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Riaux, Jean-François. „Naissance et postérité de formules-médailles“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL080.
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Tout emprunt d'une citation (par exemple : Ignoti nulla cupido ou « on ne désire pas ce qu'on ne connaît pas » - Ovide -) vers, extrait de la prose d'un auteur, sentence à caractère proverbial, etc., est d'abord révélateur d'une circulation au sein de toutes les médiations par lesquelles une société humaine se construit et qu'on nomme « culture ». Pour désigner tel vers d'un poète grec, latin ou proche de nous, tel fragment de prose antique, telle expression topique allant et venant selon une trajectoire nécessairement imprévisible, il paraît opportun de privilégier l'emploi du mot composé « formule-médaille », heureuse métaphore forgée par notre maître Jean Deprun (†) au sein de son séminaire de recherches à la Sorbonne dans les années 80, métaphore désignant une expression maniée et remaniée d'un siècle à l'autre. Dans cette étude, il s'agit donc de tenter d'épouser le trajet de quelques unes de ces formules « voyageuses ». Notre ambition sera, non pas de proposer un énième florilège de citations, mais d'en interroger quelques unes selon leur impact au sein des œuvres où elles sont réemployées, selon leur perméabilité à l'esprit du temps dont elles relèvent, selon les libres réflexions qu'elles peuvent entraîner. Cette ambition reste exigeante : l'histoire des idées permet de l'honorer. On souhaite ainsi dégager des « effets de sens » qui amplifient ou rompent la signification initiale d'une expression au gré d'une trajectoire aux rebonds et aux bifurcations multiples.À l'instar d'Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962), auteur américain de l'ouvrage intitulé The great chain of being.The study of the history of an idea, on aurait pu user de l'expression « cellule idéelle » pour désigner toute citation « voyageuse » se logeant dans un texte tel un micro-organisme dans un vivant quelconque. En raison de la connotation trop biomorphique de cette terminologie, le mot composé « formule-médaille » nous a paru d'emblée préférable : il assure par l'effet d'une connexion verbale à portée métaphorique à la fois l'attribution d'une valeur propre à la formule étudiée (de même qu'une médaille a une valeur pour le numismate) et la représentation de sa destinée erratique (de même que toute médaille est généralement vouée à changer de mains). À quel schéma directeur obéir pour embrasser la destinée d'une formule-médaille ? Trois dimensions du temps sont prises en compte. On examine tout d'abord la formule dans son présent de référence, c'est-à-dire au moment de sa prime apparition ; il s'agit donc de la considérer dans l'œuvre où elle a pris place pour la première fois. Toutefois, ceci ne peut valoir pour toute formule retenue ; certaines expressions au caractère moral universel (comme « La Règle d'or ») ne peuvent être le fait d'un auteur clairement repérable. Lorsque l'objet d'étude est un vers ou un élément de prose d'un auteur identifié sans conteste, on s'attache à remonter aux sources qui ont pu inspirer l'auteur ; en d'autres termes, on passe du présent de référence au passé, en n'ignorant point que cette tâche est délicate et parfois peu fructueuse. Enfin, on s'attelle au futur en tentant de tracer ce qui sera le sillage de la formule qu'on examine, donc sa fortune ultérieure, laquelle ne laisse pas de surprendre, d'autant plus qu'elle s'enfle de diverses variantes, voire d'altérations qu'on n'a pas à négliger. En somme, tout citateur est en droit d'afficher sa liberté dans le réemploi qu'il propose : pour l'un, une même locution sera le slogan d'une rusticité innocente, pour l'autre, un mot d'ordre du libertinage. Il s'ensuit que ces formules-médailles, antiques ou plus récentes, sont, selon leur contexte idéologique, tout autant marques de ralliement à une cause que « pommes de discorde », ou encore, qu'elles sont comme des lignes de partage des eaux dans les territoires que la pensée détermine à tel ou tel moment de son histoireThe borrowing of any quotation, - e. g. Ignoti nulla cupido or “There is no desire for a thing unknown” Ovid - either verse, prose extract, proverbial expressions, etc., is the reflection of the circulation of content through the several types of mediation thanks to which human society is built and which evolve into what is called “culture”. To refer to a line extracted from a Greek or Latin poem, or even a more recent one, or else from an ancient piece of prose, or to a topical expression roaming across time in an inevitably unpredictable trajectory, it seems appropriate to use the expression formulaic medal, an apt metaphor coined by our late professor Jean Deprun (†) in his Sorbonne research seminar of the 1980s, to characterize an expression phrased and rephrased over the centuries. The present study aims at tracing the journey of some of such nomadic formulaic medals.Our ambition is not to offer some new anthology of quotations, but to question some of them, according to their impact in the works in which they are reused, according to how pervious they may be to the spirit of their age, or according to the personal thoughts to which they may give rise. Such an ambition is demanding: history of ideas may render it possible to answer to it by outlining the various renditions which magnify or discontinue the original meaning of an expression as it moves along its route by leaps and bounds and crossroads.Following Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873-1962), the American author of The Great Chain of Being. A study of the history of an idea (1936), one could use the expression idea cells to refer to any ‘roaming' quotation inserted in a text like a micro-organism in a living creature. Because of the ‘biomorphic' connotation of this terminology the term formulaic medal has seemed preferable.Through a collocation based on a metaphor it performs both the attribution of a distinct value to the expression considered (just as the medal has a value for the numismatist) and the representation of its nomadic journey (just as a medal is generally bound to change hands).Which blueprint should be complied with to encompass the destiny of a formulaic medal? Three dimensions of time are to be taken into account.The formulaic medal must be examined first in its context present at the time of its appearance, in the work in which it occurred for the first time.This may fail to apply to all the formulaic medals considered: some expressions of a universal moral nature (such as the ‘Gold rule') cannot be attributed to one single identifiable author.When the object under study is a line or extract of prose by a well identified author, it is crucial to trace it back to the sources which may have inspired the author, shifting from its present to its past, keeping in mind that this may be somewhat difficult and sometimes rather unsuccessful.Finally its future is to be tackled by tracing what is going to be the next stages of the expression studied and its subsequent uses, which may come as a suprise as they may be enriched by variants or alterations which are not to be overlooked.Every author quoting an expression is allowed the freedom to reuse it: one may use it as the slogan of an innocuous rusticity, while another will use it as the motto of libertinism.As a consequence these formulaic medals, whether ancient or more recent, may reflect, according to the ideological context, the commitment to a cause or a bone of contention, or even watershed lines in territories carved at one point or another, by the history of thinking
2
Daix, David-Artur. „Les sentences (gnomai) dans la littérature grecque archai͏̈que et classique (d'Homère à Thucydide)“. Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0086.
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Karouby, Laurent. „"Histoire et Sagesse d’Aḥiqar l’Assyrien" ou l’Ummānu sans descendance : Invariance et variations, de l’Antiquité au XVIIIe siècle“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3110.
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« Histoire et sagesse d’Aḥiqar l’Assyrien » est un texte d’exception puisqu’il plonge ses racines dans les temps lointains de la Mésopotamie antique. Son héros, Aḥiqar, est un Sage, un Ummānu, conseiller des rois d’Assyrie ; il fait l’objet d’une vile machination, ourdie par son neveu que le Sage avait pourtant élevé comme s’il était son propre fils ; après avoir frôlé la mort, Aḥiqar est réhabilité, puis envoyé en Egypte, afin d’affronter les énigmes et défis que le Pharaon a lancés contre son roi, tandis que son neveu est puni de mort. Notre corpus regroupe sept versions de « Histoire et sagesse d’Aḥiqar l’Assyrien », s’échelonnant de 500 avant notre ère jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle, et composées en araméen, syriaque, guèze, arabe et grec. Dans une comparaison menée en traduction française, à travers les versions dont nous disposons et au fil des différents épisodes du récit, nous étudierons tout d’abord la trajectoire dramatique de la vie d’Aḥiqar. Puis nous examinerons les énigmes et défis résolus par ce héros expert en langage face au Pharaon avant d’analyser les deux longues séries de maximes, d’abord éducatives puis punitives, qu’il administre à son neveu. Nous aborderons également les modalités du réemploi, ou comment l’histoire araméenne d’Aḥiqar a pu se trouver refonctionnalisée dans la Bible au « Livre de Tobie », dans la « Vie d’Ésope le Phrygien », célèbre fabuliste grec, et dans l’univers des « Mille et Une Nuits » avec le conte intitulé « Sinkarib et ses deux vizirs ». Enfin nous conclurons sur l’intérêt de cette grande figure de l’Ummānu ou conseiller du roi – héros ni guerrier ni saint mais homme de langage – pour l’histoire de la Rhétorique“History and wisdom Aḥiqar the Assyrian” is an exception text since its roots goes in the ancient times of ancient Mesopotamia. His hero, Ahiqar is a Sage, a Ummānu, advise the kings of Assyria, and he is the subject of a vile plot, hatched by his nephew that the Sage had yet raised as if he were her own son ; from the brink of death, Ahiqar is rehabilitated and sent to Egypt to confront the puzzles and the challenges that the Pharaoh launched against his king, while his nephew is punished by death. Our text corpus has seven versions of “History and wisdom Ahiqar the Assyrian,” ranging from 500 BC until the eighteenth century, and composed in Aramaic, in Syriac, in Ge’ez, in Arabic and in Greek. In a comparison conducted in French translation, through the versions we have and all along the different episodes of the story, we first study the dramatic trajectory of life Ahiqar. We then examine the puzzles and challenges addressed by this expert hero of language against Pharaoh before analyzing the two long series of maxims, first educational and punitive, that it administers to his nephew. We also discuss the terms of re-use, or how the history of Aramaic Ahiqar could be re-used, with more or less success, in the Bible, the “Book of Tobit” in the “Life of Aesop the Phrygian” famous Greek fabulist, and the world of “Arabian Nights” with the tale entitled “Sinkarib and two viziers.” Finally, we conclude on the interest of this great figure of Ummānu or advise the king - nor a warrior hero, nor a saint hero, but a language man - for the history of rhetoric
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Al-Amiri, Rashed Saud. „Legal maxims in Islamic jurisprudence: their history, character and significance“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493969.
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Remor, Carlos Augusto Monguilhott. „A nobreza das maximas: do marques ao Barão“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1995. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76339.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e ExpressãoMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T09:26:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T20:37:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 104387.pdf: 5850820 bytes, checksum: a231287dbbdbcaf26288b46ab64e680d (MD5)
Pesquisa sobre máxima e leitura dos procedimentos construtivos das máximas do Marquês de Maricá e do Barão de Itararé. Análise das relações sintáticas, retóricas e dos temas metaforizados na Grande e na Pequena Comédia Humana. Confronto da composiçao tradicional das máximas do Marquês com a reescrita crítica das máximas do Barão.
