Dissertationen zum Thema „Material ontology“

Ordinary material objects, such as guitars and houses, do not seem to pose any serious philosophical problems. However, the nature of the material objects and their part-whole relation raises serious questions about fundamental ontologies. Furthermore, part-whole relations are not necessarily spatial; they can be temporal as well. My dissertation investigates the problems posed by ordinary material objects, and the different ontological views that attempt to provide answers to these problems. I then present a new and radical view, which I call Nihilist Perdurantism (NP). NP claims that objects have temporal parts, but not spatial parts. I arrive at this view by first exploring and arguing against different views on composition, with a focus on arguments against common sense ontologies of ordinary objects. I then discuss the nature of mereological simples and argue against several views that claim that qualitatively heterogeneous simples are possible (Markosian and McDaniel). Next, I present my arguments against perdurantist, endurantist, and presentist view of persistence. I especially focus on endurantism, and use the aforementioned argument against the possibility of qualitatively heterogeneous simples to construct a similar argument against endurantism. Finally, I argue in favor of my view, NP. This view combines a mereological nihilist view (defended at various times by Unger, Van Inwagen, Merricks, and Sider) about spatial parts with a perdurantist view (defended at various times by Lewis, Hawley, Heller, and Sider) of temporal parts. Therefore, according to NP, there are no guitars, trees, or houses. The only objects that exist are NP objects; these are line-shaped objects that extend through spacetime. With respect to the three spatial dimensions, these objects have no parts. However, with respect to the temporal dimension, NP objects do have parts in the form of points and line segments. My work shows that NP has better solutions to many of the puzzles and problems posed by material objects, such as the puzzle of change, over the three standard views. Hinchliff argues that change is puzzling because in order for there to be real change, then the following four intuitions must be true: (1) The candle persists through the change. It existed when it was straight, and it exists now when it is bent…(2) Shapes are properties not relations. They are one-placed, not many-placed…(3) The candle itself has the shapes. Not just a part but the candle itself was straight, and not just a part but the candle itself is bent…(4) The shapes are incompatible. If the shapes were compatible, there need not have been a change. The puzzle of change is the mutual inconsistency of these four intuitions. I argue that perdurantists must deny intuition (3), endurantists must deny intuition (2), and presentists must deny intuition (1). I then argue that only NP can accommodate all four intuitions about both macroscopic and microscopic change while resolving the inconsistency of the four intuitions. My dissertation presents a new view that provides a fresh perspective on the debate about the nature of material objects. My development of NP touches on a number of other philosophical problems. In Chapter One, I discuss the role of intuitions in metaphysics, and argue that many supposedly “common sense” intuitions are already philosophical positions. In Chapter 2, I argue against Korman’s and Markosian’s common sense ontologies of ordinary objects. In Chapter 3, I argue that the endurantist view of persistence is inconsistent and should be rejected. In addition to making the case for NP and its solution to the puzzle of change in Chapter 4, I also argue that NP can solve the problem of motion in a homogenous substance. Finally, in Chapter Five, I argue against the possibility of both gunky and junky material objects.

De fet, estem envoltats de molta més roba que persones. I de les persones que ens envolten, veiem més roba que pell. Per què estem tan convençuts que el que veiem són persones? Per tal de re-equilibrar les concepcions de sentit comú de el vestir ("clothing", definit aquí no com ho manifest, sinó com a relació humà/vestimenta), la tesi "Cap a una ontologia nova materialista del vestir" aspira a revelar l'equivalència immanent a aquest tipus de relació humà/cosa. Per atendre les agències materials i existències a part de la nostra en el vestir, aquesta tesi es va fer càrrec de el regne de el Nou Materialisme (NM). No obstant això, com NM mai s'ha enfocat en el vestir, el present projecte va haver de construir per si mateix una bastida metodològic de quatre parts. A més d'adoptar no l'assumpte sinó la forma de (1) investigació nova materialista, es va basar en (2) enfocaments teòrics de moda/vestimenta. A causa de que les aspiracions d'investigació d'aquest últim es dirigeixen a l'humà, en el camí cap al qual simplement es trobi la vestimenta; precisament no les seves respostes proporcionades fins ara, sinó més aviat els seus assumptes encara per resoldre, van ser adoptats. (3) Es va trobar més assistència en Material Culture (MC) Studies, una escola antropològica veïna a NM, en les consideracions es va incloure més vestimenta que moda des de llavors. Finalment, com una escola amb què NM sovint es confon o s'agrupa, (4) l'ontologia orientada a objectes (Object Oriented Ontology) es va utilitzar com a suport addicional, així que com un altre mitjà de contrast. Aquesta metodologia creuant el vestir i NM va permetre una re-elaboració d'el concepte de la "cosa", que els quatre àmbits d'investigació mantenen estimat, i amb que fan malabarismes amb tanta naturalitat. En lloc d'entitats d'objectes, el present projecte proposa l'esdevenir de webs/nusos com a unitat dinàmica d'investigació. Eventualment, aquest projecte aspira a ressaltar el valor de la vestimenta i de el vestir com assumpte d'investigació filosòfica, per la qual cosa que tant de bo contribuirà a un canvi de atribuir-li una falta de serietat, a apreciar el poder que té sobre cadascun de nosaltres. En el seu statu quo, la pràctica quotidiana de el vestir és un gran contaminant ecològic, així com una càrrega psicològica freqüentment pesada. A l'relacionar-lo amb el NM, aquest projecte anima a re-conceptualitzar el vestir, i així avançar cap a una coexistència més respectuosa, responsable i estètica dels humans/vestimenta.
