed by topical suppression has been effective in reducing spread during ICU admission. With rising prevalence of multiresistant Gram-negative species, screening of faeces or rectal swabs may become necessary. Acinetobacter is very disruptive if it causes an outbreak and it can be difficult to control. Screening is one method of limiting its’ spread. National surveillance networks are increasing and may be mandatory as they appear to be successful in controlling nosocomial infection.

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28

Mody, Rajal K., Angela Ahlquist Cleveland, Shawn R. Lockhart und Mary E. Brandt. Epidemiology of fungal disease. Herausgegeben von Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum und Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0007.

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Surveillance and outbreak investigations are important epidemiological tools for assessing the frequency, distribution, and determinants of infections. The primary goal of these activities is to identify measures to reduce the burden of disease. This chapter describes examples of surveillance and approaches to outbreak investigations that have formed the basis of fungal infection control measures. However, considerable knowledge gaps exist, new threats are emerging (including antifungal resistance), and healthcare advances are making more people susceptible to severe fungal infections. Expanded surveillance efforts, timely outbreak detection, and effective outbreak investigations are needed to further reduce the burden of fungal infections. This will require confronting challenges that have held back fungal disease epidemiology, including limited clinical suspicion of fungal infections by clinical providers, difficulties in diagnosing fungal infections due to suboptimal diagnostic methods, limited availability of antifungal susceptibility testing and molecular subtyping, and a lack of mandated fungal disease surveillance in most countries.

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29

Manning, Louise, Jan Mei Soon und Carol A. Wallace. Foodborne Diseases: Case Studies of Outbreaks in the Agri-Food Industries. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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30

Manning, Louise, Jan Mei Soon und Carol A. Wallace. Foodborne Diseases: Case Studies of Outbreaks in the Agri-Food Industries. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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31

Manning, Louise, Jan Mei Soon und Carol A. Wallace. Foodborne Diseases: Case Studies of Outbreaks in the Agri-Food Industries. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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32

KESTER, Samuel. 1918 Influenza Virus Outbreak: The Spanish Lethal Infection, Its Precautionary Measures, and the Traditional Method Used in History. Independently Published, 2020.

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33

Burris, Scott, Micah L. Berman, Matthew Penn, and und Tara Ramanathan Holiday. Identifying Public Health Problems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

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34

Marsden, Helen. Coronavirus Survival Manual: The Imminent Pandemic Outbreak and Preventative Measures, Controlling NCOV-2019, CoVID-19 -Preparing for the Worst Before Crisis Strikes!!!! Independently Published, 2020.

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35

Risse, Guenter B. Domains of Contagion and Confinement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039843.003.0002.

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This chapter maps out the sites of contagion and confinement in nineteenth-century California. Each epidemic outbreak offers a unique blend of environmental circumstances, biological agencies, and cultural contexts that shape not only public opinion but also medical beliefs and measures. To counteract the nefarious effects of contagion, past societies developed several responses, all of which were geared toward detaining people already displaying signs of sickness and temporarily holding those suspected of potential exposure to the identified scourge. Thus the chapter considers how the public coped with contagion and the “miasma” of disease primarily by isolating the disease via scapegoating, quarantining—among others.

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36

Davis, Mark, und Davina Lohm. Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683764.001.0001.

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Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative explores how members of the general public experienced the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It examines the stories related to us by individuals about what happened to them in 2009, their reflections on news and expert advice given to them, and how they considered vaccination, social isolation, and other infection control measures. The book charts also the storytelling of public life, including the “be alert, not alarmed” messages from the beginning of the outbreak through to the “boy who cried wolf” problem that emerged later in the outbreak when the virus turned out to be less serious than first thought for most people. Key themes of the book are the significance of personal immunity for people as they reflected on how to respond to the threat of an influenza virus and the ways in which universal public health advice was interpreted quite differently by people according to their medical and biographical situation. The book provides unprecedented insight into the lives of ordinary people during 2009, some affected profoundly and others hardly affected at all. By drawing on currents in sociocultural scholarship of narrative, illness narrative, and narrative medicine, it develops a novel “narrative public health” approach that bridges health communications and narrative. The book provides therefore important new insights for health communicators and researchers across the social and health sciences.

