Dissertationen zum Thema „Matériaux photovoltaïques“
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Aïch, Badrou Reda. „Elaboration de matériaux organiques et hybrides pour la réalisation de dispositifs photovoltaïques“. Cergy-Pontoise, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CERG0328.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChe, Xiaoyang. „Étude théorique de matériaux pérovskites halogénées“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S040/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis actual work is entirely devoted to the study of halide perovskite materials, promising materials in many fields of application, by means of the Density Functional Theory. The "hybrid" feature of this type of material is illustrated through various studies of their structural and electronic properties. The three-dimensional compound CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ is firstly presented. Basic electronic properties such as band structures, projected density of states or wave functions are discussed. In addition, the importance of spin-orbit coupling is highlighted. Symmetry analysis is applied to understand and interpret the optical properties of different materials. Structural reconstructions on the surface of the crystals lead the Rashba-Dresselhaus effects. In addition, surface defects and their passivations are also studied. Studies on lead-free materials that are potentially less toxic are proposed in a second step. These studies aim to analyze their potentials for photovoltaic devices from the point of view of electronic structures. Different substitution strategies, ranging from the simple replacement of lead to other more elaborate alternatives such as double perovskites or low-dimensional perovskites are investigated as well
Mrazkova, Zuzana. „Modélisation et caractérisation de matériaux et nanostructures pour les applications photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX121/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResearch in photovoltaics aims at lowering the price per watt of generated electrical power. Substantial efforts aim at searching for new materials and designs which can push the limits of existing solar cells. The recent development of complex materials and nanostructures for solar cells requires more effort to be put into their characterization and modeling. This thesis focuses on optical characterization, modeling, and design optimization of advanced solar cell architectures.Optical measurements are used for fast and non-destructive characterization of textured samples for photovoltaic applications. Surface textures enhance light-trapping and are thus desired to improve the solar cell performance. On the other hand, these textures make optical characterization more challenging and more effort is required for both, the optical measurement itself and subsequent modeling and interpretation of obtained data. In this work, we demonstrate that we are able to use optical methods to study the widely used pyramidal textures as well as very challenging randomly oriented silicon nanowire arrays.At first, we focused on the optical study of various pyramidal surfaces and their impact on the silicon heterojunction solar cell performance. We have found that vertex angles of pyramids prepared using various texturing conditions vary from the theoretical value of 70.52° expected from crystalline silicon. This change of the vertex angle is explained by regular monoatomic terraces, which are present on pyramid facets and are observed by atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The impact of a vertex angle variation on the thicknesses of deposited thin films is studied and the consequences for resulting solar cell efficiency are discussed. A developed optical model for calculation of the reflectance and absorptance of thin film multi-layers on pyramidal surfaces enabled a solar cell design optimization, with respect to a given pyramid vertex angle.In-situ Mueller matrix ellipsometry has been applied for monitoring the silicon nanowire growth process by plasma-enhanced vapor-liquid-solid method. We have developed an easy-to-use optical model, which is to our knowledge a first model fitting the experimental ellipsometric data for process control of plasma-assisted vapor-liquid-solid grown nanowires. The observed linear dependence of the silicon material deposition on the deposition time enables us to trace the fabrication process in-situ and to control material quality
Ouhib, Farid. „Elaboration de matériaux dérivés du polythiophène : Application aux cellules photovoltaïques organiques“. Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe work reported here aims to develop new conjugated polymers exhibiting an absorption in a better correlation with the solar spectrum. A bibliographic review presents the background and definitions related to the photovoltaic effect in organic solar cells, as well as polymers used. The principle of a cell and photophysical processes occuring during photovoltaic conversion are presented. Several polythiophene derivatives substituted by aromatic groups have been synthesised. After a thorough structural characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the materials were analysed by UV-visible absorption spectrometry. Their thermal properties were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scaning calorimetry (DSC). Part of this work has focused on the preparation of photovoltaic solar cells based on the different polymers synthesised (donor) in heterojunction with PCBM (acceptor). From the results of characterisation in solar cells and the study of the morphology by AFM microscopy, we have discussed the influence of chemical structure, degree of régioregularity and molecular weights of polymers on the characteristics of the solar cells. We have developped two kinds of donor/acceptor double-cables, one presenting a statistical grafting of C60 on a polythiophene backbone and one block copolymer. These double-cables presented different optical properties and morphologies in thin films, as shown by UV-visible absorption and AFM, respectively
Monestier, Florent. „Amélioration de l’absorption photonique dans les cellules photovoltaïques organiques“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe photovoltaic conversion efficiency of organic solar cells is still too low to start their production at industrial level. In this work, we present a method to enhance photon absorption in photoactive layers. The first part of this work is focused on the development of a software for modelize and optimize organic solar cells. Based on repartition of the electromagnetic field in depth of cells, this software allows layers thicknesses optimization of «single» solar cells or multijunction solar cells like tandem cell. In the second part, we compute short circuit current densities which allows to link optical properties to electrical properties of organic solar cells. Our calculus were then validated by comparison with experimental results on bilayer heterojunction or bulk heterojonction solar cells. In the last part of this work we started a study concerning the enhancement of the localized electromagnetic field in organic layers including metallic nanoparticles (gold or silver)
Tablaoui, Meftah. „Développement de matériaux massifs appartenant au système chalcopyrite pour des applications photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10073/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the photovoltaic field, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) compound is an alternative solution to substitute solar thin film based on toxically and expensive conventional materials. The gap of this material is around 1.5eV and absorption coefficient 10-4 cm-1, in addition this material is composed of abundant and harmless elements which will strongly decrease the price of the final cell. This material present a particular interest and in spite of the efficiency which reached 12.6%, till now this material is not well known especially the effect of its intrinsic properties on its photovoltaic performances. Because of the sulfur volatility, it is difficult to prepare single phase compound. Also, it is difficult to surmount the formation of secondary phases which are a barrier to CZTS complete reaction allowing difficulties to fix the gap and increase the recombination of carrier. In the frame of this PhD thesis, a serial of CZTS compounds has been synthetized from solid and liquid state using an excess of sulfur to compensate its volatility and the composition change in the Cu-Zn-Sn-S equilibrium diagram. We have determined the monophased field and we have shown that it is possible to obtain a compound with high purity. By optical microscopy we have observed a granular morphology composed of polycrystalline grains and the secondary phases were rejected in the grains boundary. The Cu2ZnGeS4 (CZGS) compound can be used for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. The addition of tin can be a good way to improve the kinetic reaction and the crystallinity of this materials, So, it is interesting to study Cu2ZnGexSn(1-x)S4 ( x=0 to 1) compound . By X ray diffraction we have shown a structure transition from Kesterite (CZTS) to orthorhombic (CZGS). The Cu2Zn(Ge,Sn)S4 compound is a solid solution with a gap miscibility between 0 and 20% of germanium