De hecho, estamos rodeados de mucha más ropa que personas. Y de las personas que nos rodean, vemos más ropa que piel. ¿Por qué estamos tan persuadidos de que lo que vemos son personas? Con el fin de re-equilibrar las concepciones de sentido común del vestir ("clothing", definido aquí no como lo manifiesto, sino como relación humano/vestimenta), la tesis "Hacia una ontología nueva materialista del vestir" aspira a revelar la equivalencia inmanente a este tipo de relación humano/cosa. Para atender a las agencias materiales y existencias aparte de la nuestra en el vestir, esta tesis se hizo cargo del reino del Nuevo Materialismo (NM). Sin embargo, como NM nunca se ha enfocado en el vestir, el presente proyecto tuvo que construir por sí mismo un andamio metodológico de cuatro partes. Además de adoptar no el asunto sino la forma de (1) investigación nueva materialista, se basó en (2) enfoques teóricos de moda/vestimenta. Debido a que las aspiraciones de investigación de este último se dirigen al humano, en el camino hacia el cual simplemente se encuentre la vestimenta; precisamente no sus respuestas proporcionadas hasta ahora, sino más bien sus asuntos aún por resolver, fueron adoptados. (3) Se encontró más asistencia en Material Culture (MC) Studies, una escuela antropológica vecina a NM, en cuyas consideraciones se incluyó más vestimenta que moda desde entonces. Finalmente, como una escuela con que NM a menudo se confunde o agrupa, (4) la ontología orientada a objetos (Object Oriented Ontology) se utilizó como respaldo adicional, así que como otro medio de contraste. Esta metodología cruzando el vestir y NM permitió una re-elaboración del concepto de la "cosa", que los cuatro ámbitos de investigación mantienen querido, y con que hacen malabarismos con tanta naturalidad. En lugar de entidades de objetos, el presente proyecto propone el devenir de webs/nudos como unidad dinámica de investigación. Eventualmente, este proyecto aspira a resaltar el valor de la vestimenta y del vestir como asunto de investigación filosófica, por lo cual que ojalá contribuirá a un cambio de atribuirle una falta de seriedad, a apreciar el poder que tiene sobre cada uno de nosotros. En su statu quo, la práctica cotidiana del vestir es un gran contaminante ecológico, así como una carga psicológica frecuentemente pesada. Al relacionarlo con el NM, este proyecto anima a re-conceptualizar el vestir, y así avanzar hacia una coexistencia más respetuosa, responsable y estética de los humanos/vestimenta.