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Pelletier, Tommy Simon. „LE BARACHOIS DE MONT-LOUIS, UN TÉMOIN PRIVILÉGIÉ DES PÊCHERIES SÉDENTAIRES DANS LE CANADA DE LA NOUVELLE-FRANCE“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29474/29474.pdf.
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Alcaïs, Alexandre. „De la lèpre au maximum de vraisemblance binomiale : histoire naturelle d'une nouvelle méthode d'analyse de liaison génétique“. Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T072.
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Allio, Gabrielle. „Laignel-Lavastine (1875-1953) : un psychiatre "sympathique"“. Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN3094.
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Burdass, Mark Christopher. „Respiratory development of two teleost fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss and Scophthalmus maximus during their early life history“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2547.
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The respiratory development of two species of teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss and Scophthalmus maximus was investigated to identify any possible periods of reduced respiratory fitness during early development. The two species were selected because of their different development strategies to allow any common factors in respiratory development to be identified. The study included determination of the respiratory oxygen demand and the critical oxygen tension (Pc) through early development for both species. Respiratory oxygen demand was measured as a routine rate (rVO2) with individual and weight specific values being determined. The main respiratory surface areas for both species were measured, this included the gills; body area; fin area and yolk-sac area in the case of O. mykiss. Changes in the rate of development was monitored by determining the mass and length specific development relationships. Significant changes in body fin and yolk-sac area occurred at approximately 70mg yolkless wet weight. for O. mykiss, gill area development was found to change at approximately 110mg. Similar changes in rate of fin and body area occurred for S. maximus at approximately 3.5mg wet weight, while gill development changed at 6.8mg. The change in epidermal thickness was measured during the development of S. maximus larvae and fry. During the larval development fin and body epithelium were significantly different up to 4.6mg wet weight with fin area being significantly thinner. Epidermal thickness increased from 2µm to 23µm over the 35 day period of monitoring. The degree of vascularisation of the yolk-sac of O. mykiss larvae was measured and found to remain relatively constant at approximately 41%. up to 70mg wet weight before declining. Mean minimum diffusion distances increased from approximately 13. 5µm to 35µm over the life-span of the yolk-sac. The change in erythrocyte type was also monitored during this period and found to decline in a similar manner to yolk-sac area. O. mykiss larvae reared under hypoxic conditions showed reductions in growth towards the end of the period of endogenous feeding, as well as increased development of gill area and increased levels of vascularisation (up to 10%) of the yolk-sac. compared to normoxic reared larvae. A study of the effects of removal of the respiratory pigment at different stages of development was also undertaken. This allowed the significance of haemoglobin during development of both species of fish to be estimated. Respiratory fitness was inhibited in both species with reductions of up to 2mg02/l in the Pc for O. mykiss, and 2. 5mg02/l for S. maximus. However, S. maximus showed a high level of dependence on haemoglobin for gaseous exchange during a short phase of development from 9.5 to 15mg wet weight were removal of haemoglobin caused 100% mortality in treated fish. Overall the study showed the low level of respiratory flexibility of S. maximus when compared to O. mykiss, especially during early development. This must have significant importance for the intensive mass culture of the larvae of this species. The important role cutaneous respiration plays during the early development of both species was also highlighted.
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Grdzelidze, Tamara. „The concept of place/space in the writings of Maximus the Confessor : liturgical space according to the Mystagogia“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285248.
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Elgariani, Fawzy Shaban. „Al-qawa'id al-fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims) : concept, functions, history, classifications and application to contemporary medical issues“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4001.
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This thesis analyses al-qawa'id al-fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims), one of the significant disciplines of Islamic legal thought. It aims to introduce the subject theoretically and practically. For the former, it introduces the principal abstract areas relating to the discipline: namely, definition, functions, types, sources, relationship with other disciplines of Islamic legal thought. It also traces the historical development of the discipline from the earliest stages to recent times. These areas are covered in the first two chapters, which comprise almost half of the whole thesis. For the practical element of the thesis, the discussion aims to present the various practical applications of al-qawa'id al-fiqhiyyah through two means. First, examining the so-called al-qawa'id al-khams al-kubra (the five universal maxims) and al-qawa'id al-kulliyyah (the general maxims), which have been seen as representative of the entire field, due to their large scope of application over the fiqh particulars. The discussion mostly contains the examples that jurists have adduced in the course of history. In some cases, however, examples of contemporary issues have also been added. The main focus is to show the significance of qawa'id in categorizing the scattered and, sometimes, unmanageable fiqh cases into general principles. This is presented in two chapters: the third and fourth. Second, examining the use of al-qawa'id al-fiqhiyyah in deducing legal determination for contemporary issues. Six medical issues have been selected to be study cases in this regard. The aim is to show the importance of qawa'id in the area of ijtihad and finding out the legal status for the novel issues. This has been presented in the last chapter.
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Skliris, Dionysios. „Le concept de tropos chez Maxime le Confesseur“. Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040206.
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Les termes logos (raison) et tropos forment un couple qui est très significatif pour la pensée de Maxime le Confesseur (c. 580-662). Dans notre thèse, nous examinons les contextes dans lesquels Maxime le Confesseur emploie le terme tropos (mode) soit à l’intérieur du couple logos-tropos, soit de façon autonome. Nous ne traitons pas le concept de tropos comme un terme invariant intégré à une doctrine uniforme, mais plutôt comme un moyen ou un «outil» conceptuel qui aide Maxime à résoudre des problèmes très différents dans plusieurs domaines de sa pensée. Nous examinons les différents contextes dans lesquels Maxime le Confesseur utilise le couple logos-tropos ou le seul terme tropos, comme, par exemple, la logique, la relation entre l’universalité et la particularité, la théologie trinitaire, la question du mal et la Théodicée, la cosmologie, la théorie du progrès spirituel, la théorie de l’achèvement ontologique, la christologie et l’eschatologie. Dans chaque cas, nous insistons sur les termes qui sont déterminés par le mot tropos et sur les relations de contraste, d’opposition ou tout simplement de distinction qui se forment entre eux. Nous examinons également le champ lexical des mots qui sont relatifs au terme tropos. En général, le logos exprime la stabilité et la permanence qui est nécessaire pour qu’il y ait un sens contemplé par le sage, alors que le tropos signifie une modalité qui ouvre la possibilité de contingence, de surprise et d’innovation à l’intérieur de l’Histoire. L’emphase est plutôt mise sur le fait que le tropos est exactement une modalité qui peut coexister avec le logos sans l’annuler, altérer ou corrompreThe terms logos (reason) and tropos (mode) form a very important couple in the thought of Maximus the Confessor (c. 580-662). In our PhD thesis, we are examining the contexts in which Maximus the Confessor is using the term tropos (mode) either inside the couple logos-tropos or independently. We are not developing the concept of tropos as a uniform doctrine, but we are examining it mostly as a means or as a conceptual “tool” which helps Maximus solving very different problems in diverse domains of his thought. We thus examine the use of the term tropos in contexts such as logic, the philosophical relation between universality and particularity, Trinitarian theology, the question of evil or Theodicy, cosmology, the stages of spiritual progress, the theory of the ontological actualization of beings, Christology and eschatology. In each case, we are insisting in the terms which are determined by the word tropos, the terms which are determined by the word logos, as well as the relations of contrast, opposition or simple distinction between them. We are equally examining the lexical field that is related to the term tropos. In general, logos expresses the stability and the permanence that are necessary for the existence of a meaning which could be contemplated by the philosopher, whereas tropos means a modality which opens a space for contingence, surprise and innovation inside History. The emphasis is placed on the fact that tropos is exactly a modality which can coexist with logos without annulling, altering or corrupting it
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Finnegan, Kimberly A. „A Mitogenomics View of the Population Structure and Evolutionary History of the Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximum“. NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/13.
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The basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, has historically been a target of international fisheries, leading to well-documented declines in parts of its global distribution. Currently, the basking shark is listed as globally ‘Vulnerable’ and regionally ‘Endangered’ (North Pacific and Northeast Atlantic) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, rendering the species an international conservation priority. Here, we assessed the global matrilineal genetic population structure and evolutionary history of the basking shark by completing the first whole mitochondrial genome sequence level survey of animals sampled from three globally widespread geographic regions: the western North Atlantic (n = 11), the eastern North Atlantic (n = 11), and within New Zealand territorial waters (n = 12). Despite the relatively large amount of sequence data assessed (~16,669 bp per individual), whole mitogenome analyses showed no evidence of population differentiation (ΦST = -0.047, P > 0.05) and very low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0014 ± 0.000) across a global seascape. The absence of population structure across large distances and even between ocean basins is indicative of long-dispersal by this species, including an ability to cross known biogeographic barriers known to differentiate populations of other highly vagile pelagic fishes. Notably, evolutionary analyses of the mitogenome sequences revealed two globally sympatric but evolutionary divergent lineages, with a Bayesian framework estimated coalescence time of ~2.46 million years ago. Coalescent-based Bayesian skyline analysis uncovered subtle evidence of Pleistocene demographic flux for this species, including a potential decline in female effective population size. Thus, historical population changes may be responsible for the occurrence of the two highly divergent, yet sympatric lineages, as population declines may have resulted in the loss of intermediate haplotypes and resulted in an overall loss of genetic diversity. This work supports the recognition of basking sharks as a single matrilineal global population, and as such requires the application of a cooperative multiagency and international approach to fisheries management to conserve this highly vulnerable and ecologically unique species.
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Pastore, Graziella. „Nicolas de Gonesse e la traduzione francese di Valerio Massimo. Edizione e commentario“. Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030011.
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La traduction française des facta et dicta memorabilia (memorabilia) de Valère Maxime est l'une des œuvres les plus importantes composées au cours de la grande saison de traduction en français des ouvrages de l'antiquité classique entre le xiiie et le xve siècle. l’œuvre conjointe de Simon de Hesdin et Nicolas de Gonesse, « translateurs » et glossateurs de Valère Maxime, eut une importante fortune manuscrite et fut très célèbre parmi ses contemporains. cependant, elle demeure toujours inédite. par notre recherche nous espérons remédier à cette lacune critique en faisant le travail qui s'impose sur la tradition manuscrite de cette œuvre. plus précisément, en partant des études de m. Giuseppe Di Stefano et en nous rattachant aux travaux d'édition déjà entrepris par l'équipe coordonnée par m. Alessandro Vitale-Brovarone (Université de Turin, Italie), nous comptons fournir une édition critique de la deuxième partie de cette traduction, à savoir la partie mise en français par Nicolas de Gonesse pour le duc Jean de Berry entre 1400 et 1401The first French translation of Valerius Maximus constitutes one of the main unpublished works in the medieval French literary production; it can be considered instrumental for a better comprehension of the development of the French branch of Humanism in general, and the diffusion of Italian and Latin texts in fourteenthcentury France in particular. Further expanding the studies of Giuseppe Di Stefano and according to the project of the University of Turin, we propose the first critical edition of the section of the text translated and glossed by Nicolas de Gonesse (books VII 5 - IX) based on manuscript Paris, BnF, français 282. Moreover, we present new data on the manuscript tradition and additional analysis of this work
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Beaulieu, Paula. „La mosaïque dans l'isolé soleil de Daniel Maximin“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27928/27928.pdf.