Navarro, José Miguel. „Cellules photovoltaïques organiques transparentes dans le visible“. Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/829/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of the renewable energy production, organic solar cells enjoy certain advantages like low production costs and the possibility of obtaining large surfaces on flexible and transparent substrates. They can also be used in new applications as we demonstrate in this thesis. More concretely, this work describes the possibility of using these cells in the Essilor "digital glass" project. The question is: can the organic solar cells prove to be useful as an energy source in future eye-glasses spectacles? In this application, the two most important parameters are: 1) the open circuit voltage, which should be high (around 1 V) in order to be able to orient the liquid crystals, for example, and 2) an acceptable level of transparency to integrate them on eye-glasses. High open circuit voltage was obtained by using laboratory produced cells, improved by using PEDOT: PSS and BCP. As for the second parameter, the aluminium of the cathode is replaced by transparent materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and PEDOT: PSS
Rondeau-Gagné, Simon. „Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux de type n pour applications en dispositifs photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27138/27138.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Huong. „Elaboration de nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous pour cellules photovoltaïques hybrides à perovskite“. Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0979/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the thesis is to develop and study the potential of organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for photovoltaic applications using perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). Several families of HTM molecules have been prepared and deposited in solution for the fabrication of solar cells. Since the main objective is to study and provide information on the relationship between the molecular structure of new hole transport materials and the photovoltaic performances obtained, this study contributes to a better fundamental understanding of the required properties of hole transport materials for better photovoltaic performance.The first study concerns the development of p-type molecules based on Thieno [3,2-b] thiophene as a central unit and π-linker with dimethoxytriphenylamine as end-capping electron donors. Different configurations are designed and revealed significantly different photovoltaic performances in the PSC devices. Remarkable, a planar structure with linear conjugation shows higher values of mobility and conductivity than others, thus it improved device performances.In the second study, donor-acceptor molecules based on 9(10H)Acridone derivatives as an acceptor were developed. By incorporating different electron-donating fragments, we obtain structures with favorable characteristics for both good intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and adequate HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Their energy levels are suitable for collecting and injecting the holes from perovskite to the metal electrode through the HTM. Similar studies have been done with Thioxanthone.Using a cheap precursor and facile preparation, the third study synthesized a 9.9'-biacridone derivative. These p-type molecules possess a three-dimensional structure which is similar to that of Spiro-OMeTAD, state-of-the-art molecule for PSCs.Finally, the last study focus on the development of donor-acceptor molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The objective is elaboration of the planar structure molecule which could be improved the π-π stacking effect in the device fabrication without grain boundaries. These molecules also own a strong ICT character, an extended π-conjugation on the whole structure and a good solubility which makes it an ideal candidate for the dopant-free HTM in PSCs
Le, Huong. „Elaboration de nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous pour cellules photovoltaïques hybrides à perovskite“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0979.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the thesis is to develop and study the potential of organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for photovoltaic applications using perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). Several families of HTM molecules have been prepared and deposited in solution for the fabrication of solar cells. Since the main objective is to study and provide information on the relationship between the molecular structure of new hole transport materials and the photovoltaic performances obtained, this study contributes to a better fundamental understanding of the required properties of hole transport materials for better photovoltaic performance.The first study concerns the development of p-type molecules based on Thieno [3,2-b] thiophene as a central unit and π-linker with dimethoxytriphenylamine as end-capping electron donors. Different configurations are designed and revealed significantly different photovoltaic performances in the PSC devices. Remarkable, a planar structure with linear conjugation shows higher values of mobility and conductivity than others, thus it improved device performances.In the second study, donor-acceptor molecules based on 9(10H)Acridone derivatives as an acceptor were developed. By incorporating different electron-donating fragments, we obtain structures with favorable characteristics for both good intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and adequate HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Their energy levels are suitable for collecting and injecting the holes from perovskite to the metal electrode through the HTM. Similar studies have been done with Thioxanthone.Using a cheap precursor and facile preparation, the third study synthesized a 9.9'-biacridone derivative. These p-type molecules possess a three-dimensional structure which is similar to that of Spiro-OMeTAD, state-of-the-art molecule for PSCs.Finally, the last study focus on the development of donor-acceptor molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The objective is elaboration of the planar structure molecule which could be improved the π-π stacking effect in the device fabrication without grain boundaries. These molecules also own a strong ICT character, an extended π-conjugation on the whole structure and a good solubility which makes it an ideal candidate for the dopant-free HTM in PSCs
Bounaas, Lotfi. „Etude et intégration de matériaux avancés pour la passivation face arrière de cellules photovoltaïques minces“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4324.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImproving the solar cell efficiency on thin wafers (< 200 µm) has become a must in the industry in order to reduce the module cost and enhance the photovoltaics field growth worldwide. This work addresses the issues regarding the thickness reduction of large monocrystalline p-type wafers (239 cm2 - 180 µm) by developing a back side architecture capable of increasing the efficiency while limiting the cell fabrication level of complexity. Thus back passivated and local contacts, also known as PERC-type, solar cells are investigated. Those include passivation schemes relying on the use of dielectric stacks based on silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) both coupled with silicon nitride layers (SiNx). This PhD study attempts to carry out an optimization of the passivation properties as well as of the technological steps required for a proper integration in the final cell structure (surface preparation, selective laser ablation, screen-printing metallization). The resulting optimized process led to the fabrication of solar cells displaying an 19.1% conversion efficiency by using SiO2/SiNx layers. Nevertheless it was shown evidence that the limited electrical performances can be overcome by introducing an Al2O3 layer, eventually reaching a remarkable 19.5% efficiency. This represents an absolute gain efficiency of +0.4% compared to the standard full-area Al-BSF solar cell architecture
Sum, Jérémy. „Matériaux pour conversion et stockage simultanés de l'énergie“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS122.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur approach to alleviate the solar intermittency is to combine, in a single photo-electrochemical cell, solar energy conversion and storage. Starting from a Li-ion battery configuration, we propose to use Li-ion host photo-electrodes, which could both harvest solar energy and store it. We will be presenting the case of mesoporous TiO2 anatase, as a positive electrode. The illumination of the lithiated electrode (after discharge) induces a lithium-ion extraction reaction (i.e. the recharge of the battery), opening the way to Li-ion photo-rechargeable batteries. Photo-extraction of lithium ions at open circuit voltage and during electrochemical cycling was demonstrated. The holes’ photo-generated seems to oxidize the Ti3+ into Ti4+ resulting in the extraction of the lithium ion, however the fate of the photo-electrons was not elucidated. In this thesis, we chose to control and orient the fate of the electrons by adding water as a photo-electron acceptor, thereby choosing a water-based electrolyte (i.e. water-in-salt, WIS) to also be able to access a large storage capacity of lithium ions and produce a storage molecule, the dihydrogen. Depending of the state of charge of the battery, the electrode composition varies a lot: from a single crystalline phase to a two-phase material. The impact of this composition change in the dynamics of, the production of hydrogen and the light-induced processes, both will be discussed in this thesis. This work constitutes a proof of concept that low potential Li-ion batteries could solely be recharged by exposure to light