As a matter of fact, we are surrounded by many more clothes than people. And from the people surrounding us, we see more clothes than skin. Why are we thus so persuaded that what we see are people? In order to rebalance commonsense conceptions of the clothing (defined here not as the manifest thing, but as humans/clothes relation), the thesis "Towards a New Materialist Ontology of Clothing" aspires to disclose the equivalence immanent to this kind of human/thing relation. For attending to material agencies and existences apart from our own in the clothing, this thesis took over the realm of New Materialism (NM). However, as NM has never targeted clothes/clothings, the present project had to construct for itself a four-parted methodological scaffold. Apart from adopting not the matter but rather the manner of (1) new materialist research, it drew on (2) fashion/dress (cultural) theoretical approaches. As the investigatory aspirations of the latter are directed onto the human, en route to which clothes are merely met; precisely not their hitherto provided answers, but rather their yet-to-solve matters were shouldered. (3) More assistance was found in Material Culture (MC) Studies, an anthropological school neighbouring NM, in the considerations of which more dress than fashion was included ever since. Finally, as a school NM often becomes confused or lumped together with, (4) Object-Oriented Ontology was used as additional back-up as well as further means of contrast. This clothing/NM-queering methodology allowed for a reworking of the concept of the "thing", which is held so dear and juggled-around with so naturally by all four touched-upon realms of research. Instead of object entities, the present project proposes web/knot-splitting becomings as units for research. Eventually, this project aspires to highlight the worth of the clothing as philosophical research matter, whereby it hopefully will contribute to a shift from ascribing it a lack of seriousness, to appreciating the power it has over each of us. In its status quo, the everyday clothing practice is a major ecological polluter as well as an often heavy psychological burden. By relating the clothing and NM, this project animates to reconceptualize the latter and thus move towards a more respectful, responsible, and aesthetic co-existence of humans/clothes therein.

Ontologias representam uma conceitualização compartilhada de uma comunidade de conhecimento. São construídas a partir da descrição dos significados dos conceitos, descritos através de seus atributos e dos relacionamentos entre os conceitos. Conceitos se referem ao objeto da conceitualização, o universo do discurso. São caracterizados por seus atributos e domínios de valores possíveis. Relacionamentos são utilizados para descreverem de que forma os conceitos se estruturam no mundo. Nas ontologias todos os conceitos são hierarquicamente definidos, porém existem outros relacionamentos que são definicionais, dando identidade aos conceitos e sentido ao mundo. Além dos relacionamentos de subsunção que constroem as taxonomias de conceitos, outras relações formais e materiais auxiliam na estruturação do domínio e na definição conceitual. As ferramentas de modelagem, no entanto, ainda são falhas em diferenciar os vários tipos de relacionamentos formais e materiais para atribuir as possibilidades de raciocínio automático. Em especial, relacionamentos mereológicos e partonômicos carecem de opções de implementação que permitam extrair o potencial semântico da modelagem. Este projeto de pesquisa tem como ponto de partida o estudo da literatura sobre ontologias e relações, em especial sobre relações formais e materiais, incluindo relações mereológicas e partonômicas, revisando os princípios encontrados nas ontologias. Além disso, nós identificamos os fundamentos teóricos das relações e analisamos a aplicação dos conceitos das relações sobre as principais ontologias de fundamentação em prática na atualidade. Na sequência, a partir das propostas levantadas, este trabalho propõe uma alternativa para a modelagem conceitual destas relações em uma ontologia de domínio visual. Esta alternativa foi disponibilizada na ferramenta de construção de ontologias do Projeto Obaitá, a qual está sendo desenvolvida pelo Grupo de Pesquisa de Bancos de Dados Inteligentes (BDI) da UFRGS.
Ontologies represent a shared conceptualization of a knowledge community. They are built from the description of the meaning of concepts, expressed through their attributes and their relationships. Concepts refer to the object of conceptualization, the universe of discourse. They are characterized by their attributes and domains of possible values. Relationships are used to describe how the concepts are structured in the world. In ontologies all concepts are hierarchically defined, however there are other relationships that are definitional, giving identity to the concepts and meaning to the world. In addition to the subsumption relationships that build the taxonomies of concepts, other formal and material relations assist in structuring the domain and the conceptual definition. The modeling tools, however, are still deficient in differentiating the various types of formal and material relationships in order to assign the possibilities of automated reasoning. In particular, mereological and partonomic relationships lack of implementation options that allow extracting the semantic potential when modeling. This research project takes as a starting point the study of the literature on ontologies and relations, especially on formal and material relations, including mereological and partonomic relations, reviewing the principles found on ontologies. Furthermore, we identify the theoretical foundations of the relations and analyze the application of the relations concepts to the main foundational ontologies in use nowadays. Following, from the raised proposals, this work proposes an alternative for the conceptual modeling of these relations in a visual domain ontology. This alternative has been made available on the ontology building tool of the Obaitá Project, which is under development by the Intelligent Databases Research Group (BDI) from UFRGS.