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Sui, Weiguang. „Coral Paleo-geodesy: Inferring Local Uplift Histories from the Heights and Ages of Coral Terraces“. The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316123113.
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Aleksandr. „Le recours à l'autorité de Grégoire de Nazyanze dans les controverses christologiques : de Léon de Rome à Maxime le Confesseur“. Paris, EPHE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EPHE5019.
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Ce travail étudie l’apport de la christologie de Grégoire de Nazianze à l’évolution de la doctrine de l’incarnation du Verbe. Les conciles christologiques et les principaux théologiens impliqués dans les débats sur la personne du Christ se réfèrent à l’autorité de Grégoire de Nazianze. Son enseignement sur la dualité des natures du Christ est un des principaux appuis du concile de Chalcédoine (451). Sa conception de l’unité du Christ « à partir des deux natures » inspire l’empereur Justinien et les théologiens « néochalcédoniens » dans leurs recherches d’un consensus entre Léon de Rome et Cyrille d’Alexandrie. Enfin, la doctrine de la divinisation de l’homme proportionnelle à l’incarnation de Dieu, centrale dans la christologie du Nazianzène, a exercé une profonde influence sur Maxime le Confesseur. Pour exprimer le mystère de la Trinité et celui de l’incarnation du Fils de Dieu, Grégoire a su trouver des formules qui sont reprises par la majorité des Pères postérieurs et se retrouveront dans la liturgie de l’ÉgliseThe purpose of this research is to examine the contribution of Gregory of Nazianzus Christology to the developpement of the doctrine on the incarnation of God. The author’s intention is to concur to a more exact appreciation of the authority of the Theologian in the writings of the main actors during the Christological controversies, which seems to be undervalued in modern pastristics. Gregory’s teaching about two perfect natures of the unique Christ is one of the main supports of the concile of Chalcedon (451). His conception of the unity of the Lord “from” two natures inspired the emperor Justinian and the neo-chalcedonic theologians in their quest of a consensus between Leo the Great and Cyrillus of Alexandria. Gregory’s vision of the deification of man proportional to the incarnation of God deeply influenced Maximus the Confessor. To express the mystery of the Trinity and that of the incarnation of the Son of God, the Theologian imagined formulations which had a wide posterity in the byzantine literature and liturgy
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Biersma, Elisabeth Machteld. „The evolutionary history of the Antarctic flora“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269736.
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How long has the extant flora been present in the Antarctic? Glaciological reconstructions propose that most areas in Antarctica were covered by thick ice sheets throughout the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~22-18 kya) as well as previous glaciations, suggesting terrestrial life must have been extremely limited during these periods. In contrast, recent biogeographic and genetic studies support most extant groups of Antarctic terrestrial fauna having survived past glaciations in situ. However, studies on the origin and age of the Antarctic flora remain sparse. Applying population genetic, phylogeographic and divergence time analyses I assessed the global biogeography, origin and age of several abundant Antarctic moss species, including: four Polytrichaceae mosses, characterised by having bipolar distributions, the most common (~45% of species) distribution pattern amongst Antarctic mosses; the globally widespread moss Ceratodon purpureus; the bank-forming moss Chorisodontium aciphyllum, also known for its old sub-fossils in Antarctica and long-term viability from revival experiments; and, lastly, the genus Schistidium, the most species-rich moss genus in Antarctica, including many endemic species. Genetic analyses revealed evidence of long-term (multi-million year) survival of plants in Antarctica (several species of Schistidium, Ceratodon purpureus, and possibly Polytrichum juniperinum). However, evidence for a likely more recent (< 100 ky) arrival of Chorisodontium aciphyllum was also found. Some species revealed multiple separate dispersal events to the Antarctic, suggesting the region may be less isolated for spore-dispersed organisms than previously thought. Evidence for increased genetic diversity in the northern maritime Antarctic compared to other regions point at it including potential refugial areas. Furthermore, genetic patterns revealed geographic features that enable and limit the connectivity of bryophytes globally as well as in Antarctica. This study suggests that, despite the harsh polar climate during glaciation periods, many bryophytes have had a much longer presence in Antarctica than previously thought.
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Strickler, Ryan W. „A Dispute in Dispute: Forgery, Heresy, and Sainthood in Seventh-Century Byzantium“. UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/9.
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The Disputatio cum Pyrrho purports to be a transcript of the 645 debate that took place in North Africa. The text initially addresses Monotheletism, the theology of the Constantinopolitan church that held that the Christ had a single will, then Monoenergism, which held that Christ possessed a single operation and which had in the 620’s and 630’s been the official position of the Constantinopolitan church, but which by 645 had been rejected and replaced by Monotheletism. Pyrrhus, the exiled, former Patriarch of Constantinople, represents the Monothelete and Monoenergist positions and Maximus the Confessor opposes them. Throughout the dialogue, Maximus repeatedly and overwhelmingly demonstrates the correctness of his position, eventually forcing Pyrrhus to renounce his position and to travel to Rome to receive absolution from the Pope. Traditionally scholars have accepted the authenticity of this document, and few have critically examined the claims the text makes about itself. The present study brings this authenticity into question, and reexamines the authorship, date, and purpose of the document, employing textual critiques and comparing the document with historical events later in the seventh century.
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Bolte, Constance E. „NICHE CONSERVATISM OR DIVERGENCE: INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, AND Pinus pungens“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4842.
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Environmentally related selective pressures and community interactions are well-documented drivers for niche differentiation, as natural selection acts on adaptive traits best fit for survival. Here, we investigated niche evolution between and within Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, and Pinus pungens and sought to identify which climate variables contributed to species divergence. We also sought to describe niche differentiation across genetic groupings previously identified for P. taeda and P. rigida. Ecological niche models were produced using Maximum Entropy followed by statistical testing based on a measure of niche overlap, Schoener’s D. Both niche conservatism and niche divergence were detected, thus leading us to conclude that directional or disruptive selection drove divergence of the P. taeda lineage from its ancestor with P. rigida and P. pungens, while stabilizing selection was associated with the divergence of P. rigida and P. pungens. The latter implies that factors beyond climate are important drivers of speciation within Pinus.
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Mothamaha, Ezekiel Mafoka. „Ministry to political prisoners on Robben Island (1960 - 1990) : a Church History approach“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61192.
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I have read many articles and seen many stories about Robben Island. What I find
lacking in these articles and stories is the role played by the church in relation to ministry
to political prisoners.
Given my own experience as a political prisoner on Robben Island, I am of the view that
this subject should be explored and told.
As implied in the title, this study will focus on the period covering three decades (1960-
1970, 1971-1980 and 1981-1990). These periods will be considered separately and
collectively.
Background
A brief background information about Robben Island as a maximum security prison will
be provided here. Furthermore, the categories and affiliations of political prisoners are
explained. Lastly, detail relating to existence of different religions is discussed.
Problem Statement
The role played by the church in ministry to political prisoners on Robben Island between
1960 and 1990.
Methodology
This study makes use of oral history by way of interviews and other sources such as
questionnaires, records, etc. to generate data from, among, others:
1. Political prisoners incarcerated during the period stated above.
2. Chaplain(s) who served during this period.
3. Prison Official(s) who served during this period Archived material relating to ministry to political prisoners covering this period will be
inspected.
Findings
In the introduction of his book The Changing Shape of Church History, Justo L. González
(2002:1) starts by asking the question: "where is the cutting edge of church history?" My
expectation is that the findings of this study, as they are stated here, would illustrate the
cutting edge of the church history on Robben Island.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Church History and Church Policy
MA
Unrestricted
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Zuckerberg, Donna G. „The oversubtle maxim chasers| Aristophanes, Euripides, and their Reciprocal Pursuit of Poetic Identity“. Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3627347.
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In this dissertation, I explore the intertextual dialogue between two fifth century Attic playwrights, the comedian Aristophanes and the tragedian Euripides, and the influence that each had on the development of the other's characteristic style, or 'brand' (χαρακτηρ). Scholarship on the two playwrights has tended to focus almost exclusively on the transgression of generic boundaries. But studies of paratragedy and parody in Aristophanic comedy and comic elements in late Euripidean tragedy fail to take into consideration the fact that in addition to appropriating material widely across genres, Aristophanes and Euripides also seem to have shared a specific mutual interest in each other's work. I propose a refinement to the traditional model and argue that the two playwrights mutually drew inspiration from each other's differing interpretations of similar themes and motifs.
Over the period of two decades, the comedian and the tragedian gradually expanded a common repertoire from which they responsively developed variations on the same themes. Each sequence of variations on a theme begins with an Aristophanic running gag mocking a recurring tendency in Euripides' tragedies. Euripides tended to respond to Aristophanes' variations on his themes by embracing and continuing to employ the tropes that Aristophanes had singled out as being characteristically Euripidean. My study focuses primarily on Aristophanes' Acharnians and Thesmophoriazusae and Euripides' Helen and Bacchae. I argue that this exploration of shared thematic material was for both Aristophanes and Euripides an endeavor that was especially productive of their unique brands.
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Jouin, Serge. „Biographie d’un enseignant : Max Marchand (1911-1962) : de la France à l’Algérie“. Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080848.
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Cette thèse de doctorat s’appuie sur un ouvrage dont je suis l’auteur-éditeur : le destin tragique de Maxime Marchand. . . Et l’Algérie ; il s’agit dans cette biographie, de retracer d’une façon plus complète, plus nuancée et plus scientifique, les lignes directrices de la vie et de la carrière de max marchand, né en 1911 dans l’Eure et fusille à Alger en 1962 par un commando C. A. S. , c’est-à-dire de sa vie de collégien, de normalien et d’instituteur dans l’Eure, de professeur en seine maritime, de soldat et de prisonnier de guerre et, à partir de 1948, d’inspecteur primaire à Oran, d’inspecteur d’académie à Bône et à Alger; puis d’étudier son œuvre historique, pédagogique et littéraire ( thèse de doctorat et ouvrages de critique sur André Gide), ainsi que les problèmes de colonisation décolonisation et de la guerre d’Algérie qu’ il a vécus et l’ont conduit à la mort. Cette biographie d’un homme peu connu ne se veut pas seulement descriptive, mais elle implique une problématique concernant cet homme exceptionnel qu’est Max Marchand, place a un moment donne au carrefour des nationalismes algérien et français : va-t-il être le représentant de la société coloniale ou va-t-il suivre les forces internes qui le poussaient dans le sens de la libération de l’homme ? Ce travail est un peu la réponse à ces questions grâce, entre autres, aux témoignages des amis de max marchandThis thesis of doctorate is founded upon a book of which i am the author and publisher: the tragic destiny of Maxime Marchand. . . And Algeria; this biography is meant to recall the main outlines of his life and career in a more complete, more acute and more scientific way; Max Marchand was born in 1911 in the department of the Eure and shot down in Algiers in 1962 by an CAS commando; it recalls his life as a schoolboy, a student at the training college, a primary schoolmaster in the Eure, a teacher in the department of Seine-maritime, a soldier and prisoner of war and from 1948 onwards a primary school inspector in Oand thenin the educational districts of Bône (Annaba) and Algiers ; it studies his historical, pedagogical and literary works and critical books about A. Gide, his writings about the problems of colonization and decolonization, the Algerian war he had to endure and that led him to his death. This biography of a man who isn't well-known doesn't want to be a mere description but it raises a question about this exceptional man Max Marchand standing at a given time at the intersection of the Algerian and French nationalisms: is he going to be the representative?