Molière, Timothée. „Intégration de matériaux III-V sur silicium nanostructuré pour application photovoltaïque“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066638.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor over thirty years researchers have attempted to combine Si and GaAs. Alternative GaAs-on-Si substrates have a considerable market potential for replacing the costly GaAs or Ge substrate in producing traditional GaAs devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, LEDS, lasers, and microwave devices, and as a new technology for monolithic integration of GaAs elements and silicon integrated circuits. However, major challenges remaining until now must be overcome.In that way, we propose an interesting concept that allows III-V heteroepitaxy on silicon. This concept is based on the Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) by CBE from nanoscale holes through an ultra-thin silica layer. This technique allows us to obtain GaAs microcrystals without any defect and perfectly integrated on Si thanks to nanoscaled nucleation seeds which prevent dislocation generation due to lattice mismatch. The concept being validated, the study has continued using a 2nd approach of nanostructuration to allow crystal localization. The achievement of getting a GaAs pseudo-layer on silicon substrate without any defect or stain would be of great interest for the formerly mentioned applications.So the integration concept of III-V materials on silicon will be introduced, then growth resultants by these techniques, and material characterizations in order to qualify the integrated GaAs on silicon regarding to the opto- and electronic applications. Finally, the structure of a GaAs/Si tandem solar cell will be discussed. After proving this solar cell could reach a 29.2% conversion efficiency, first achievements will be revealed
Marchat, Clément. „Caractérisation électrique et optoélectronique de nouveaux matériaux et composants photovoltaïques à partir de techniques AFM“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS094.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the characterisation of electrical properties of photovoltaic devices by using two scanning probe techniques: conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). It starts with a study on crystalline silicon (c-Si), and in particular the influence of surface states on the KPFM measurement. The latter was performed in the dark and under light to extract the surface photovoltage (SPV). This study was completed by numerical simulations that allow to extract surface state densities. A second study was focused on nanowire PV devices. These were PIN radial junctions based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposited on highly doped c-Si nanowires. We have shown that on nanowire devices that are covered with ITO,SPV measurements could mirror the value of open-circuit voltage (Voc), while the same measurements performed on single nanowires without ITO top coverage are strongly affected by the shadowing of the AFM tip and by the surface states of the amorphous silicon layer. Finally, we were interested in passivating contacts for c-Si solar cells and analysed poly-Si/SiOx/c-Si structures. When the SiOx interlayer is absent, the KPFM scans exhibit very homogeneous surface potential while numerous areas (with diameter less than 1 micron) of lower surface potential are revealed, when the SiOx buffer layer is introduced. These results seem compatible with the presence of nanometric structural inhomogeneities (pinholes) in the SiOx layer that were revealed by other studies
Blot, Xavier. „Réalisation, caractérisation et modélisation de collages de matériaux III-V pour cellules photovoltaïques à concentration“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT108/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe solar photovoltaic is a promising way to support our economical growth while it can reduce the environmental impact of our society. But, to be truly competitive, the sector has to develop more efficient solar cells. An interesting option aims at combining different materials either by epitaxy growth and direct bonding. The Ph.D. was funded by the SOITEC company with the goal to develop the bonding of the gallium arsenide (GaAs) on the indium phosphide (InP) for the SmartCell architecture. We had to optimize its electrical behavior with a numerical model taking into account the bonding interface state. We introduce the study with a wide range of I(V) tools to precisely characterize the bonding interface. Depending on the case, we detail suitable metal contacts to improve the test. A study in deep of the GaAs/InP heterostructure and the GaAs/GaAs and the InP/InP homostructures leads to a better understanding of the bonding mechanisms. After a thermal annealing, the hydrophilic bonding process generates oxyde compounds at the interface which are absorbed in the InP case and are fragmented in the GaAs case. For given parameters, our stacks are electrically and mechanically better than the state of the art. Then we propose innovative processes to control the interface oxyde and thus optimize the heterostructure. Among them, we validate a new approach with ozone exposure that selectively generates an oxyde prior to bonding. The interface resistance of the stack is therefore closed to our best results and has great potentials. To conclude, the study focuses on a novel numerical model connecting the bonding process, the interface state and the electrical behavior. For a given annealing, the interface is heterogenous with reconstructed areas (thermionic conduction) and oxyde areas (tunnel conduction). These regions are preferentially activated as a function of the operating temperature. They are weighted by a criteria determining the level of the bonding reconstruction which will be useful for the future developments of the application
Halaby, Macary Mikhael. „Élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux hybrides "nanoparticules Zn0 - cristaux liquides" pour applications aux cellules photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis work is a part of the significant growth that is currently taking place in the field of the renewable energy in terms of research and new energy technologies. It is dedicated to the study of new hybrid material "zno particles - liquid crystals" for the applications in "bulk heterojunction" solar cells. The motivation is to increase the donor-acceptor interfaces in hybrid material and to combine the self-organizing and charge transport properties of liquid crystals, in order to improve their performance. A completely automated "time of flight" measuring set-up is developed, for the measurement of the charge carriers mobility in the aforementioned hybrid material. Using the dsc, polarized optical microscopy, uv-visible spectroscopy and "time of flight", we have characterized two calamitic liquid crystals. Two types of charge transport, one ionic, and the other electronic, are highlighted for positive and negative charges with electric field independent mobility and different behaviors with temperature. A process for the elaboration of hybrid materials is developed. The characterization of these materials show the influence of nanoparticles concentrations (0,05 to 38% by volume). The size of the domains in the liquid crystal phases increases with the concentration whereas the isotropic-sma phase transition temperature decreases monotically. Under controlled dispersion of zno nanoparticles in host liquid crystal up to 12% by volume, we have conserved the transport phenomena in hybrid material and study has shown that electronic transport is improved. The characterized hybrid materials have shown their potential application in organic photovoltaic
El, Moussawi Zeinab. „Matériaux composites nano-architecturés à base de nanotubes de carbone pour application photovoltaïque“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleControlled modulation of intrinsic functional (absorption, band gap, conductivity) and physico-chemical properties (dispersability, solvent-processability) of CNTs could broaden up their application potential in nanotechnology. However, it has been an ambitious synthetic goal for more than a decade. In this work, we developed an efficient methodology to do so in a mastered manner on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). It involves the meticulous functionalization based on gradual formation of covalent aryl bonds. It was proven that, the intrinsic electrical conductivity, optical and electrochemical properties of the functionalized SWNTs could be gradually modulated in two steps depending on the functionalization degree. The so- controlled covalent functionalization was the basic synthetic technique to make SWNT easier to manipulate and tolerably soluble, with modulated electrical and electrochemical properties, so that the performances in photovoltaic cells were unusually appreciated. Unsorted functionalized SWNTs were employed in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells as electron acceptors or dopants with commercial polymer (P3HT) and novel, synthesized low bandgap copolymer, respectively