This dissertation applies object-oriented rhetorics and posthuman philosophies to environmental policy deliberation in order to help bridge gaps between policy makers, scientists, and citizens. For environmental policy scholars the non-credentialed expertise of local, or indigenous stakeholders is valued as possessing technical, objective merit that can improve the development and implementation of environmental policies. However, the utilization of stakeholder expertise in environmental policy faces serious challenges in terms of finding common grounds for communication within complex techno-social systems, of overcoming deep cultural differences and perceptions, and grave ethical issues of access and power. This dissertation develops two case studies of marine fisheries policy debates using theories of material ontology to detail the process of how the expertise of ordinary citizens develops within the context of environmental policy and how that expertise might be better utilized. By employing object-oriented rhetorical theories to trace material agency through the Snook and Gamefish’s (SGF) stakeholder integration programs in Florida’s Spotted Seatrout and Common Snook fishery debates, this dissertation argues that a material ontology of expertise offers a means of assessing the quality of lay-publics’ non-credentialed expertise. This dissertation suggests that an enriched since of what material objects are capable of rhetorically helps us develop tangible, actionable tools for environmental policy studies. By understanding expertise in terms of the accretion of material experiences, policy makers and scholars might more easily evaluate and utilize the expertise of environmental policy stakeholders

This paper addresses the aesthetic encounter from the perspective of the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty on the visible and the invisible. It begins with the premise that from time to time we encounter situations which precipitate a sense of slippage in our experience of the world. The paper proceeds to argue that the arts can provide a point of access to this experience, and that aesthetic theory has, for example, responded to it through the development of the notion of 'the sublime'. The writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and, in particular, aspects of his text The Visible and the invisible, are presented with a view to augmenting this aspect of aesthetic theory. Proceeding from a 'Merleau-Pontian' perspective, the paper explores how the arts can serve to disrupt our conventional sense of space and time - creating ripples in the substance Merleau-Ponty names as 'flesh' - so as to expose the chiasm or blind spot in our experience of the world. The methodology adopted is an experiential one, which draws on the writer's interaction with the selected works of various artists as well as her own practice in glass.

The specification of building material is required in multiple phases of engineering and construction projects towards holistic BIM implementations. Building material information plays a vital role in design decisions by enabling different simulation processes, such as energy, acoustic, lighting, etc. Utilization and sharing of building material information between stakeholders are some of the major influencing factors on the practical implementation of the BIM process. Different meta-data schemas (e.g. IFC) are usually available to represent and share material information amongst partners involved in a construction project. However, these schemas have their own constraints to enable efficient data sharing amongst stakeholders. This paper explains these constraints and proposes a methodological approach for the representation of material data using semantic web concepts aiming to support the sharing of BIM data and interoperability enhancements in collaboration workflows. As a result, the DICBM (https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/BuildingMaterials) ontology was developed which improves the management of building material information in the BIM-based collaboration process.:Abstract 1. Introduction and Background 1.1 Building Information Modeling for collaboration 1.2 Information management in AEC using semantic web technologies 2 DICBM: Digital Construction Building Material Ontology 2.1 Building Material Data in IFC 2.2 Overview of the building material ontology 2.3 Integration of external ontology concepts and roles 2.4 Material Definition 2.5 Material, Material Type, and Material Property 2.6 Data Properties in DICBM 3 Conclusions Acknowledgments References

This paper addresses the aesthetic encounter from the perspective of the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty on the visible and the invisible. It begins with the premise that from time to time we encounter situations which precipitate a sense of slippage in our experience of the world. The paper proceeds to argue that the arts can provide a point of access to this experience, and that aesthetic theory has, for example, responded to it through the development of the notion of 'the sublime'. The writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and, in particular, aspects of his text The Visible and the invisible, are presented with a view to augmenting this aspect of aesthetic theory. Proceeding from a 'Merleau-Pontian' perspective, the paper explores how the arts can serve to disrupt our conventional sense of space and time - creating ripples in the substance Merleau-Ponty names as 'flesh' - so as to expose the chiasm or blind spot in our experience of the world. The methodology adopted is an experiential one, which draws on the writer's interaction with the selected works of various artists as well as her own practice in glass.