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37

Lawson, A. J. Campylobacteriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0016.

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Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are frequent cause of bacterial enteritis in industrialised countries and is a major cause of childhood illness in the developing world. Although deaths due to campylobacteriosis are rare, the morbidity and public health and economic burden is high because of its very high incidence. Campylobacters normally inhabit the intestinal tract of wild birds and domestic animals. Poultry is a major source of campylobacter infection and a large proportion of retail chicken meat is contaminated. Other meats are contaminated to a lesser degree. Human infection is mostly sporadic and outbreaks are uncommon. Infections arise from the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat or from other foods contaminated during production or preparation. Contaminated water and raw milk can also act as vehicles of campylobacter infection and have given rise to significant outbreaks. The most effective means of controlling human campylobacteriosis would be the implementation of measures to reduce the contamination of food producing animals during slaughter and processing. Public health education regarding the principles of hygiene and safe food handling are also important.

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38

Transforming Public Health Surveillance: Proactive Measures for Prevention, Detection, and Response. Elsevier, 2016.

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39

Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup und S. B. Thacker. Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.001.0001.

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The last four decades of human history have seen the emergence of an unprecedented number of 'new' infectious diseases: the familiar roll call includes AIDS, Ebola, H5N1 influenza, hantavirus, hepatitis E, Lassa fever, legionnaires' and Lyme diseases, Marburg fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS, and West Nile. The outbreaks range in scale from global pandemics that have brought death and misery to millions, through to self-limiting outbreaks of mainly local impact. Some outbreaks have erupted explosively but have already faded away; some grumble along or continue to devastate as now persistent features in the medical lexicon; in others, a huge potential threat hangs uncertainly and worryingly in the air. Some outbreaks are merely local, others are worldwide. This book looks at the epidemiological and geographical conditions which underpin disease emergence. What are the processes which lead to emergence? Why now in human history? Where do such diseases emerge and how do they spread or fail to spread around the globe? What is the armoury of surveillance and control measures that may curb the impact of such diseases? But, uniquely, it sets these questions on the modern period of disease emergence in an historical context. First, it uses the historical record to set recent events against a much broader temporal canvas, finding emergence to be a constant theme in disease history rather than one confined to recent decades. It concludes that it is the quantitative pace of emergence, rather than its intrinsic nature, that separates the present period from earlier centuries. Second, it looks at the spatial and ecological setting of emergence, using hundreds of specially-drawn maps to chart the source areas of new diseases and the pathways of their spread. The book is divided into three main sections: Part 1 looks at early disease emergence, Part 2 at the processes of disease emergence, and Part 3 at the future for emergent diseases.

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40

Sokas, Rosemary K., Barry S. Levy, David H. Wegman und Sherry L. Baron. Recognizing and Preventing Occupational and Environmental Disease and Injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0004.

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This chapter describes various approaches to recognizing and preventing occupational and environmental disease and injury from primarily a clinical perspective. It describes in detail the occupational and environmental health history, including what questions to ask and when to ask them. It also describes recognizing occupational or environmental disease clusters or outbreaks. The chapter describes in detail the options that health and safety professionals have for implementing and facilitating preventive measures, including substitution of hazardous substances, installation of engineering controls, changes in job design and work practices and organization, education and training, use of personal protective equipment, and screening surveillance. Prevention options are discussed both at the individual and organizational levels.

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41

Morgan, Dilys, Ruth Lysons und Hilary Kirkbride. Veterinary and human health surveillance and risk analysis of zoonoses in the UK and Europe. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0003.