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Mohamed, Ibrahim Daoud Ahmed. „Automatic history matching in Bayesian framework for field-scale applications“. Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3170.
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Conditioning geologic models to production data and assessment of uncertainty is generally done in a Bayesian framework. The current Bayesian approach suffers from three major limitations that make it impractical for field-scale applications. These are: first, the CPU time scaling behavior of the Bayesian inverse problem using the modified Gauss-Newton algorithm with full covariance as regularization behaves quadratically with increasing model size; second, the sensitivity calculation using finite difference as the forward model depends upon the number of model parameters or the number of data points; and third, the high CPU time and memory required for covariance matrix calculation. Different attempts were used to alleviate the third limitation by using analytically-derived stencil, but these are limited to the exponential models only.
We propose a fast and robust adaptation of the Bayesian formulation for inverse modeling that overcomes many of the current limitations. First, we use a commercial finite difference simulator, ECLIPSE, as a forward model, which is general and can account for complex physical behavior that dominates most field applications. Second, the production data misfit is represented by a single generalized travel time misfit per well, thus effectively reducing the number of data points into one per well and ensuring the matching of the entire production history. Third, we use both the adjoint method and streamline-based sensitivity method for sensitivity calculations. The adjoint method depends on the number of wells integrated, and generally is of an order of magnitude less than the number of data points or the model parameters. The streamline method is more efficient and faster as it requires only one simulation run per iteration regardless of the number of model parameters or the data points. Fourth, for solving the inverse problem, we utilize an iterative sparse matrix solver, LSQR, along with an approximation of the square root of the inverse of the covariance calculated using a numerically-derived stencil, which is broadly applicable to a wide class of covariance models.
Our proposed approach is computationally efficient and, more importantly, the CPU time scales linearly with respect to model size. This makes automatic history matching and uncertainty assessment using a Bayesian framework more feasible for large-scale applications. We demonstrate the power and utility of our approach using synthetic cases and a field example. The field example is from Goldsmith San Andres Unit in West Texas, where we matched 20 years of production history and generated multiple realizations using the Randomized Maximum Likelihood method for uncertainty assessment. Both the adjoint method and the streamline-based sensitivity method are used to illustrate the broad applicability of our approach.
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Du, Roy Olivier. „La règle d'or : "Ne fais pas aux autres ce que tu ne voudrais pas qu'il te soit fait", "Fais aux autres ce que tu voudrais qu'ils te fassent : Histoire et portée d'une maxime éthique“. Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0367.
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Rodriguez, Valcarce Willy. „Estimation de l’histoire démographique des populations à partir de génomes entièrement séquencés“. Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0048/document.
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Le développement des nouvelles techniques de séquençage élargit l' horizon de la génétique de populations. Une analyse appropriée des données génétiques peut augmenter notre capacité à reconstruire l'histoire des populations. Cette énorme quantité de données disponibles peut aider les chercheurs en biologie et anthropologie à mieux estimer les changements démographiques subis par une population au cours du temps, mais induit aussi de nouveaux défis. Lorsque les modèles sous-jacents sont trop simplistes il existe unrisque très fort d'être amené à des conclusions erronées sur la population étudiée. Il a été montré que certaines caractéristiques présentes dans l'ADN des individus d'une population structurée se trouvent aussi dans l'ADN de ceux qui proviennent d'une population sans structure dont la taille a changé au cours du temps. Par conséquent il peut s'avérer très difficile de déterminer si les changements de taille inférés à partir des données génétiquesont vraiment eu lieu ou s'il s'agit simplement des effets liés à la structure. D'ailleurs la quasi totalité des méthodes pour inférer les changements de taille d'une population au cours du temps sont basées sur des modèles qui négligent la structure.Dans cette thèse, de nouveaux résultats de génétique de populations sont présentés. Premièrement, nous présentons une méthodologie permettant de faire de la sélection de modèle à partir de l'ADN d'un seul individudiploïde. Cette première étude se limite à un modèle simple de population non structurée avec un changement de taille et à un modèle considérant une population de taille constante mais structurée. Cette nouvelle méthode utilise la distribution des temps de coalescence de deux gènes pour identifier le modèle le plus probable et ouvreainsi la voie pour de nouvelles méthodes de sélection de modèles structurés et non structurés, à partir de données génomiques issues d'un seul individu. Deuxièmement, nous montrons, par une ré-interprétation du taux de coalescence que, pour n'importe quel scénario structuré, et plus généralement n'importe quel modèle, il existe toujours un scénario considérant une population panmictique avec une fonction précise de changements de taille dont la distribution des temps de coalescence de deux gènes est identique a celle du scénario structuré. Cela non seulement explique pourquoi les méthodes d'inférence démographique détectent souvent des changements de taille n'ayant peut-être jamais eu lieu, mais permet aussi de prédire les changements de taille qui seront reconstruits lorsque des méthodes basées sur l'hypothèse de panmixie sont appliquées à des données issues de scénarios plus complexes. Finalement, une nouvelle approche basée sur un processus de Markov est développée et permet de caractériser la distribution du temps de coalescence de deux gènes dans une population structurée soumise à des événements démographiques tel que changement de flux de gènes et changements de taille. Une discussion est menée afin de décrire comment cette méthode donne la possibilité de reconstruire l'histoire démographique à partir de données génomiques tout en considérant la structureThe rapid development of DNA sequencing technologies is expanding the horizons of population genetic studies. It is expected that genomic data will increase our ability to reconstruct the history of populations.While this increase in genetic information will likely help biologists and anthropologists to reconstruct the demographic history of populations, it also poses big challenges. In some cases, simplicity of the model maylead to erroneous conclusions about the population under study. Recent works have shown that DNA patterns expected in individuals coming from structured populations correspond with those of unstructured populations with changes in size through time. As a consequence it is often difficult to determine whether demographic events such as expansions or contractions (bottlenecks) inferred from genetic data are real or due to the fact that populations are structured in nature. Moreover, almost no inferential method allowing to reconstruct pastdemographic size changes takes into account structure effects. In this thesis, some recent results in population genetics are presented: (i) a model choice procedure is proposed to distinguish one simple scenario of population size change from one of structured population, based on the coalescence times of two genes, showing that for these simple cases, it is possible to distinguish both models using genetic information form one single individual; (ii) by using the notion of instantaneous coalescent rate, it is demonstrated that for any scenario of structured population or any other one, regardless how complex it could be, there always exists a panmitic scenario with a precise function of population size changes havingexactly the same distribution for the coalescence times of two genes. This not only explains why spurious signals of bottlenecks can be found in structured populations but also predicts the demographic history that actual inference methods are likely to reconstruct when applied to non panmitic populations. Finally, (iii) a method based on a Markov process is developed for inferring past demographic events taking the structure into account. This is method uses the distribution of coalescence times of two genes to detect past demographic changes instructured populations from the DNA of one single individual. Some applications of the model to genomic data are discussed
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Henderson, Ian Herbert. „Sententiae Jesus : gnomic sayings in the tradition of Jesus“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:550d7f68-d96c-410c-80c4-2ce6bee2658a.
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This dissertation coordinates two problems which have hitherto resisted adequate synthesis: the form-critical problem of describing proverbial-sounding Synoptic sayings and the tradition-historical problem of assessing the rhetorical habits of Jesus and his immediate successors in oral tradition. The approach taken here to linking these qualifies not only form-critical assumptions of continuity between written forms - in Kleinliteratur - and identifies oral Sitze im Leben of mnemotechnical scholasticism, but also of the recent emphases on radical discontinuity between oral and writing modes of tradition. The connection proposed here between re-description of so- called Wisdom-sayings and oral traditional aspects of the gospels is in the Hellen educational category of gnome. Defined, exemplified and prescribed in basic Graeco-Roman educational texts as well as in technical, philosophical manuals of Rhetoric and in a rich collection-literature, gnome is superbly attested as an exercise in primary education, in all kinds of public-speaking and in cross-cultural (including Jewish) tradition. Moreover, Hellenistic cultivation of gnome primarily as a speech-type, indeed as a conversational means of argumentation in any Sitz im Leben, and only secondarily though still extensively as a literary technique makes it a particularly pertinent term of comparison for New Testament criticism. Recognizing gnomic continuity between oral and written Synoptic tradition allows discussion of the authenticity not only of individual sayings (on criteria of dissimilarity), but also collectively of the gnomic manner (on criteria of oral-literate continuity and multiple attestation): quite apart from the (in)authenticity of each gnome, gnomic style is central to Jesus' self-expression and earliest tradition. In this sense gnomai are a particularly valuable data-set for reassessing the critically controverted relationship between Jesus' rhetoric and law: in Synoptic tradition gnome is exploited suggestively as a non-legal means of addressing conventionally legal topics.
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Crabbe, Kylie. „Luke/Acts and the end of history“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39126f79-9260-4e58-81ad-292d559e000e.
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This thesis investigates how understandings of history in diverse texts of the Graeco-Roman period illuminate Lukan eschatology. Two strands of Lukan scholarship have contributed to an enduring tendency to underestimate the centrality of eschatology to Luke/Acts. Hans Conzelmann's thesis, that Luke focused on history rather than eschatology as a response to the parousia's delay, has dominated Lukan scholarship since the mid-twentieth century, with concomitant assumptions about Luke's politics and understanding of suffering. Recent Lukan scholarship has centred instead on genre and rhetoric, examining Luke/Acts predominantly in relation to ancient texts deemed the same genre while overlooking themes (including those of an eschatological character) that these texts do not share. This thesis offers a fresh approach. It illuminates the inherent connections between Luke's understanding of history and its end, and demonstrates significant ways in which Luke's eschatological consciousness shapes key themes of his account. By extending comparisons to a wider range of texts, this study overcomes two clear methodological shortfalls in current research: limiting comparisons of key themes to texts of similar genre, and separating non-Jewish from Jewish texts. Having established the need for a new examination of Luke's eschatology in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 I set out the study's method of comparing diverse texts on themes that cut across genres. Chapters 3 to 6 then consider each key text and Luke/Acts in relation to a different aspect of their writers' conceptions of history: the direction and shape of history; determinism and divine guidance; human culpability and freedom; and the present and the end of history. The analysis shows that in every aspect of history examined, Luke/Acts shares significant features of the texts with which, because they do not share its genre, it is not normally compared. Setting Luke/Acts in conversation with a broader range of texts highlights Luke's periodised, teleological view of history and provides a nuanced picture of Luke's understanding of divine and human agency, all of which is affected in fundamental ways by his portrayal of the present time already within the final period of history. As a result, this study not only clarifies Lukan eschatology, but reaffirms the importance of eschatology for Lukan politics and theodicy.