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The present dissertation purports to analyze the relationship between the notions of reference and ontology in the Peter Frederick Strawson‟s philosophy. Strawson wants to defend an ontological realism, in which the basic entities are material bodies. We have occupied ourselves with the analysis of the role of identifying reference in his argumentation. In the first Chapter, we analyze how the ontological problem is formulated by Strawson, within ordinary language. The phrase Linguistic Turn‟ is used to denote the set of issues around this topic. Our analysis concluded that ordinary language is the most general and pervasive language, which also has the means necessary for metaphysical researches. In the second Chapter, we deal with the elucidation of the conditions in which an identifying reference is successfully made. The analysis showed that, when referring to particulars, to consider the contextual requirements it is necessary to make a successfully identifying reference, which necessarily include spatio-temporal elements this condition is not necessary when we refer identifyingly to general things. Thus, we use the term spatio-temporal particulars to designate a class of items, which are, in a philosophical sense, concretes. In the Third Chapter, we examine how Strawson uses the notion of identifying reference to get the notions of independent and basic, which ought to be attached to the notion of materials bodies, if the philosopher intends to be a metaphysical realist. Through the analysis of the concept of reference, Strawson comes to the notion of a unified framework of knowledge of particulars, which is necessary for us to refer non-demonstratively to spatio-temporal particulars. However, a condition of this unity is the independent existence of spatio-temporal particulars. Although material bodies are basic in the category of spatio-temporal particulars, the identification of particulars of various subcategories rests on the identification of material objects. In the end, discuss some criticisms of Strawson‟s arguments and make another argument in support of Strawson‟s argument.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as noções de referência e ontologia na filosofia de Peter Frederick Strawson. Strawson pretende defender uma ontologia realista, onde suas entidades básicas são objetos materiais e pessoas, assim, ocupamo-nos em elucidar o papel que a noção de referência identificadora cumpre nessa argumentação. No primeiro Capítulo, analisamos o modo como o problema ontológico é formulado, por Strawson, no âmago da linguagem ordinária. A expressão Giro Linguístico‟ é tomada para designar o conjunto de questões em torno desse tópico. Nossas análises obtiveram como conclusão que a linguagem ordinária é a mais geral e penetrante, a qual também disporia dos meios necessários para as investigações de caráter metafísico. No segundo Capítulo, ocupamo-nos com a elucidação das condições em que uma referência identificadora ocorre com sucesso. As análises mostraram que, quando nos referimos a particulares, é necessário, para o sucesso em referir, a consideração de requerimentos contextuais, os quais necessariamente incluem aspectos espaços-temporais e são dispensáveis na maioria das referências a entidades gerais. Destarte, passamos a usar o termo particulares espaço-temporais‟ para designar um conjunto de itens, os quais seriam, num sentido filosófico, concretos. No terceiro Capítulo, analisamos o modo como Strawson usa a noção de referência identificadora para chegar até as noções de independente e básico, as quais devem estar relacionadas com a noção de objetos materiais, caso o filósofo pretenda defender um realismo metafísico. Através das análises da noção de referência, Strawson chega até a noção de quadro unitário de conhecimento de particulares, o qual é necessário para que possamos referir não-demonstrativamente para particulares espaço-temporais. Porém, uma condição dessa unidade consiste na existência independente de particulares espaço-temporais. Não obstante, objetos materiais são básicos na categoria de particulares espaço-temporais, pois, a identificação de particulares de várias subcategorias descansa sobre a identificação de objetos materiais. No final, serão analisadas algumas críticas aos argumentos de Strawson e será indicada a possibilidade da formulação de outro argumento em suporte da argumentação de Strawson.