Merigeon, Julien. „Etude des verres d’encapsulation pour cellules solaires photovoltaïques en silicium monocristallin“. Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis studies the encapsulation glass for monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Two ways were explored to reduce the efficiency loss due to encapsulation: reducing reflection losses of silica based glasses with antireflection layers and the use of rareearth- doped fluoride glass for frequency conversion. On the one hand, antireflection layers have been deposited on the silica glass by sol-gel method. The optical characterizations were carried out by spectrophotometry and ellipsometry and the influence of different encapsulation glasses on the current density-voltage characteristics (J-V) were measured under solar simulator irradiation in standard conditions (AM1.5 and 100 mW/cm2) for various reference cells. On the other hand, the rare-earth-doped fluoride glasses which they can convert frequencies in order to change the energy of photons to energies adapted to the optical gap of the silicon has been investigated. The glasses used are fluorinated matrix ZLAG and ZBLA doped with rareearth elements (Pr3+, Tm3+, Yb3+). The effect of doping on the electrical performance of encapsulated cells was studied correlated with physical and optical properties of glasses (energy transfer, luminescence, transmittance). Frequency conversion was demonstrated by luminescence for all of the rare-earth-doped samples. Then the most promising results for encapsulating was found for codoped Yb3+-Pr3+ ZBLA glass. The benefit of the frequency conversion was shown for the first time in J-V characteristics. Then, characteristics of the reference cells with these new encapsulating glasses were compared to those from glasses commonly used in the photovoltaic modules industry
Farre, Yoann. „Conception de nouveaux matériaux moléculaires pour l'élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques hybrides de type p à colorant“. Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4050/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims at contributing to the development of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) that are based on an organic dye and a p-type semi-conductor as photocathode such as NiO. In this context, these studies focus on the synthesis, the theoretical study by DFT calculations, the physicochemical characterizations (absorption and emission spectra, electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry) and photovoltaic characterizations of these innovative sensitizers. Structure modulations on a diketopyrrolopyrrole dye (DPP) investigate the influence of an electron-donating group and the crucial role of different electron-withdrawing groups on the lifetime of the charge separation state (NiO+/dye-) and on the photovoltaic performances. Enhancement and broadening of the absorption bands with new sensitizers have enabled to considerably increase the photocurrent density and to reach among the highest values reported in the literature with the best dyes. Synthesis of new organic push-pull dyes and the application of a strategy using two successive electron-withdrawing groups of growing strengths have been realized. This part highlights the necessity to develop new electron-donating and anchoring groups for p-type dye sensitized solar cells. This point issue was investigated in the final chapter of this thesis by the design of new perylene monoimide sensitizers, whose structures only differ by the nature of the anchoring group (CO2H, acac, PO3H2, hydroxyquinoline…). These dyes were investigated in DSSCs with porous cathode made of NiO or CuGaO2. It was shown that the binding group hydroxyquinoline gives higher photovoltaic performances than the classical carboxylic acid group
Husson, Jérôme. „Synthèse et étude de complexes de métaux de transition pour de nouveaux matériaux à applications photovoltaïques“. Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Husson.Jerome.SMZ0406.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTerpyridine ligands are prepared. These ligands are functionalised at position 4' either by heterocycles such as furan, thiophene and pyrrole, or by a carboxylic acid (or a precursor). To prepare these compounds, a new method using alumina as a base without solvent is used. These ligands are used in the preparation of ruthenium (II) complexes. Two kinds of complexes are prepared : homoleptic complexes in which both ligands are functionalised by an heterocycle, and heteroleptic ones in which one ligand is functionalised by an heterocycle, and the other one by carboxylic acid function. For the latter, a new access is presented. It is based on the oxidation of a furan ring into a carboxylic acid, directly on the complex. Photo-physical and electrochemical properties of these complexes are studied. These complexes are also used in preparation of new materials. Homeleptic ones allow preparation of oligomers containing metallic centres by electro-polymerisation. Heteroleptic ones are used in the preparation of modified electrodes by covalent bonding with the carboxylic acid function
Richard, Fanny. „Conception, synthèse et caractérisation de copolymères à blocs "bâtonnet-pelote" en vue d'application photovoltaïques : De la macromolécule au dispositif“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/RICHARD_Fanny_2008.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe performance of organic photovoltaic cells crucially depends on the active layer nano-morphology. Due to their self-assembling process, diblock copolymers are good candidates for an enhanced control of nanometer-sized domains. Therefore, we designed new copolymers with a semiconducting hole-transporting conjugated rigid block and a coil block with grafted acceptor moieties (C60) in order to optimize charge generation and transport in the organic layer. A first study focused on a rod-coil diblock copolymer based on a poly(phenylene vinylene) derivative as rod block and a poly[butylacrylate-stat-chloromethylstyrene] as coil block. We found promising lamellar type morphologies. However, the intralamellar structure was shown to be disordered, with only weak coupling between electrons, a critical condition for reaching high charge carrier mobilities. Regioregular poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) is well known to form ordered structures induced by strong intermolecular - interactions and should therefore allow a better interlamellar ordering. That’s why new block-copolymers with regioregular P3HT rod have been synthesized. These materials have been used first as surfactant. Indeed, the use of diblock copolymers as tensioactifs is a new and original way to control and stabilize the reference P3HT-PCBM blend morphology. Syntheses, macromolecular and optical characterizations of these materials have been done. The thin film morphology has been investigated by atomic force microscopy, and electrical and photovoltaic properties of devices have been measured
Gemain, Frédérique. „Etudes spectroscopiques du dopage dans les matériaux II-VI pour les détecteurs infrarouge et les cellules photovoltaïques“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGirard, Anaëlle. „Matériaux hybrides organique-inorganique à base de résine et de particules d'oxydes : application dans les panneau photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0064/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the current energetic context, the design of efficient solar photovoltaic panels represents one of the solutions to overcome the coming fossil fuels shortage. However, degradation phenomena of the encapsulant, one of the passive materials of the panel, have been evidenced as one of the reasons of the performance decrease. The aim of this PhD research work was to design, characterize and assess the different properties of more environment-friendly new hybrid organic-inorganic encapsulants. In this way, three materials have been developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), terpenic resins and mineral fillers (silica or clay(Bentonite)). A first material including PVA, resin and silicates, in which both organic and inorganic networksare linked through strong covalent bonds (class II hybrid material), led to thermal and photochemical stabilities, and water vapor and oxygen barriers properties similar to those of commercial encapsulants.Dispersion of silica nanoparticles into PVA/terpenic resin mixture through weak bond then provided a class Ihybrid material showing rather good water vapor barrier properties but optical transmittance too low to beused as an encapsulant, due to the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Finally, despite an optical transparency that should be optimized, a class I hybrid material made of PVA, resin and Bentonite showed promisingbehavior with good thermal, photochemical and water barrier properties and remarkable oxygen barrier properties, which opens up new prospects in the field of food packaging