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Laporte, Karine. „Figures de la tyrannie dans l'Histoire des empereurs romains ou De la vertu et du vice chez Hérodien“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25128.
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Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec et Université de Strasbourg, France.Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'Histoire des empereurs romains d'Hérodien. Réflexion en quatre parties, cette étude s'intéresse à la représentation des bons et mauvais empereurs chez l'historien et, plus largement, à sa conception du vice et de la vertu. Le premier chapitre analyse les caractéristiques politiques, militaires et personnelles de Marc Aurèle, son optimus princeps. Le deuxième chapitre montre comment Hérodien évalue les empereurs subséquents d'après le modèle inaugural de Marc. Les portraits choisis, pour illustrer cette consécration par l'imitation, sont ceux de Macrin, Commode, Sévère, Alexandre et Pertinax. Le troisième chapitre étudie de façon thématique les vices principaux des tyrans. Le quatrième chapitre examine en détail trois cas de vices uniques, selon la méthode particulière de composition d'Hérodien : la cruauté pour Caracalla et Maximin et l'impiété pour Héliogabale. La conclusion s'attache aux questions du caractère inné et des mérites propres et aux portraits des derniers bons empereurs du récit, Maxime et Balbin.
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Rougetet, Lisa. „Des récréations arithmétiques au corps des nombres surréels et à la victoire d’un programme aux échecs : une histoire de la théorie des jeux combinatoires au XXème siècle“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10076.
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Le thème principal de ce travail de thèse est de montrer l’interaction existant entre les jeux et les mathématiques au travers d’une catégorie de jeux bien particuliers : les jeux combinatoires. Ces jeux se font sans hasard, sans information cachée et pour chacun des deux joueurs il existe une façon optimale de jouer. Les premiers exemples rencontrés se trouvent dans des écrits de la Renaissance. Les jeux se diffusent aux 17ème et 18ème siècles dans le cadre des récréations mathématiques, genre littéraire et éditorial nouveau qui propose une pratique ludique des sciences fondée sur le défi à l’entendement. L’analyse des jeux combinatoires intéresse ensuite les mathématiciens du début du 20ème siècle, notamment pour les jeux de type Nim. La thèse s’attache à retracer le développement de la théorie mathématique qui se construit autour des jeux combinatoires et aboutit au corps des nombres surréels de John Conway en 1976. En parallèle, elle montre qu’un autre résultat fondamental, attribué à Zermelo (1912), sur la détermination du jeu d’Échecs permet aux jeux combinatoires de s’implanter sur un plan technologique et culturel. Nous voyons les premières machines électromécaniques destinées à jouer au Nim apparaître vers 1940 et se confronter au public lors d’expositions et de salons scientifiques. La naissance des ordinateurs dans les années 1950 ouvre de nouvelles voies pour la programmation du jeu d’Échecs, jeu combinatoire par excellence. La thèse fait revivre les moments forts, faits d’espoirs et de déceptions, qu’a traversés la recherche en programmation d’Échecs, depuis ses débuts jusqu’à la victoire du programme Deep Blue sur le champion du monde Garry Kasparov en 1997The main theme of this thesis is to point out the interaction between games and mathematics by means of a category of very specific games, the combinatorial games. These games are no chance games of perfect information and either player (Arthur or Bertha) can force a win, or both players can force at least a draw. The first examples of combinatorial games can be found in Renaissance works. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, games spread as part of recreational mathematics, a new literary and editorial genre that offered an entertaining practice of science based on a challenge to understanding. Then, the analysis of combinatorial games, especially Nim games, aroused the interest of the early-twentieth-century mathematicians. This thesis is devoted to trace the development of the mathematical theory that was formulated around combinatorial games and that led to John Conway’s Field of Surreal Numbers in 1976. In parallel, it shows that another fundamental result on Chess determination, attributed to Zermelo (1912), enabled combinatorial games to become established on a cultural and technological level. Around 1940 appeared the first electromechanical machines, designed to play Nim and to meet the challenges of the audience during scientific exhibitions. The emergence of computers during the 1950s opened new paths for programming Chess, the ultimate combinatorial game. This work brings the highlights, made of hopes and disappointments, which the Chess programming research went through, since its very beginning up to the victory for Deep Blue program over the world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
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Tichý, Petr. „Marketingové aktivity NIKE v kategorii basketbal pro tuzemský trh“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113680.
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This master's thesis deals with the analysis and presentation of the global company Nike, especially the perception of the brand as a symbol of basketball. The master's thesis is divided into two parts. The first part describes the theoretical and methodological starting points, particularly the international marketing environment, concepts and strategic approaches, international marketing mix, plus the event marketing and sponsorship, which are an integral part of Nike marketing. The practical part describes the Nike company both from an international perspective, and marketing activities in the domestic environment. Based on the information and the survey, conducted gives recommendations for marketing activities in the basketball category in the domestic market.
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Pan, Yu Lan. „Desire for the other in Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior : Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456358.
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Rougetet, Lisa. „Des récréations arithmétiques au corps des nombres surréels et à la victoire d’un programme aux échecs : une histoire de la théorie des jeux combinatoires au XXème siècle“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10076/document.
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Le thème principal de ce travail de thèse est de montrer l’interaction existant entre les jeux et les mathématiques au travers d’une catégorie de jeux bien particuliers : les jeux combinatoires. Ces jeux se font sans hasard, sans information cachée et pour chacun des deux joueurs il existe une façon optimale de jouer. Les premiers exemples rencontrés se trouvent dans des écrits de la Renaissance. Les jeux se diffusent aux 17ème et 18ème siècles dans le cadre des récréations mathématiques, genre littéraire et éditorial nouveau qui propose une pratique ludique des sciences fondée sur le défi à l’entendement. L’analyse des jeux combinatoires intéresse ensuite les mathématiciens du début du 20ème siècle, notamment pour les jeux de type Nim. La thèse s’attache à retracer le développement de la théorie mathématique qui se construit autour des jeux combinatoires et aboutit au corps des nombres surréels de John Conway en 1976. En parallèle, elle montre qu’un autre résultat fondamental, attribué à Zermelo (1912), sur la détermination du jeu d’Échecs permet aux jeux combinatoires de s’implanter sur un plan technologique et culturel. Nous voyons les premières machines électromécaniques destinées à jouer au Nim apparaître vers 1940 et se confronter au public lors d’expositions et de salons scientifiques. La naissance des ordinateurs dans les années 1950 ouvre de nouvelles voies pour la programmation du jeu d’Échecs, jeu combinatoire par excellence. La thèse fait revivre les moments forts, faits d’espoirs et de déceptions, qu’a traversés la recherche en programmation d’Échecs, depuis ses débuts jusqu’à la victoire du programme Deep Blue sur le champion du monde Garry Kasparov en 1997The main theme of this thesis is to point out the interaction between games and mathematics by means of a category of very specific games, the combinatorial games. These games are no chance games of perfect information and either player (Arthur or Bertha) can force a win, or both players can force at least a draw. The first examples of combinatorial games can be found in Renaissance works. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, games spread as part of recreational mathematics, a new literary and editorial genre that offered an entertaining practice of science based on a challenge to understanding. Then, the analysis of combinatorial games, especially Nim games, aroused the interest of the early-twentieth-century mathematicians. This thesis is devoted to trace the development of the mathematical theory that was formulated around combinatorial games and that led to John Conway’s Field of Surreal Numbers in 1976. In parallel, it shows that another fundamental result on Chess determination, attributed to Zermelo (1912), enabled combinatorial games to become established on a cultural and technological level. Around 1940 appeared the first electromechanical machines, designed to play Nim and to meet the challenges of the audience during scientific exhibitions. The emergence of computers during the 1950s opened new paths for programming Chess, the ultimate combinatorial game. This work brings the highlights, made of hopes and disappointments, which the Chess programming research went through, since its very beginning up to the victory for Deep Blue program over the world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
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HERNANDEZ, DAVID RAY. „STUDIES IN ROMAN REPUBLICAN TOPOGRAPHY: THE SERVIAN WALL AND THE PORTA TRIUMPHALIS“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1077839141.
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Hartzok, Justus Grant. „Children of Chapaev: the Russian Civil War cult and the creation of Soviet identity, 1918-1941“. Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1227.
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This dissertation examines the formation and ramifications of the Russian Civil War cult, a system of signs, codes, and meanings that instructed Soviet citizens how properly to be socialist and how to thrive under the regime. By analyzing public rituals of the 1920s and 1930s designed to commemorate the Civil War and its heroes, this project demonstrates the numerous ways in which the state attempted to inculcate Soviet values and a willingness to sacrifice one's life for the state. However, Soviet citizens often responded to war imagery in ways that the regime did not expect, co-opting cult values to suit their own everyday circumstances or to lobby the state for changes in their local regions. Examining the story of the cult of the Civil War through the traumatic years of industrialization, collectivization, and terror recasts how the Soviet state and society came to terms with these dramatic transformations.
A central focus of the dissertation concerns the construction of Civil War heroes in literature and film, the most prominent of them being the famed commander Chapaev. The 1934 film Chapaev represented a critical mode of contact between the state and everyday citizens, in which people acted not only as spectators, but as active participants, allowing them to "play out" the Civil War in their own lives through celebratory fanfare, artistic expression like theater and poetry, and a shared cinematic experience. In this way, the state successfully transmitted images of unity and heroism to the population. The film became a cultural phenomenon, providing people with an outlet for feelings of powerlessness. Watching Chapaev was a method of coping with the dilemmas of everyday life. Built on a varied source base, using published literature and archival documents, including letters from citizens, official memoranda, stenograms, newspapers, and journals, this dissertation explores various public forms of Civil War pageantry, such as monument building, exhibitions in Moscow's Red Army Museum, Maxim Gorky's collected war history, and the twentieth anniversary celebrations of the Red Army in 1938. Finally, the dissertation addresses the cult's disintegration in the late 1930s during the chaos and uncertainty of the Great Terror.
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Robert, Chloé. „Estimating the Early Evolution of Brachiopods Using an Integrated Approach Combining Genomics and Fossils“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Paleobiologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356883.