L’objectif de ce travail est de situer l'ontologie formelle dans la phénoménologie husserlienne. Pour ce faire, nous proposons de faire une lecture de l'ontologie formelle qui se distingue d’une approche purement théorique ou mathématique, en la replaçant dans l’histoire de la philosophie telle que conçue par Edmund Husserl. Nous débutons par une analyse sur la mathématisation de la logique, ce qui nous conduit sous la dominance des mathématiques, à la genèse de l’idée de la théorie des théories, à une théorie d’objet sans objet. Ensuite, nous élargissons notre perspective pour examiner la mathématisation des sciences, surtout la mathématisation de la physique. En analysant la crise des sciences, nous mettons en lumière le rapport entre les sciences et leur rapport obligatoire avec la philosophie selon Husserl. À travers une lecture historique allant de Platon à Galilée, centrée sur l’ontologie formelle, nous montrons les critiques essentielles adressées aux sciences modernes par Husserl, et pourquoi, malgré leur développement et leur rigueur mathématique, les sciences empiriques, en particulier la physique, ne peuvent pas fonder une théorie de tout. Enfin, notre étude examine le rapport entre l’ontologie formelle et les ontologies matérielles. Nos analyses dans cette étude justifient la nécessité de la phénoménologie comme la science rigoureuse
The aim of this work is to situate formal ontology within Husserlian phenomenology. To this end, we propose a reading of formal ontology as distinct from a purely theoretical or mathematical approach, by placing it in the history of philosophy as conceived by Edmund Husserl. We begin with an analysis of the mathematization of logic, which leads us, under the dominance of mathematics, to the genesis of the idea of the theory of theories, to a theory of object without object. Next, we broaden our perspective to examine the mathematization of the sciences, especially the mathematization of physics. By analyzing the crisis of the sciences, we highlight the relationship between the sciences and their obligatory relationship with philosophy, according to Husserl. Through a historical reading from Plato to Galileo, centered on formal ontology, we show the essential criticisms addressed to modern sciences by Husserl, and why, despite their development and mathematical rigor, empirical sciences, particularly physics, cannot found a theory of everything. Finally, our study investigates the relationship between formal ontology and material ontologies. Our analyses in this study justify the necessity of phenomenology as the rigorous science

Retired Objects is a project that explores the intimate relationship we humans form with everyday things. My investigation centers around the questions Can we begin to value objects as our equals, rather than as our servants? and What roles do objects play in our daily lives other than fulfilling a practical function?  As a theoretical framework I investigate different facets of our material culture and how we relate to objects, focusing on our emotional connection to them, how we use them as mirror and tools for self-creation, and how being a maker is an integral part of our human identity. Using speculative design methods, I wish to invite us to reimagine our relationship to objects. The result is a series of pre-owned chairs, that I have re-designed, reimagined to envision them in a new light, free from the burden of fulfilling a practical function. Who are they once they retire from their job of serving us? By using design fiction and presenting an alternative narrative I wish to invite us to reimagine the way we relate to everyday objects.

Cette thèse cherche d’abord à confronter les prétentions respectives des méthodes phénoménologique et analytico-linguistique classiques à fournir chacune une explication de la connaissance a priori des nécessités d’essence qui soit aussi dépourvue que possible de présupposés et de pétitions de principe. Le problème précis autour duquel se noue cette confrontation est celui de la possibilité des vérités a priori matérielles. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une lecture et une résolution méréologiques de ce problème en termes husserliens de touts composés des parties dépendantes, qui permet mieux de rendre compte des tels ensembles que la méréologie atomiste qui caractérise la plupart des ontologies formelles « analytiques » ; et nous proposons ce faisant une compréhension de la méthode d’intuition eidétique comme analyse méréologique. Dans un second temps, nous appliquons cette analyse à la méthode phénoménologique elle-même, comprenant la réduction transcendantale comme une variation méréologique sur l’a priori matériel de la corrélation qui caractérise la structure même de la relation entre l’ego et le monde, ce qui nous oblige de voir cette structure à son tour comme un tout concret intuitionnable dont les parties subjective et objective ne sont que des moments absolument dépendants, sans aucun privilège accordé au pôle sujet de cette structure. Ainsi, ce n’est qu’à la stricte condition que la phénoménologie se « désubjectivise » qu’elle puisse à la fois réfuter un certain nombre de dogmes analytiques et empiristes et fonder sa propre méthode dans une absence comparative de présupposés
This dissertation takes as its point of departure a polemical comparison of the respective claims of the phenomenological and classical analytic-linguistic methods to provide an account of a priori knowledge of essential or necessary truth that is as free as possible of presuppositions and circular reasoning. The precise problem around which this confrontation crystalizes is the one concerning the possibility of material a priori truths. First, we propose a mereological interpretation of and solution to this problem in the Husserlian terms of wholes composed of dependent parts, which allows for a better account of such wholes than does the atomistic mereology that characterizes most “analytic” formal ontologies, and we propose an understanding of the method of eidetic intuition as mereological analysis. Secondly, we apply this analysis to the phenomenological method itself, understanding the transcendental reduction as a mereological variation on the material a priori of correlation that characterizes the very structure of the relation between the ego and the world; this obliges us to see this structure in turn as an intuitable concrete whole whose subjective and objective parts are merely absolutely dependent moments, without privileging the subject-pole of this structure. In this way, it is only on the strict condition that phenomenology “desubjectivize” itself that it might at once refute a certain number of analytic and empiricist dogmas and ground its own method without recourse to unnecessary and untenable presuppositions