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Surveillance (derived from the French word surveiller, meaning to watch over) is the ‘ongoing scrutiny, generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than for complete accuracy. Its main purpose is to detect changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate investigative, (preventive) or control or measures’ (Last 1988).Understanding the burden and detecting changes in the incidence of human and animal infections utilises a number of surveillance mechanisms, which rely on voluntary and/or statutory reporting systems. These include international as well as national surveillance schemes for outbreaks of infectious disease and laboratory-confirmed infections, enhanced surveillance schemes for specificzoonoses and notification of specified infectious diseases.

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42

Norpoth, Helmut. First in Popularity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882747.003.0004.

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Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to have his popularity checked in polls, though without much scrutiny by the academic study of public opinion. His overall rating, it turns out, has not been surpassed by any of his successors who served at least a full term. The key to his popularity was foreign policy, not the economy. Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, FDR abandoned the isolationist tradition and instead embarked on an interventionist course along with measures to prepare the nation for war. Those policies garnered broad support in the American public; his fireside chats, to be sure, helped gain some of it. Months before Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor, his approval in the polls topped 70 percent. Unlike his successors, he did not see his approval decline, let alone collapse, as the war claimed an ever higher toll of American casualties. He was able to count on the American public, polls show, to be firmly behind the war and confident of victory.

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43

Farber, Daniel A. Climate Change and Disaster Law. Herausgegeben von Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky und Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0026.

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This chapter looks into a specific dimension of adaptation to climate change—disaster risks. It reviews the prospects for increases in disaster risk due to climate change and considers arguments that governments have a duty under international law to respond to these increased risks. Climate change greatly accentuates disasters, putting even more stress on disaster response systems. The list of potential disasters is long, and includes heat waves, droughts, crop failures, wildfires, and outbreaks of illness. Besides the direct threats to human life and property, impacts on food supplies could be severe due to pests, water scarcity, diseases, and weather extremes. The chapter also addresses all phases of the disaster cycle: mitigation, emergency response, compensation, and rebuilding, with rebuilding completing the circle by including (or failing to include) mitigation measures to deal with the risk of another disaster event, and discusses how climate change intensifies problems at each stage.

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44

Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.

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This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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45

Hondius, Ewoud, Marta Santos Silva, Andrea Nicolussi, Pablo Salvador Coderch, Christiane Wendehorst und Fryderyk Zoll, Hrsg. Coronavirus and the Law in Europe. Intersentia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781839701801.

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On 30 January 2020, in response to the globalisation of COVID-19, the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The deadly outbreak has caused unprecedented disruption to travel and trade and is raising pressing legal questions across all disciplines, which this book attempts to address. The aims of this book are twofold. First, it is intended to serve as a 'toolbox' for domestic and European judges, who are now dealing with the interpretation of COVID-19-related legislation and administrative measures, as well as the disruption the pandemic has caused to society and fundamental rights. Second, it aims to assist businesses and citizens who wish to be informed about the implications of the virus in the existence, performance and enforcement of their contracts. Coronavirus and the Law in Europe is probably the largest academic publication on the impact of pandemics on the law. This academic endeavour is a joint, collaborative effort to structure the recent and ongoing legal developments into a coherent and pan-European overview on coronavirus and the law. It covers practically all European countries and legal disciplines and comprises contributions from more than 80 highly reputed European academics and practitioners.

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46

Karmali, Mohamed A., und Jan M. Sargeant. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0008.