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The Brachiopoda, a major group of the Lophotrochozoa, experienced a rapid early evolutionary diversification during the well-known Cambrian explosion and subsequently dominated the Palaeozoic benthos with its diversity and abundance. Even though the phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa is still hotly debated, it is now known that the Brachiopoda are a monophyletic grouping. However, the early evolutionary rates for the Brachiopoda have never been studied in the framework of a study combining molecular data and fossil time calibration points. In order to investigate the expected higher evolutionary rates of the Phylum at its origin, we conducted phylogenetic studies combining different methodologies and datasets. This work has at its foundation Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA datasets followed by analyses of phylogenomic sequences. All material was obtained from previously available sequences and from sequencing of genetic material from specimens from a concerted worldwide collection effort. While the analyses of the phylogenomic dataset produced a robust phylogeny of the Brachiopoda with good support, both the results of the novel rRNA and phylogenomic dating analyses provided limited insights into the early rates of evolution of the Brachiopoda from a newly assembled dataset, demonstrating some limitations in calibration dating using the software package BEAST2. Future studies implementing fossil calibration, possibly incorporating morphological data, should be attempted to elucidate the early rates of evolution of Brachiopoda and the effect of the Push of the Past in this clade.Det är ofta antaget att evolution (förändringar i arvsmassan hos en grupp organismer) sker i en konstant hastighet men i slutändan ändå osäkert om så är fallet. Stora grupper av organismer har ofta associerats med en högre evolutionär hastighet, speciellt nära deras uppkomst, vilket ökar sannolikheten för överlevnad. Armfotingar (Brachiopoda) är marina ryggradslösa djur med skal som tidigare var allmänt spridd, idag är istället musslor (Bivalvia) betydligt mer spridda. Armfotingar har funnits och utvecklats under flera miljoner år med ursprung under tidigt kambrium. Genom år av forskning och många fossil har vi fått mer information om utseendet hos utdöda organismer vilket har bidragit till att antalet fossila arter som vi känner till har ökat tusenfalt. Under den senaste tiden har det också skett innovationer inom molekylära tekniker som gjort det möjligt att applicera dessa kunskaper även på utdöda arter. Dessa molekylära tekniker har nyligen hjälpt till att bestämma några av släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar som tidigare ansetts vara väldigt svåra att lösa. Det finns fortfarande vissa släktskapsförhållanden inom armfotingar som inte är kända och man vet ännu inte hur fort de utvecklades. Genom att undersöka just evolutionens hastighet kan man börja förstå gruppens tidiga framgång under Kambrium och Ordovicium samt minskningen som följde. Syftet med den här studien var att beräkna evolutionshastigheten hos armfotingar med särskild fokus på den tidiga diversifieringen av gruppen. För att undersöka detta använde vi oss av molekylära data för att analysera släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar. Dessutom använde vi fossil för att datera stora händelser i armfotingarnas evolutionära historia. Med hjälp av statistiska analyser kunde vi beräkna evolutionshastighet och släktskapsförhållandena inom gruppen. Vi kom fram till att armfotingar härstammar från en gemensam förfader. Dateringen kring när detta skedde blev inte fastställd då det beräknades ske miljoner år före det äldsta djurfossilet. Det kommer behövas mer forskning för att ta reda på om armfotingar hade en högre evolutionär hastighet i tidigt skede.
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Assis, Viviane Andrade de. „?Aqui ? tudo uma rama de maxixe?: experi?ncias de trabalhadores rendeiros da Fazenda Engenho Sururu, Varzedo-BA (1970-2000)“. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/225.
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This text has as object to present the experiences of renters workers of the Engenho Sururu farm, located at the city of Varzedo, Bahia?s Rec?ncavo. Interests the work relationships of this renters through the constitution of an oral agreement with Humberto Guedes de Ara?jo ? the farm owner that was donated in the eighteenth century through the grant of sesmarias. The rural lease was signed between those who owned the land and who would worked on it. The landowner guaranteed the access to the land and established the conditions to stay in the lease. And the renter had to obligation to pay the rent, which guaranteed the right to live with his family as only in the mud houses and to plant subsistence farming in the leasehold lands. The study of this process allowed to understand how this relationship, based on an oral contract, poor living conditions, working and too in the solidarity, constituted itself as a reinvention of the exploration and resistance in the country. In that farm, these relationships appear to have been undertaken since when it housed workers in slave conditions, possibly, the ancestors of many of the families that still living there. From the analysis of these experiences mediated by oral narratives, the aim of this work is to understand about the land rights of the families that rented the lands of the Engenho Sururu farm, who live and work there for some generations, constituting, therefore, the ties of kindred among the community members, which is an element that gives the group unit, that is, "rama de maxixe"
Este texto tem como objetivo apresentar as experi?ncias de trabalhadores rendeiros da Fazenda Engenho Sururu, localizada no munic?pio de Varzedo, Rec?ncavo da Bahia. Interessam aqui as rela??es de trabalho destes sujeitos a partir da vigora??o do acordo oral de arrendamento com Humberto Guedes de Ara?jo ? propriet?rio da referida fazenda que foi doada no s?culo XVIII atrav?s de concess?o de sesmarias. O arrendamento rural era realizado entre quem possu?a a terra e quem iria trabalhar nela. O propriet?rio das terras concedia acesso ? terra e estabelecia as condi??es para permanecer no sistema de arrendamento. E o rendeiro tinha a obriga??o de pagar a renda, consequentemente garantia o direito de sua fam?lia morar t?o somente em casas de taipa e plantar lavoura de subsist?ncia nas terras arrendadas. O estudo deste processo permite entender como essa rela??o, baseada no contrato oral, nas prec?rias condi??es de moradia, trabalho, e tamb?m na solidariedade e mutualismo entre os trabalhadores, se constitui em reinven??es da explora??o e resist?ncia no campo. Na referida fazenda, essas rela??es parecem ter sido empreendidas desde quando a mesma abrigava trabalhadores em condi??o escrava, possivelmente os antepassados de muitas das fam?lias ainda l? residentes. A partir da an?lise dessas experi?ncias mediadas pelas narrativas orais, a proposta deste trabalho ? apreender sobre o direito ? terra das fam?lias rendeiras da Fazenda Engenho Sururu que nela moram e trabalham h? algumas gera??es, constituindo assim,os la?os de aparentados entre os membros da comunidade que ? um elemento que d? unidade ao grupo, ou seja, a ?rama de maxixe?.
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Pozzobon, Alberto. „Le regulae juris e la ricostruzione del diritto per principi: il paradigma canonistico del Tractatus de regulis juris (1733) di A. Reiffenstuel“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426633.
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The work is divided into two parts. The first one, that introduces to the second part, aims at investigating the nature of regulae juris, used as mean of generalisation by the medieval jurists. This part is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter one studies how the terminology came out in the documents concerning Roman law. In the meantime, it’s made clear the terminology corresponds to a different conceptualization from the medievals': whereas for the first ones, the regula is the decision made for the specific cases, for the second ones it corresponds to a general principle.
In the second chapter we study the literary genre in the Middle Ages, taking advantage of the most important authorities, that stressed their attention especially on two points: - the regulae juris can be extended to other cases, - the mean of the exceptions. The framing of the authorities was made almost by civil lawyers while canon lawyers adopted the civil lawyers' categories, especially with the figure of Dino Mugellano.
In the third chapter we study the evolution of the jurists' s thought in the modern area, before the process of codification began. The regula became synonym of rule of law.
The second part is consisted on the copy and the translation of the Tractatus de regulis juris edited by Anaclet Reiffenstuel in 1733Il lavoro si divide in due parti. La prima parte, che funge da introduzione alla seconda, intende indagare la natura delle regulae juris, strumento di generalizzazione ed astrazione utilizzato dai giuristi medievali. Questa parte si suddivide in tre capitoli. Nel primo di essi si studia l’emergere della terminologia nelle fonti romanistiche e nello stesso tempo si specifica che alla terminologia, pure utilizzata, corrisponde una concettualizzazione diversa da quella dei medievali: mentre per questi ultimi la regula è la decisione per il caso concreto, per i medievali corrisponde al principio generale. Nel secondo capitolo si studia il genere letterario in epoca medievale, attingendo alla dottrina giuridica più importante, la quale si è interessata particolarmente a due temi: la normatività o meno delle regulae juris e l’inquadramento delle eccezioni. L’elaborazione dottrinale in materia è opera esclusiva dei legisti mentre i canonisti si limitano a trasporre e lo strumento e la relativa elaborazione nel loro ambito specifico, specie attraverso la figura di Dino del Mugello. Nel terzo capitolo si studia lo svolgersi della dottrina in materia nell’epoca moderna sino alle soglie della codificazione, specificando come alla chiara elaborazione medievale ora si sostituisce un più ampio ventaglio di ricostruzioni, le quali tutte tendono ad identificare tuttavia regula juris con la norma giuridica. La seconda parte, invece, consiste nella trascrizione e traduzione del testo del Tractatus de regulis juris di Anaklet Reiffenstuel del 1733
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Vieira, Milreu Paulo. „Enumerating functional substructures of genome-scale metabolic networks : stories, precursors and organisations“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850704.
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In this thesis, we presented three different methods for enumerating special subnetworks containedin a metabolic network: metabolic stories, minimal precursor sets and chemical organisations. Foreach of the three methods, we gave theoretical results, and for the two first ones, we further providedan illustration on how to apply them in order to study the metabolic behaviour of living organisms.Metabolic stories are defined as maximal directed acyclic graphs whose sets of sources and targets arerestricted to a subset of the nodes. The initial motivation of this definition was to analyse metabolomicsexperimental data, but the method was also explored in a different context. Metabolic precursor setsare minimal sets of nutrients that are able to produce metabolites of interest. We present threedifferent methods for enumerating minimal precursor sets and we illustrate the application in a studyof the metabolic exchanges in a symbiotic system. Chemical organisations are sets of metabolites thatare simultaneously closed and self-maintaining, which captures some stability feature in the
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Förköli, Gábor. „Écriture et contingence : fortuna, lieux communs et exemples historiques dans la littérature politique du XVIIe siècle. Les contextes et usages du Ministre d’Estat de Jean de Silhon“. Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040034.