Si le bijou du dix-neuvième siècle abonde dans de nombreux ouvrages, il faut repenser son intrigue, son lexique et sa poétique. Dans une optique ontologique et grâce à un échange pluridisciplinaire permettant ainsi une ouverture à des processus de partages méthodologiques, cette thèse montre combien le bijou du dix-neuvième siècle est fortement connoté et possède une signification esthétique, sociale, géographique, politique et culturelle qui lui est propre. Cette étude prouve que le bijou tant en signe polysémique qu’en tant qu’ontologie cristallise les inquiétudes et les bouleversements relatifs à son siècle. Il permet de cerner une esthétique, un rapport au monde, au temps qui passe. Il est une clé, une façon d’être au monde, un pôle de compréhension. Il y a donc une interaction créatrice entre l’homme et sa parure. L’homme crée le bijou et le bijou crée l’homme en retour. Grâce à la mise en place d’une approche inédite et originale proposant de voir la bijouterie du dix-neuvième siècle comme une ontologie, le bijou est alors pensé comme un élément à part entière pour comprendre l’homme. Les bijoux ne sont pas là par hasard, ils véhiculent des sens cachés, des codes. Ils sont les référents immuables que cette étude se propose de nous faire découvrir
If the jewel of the nineteenth century abounds in many works, we must rethink its plot, its lexicon and its poetics. From an ontological perspective and thanks to a multidisciplinary exchange thus allowing an opening to processes of methodological sharing, this thesis shows how much the jewel of the nineteenth century is strongly connoted and possesses an aesthetic, social, geographical, political and cultural significance of its own. This study proves that jewellery, both as a polysemic sign and as ontology, crystallizes the anxieties and upheavals relating to its century. It makes it possible to define an aesthetic, a relationship to the world, to the passing of time. It is a key, a way of being in the world, a pole of understanding. So there is a creative interaction between man and his finery. Man creates the jewel and the jewel creates man in return. Thanks to the implementation of a new and original approach proposing to see the jewellery of the nineteenth century as an ontology, the jewel is then thought as a whole element to understand the man. Jewels are not there by chance, they convey hidden meanings, codes. They are the unchanging referent that this study proposes to make us discover

The objective of this dissertation is to analyse the processes of black or Afrobolivian identity formation in the Afrobolivian community of Tocaña, by examining the meshwork of relations that constitute the fluxes of material blacknesses. The concept of material blacknesses, which I aim to trace, emerges from the use of the concept of “materials” as coined by Tim Ingold. To achieve this aim, I have conducted ethnographic research that employs participant observation as a fundamental tool. My ethnographic approach aims to fully acknowledge the ways in which I have been affected by my experiences with the Tocañeros. In addition, it is an auto-reflexive ontography that blurs the dichotomy of researcher/researched. Lastly, it reflects the concept of anexactness as described by Deleuze, which implies both academic rigor and intentional inexactness. Finally, the theoretical framework revolves around three analytical categories: material blacknesses, alteration of the logic of inversion and the radicalization of alterity. These concepts were generated based on the lived experiences of the community of Tocaña, and are in horizontal dialogue with realist and postcolonial epistemologies. It is through this dialogue, and based on the ontological turn in the social sciences, that this dissertation aims to contribute to the debate about blackness.
El objetivo de esta investigación es, partiendo del proceso de aprendizaje y vivencia con los Tocañeros, analizar los procesos de constitución identitaria negra entre los pobladores de la Comunidad Afroboliviana de Tocaña a través de la malla (Ingold, 2011a, 63) de relaciones que constituyen los flujos de negritudes materiales. El concepto de flujos de negritudes materiales, a las cuales tengo como objetivo seguir, emergen del concepto de “materiales” acuñado por Tim Ingold. Para cumplir con este objetivo realicé un trabajo etnográfico que emplea como técnica fundante a la observación participante. Asimismo, el enfoque etnográfico aquí empleado se ve guiado por los afectos generados durante mis vivencias con los Tocañeros. Otra de las características de este trabajo es el uso del enfoque ontográfíco auto-reflexiva, el cual difumina las fronteras entre la dicotomía investigador/investigados. Una última particularidad es la anexactitud, concepto deleuziano que denota tanto rigurosidad académica como una inexactitud intencional. Finalmente, el universo teórico se centrará en tres categorías analíticas: negritudes materiales, alteración de la lógica de la inversión y la radicalización de la alteridad. Estos conceptos, generados a partir de las vivencias con la comunidad Tocañera, dialoga horizontalmente con los enfoques epistemológicos realistas, y poscoloniales. Es a través de esta relación dialógica, y partiendo desde el ámbito del giro ontológico de las ciencias sociales, que se tiene como objetivo aportar al debate sobre negritud.