Jacob, François. „Mise au point de protocoles simplifiés pour la synthèse du Cu(In, Ga)Se2 en couches minces par évaporation sous vide : étude des matériaux et réalisation de dispositifs photovoltaïques“. Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to study the properties of photovoltaic devices, the thin films from which they are composed, must be synthesized following a standardized deposition process. The first part of this thesis concerns the establishment of a new process, well controlled and reproducible, for the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films ; the absorber layer of the photovoltaic devices. The analysis of strengths and weaknesses of reported processes has led us to set up some new processes. One of them allows us to obtain high quality CIGS thin films, leading to high efficiency photovoltaic devices (nearly 15%). This new deposition process has been established as the laboratory baseline process and has enabled, in the second part of this work, the study of the influence of the CIGS composition on physical, chemical and optoelectronic properties of materials and photovoltaic devices
Molière, Timothée. „Intégration de matériaux III-V sur silicium nanostructuré pour application photovoltaïque“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066638.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor over thirty years researchers have attempted to combine Si and GaAs. Alternative GaAs-on-Si substrates have a considerable market potential for replacing the costly GaAs or Ge substrate in producing traditional GaAs devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, LEDS, lasers, and microwave devices, and as a new technology for monolithic integration of GaAs elements and silicon integrated circuits. However, major challenges remaining until now must be overcome.In that way, we propose an interesting concept that allows III-V heteroepitaxy on silicon. This concept is based on the Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) by CBE from nanoscale holes through an ultra-thin silica layer. This technique allows us to obtain GaAs microcrystals without any defect and perfectly integrated on Si thanks to nanoscaled nucleation seeds which prevent dislocation generation due to lattice mismatch. The concept being validated, the study has continued using a 2nd approach of nanostructuration to allow crystal localization. The achievement of getting a GaAs pseudo-layer on silicon substrate without any defect or stain would be of great interest for the formerly mentioned applications.So the integration concept of III-V materials on silicon will be introduced, then growth resultants by these techniques, and material characterizations in order to qualify the integrated GaAs on silicon regarding to the opto- and electronic applications. Finally, the structure of a GaAs/Si tandem solar cell will be discussed. After proving this solar cell could reach a 29.2% conversion efficiency, first achievements will be revealed
Veschetti, Yannick. „Modélisation, caractérisation et réalisation de nouvelles structures photovoltaïques sur substrat de silicium mince“. Strasbourg 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13156.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHalttunen, Niki. „Nouvelle approche dans l'élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques : réseaux interpénétrés hybrides oxyde-polymère pour hétérojonctions p,n en volume“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066416/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent advances in the field of photovoltaics have led to the emergence of new solar cell technologies. Among them can be found the hybrid solar cells, unfortunately the way such cells are built is still a source of problems. The aim of this phd is to develop two new approaches in the synthesis of hybrid materials as bulk heterojunctions. In first place the titanium dioxide component vas prepared by sol-gel process and its mesostructure was studied, low temperature crystallization was also investigated. Those results were used in order to prepare hybrid materials from preformed polymers. The behavior of polythiophènes with hexyl and carboxylic acid functions were used as well as copolymers bearing both functions. Hybrids without macrosegregations phenomena were obtained using acid bearing homopolymers as well as copolymers. The second approach was about investigating the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene and copper ions inside the mesoporosity, this first study was followed by a study of the electropolymerization of mot and edot inside the porosity in order to prepare hybrid materials. The obtained hybrids were studied in solar cells by measuring the I/V curve as well as the external quantum efficiency, fill factors and efficiencies were also obtained. To conclude, both approaches leaded to hybrid materials with measurable photovoltaic properties
Paquette, Bernard. „Croissance de matériaux et structures semiconductrices appliqués aux cellules photovoltaïques à très haute concentration par épitaxie par jets chimiques“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6073.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaufroy, Antoine. „Conception et synthèse de matériaux moléculaires pour les cellules photovoltaïques à colorant par sensibilisation de semiconducteur de type p“. Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT2104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to develop new molecular sensitizers to enhance performances of p-type dye sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) which are based on the injection of electronic holes in the valence band of a ptype semiconductor oxide (NiO as part of this thesis). The first chapter describe the state of the art of hybrids photovoltaic devices compared to the inorganic solar cells. The economic future of DSSCs is also addressed. The second chapter deals with the conception of zinc porphyrin based dyes for NiO. Synthesis and detailed physico-chemical characterization of nine new push-pull porphyrins as well as their photovoltaic performances in dispositive are presented. Finally, photovoltaic results are rationalized with the help of quantical calculations and photo-physical measurements by transient absorption. The last chapter deals with the conception of new phosphole based sensitizers. Those molecules are really interesting for this application due to their originals physico-chemicals properties and they have never been used in p-DSSCs. Synthesis of five new push-pull dyes, were phosphole unit acts as an intermediary electron acceptor, is described. Particular reactivity of phosphole units which isomerize itself into phospholene is presented. Physico-chemicals properties of those dyes are then studied and those products are used in p- DSSC devices whose photovoltaic performances are analyzed
Ibrahim, Samah. „Modélisation et caractérisation des cellules photovoltaïques à haut rendement à base d'hétérojonctions combinant silicium cristallin et couches minces polymorphes“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112268.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is intended to contribute to the existing body of knowledge concerning the high efficiency a-Si:H/c-Si solar cells, and how to optimise their performances. This is accomplished through the development of a one dimensional numerical simulation tool that helps us to preview the performance a solar cell structure and simulate the results of electrical characterisation. It permits the analysis of the behavior of a many-Iayered hetero-structure under steady state conditions, in the dark as well as under illuminations. We have also added a special module in order to study the dynamic behavior of the structures under harmonic perturbation. This allows us to calculate the capacitance of the studied device. The simulation code has been applied to compare the two characterization techniques for hetero-structures: diffusion capacitance measurements, and photoluminescence measurements. The comparison between the sensibilities of each method to detect interface defects is established by simulating the behavior of solar cell structures having different interface parameters