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Le présent travail souhaite apporter un éclairage sur la manière dont la littérature politique de l'absolutisme français a envisagé la place de la contingence et du hasard dans l’expérience historique. Cette étude comprend deux versants : d’une part, l’examen des contextes d’écriture du Ministre d'Estat (1631), traité politique que Jean de Silhon consacre à la défense du ministère de Richelieu ; d’autre part, une analyse des aspects épistémologiques et anthropologiques de l’usage des maximes, des préceptes et des exemples dans les ouvrages historiques et politiques. Cette double approche se justifie par les circonstances de la réception de Silhon, que nous étudions à partir de la présence de ses ouvrages dans certains recueils de manuscrits, relatifs à la politique française du premier XVIIe siècle. Pour ce faire, nous considérons le manuscrit comme un médium, qui révèle à la fois le fonctionnement de l’espace public et celui de l’intimité des lectures personnelles. Dans ce travail, la collecte des lieux communs et des sentences est vu comme un moyen d’ordonner l’hétérogénéité des expériences historiques sous la forme d’un savoir utile. Nous commençons par analyser le concept de contingence historique, à travers le topos de fortuna, tel qu’il est décrit dans les ouvrages de Silhon et de ses contemporains. Il semble qu’une tension se dégage entre deux tendances antinomiques au sein de cette oeuvre : l’auteur défend, en matière d’État, une exigence de modernité, celle d’une émancipation de la politique de ses modèles antiques et d’une affirmation de son caractère rationnel ; pourtant, le topos archaïque de fortuna reste profondément ancré dans son oeuvre, y compris en lien avec la figure du ministre d’État au XVIIe siècle. Ce constat est renforcé par l'étude de la réception du Ministre d'Estat en Italie et dans le Saint-Empire. Nous parcourons ensuite les extraits manuscrits collectés dans le cabinet de Richelieu et dans les collections de Philippe de Béthune et d’Henri II de Mesmes, avant de présenter la collection ouvertement francophile du duc Auguste le Jeune de Wolfenbüttel. Nous examinons enfin l’œuvre de Nicolas Zrínyi, homme d’État croato-hongrois, qui intègre, dans sa théorie politique et militaire, deux influences contradictoires : la lecture tacitiste de l’histoire antique et le modernisme de Silhon. Son Capitaine vaillant (1650-53), méditation manuscrite, représente, au niveau de l'invention et de la disposition de ses matériaux, les méthodes propres à l’humanisme traditionnel, tandis que, dans l’usage de l’Histoire, il partage les doutes de l’humanisme tardifThe purpose of this work is to present the way the political literature of French absolutism explained contingency and chance in historical experience. This study comprises two tasks: firstly, it analyses the different contexts of the Ministre d’Estat (1631), a political treatise written by Jean de Silhon to defend Richelieu’s government; secondly, it deals with the epistemological and anthropological aspects of using maxims, precepts and examples written on historical or political matters. To demonstrate the relevance of this double approach, the study aims to reconstruct the history of Silhon’s reception by discussing the presence of his works in manuscript miscellanies which contain excerpts on French politics in the first half of the 17th century. For this purpose, manuscript is interpreted as a medium which reveals both the functioning of the public space and the privacy of personal readings. Collecting common places and sentences is considered to be a method of organising divergent historical experiences into useful knowledge. In the first part, this study analyses the notion of historical contingency as described with the topos of fortuna in works by Silhon and his contemporaries. I suggest that there is a tension between two opposite tendencies in Silhon’s work: although he declares a claim for modernity in state affairs in order to liberate politics from antique models and to assure its rationality, the archaic topos of fortuna keeps resurfacing in his work and in the figure of the state minister in the 17th century. This statement can be confirmed by observing the reception of the Ministre d’Estat in Italy and in the Holy Roman Empire. The second part discusses manuscript excerpts from Richelieu’s cabinet and from the collections of Philippe de Béthune and Henri II de Mesmes, concluding with the presentation of the openly Francophile collection of August the Younger, duke of Wolfenbüttel. The third part considers the work of Nicolas Zrínyi, a Croatian-Hungarian politician, who integrated two contradictory influences in his political and military theory: the Tacitist reading of ancient history and Silhon’s modernism. His Valiant Captain (1650-53), an unpublished meditation, represents the methods of classical humanism in the inventio and dispositio of its matters while sharing late humanism’s doubts concerning the uses of history
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Xu, Ke. „Comparative genomic and epigenomic analyses of human and non-human primate evolution“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52935.
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Primates are one of the best characterized phylogenies with vast amounts of comparative data available, including genomic sequences, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications. Thus, they provide an ideal system to study sequence evolution, regulatory evolution, epigenetic evolution as well as their interplays. Comparative studies of primate genomes can also shed light on molecular basis of human-specific traits. This dissertation is mainly composed of three chapters studying human and non-human primate evolution. The first study investigated evolutionary rate difference between sex chromosome and autosomes across diverse primate species. The second study developed an unbiased approach without the need of prior information to identify genomic segments under accelerated evolution. The third study investigated interplay between genomic and epigenomic evolution of humans and chimpanzees.
Research advance 1: evolutionary rates of the X chromosome are predicted to be different from those of autosomes. A theory based on neutral mutation predicts that the X chromosome evolves slower than autosomes (slow-X evolution) because the numbers of cell division differ between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. A theory based on natural selection predicts an opposite direction (fast-X evolution) because newly arising beneficial mutations on the autosomes are usually recessive or partially recessive and not exposed to natural selection. A strong slow-X evolution is also predicted to counteract the effect of fast-X evolution. In our research, we simultaneously studied slow-X evolution, fast-X evolution as well as their interaction in a phylogeny of diverse primates. We showed that slow-X evolution exists in all the examined species, although their degrees differ, possibly due to their different life history traits such as generation times. We showed that fast-X evolution is lineage-specific and provided evidences that fast-X evolution is more evident in species with relatively weak slow-X evolution. We discussed potential contribution of various degrees of slow-X evolution on the conflicting population genetic inferences about human demography.
Research advance 2: human-specific traits have long been considered to reside in the genome. There has been a surge of interest to identify genomic regions with accelerated evolution rate in the human genome. However, these studies either rely on a priori knowledge or sliding windows of arbitrary sizes. My research provided an unbiased approach based on previously developed “maximal segment” algorithm to identify genomic segments with accelerated lineage-specific substitution rate. Under this framework, we identified a large number of human genomic segments with clustered human-specific substitutions (named “maximal segments” after the algorithm). Our identified human maximal segments cover a significant amount of previously identified human accelerated regions and overlap with genes enriched in developmental processes. We demonstrated that the underlying evolutionary forces driving the maximal segments included regionally increased mutation rate, biased gene conversion and positive selection.
Research advance 3: DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic modifications and plays a significant role in gene regulation. How DNA methylation status varies on the evolutionary timescale is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of genetic changes in shaping DNA methylation divergence between humans and chimpanzees in their sperm and brain, separately. We find that for orthologous promoter regions, CpG dinucleotide content difference is negatively correlated with DNA methylation level difference in the sperm but not in the brain, which may be explained by the fact that CpG depleting mutations better reflect germline DNA methylation levels. For the aligned sites of orthologous promoter regions, sequence divergence is positively correlated with methylation divergence for both tissues. We showed that the evolution of DNA methylation can be affected by various genetic factors including transposable element insertions, CpG depleting mutations and CpG generating mutations.
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Tamura, Anderson Tsuioshi Alves. „A resposta de João Daniel ao projeto português para o Amazonas“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13209.
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This paper aims to analyse jesuit priest João Daniel s work, that started his path as a representaive to the Inacian Order in the portuguese colons to the north in the state of Grão Pará e Maranhão during the secound half of the XVIII century, a period when the conflict between the inacians and the portuguese government were constant. That was the context where were the historic figuring of priest João Daniel in the midle of the dispute between the crown and the jesuitical Order, writing hes works. João Daniel propose a economic projet for the Amazon based upon the jesuits knowledge about the fauna, flora and geography of the region which he considered the true Amazon treasures. At the same time, he debated and answered the Portuguese State s accusations against the order and carried through discussion about the nature and fauna in the New Word. That is the perspective througt which we propose own study, analyzing this Inacian´s Work, praising his work as an important voice in the XVIII century, bearing in the mind that that his work approaches a number of relevant questions such as the importance of the fauna and flora, the need for adapting the environment toward, economic development and the indigenous handwork functionality
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a obra do Padre jesuíta João Daniel, que iniciou sua trajetória como representante da Ordem Inaciana na colônia portuguesa ao norte, no Estado do Grão Pará e Maranhão durante a segunda metade do século XVIII, período em que os conflitos entre inacianos e governo português eram constantes. Nesse contexto que se encontrava a figura histórica do Padre João Daniel, em meio à disputa entre coroa e a ordem jesuítica que este inaciano escreveu sua obra. João Daniel propôs um desenvolvimento econômico para a Amazônia baseado no conhecimento dos jesuítas sobre a fauna, flora e geografia da região que o mesmo considerava os verdadeiros tesouros amazônicos. Ao mesmo tempo debatia e respondia as acusações do Estado português contra a ordem e permeava discussões sobre a natureza e a fauna do Novo Mundo. Sob esta perspectiva que propomos nosso estudo, analisar o trabalho deste inaciano, valorizar sua obra como uma voz importante no século XVIII que defendia a Amazônia, tendo em vista que seu trabalho aborda uma série de questões relevantes como, a importância da fauna e flora, a necessidade de adaptação do meio para o desenvolvimento econômico e a funcionalidade da mão-de-obra indígena
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Leaf, Patricia L. „Authorizing the self : negotiating normality in contemporary American memoir“. CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1560839.
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This study examines the contemporary American memoirs Goat (2004) by Brad Land, Prozac Diary (1998) by Lauren Slater, and The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts (1976) by Maxine Hong Kingston to reveal how these texts push traditional thematic and genre boundaries as well as conceptions of minority identity. Their inclusion of fictional aspects, episodic structure, narrative excesses, and non-teleological endings work to enhance their status as sociocultural critique and protest.
This dissertation utilizes a social oppression angle within disability studies to demonstrate the overlapping processes and experiences of marginalization faced by these disparate protagonists who are dis-abled due to their undesired bodily variations and their failure to meet sociocultural standards of appropriate embodied behavior. Society is ideologically unwilling to accommodate or accept the differences the protagonists possess. Such a frame expands the artificial and culturally constructed notion of disability by illustrating the ways that discourse and ideologies of embodied normalcy intersect to constitute various minority identities as incompetent and
unworthy. The texts bear witness to each protagonists’ struggle to cultivate meaningful subjectivity and reject passive victim status; however, their resulting survivor subjectivities are both resistant to and complicit with hegemonic tenets.
This literary project augments ongoing work in minority, identity, autobiography, cultural, and disability studies that deconstructs essentialist paradigms while reinforcing the important cultural and literary work of contemporary memoir. Moreover, it fills a critical gap with respect to Goat and Prozac Diary, bringing these two texts into the critical discussion of autobiography. Finally, this dissertation illustrates that memoir is uniquely positioned within literary genres to navigate the interconnectedness of identity, subjectivity, and ideology, thus challenging readers to confront the injustice of a sociocultural structure that sanctions these inequities in the first placeWriting a better story : authorizing a vivid and valid self -- Lauren Slater's Prozac diary : the medical model and the suppression of the patient -- Maxine Hong Kingston's The woman warrior : the spectacular subjugation of the dually oppressed and dis-abled body -- The three memoirs : no prosthesis needed.