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Verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), also known as Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), are zoonotic agents, which cause a potentially fatal illness whose clinical spectrum includes diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). VTEC are of serious public health concern because of their association with large outbreaks and with HUS, which is the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. Although over 200 different OH serotypes of VTEC have been associated with human illness, the vast majority of reported outbreaks and sporadic cases of VTEC-infection in humans have been associated with serotype O157:H7.VTs constitute a family of related protein subunit exotoxins, the major ones implicated in human disease being VT1, VT2, and VT2c. Following their translocation into the circulation, VTs bind to endothelial cells of the renal glomeruli, and of other organs and tissues via a specific receptor globotriosylceramide (Gb 3), are internalized by a process of receptor-mediated endocytosis, and cause subcellular damage that results in the characteristic microangiopathic disease observed in HUS.The incubation period of VTEC-associated illness is about 3–5 days. After ingestion VTEC (especially of serotype O157:H7) multiply in the bowel and colonize the mucosa of probably the large bowel with a characteristic attaching and effacing (AE) cytopathology. Colonization is followed by the translocation of VTs into the circulation and the subsequent manifestation of disease.The majority of patients with uncomplicated VTEC infection recover fully with general supportive measures. Historically, the case-fatality rate was high for HUS. However, improvement in the treatment of renal failure and the attendant biochemical disturbances has substantially improved the outlook, although long-term sequelae may develop.Ruminants, especially cattle, are the main reservoirs of VTEC. Infection is acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food, especially under-cooked hamburger, through direct contact with animals, via contaminated water or environments, or via personto-person transmission.The occurrence of large outbreaks of food-borne VTEC-associated illness has promoted close scrutiny of this zoonoses at all levels in the chain of transmission, including the farm, abattoir, food processing, packaging and distribution plants, the wholesaler, the retailer and the consumer. While eradication of VTEC O157 at the farm may not be an option, interventions to increase animal resistance or to decrease animal exposure are being developed and validated. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Programmes are being implemented in the processing sector and appear to be associated with temporal decreases in VTEC serotype O157 illness in humans. Education programmes targeting food handling procedures and hygiene practices are being advocated at the retail and consumer level. Continued efforts at all stages from the farm to the consumer will be necessary to reduce the risk of VTEC-associated illness in humans.

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47

Bågenholm, Andreas, Monika Bauhr, Marcia Grimes und Bo Rothstein, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Government. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198858218.001.0001.

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Recent research demonstrates that the quality of public institutions is crucial for a number of important environmental, social, economic, and political outcomes, and thereby human well-being broadly conceived. The Quality of Government (QoG) approach directs attention to issues such as impartiality in the exercise of public power, professionalism in public service delivery, effective measures against corruption, and meritocracy instead of patronage and nepotism. The 38 chapters in this handbook offer a comprehensive, state of the art overview of this rapidly expanding research field and also identify viable avenues for future research. The initial chapters focus on theoretical approaches and debates, and the central question of how QoG can be measured. The remaining chapters examine the wealth of empirical research on how QoG relates to democratic accountability, ethnic diversity, human well-being, economic growth, political legitimacy, environmental sustainability, gender equality, social cohesion, and the outbreak of civil conflicts. A third set of chapters turns to the perennial issue of what contextual factors and policy approaches have proven successful (and not so successful) for increasing QoG. The QoG approach both challenges and complements important strands of inquiry in the social sciences. For research about democratization, QoG adds the importance of taking state capacity into account. For economics, the QoG approach shows that in order to produce economic prosperity, markets need to be embedded in institutions with a certain set of qualities. For development studies, QoG emphasizes that issues concerned with corruption are integral to understanding development writ large.

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Ramírez, Paul. Enlightened Immunity. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604339.001.0001.

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A history of epidemics and disease prevention in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Mexico, Enlightened Immunity focuses on the multiethnic and multimedia production of medical knowledge in a time when the governance of healthy populations was central to the pursuits of absolutist monarchies. The book reconstructs the cultural, ritual, and political background of Mexico’s early experiments with childhood vaccines, tracing how the public health response to epidemic disease was thoroughly enmeshed with religion and the church, the spread of Enlightenment ideas about medicine and the body, and the customs and healing practices of indigenous villages. It was not only educated urban elites—doctors and men of science—whose response to outbreaks of disease mattered. Rather, the cast of protagonists crossed ethnic, gender, and class lines: local officials who decided if and how to execute plans that came from Mexico City, rural priests who influenced local practices, peasants and artisans who reckoned with the consequences of quarantine, and Indian tributaries who decided if they would hand their children to vaccinators. By following the public response to anticontagion measures and smallpox vaccine in colonial Mexico, Enlightened Immunity sheds light on fundamental questions about trust, uncertainty, and the role of religion in a period of medical discovery, innovation, and modernization.