Broussillou, Cédric. „Relations traitement thermique – phases – adhérence dans les couches minces constituant les cellules photovoltaïques CuIn(Sx,Se1-x)2 Electrodéposées (CISEL)“. Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0082.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe semiconductor CuIn(Sx,Se1-x)2 which composes the CISEL solar cells has been formed from two precursor materials. One is a CuInSe2 nanocrystallised semiconductor, the other is a copper-indium alloy. When annealed with sulfur they both react to form chalcopyrite absorbers. The first one CuIn(Sx,Se1-x)2 is sulfur rich while the second one CuInS2 is completely selenium free. During the formation of the CuIn(Sx,Se1-x)2,the CuInSe2 grain growth occurs concomitantly with the substitution of selenium by sulfur. For the CuInS2, the copper and indium metals are oxidized by sulfur which leads to sulphurized binaries and ternaries which react to form the chalcopyrite phase. The comparison of the relations between the thermal treatment process, phase formation and adhesion for the two reactionnal pathways has enabled us to improve the annealing and to understand why the CuIn(Sx,Se1-x)2 adheres better to its substrate than the CuInS2. The mechanical behavior model proposed for the multilayer explains both the material failure and the stress-driven corrosion mechanisms observed. To improve the study of photovoltaic thin films adhesion, the laser shock adhesion test (LASAT®) has been used with femtosecond lasers in order to measure the practical adhesion of layers less than a micron thick
Pokam, Kuisseu Pauline Sylvia. „Détachement des substrats ultra-minces des matériaux semi-conducteurs par implantation d’hydrogène à hautes énergies pour les applications photovoltaïques et électroniques“. Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2035/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe motivation of this thesis was the study of an innovative process for the production of ultra-thin substrates (with thicknesses between 15 μm and 70 μm), based on the high energy hydrogen implantation, in our case in the range of 1 MeV to 2.5 MeV. Such an implantation followed by an appropriate thermal annealing, lead to the delamination of a freestanding thin layer, that we call “ultra-thin substrate”. The benefit of this delamination process is purely economic, since almost no raw material is lost. We have particularly used this process to produce ultra-thin (100) Si substrates, for the production of low-cost PV solar cells. In order to extend the process application fields, the delamination of ultra-thin substrates of two other materials (Ge and SiC) widely used in electronics has been also studied. In our work, the optimal implantation parameters (energy and fluence) and thermal annealing, leading to the delamination of large areas of Si (100) were first investigated. Subsequently, in order to validate the technological application of our process, solar cells have been performed with ultra-thin silicon substrates delaminated, with thicknesses of 50 μm and 70 μm. Results of PV performances obtained were quite close to those obtained with a reference solar cell achieved on a standard substrate. After that, in order to highlight the nature and the spatial distribution of fracture precursor defects after high energy hydrogen implantation in silicon, which had not yet done so far the subject of specific studies, characterizations have been carried out at different annealing stages, by means of TEM and FTIR. Finally, delamination results obtained with Ge and SiC, which were compared to the case of Si, helped us to learn more about delamination criteria. Indeed, we observed that, as the material rigidity increase, i.e. as the Young modulus is higher, the fluence and temperature require for the delamination will be also high
Vauthelin, Alexandre. „Fabrication et caractéristiques de cellules photovoltaïques multi-jonctions à base de matériaux antimoniures (III-Sb) pour applications sous fortes concentrations solaires“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS073/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of photovoltaic conversion systems these past thirty years led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performances. The best conversion efficiencies are currently obtained with solar concentration systems associated with multi-junction solar cells (MJSC) made of III-V materials. In this field, the record efficiency is of 46.0% under a 508-sun solar concentration with a 4-junction cell from Soitec/Fraunhofer ISE/CEA. This MJSC is composed of a tandem cell lattice-matched to GaAs wafer bonded to another tandem cell lattice-matched to InP. Although it reached high conversion efficiency, its performances are limited under solar concentration because of the wafer bonding. In the field of high solar concentrations, the record is held by Solar Junction with a monolithic triple junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs cell of 0.3 cm² that reached an efficiency of 44.0% under 942 suns (direct irradiance of 942 kW/m²). Another high solar concentration efficiency record worth mentioning is held by IES-UPM with a tandem solar cell (GaInP/GaAs) that reached an efficiency of 32.6% under a concentration of 1026 suns.In this context, the work presented in this manuscript aims to evaluate the potential of a new family of III-V materials for high solar concentration applications: antimonide-based materials (III-Sb). The studied cells in this thesis are made out of GaSb and the quaternary AlxGa1-xAsySb1-y, monolithically grown by MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) on a GaSb substrate. These materials, thanks to the large range of available band-gaps, represent an original and well-founded alternative to existing solar cells for high solar concentration applications.The work achieved in this thesis covers:- The electrical and optical characterization of the quaternary materials used.- The conception and designing of the cells.- The production and tuning of every technological steps in order to fabricate our solar cells (UV photolithography, etching, metal deposition,…).- The electrical and optical characterization of our fabricated solar cells (I(V), TLM, spectral response,…).- The characterization under (high) solar concentration of our cells.This work was cofounded by the University of Montpellier and the LabEx SOLSTICE
Aliouat, Mouaad Yassine. „Etude structurale, mécanique et optique des matériaux polymères pour le photovoltaïque étirable“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201117_ALIOUAT_890hbteq235slkzy966adclc157r_TH.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSolar cells have shown tremendous progress in terms of applications thanks to the use of π-conjugated semi-conducting polymer layers as active materials. This has generated a new family of photovoltaic cells called ‘organic’. Moreover, using stretchable supports opens many new nomadic applications in all fields. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the behavior of the electrical and the optical properties of polymer layers under mechanical load. This work is aiming firstly at improving the quality of polymer layers. Then at studying their structural, optical and mechanical properties. For that purpose, two characterization methods have been used: X-ray diffraction at synchrotron is used to probe the structural properties of polymer layers and to know how polymer chains are oriented, spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to extract their optical indices. The obtained results revealed that the structural properties measured by XRD are in good correlation with the optical properties extracted from the optical measurements. In addition to that, we have developed a novel methodology for in-situ XRD measurements coupled with optical microscopic observations to measure the structural parameters of layers and to probe the mechanical behavior of polymer chains under uniaxial tensile load. It is observed that until a given value of stretching, the polymer chains are in compression stress under tensile strains, and they become more oriented. Beyond this value of stretching, the polymer order declined and the compressive stress was relaxed. This relaxation is explained by the increased number of cracks spreading over the entire film as observed using optical microscopy
Bailly, Loïc. „Cellules photovoltaïques organiques souples à grande surface“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005188.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLebrun, Jean-marie. „Etude des mécanismes d'oxydation et de frittage de poudres de silicium en vue d'applications photovoltaïques“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800514.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHalttunen, Niki. „Nouvelle approche dans l'élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques : réseaux interpénétrés hybrides oxyde-polymère pour hétérojonctions p,n en volume“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066416.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent advances in the field of photovoltaics have led to the emergence of new solar cell technologies. Among them can be found the hybrid solar cells, unfortunately the way such cells are built is still a source of problems. The aim of this phd is to develop two new approaches in the synthesis of hybrid materials as bulk heterojunctions. In first place the titanium dioxide component vas prepared by sol-gel process and its mesostructure was studied, low temperature crystallization was also investigated. Those results were used in order to prepare hybrid materials from preformed polymers. The behavior of polythiophènes with hexyl and carboxylic acid functions were used as well as copolymers bearing both functions. Hybrids without macrosegregations phenomena were obtained using acid bearing homopolymers as well as copolymers. The second approach was about investigating the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene and copper ions inside the mesoporosity, this first study was followed by a study of the electropolymerization of mot and edot inside the porosity in order to prepare hybrid materials. The obtained hybrids were studied in solar cells by measuring the I/V curve as well as the external quantum efficiency, fill factors and efficiencies were also obtained. To conclude, both approaches leaded to hybrid materials with measurable photovoltaic properties