Writing a better story : authorizing a vivid and valid self -- Lauren Slater's Prozac diary : the medical model and the suppression of the patient -- Maxine Hong Kingston's The woman warrior : the spectacular subjugation of the dually oppressed and dis-abled body -- The three memoirs : no prosthesis needed.
Department of English
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Lou, Wenjie. „MULTI-STATE MODELS WITH MISSING COVARIATES“. UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/statistics_etds/16.
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Multi-state models have been widely used to analyze longitudinal event history data obtained in medical studies. The tools and methods developed recently in this area require the complete observed datasets. While, in many applications measurements on certain components of the covariate vector are missing on some study subjects. In this dissertation, several likelihood-based methodologies were proposed to deal with datasets with different types of missing covariates efficiently when applying multi-state models.
Firstly, a maximum observed data likelihood method was proposed when the data has a univariate missing pattern and the missing covariate is a categorical variable. The construction of the observed data likelihood function is based on the model of a joint distribution of the response longitudinal event history data and the discrete covariate with missing values.
Secondly, we proposed a maximum simulated likelihood method to deal with the missing continuous covariate when applying multi-state models. The observed data likelihood function was approximated by using the Monte Carlo simulation method.
At last, an EM algorithm was used to deal with multiple missing covariates when estimating the parameters of multi-state model. The EM algorithm would be able to handle multiple missing discrete covariates in general missing pattern efficiently.
All the proposed methods are justified by simulation studies and applications to the datasets from the SMART project, a consortium of 11 different high-quality longitudinal studies of aging and cognition.
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Al-Hadal, Sami Sharaf. „L'Orient sous l'œil des écrivains voyageurs : Six récits de voyage littéraires français du premier XIXe siècle“. Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1655.
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La thèse vise à examiner la représentation de l’Orient dans la littérature de voyage française du premier XIXe siècle. Elle invite à une analyse approfondie des six récits de voyage en Orient que nous avons choisis. L’objectif est de déterminer le statut de ces voyages, les motivations, les conditions, les risques, l’itinéraire suivi, les moyens de transport utilisés à l’époque ainsi que le regard des écrivains voyageurs sur la région, leurs impressions et leurs sentiments envers elle, etc. II s'agit aussi de voir comment l’Orient, l’«Autre» fascinant pour les occidentaux, a été présenté dans la littérature française au siècle du Romantisme. Suite à la l'expédition de Bonaparte en Orient, au début du XIXe siècle qui ouvre le chemin vers la région, beaucoup de voyageurs français en quête d'exotisme se sont dirigés en Orient. A leur retour, ces derniers ont commencé à écrire et à publier leurs carnets de voyage, leurs récits, leurs notes … etc. Une manifestation littéraire, artistique et culturelle sans précédent voit le jour en France, donnant lieu à ce qu’on appelle l’«orientalisme». La présente étude montre, d'une part, que la littérature représente l'imaginaire produit par l’Orient accompagné d’une richesse égale aux disciplines qui ont été privilégiées jusqu'à présent par les études sur l'Orient; d'autre part, qu'il y a une nécessité d'ouvrir un dialogue entre la littérature et le savoir oriental. Cette thèse évoque donc la singularité d’une rencontre entre le monde du savoir orientaliste et le lecteurThis thesis aims to examine the representation of the "Orient", in French travel literature in the first nineteenth century. It invites to detailed analysis for the six travel histories of the "Orient", which we have chosen. The objective is to determine the status of these trips, the motivations, the conditions, the risks, the followed routes, the means of transport used at the time as well as the views of travel writers of the region, their impressions and feelings. It's also to know how the "Orient", the "Other" fascinating for Westerners, was presented in French literature of the Romanticism century. Following Bonaparte's expedition to the "Orient" in the early nineteenth century which opens the way to the region, many of the French travelers who searching of exoticism have led to the "Orient". On their return, they began to write and publish their diaries, their stories, notes. . . Etc. The literary, artistic and cultural manifestation unprecedented born in France, giving rise to the so-called «Orientalism». The present study shows, on the one hand, that the literature is produced by the imagination of the "Orient" with wealth equal to the disciplines that have been preferred so far by studies of the “Orient”, and on the other, that there is a need to open a dialogue between literature and the Eastern knowledge. So, this thesis evokes the singularity of the meeting between the world of eastern knowledge and the reader
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Taccone, Raphaelle. „Marie-Madeleine en Occident : les dynamiques de la sainteté dans la Bourgogne des IXème-XVème siècles“. Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871277.
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Le culte de sainte Marie-Madeleine, élaboré dès le second quart du XIème siècle au monastère de Vézelay, sous l'abbatiat de Geoffroi, est unanimement célébré par les foules de fidèles et inspire la sainte plèbe de Dieu sur le chemin du repentir. Particulièrement fécond et consacrant Vézelay, ville gardienne du tombeau de la sainte pénitente des Evangiles comme un haut-lieu de pèlerinage, le culte périclite et plonge dans une situation bipolaire dès le quatrième quart du XIIIème siècle suite à la découverte supposée du véritable corps de la Madeleine à Saint-Maximin en Provence. Beaucoup d'auteurs envisagent le déclin du pèlerinage bourguignon or, il est plus juste d'observer une contraction régionale. En effet, la persistance des témoignages dévotionnels au sein de son berceau primitif et l'implication progressive de la famille ducale de Bourgogne dans la promotion du culte vézelien concourent très largement à une relecture du culte de la sainte.D'une politique monastique, primitivement élaborée par les moines de Vézelay,à une politique princière, s'affirmant pleinement avec l'avènement de la dynastie des Valois, le culte vézelien de la Madeleine est constamment perçu comme une gloire de la Bourgogne. Des sources écrites aux sources liturgiques,à travers le foisonnement des indices dévotionnels en son honneur (reliques,sanctuaires, autels,...) et un corpus iconographique bourguignon la mettant en scène, en regard de l'implication des chanoines de Saint-Maximin et des comtes de Provence - fervent soutien du culte provençal de la Madeleine, les destinées du culte magdalénien, d'une échelle régionale à un ensemble plus grand englobant l'Occident chrétien, méritaient ainsi d'être redéfinies par une approche critique
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Suzuki-Martinez, Sharon S. 1963. „Tribal Selves: Subversive Identity in Asian American and Native American Literature“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565575.
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Mariotte, Christian. „Retour en Allemagne. Stigmate et identité dans l'oeuvre d'écrivains juifs de langue allemande contemporains“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA035.
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Dans la seconde moitié des années 1980, le champ littéraire allemand est marqué par l’apparition d’une nouvelle génération d’écrivains qui se définissent comme juifs et sont perçus comme tels par le public. Il n’est toutefois pas certain que cette appartenance religieuse justifie de les appréhender de manière conjointe. On se souvient en effet des classifications de sinistre mémoire effectuées par les études littéraires allemandes avant 1945. Dès lors, il ne s’agit nullement de rattacher l’ensemble des écrivains juifs de langue allemande contemporains à la catégorie difficilement définissable et parfois dangereuse de la « littérature judéo-allemande ». De façon plus modeste, nous vérifions l’hypothèse que trois écrivains emblématiques de cette génération – Barbara Honigmann, Rafael Seligmann et Maxim Biller – élaborent une « littérature du stigmate » dont le point d’ancrage est l’expérience de la judéité dans le « pays des meurtriers ». Fondée sur une méthodologie croisant la sociologie d’Erving Goffman (1922-1982) et d’autres approches, la réflexion s’organise en trois étapes. Tout d’abord, nous montrons que par le biais de la fiction et, d’une autre manière, l’essai, les trois écrivains identifient des moments-clés où l'individu réalise le déficit identitaire lié à la condition stigmatisée des Juifs allemands après 1945. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons les réponses (politiques, religieuses, etc.) que leurs œuvres proposent à la question de savoir s’il est possible d’échapper au stigmate. Enfin, nous examinons la réflexion de Honigmann, Seligmann et Biller sur les possibilités qu’offrent leurs stratégies d’écriture, leur positionnement au sein du champ littéraire et leur rapport à la langue en vue de conquérir une identité non stigmatique. Ce faisant, nous espérons montrer que loin d’enfermer les œuvres dans des classifications trop sommaires, la sociologie goffmanienne constitue une voie d’accès privilégiée à ce qui constitue leur singularitéIn the second half of the 1980s, a new generation appeared in German literature; these writers have defined themselves and been perceived by readers as Jews. However, this common religious background may not in itself justify apprehending them together – as some infamous classifications made by German literary studies before 1945 should remind us.The idea, therefore, is not to put all contemporary Jewish German-writing authors in the ill-defined and sometimes dangerous category of “Judeo-German literature”, but rather, more modestly, to verify this hypothesis: three emblematic writers of this generation – Barbara Honigmann, Rafael Seligmann and Maxim Biller – have created a “literature of stigmas” anchored in the experience of being Jewish in the “country of the murderers.” Based on Erving Goffman’s (1922-1982) sociology, among other sources, the reasoning is organized in three steps. It first shows that, through fiction as well as non-fiction, all three writers have identified key moments when an individual becomes aware of the identity deficit that goes along with the stigma borne by post-1944 Jewish Germans. Then, it analyses the various answers – political, religious, etc. – found in their works to the question of knowing whether this stigma can be escaped. It eventually examines Honigmann’s, Seligmann’s and Biller’s reflections on the possibilities offered by writing strategies, their positioning in the literary field and their relationship to language so as to conquer a stigma-free identity. We thus hope to show that Goffmanian sociology, far from confining these works to simplistic classifications, offers privileged access to what makes them unique
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Shmilovits, Liron. „Deus ex machina : legal fictions in private law“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286225.
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This PhD dissertation is about legal fictions in private law. A legal fiction, broadly, is a false assumption knowingly relied upon by the courts. The main aim of the dissertation is to formulate a test for which fictions should be accepted and which rejected. Subsidiary aims include a better understanding of the fiction as a device and of certain individual fictions, past and present. This research is undertaken, primarily, to establish a rigorous system for the treatment of fictions in English law - which is lacking. Secondarily, it is intended to settle some intractable disputes, which have plagued the scholarship. These theoretical debates have hindered progress on the practical matters which affect litigants in the real world. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a historical study of common-law fictions. The conclusions drawn thereform are the foundation of the acceptance test for fictions. The second chapter deals with the theoretical problems surrounding the fiction. Chiefly, it seeks precisely to define 'legal fiction', a recurrent problem in the literature. A solution, in the form of a two-pronged definition, is proposed, adding an important element to the acceptance test. The third chapter analyses modern-day fictions and recommends retention or abolition for each fiction. In the fourth chapter, the findings hitherto are synthesised into a general acceptance test for fictions. This test, which is the thesis of this work, is presented as a flowchart. It is the author's hope that this project will raise awareness as to the merits and demerits of legal fictions, de-mystify the debate and bring about reform.
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En-LingChuang und 莊恩菱. „Prediction of Maximum Temperature History of Fire Damaged Concrete by Thermal Analysis“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53942302245059803457.
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