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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Asia and the Pacific Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.70.

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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy in Asia and the Pacific at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key fact and findings include: • Prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across Asia and the Pacific faced a range of democratic challenges. Chief among these were continuing political fragility, violent conflict, recurrent military interference in the political sphere, enduring hybridity, deepening autocratization, creeping ethnonationalism, advancing populist leadership, democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space, the spread of disinformation, and weakened checks and balances. The crisis conditions engendered by the pandemic risk further entrenching and/or intensifying the negative democratic trends observable in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • Across the region, governments have been using the conditions created by the pandemic to expand executive power and restrict individual rights. Aspects of democratic practice that have been significantly impacted by anti-pandemic measures include the exercise of fundamental rights (notably freedom of assembly and free speech). Some countries have also seen deepened religious polarization and discrimination. Women, vulnerable groups, and ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic and discriminated against in the enforcement of lockdowns. There have been disruptions of electoral processes, increased state surveillance in some countries, and increased influence of the military. This is particularly concerning in new, fragile or backsliding democracies, which risk further eroding their already fragile democratic bases. • As in other regions, however, the pandemic has also led to a range of innovations and changes in the way democratic actors, such as parliaments, political parties, electoral commissions, civil society organizations and courts, conduct their work. In a number of countries, for example, government ministries, electoral commissions, legislators, health officials and civil society have developed innovative new online tools for keeping the public informed about national efforts to combat the pandemic. And some legislatures are figuring out new ways to hold government to account in the absence of real-time parliamentary meetings. • The consideration of political regime type in debates around ways of containing the pandemic also assumes particular relevance in Asia and the Pacific, a region that houses high-performing democracies, such as New Zealand and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a mid-range performer (Taiwan), and also non-democratic regimes, such as China, Singapore and Viet Nam—all of which have, as of December 2020, among the lowest per capita deaths from COVID-19 in the world. While these countries have all so far managed to contain the virus with fewer fatalities than in the rest of the world, the authoritarian regimes have done so at a high human rights cost, whereas the democracies have done so while adhering to democratic principles, proving that the pandemic can effectively be fought through democratic means and does not necessarily require a trade off between public health and democracy. • The massive disruption induced by the pandemic can be an unparalleled opportunity for democratic learning, change and renovation in the region. Strengthening democratic institutions and processes across the region needs to go hand in hand with curbing the pandemic. Rebuilding societies and economic structures in its aftermath will likewise require strong, sustainable and healthy democracies, capable of tackling the gargantuan challenges ahead. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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Threlfall, E. J., J. Wain und C. Lane. Salmonellosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0030.

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Salmonellosis remains the second most common form of bacterial food-poisoning in the UK and in most of the developed economies. Although the number of isolations per annum has declined since 2000, over 10,000 laboratory-confirmed cases are recognised each year in England and Wales, and over 150,000 in Europe. Most of infections are associated with contaminated food, particularly of poultry origin, but also may originate from cattle and pigs, and to a lesser extent, sheep. The most common serovars from cases of human infection is Enteritidis, followed by Typhimurium. Contact with pets, particularly reptiles and amphibians is becoming an increasing problem and infections can be severe, particularly in children. Accurate and reproducible methods of identification and subtyping are crucial for meaningful epidemiological investigations, and traditional phenotypic methods of typing are now being supplemented by DNA- based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, variable number of tandem repeats analysis, and multilocus sequence typing. The use of such methods in combination with phenotypic methods has been invaluable for outbreak control at the international level. The occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is an increasing problem, particularly in relation to the development of resistance to antimicrobials regarded as ‘critically-important’ for last resort therapy in humans. Control measures such as vaccination of poultry flocks appear to have had a substantial impact on the number of infections with Salmonella Enteritidis. Nevertheless good hygiene practices in both catering establishments and the home remain essential for the control of infections at the local level.

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