Aviles, Thomas. „Etude du dépôt par pulvérisation cathodique des matériaux pour la réalisation de cellules photovoltaïques couche mince à base de CIGS ou CZTS“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThin film photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and CZTS materials has been initiated in this work. Environmental and economic issues have been taken into account to define an original strategy. We aim to substitute all the toxic and rare materials by abundant and non-toxic materials. In order to simplify the fabrication process, we also decide to deposit all layers using sputtering technique. The molybdenum back contact has been developed on a soda lime glass (SLG) substrate, with adequate electrical properties and good adhesion to the substrate even after thermal treatments similar to those used during the absorber formation. We have verified the required sodium migration from the SLG substrate to the molybdenum surface. A bibliographic study has been done to evaluate a single-target sputtering method to form CIGS and CZTS films. CZTS thin film deposition from a single target has been studied, with unsatisfactory results. We finally suggest an original multi-target method. Then, a bibliographic study has been done to evaluate the relevance of a sputtered Zn(S,O) buffer layer to replace the CBD-CdS conventional buffer layer. A study of RF-sputtered AZO films has been carried out, but we didn’t obtain the required electrical conductivity. We finally study RF-sputtering of ITO films. We developed amorphous ITO thin films with excellent electrical and optical properties. We suggest using this material as the window layer of solar cells
Favereau, Ludovic. „Matériaux moléculaires pour reproduire le schéma en Z de la photosynthèse et pour l'amélioration des performances des cellules photovoltaïques hybrides à colorant“. Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=17b3fe5d-49cd-4b3d-95fe-9411ca40a6ca.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis concerns the development of new photomolecular and hybrid systems (molecules chemisorbed at the surface of a n- and p-type semiconductor) to convert solar energy into electrochemical and electrical energy. The first two chapters involve the synthesis and the characterization of new molecular materials to mimic, for the first time, the Z scheme function of oxygenic photosynthesis. The concept proposed herein consists in electronically coupling two photoinduced charge separation processes brought about by two photons inside two distinct photomolecular systems: PS1 and PS2. Inside the same molecular architecture, the formation of the two charge separated states noted above brings on the production of a final charges separated state containing a strong oxidant and a strong reductant, similary to what occurs in natural photosynthesis. The final chapter deals with the sensitization of p-type semi-conductors for photovoltaic conversion. New organic dyes based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole unit were synthetized and characterized, allowing us to enhance NiO DSSC photoconversion efficiency. Moreover, the engineering of the “Dye-NiO” interface by a passivating layer offers the possibility to obtain higher photoconversion efficiency (PCE), and paving the way to new strategies to enhance the PCE of this type of device
Baba, Kamal. „Développement et optimisation du procédé Spray Plasma de dépôt de couches minces d'oxyde de zinc : application aux cellules photovoltaïques“. Paris 13, 2013. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/edgalilee_th_2013_baba.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is the development and the optimization of a new method for ZnO thin film deposition for photovoltaic applications. The principle of this so called Spray Plasma process, is the injection of a spray of micro droplets of an aqueous solution of zinc in a low pressure plasma reactor. Under the effect of evaporation and Ar/O2 plasma reactivity, the precursor is converted to zinc oxide thin films on the substrate surface at controlled temperature. Chemical transformation involves oxygen and OH radicals, electrons and excited species from oxygen or argon. The experimental characterization of the discharge by emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe allowed the plasma parameters to be determined such as electron temperature (2-4 eV), gas temperature (400 K) and the density of ions. In parallel, two models were developed: a hydrodynamic model to calculate the droplet size and temperature evolution in the reactor, and a kinetic model to calculate the plasma parameter evolution. The characterization of the films by different techniques (XRD and SEM) revealed nanostructured films with a typical deposition rate of 90 nm/min. Control of the deposition parameters such as precursor’s concentration and oxygen ratio allows the control of crystal orientation, thickness, surface roughness and grain size of the deposited films. We studied the role of each parameter on film growth and their properties and correlated these results with the characteristics of the plasma
Bourlier, Yoan. „Etude de films minces de CuInS2, CuIn1-xGaxS2, et Cu2ZnSnS4, élaborés par voie sol-gel, destinés aux applications photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research activity concerns the elaboration and characterization of photo-absorbing thin films of CuInS2, CuIn1-xGaxS2, and Cu2ZnSnS4 devoted to photovoltaic applications. The thin films were prepared by sol-gel process and deposited by spin-coating technique on silicon and glass substrates. The sols, synthesized from metallic acetates and alcanolamines, were studied by IR-spectroscopy, viscosimetry, and TDA-TGA. The deposition parameters of the sols, and the calcination treatments were then optimized. The multi-layers oxides films produced were obtained without cracks and with low roughness. The last step was to produce the desired compounds through the sulfurization of the oxides films. The sulfurized films were studied by XRD, EDX, SEM, AFM, UV-VIS-nIR spectroscopy, and Hall Effect measurements. Their structures, morphologies, as well as their optical and electrical properties have been investigated. The interface between CuInS2 films and Mo film, defined as a back-contact of the solar cell, was also studied by micro-EDX with TEM analysis. Despite the fact that sol-gel process is not well-developed in the photovoltaic field, the obtained results show that sol-gel process is a well-adapted technique for elaboration of thin films with chalcopyrite and kesterite structures. These results are very promising for the achievement of a sol-gel solar cell
Giudicelli, Emmanuel. „Evaluation d’une filière technologique de cellules photovoltaïques multi-jonctions à base de matériaux antimoniures (III-V)-Sb pour applications aux très fortes concentrations solaires“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT330/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePhotovoltaic (PV) solar energy consists on the ability of certain materials to convert the photon energy into electric current. The development of PV conversion systems in the past thirty years has led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performance in the field of renewable energies.A multi-junction (MJ) cell, based on III-V semiconductor materials, is a stack of sub-cells with decreasing gaps which notably allows wider use of the solar spectrum. Exposing these PV cells to a concentrated solar flux can significantly increase the electrical power generated, and therefore substantially lower the cost of electricity yielded.The world record is currently held by the partnership Soitec / Fraunhofer ISE with an efficiency of 46.0 % measured on a four-junction cell GaInP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs for a concentration ratio of 508 X (where 1 X = 1 sun = 1 kW/m²).The objective of the work in this thesis is to propose an alternative to existing cells, easier to implement with monolithic MJ cells grown on a GaSb substrate for solar concentrations of 1 000, which corresponds to a direct irradiance of 1 MW/m². This type of cell, due to the good complementary of the material gaps and its favorable band alignments, is a realistic and original alternative to existing cells for use under highly concentrated solar flux.To better understand the optimal multijunction III-Sb cell, the work carried out consisted on the manufacturing and characterization of the three sub-cells independently.These three epitaxial samples are Al0,9Ga0,1As0,07Sb0,93 (Top cell), the Al0,35Ga0,65As0,03Sb0,97 (Middle cell) and GaSb (Bottom cell) having as respective gaps 1.6 eV, 1.22 eV and 0.726 eV at 300 K.The work presented in this thesis is:- The establishment of all the technological steps required to manufacture the cells (metal deposition, wet and dry plasma etching ...).- The characterization of metallization by TLM structure (Transmission Line Method) with the best result being a three-layer metallization Cr/Pd/Au (30/30/30 nm) on a GaSb P-type substrate.- The characterization under dark of current-voltage electrical parameters of PV cells at room temperature and in function of the temperature.- The thermal characterization by measuring the thermal conductivity of the materials and a surface temperature mapping in function of the concentrated solar flux in realistic conditions.- The electro-optical characterization by spectral response, from which we calculated the external quantum efficiency which is the ratio between the amount of electrons created and the amount of incident photons.- The characterization under 1 sun illumination (1 000 W/m²) in a solar simulator and in realistic conditions of which we compared the electrical parameters.- The characterization of solar cells under (highly) concentrated solar flux in the PROMES laboratory.The best efficiencies for Bottom, Middle and Top PV cells respectively are 4.6 % for 40 X (close to the state of the art), 8.2 % for 96 X and 5.4 % for 185 X (world first for these quaternary materials).This work was cofounded by the Ministry of Education and Research (ED Research grant) and Labex SOLSTICE
Derrien, Thibault. „Nanostructuration de cellules photovoltaïques par impulsion laser ultracourte. : étude numérique des mécanismes de formation“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUltrashort laser pulsed texturing is a process which allows to modify optical and electrical properties of matter, through formation of nano and micro structures on surface, appearing from pulse to pulse. Control of the process and developments of the potential applications need a good knowledge of the formation mechanisms. Processes occuring during the interaction are studied using numerical simulations and are compared to experimental results. The study aims to increase the efficiency of solar cells based on bulk silicon
Rathgeb, Stéphane. „Etude du comportement des capteurs photovoltaïques et photoconductifs soumis à un rayonnement laser IR dans la bande II. Applications aux matériaux : InAsSbP/InAs et PbSe“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe advent of optronic systems is a major step in the defence area. This Ph-D dissertation focuses on the behaviour of PbSe photoconductive and InAsSbP/InAs photovoltaic detectors under laser radiation. The study is carried out in the infrared within the 3-5 µm atmospheric transmission band (band II). It is aimed at better understanding the physical processes and thus improving the performance of these sensors which are particularly vulnerable. The photoelectrical and electronic parameters are hence measured before, during and after DF (deuterium fluoride) laser radiation
Nehme, Bechara Fadi. „Augmentation de la durée de vie des panneaux photovoltaïques par surveillance et contrôle“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4324.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConversion efficiency of solar cells is now on average reaching 15%. Despite these acceptable yields, it remains important to raise a technological limitation: the improvement of the life span of photovoltaic modules. Effects are observed during the use of these components in intermittent weather: rain, snow, molds, dust UV rays, shock, corrosion etc... rapid losses of optoelectronic properties depending on the usage conditions. The objective of this thesis is in twofold: -to try to improve the lifespan of solar panels, and -to improve the reliability of the photovoltaic modules by decreasing their degradation rate. Our approach begins by taking into account the effects of aging of photovoltaic modules whose degradation is related to temperature, moisture, Ultra violet light, cracks etc... Faults are analyzed and studied to understand the impact and the importance of each parameter in the different modes of degradation to develop simulation models that take into account external environmental conditions. Control algorithms have been developed for a best utilization avoiding defects and allowing photovoltaic modules to operate in optimal conditions for mitigation of degradation processes
Karoui, Fathia. „Optimisation de stratégies de gestion des batteries au plomb utilisées dans les systèmes photovoltaïques“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKaroui, Fathia. „Optimisation des stratégies de gestion des batteries au plomb utilisées dans les systèmes photovoltaïques“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0122.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBatteries used in photovoltaic systems are subjected to penalizing operating conditions due to the intermittency of the solar resource. Their effects may be reduced by the optimisation of energy management strategies. This study deals with the pulse charge of lead acid batteries, the most used ones for this application. The effects of this charge mode are shown both on experimental cells and commercial batteries. The influence of the parameters, frequency, dut Y cycle and charge factor, on the voltage profiles is precisely studied. Ln a second approach, a simplified model of the lead-acid battery is developed and experimentally validated after the analysis of its sensitivity to the adjustable parameters. It shows that transport phenomena in the electrolyte may be well described by a global characteristic time depending only on the state of charge. It accounts for the voltage response of the battery after adding the terms describing the non ideal behavior of the interfacial voltages
Dindault, Chloe. „Development of coevaporated hybrid perovskite thin films for solar cells applications“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX079/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHybrid perovskites celebrate this year their 10-year anniversary in the photovoltaic field. Besides the unprecedented rise in solar cells efficiencies, perovskite materials have tunable optical properties and can be manufactured at low cost, making them very promising candidates for the high efficiency, multijunction solar cells strategy. Perovskite crystal structure offers a relative degree of freedom, allowing the partial integration of multiple cations and halide ions. This chemical composition tuning translates into a bandgap tuning. Through fine chemical engineering, the 1.7 eV requirement for a c-Si-based tandem device can be achieved. Perovskite thin films can be prepared by a large variety of deposition techniques, from low cost precursors (CH3NH3I and PbI2 for instance), through low-temperature processes. While most of the reported works on perovskite thin films are based on the basic wet-process spincoating technique, this latter hardly allows large scale, homogeneous and reproducible deposition. With the future challenge of industrialization and the increasing interest for the Silicon/Perovskite tandem approach, solvent-free methods appear more suitable. Already widely implemented in the OLED industry, coevaporation stands as a viable option for perovskites’ future. Reported for the first time in 2013, coevaporated perovskites are still scarcely studied compared to wet-based techniques, requiring more expensive set ups. In the present thesis, we implemented and developed the coevaporation process to fabricate perovskite thin films for solar cells applications.Starting off on a proof-of-concept reactor to assess the feasibility of the technique, we got accustomed to the perovskite precursors behaviour and identify very early on the organic precursor to be hardly manageable, as reported in the literature. In six months, we were nonetheless able to obtain nice perovskite films leading to 9% efficient photovoltaic devices, unfortunately with a poor reproducibility that we think to be partially due to the cloud vapour behaviour of CH3NH3I. We eventually found ourselves missing some features on the equipment, preventing us from accurately get a grasp on the process. From this feedback we then designed, hand in hand with the manufacturer, a dedicated semi-industrial equipment for perovskite coevaporation. Following its implementation, we then focused on establishing the reproducibility of the method, trying to mitigate the parasitic effect of the organic compound. Even though the efficiencies in solar cells were still slightly lower for coevaporated perovskites, with respect to classical spincoated ones, we expected the material homogeneity to be in favour of the vacuum-based process. We then eventually integrated to this thesis a comparative study between wet- and dry-processed perovskite films using a Synchrotron-based X-ray spectromicroscopy technique
Toth, Kalman. „Fonctionnalisation d' (endo)fullerène : de la science des matériaux aux applications biomédicales“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862768.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMangelinck-Noël, Nathalie. „Dynamique de la formation de la structure de grains dans les alliages métalliques et dans le silicium multi-cristallin pour les applications photovoltaïques“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00945414.
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