El fin del siglo XX ha visto la transformación radical de las prácticas de investigación e intervención biomédicas. Una serie de procesos han configurado un nuevo escenario para el abordaje de enfermedades de difícil tratamiento. A la base, puede encontrarse la proliferación de colectivos que participan en la producción de evidencia que orientan las decisiones clínicas, la construcción de plataformas de trabajo colaborativo y la introducción de nuevas entidades que reconfiguran y coordinan la relación entre los actores comprometidos. Ello ha implicado la redefinición del campo de actividades bioclínicas y, a su vez, la transformación del significado de las enfermedades en sí mismas. Entre las aquellas mayormente articuladas por este proceso se encuentra el cáncer. Esta investigación aborda el cáncer y lo hace considerando los entramados de relaciones heterogéneas que constituyen este fenómeno como un objeto biomédico. En tal sentido, nos hemos propuesto describir y analizar el carácter semiótico-material del cáncer, dando cuenta del diverso tipo de actores que participan en su definición como entidad médica, además de sus implicancias sociales y materiales. Para hacerlo, hemos adoptado la perspectiva analítica de la teoría del actor-red, derivada del ámbito de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología. Metodológicamente, hemos desarrollado un estudio de caso del cáncer en Cataluña, siguiendo, no obstante, las conexiones y patrones de relación que se suscitan entre diversos territorios. Los resultados de este proceso se han articulado como una serie de publicaciones, cada una atendiendo a un aspecto emergente en el desarrollo de la investigación. El primero de ellos deriva de la consideración de un tipo especial de convenciones bioclínicas que ha implicado profundas transformaciones en la aproximación misma a la enfermedad. Esto se asocia a varios procesos. Por ejemplo, para que el cáncer se haga operativo, deben articularse una serie de escalas que fijan, cada una, diversos juegos de relaciones socio-técnicas que, sin embargo, se definen por sus interdependencia. Este diagrama socio-material opera transformando la definición de la corporalidad (de una individual a una articulada como un colectivo biológico) y de la temporalidad (aquella vinculada con el origen y permanencia de la enfermedad). A su vez, se formula un tipo de relacionalidad específica entre el especialista y los dispositivos de regulación, que hemos denominado como prehensión, siguiendo a A.N. Whitehead. El segundo aspecto se vincula con la constitución misma del cáncer. Los diversos componentes tecnológicos y regulatorios implicados en su abordaje biomédico lo conforman no como una entidad discreta o local, sino como un objeto inmanente: un potencial, siguiendo también a Whitehead. El cáncer se extiende y distribuye por diversos espacios de manera completamente actual y eficiente. El tercer eje obedece a la concepción del significado del cáncer como una trayectoria que se articula entre los entramados biomédicos y los procesos de los colectivos de pacientes. Ello incide en cómo éste es corporizado, es decir, cómo en los aspectos cotidianos y corporales de pacientes emerge como una entidad presente. Los diversos componentes del trabajo biomédico reciente establecen una modalidad de operación biopolítica que funciona en la medida que constituye objetos lo suficientemente dispersos y actuales como para forjar un tipo de compromiso que oriente los estilos de vida de una nueva ciudadanía. El cáncer se articula según esta configuración, sirviendo de espacio para comprender tales transformaciones. Los vínculos entre este y otros procesos médicos emergentes se analizan en una cuarta publicación integrada en los anexos. La totalidad de textos que componen el trabajo ofrecen una perspectiva de las transformaciones socio-técnicas en el ámbito oncológico y la expresión de un nuevo modo de ejercicio biopolítico a través de la biomedicina.
The end of the twentieth century has seen radical transformation of the practices of biomedical research and interventions. Several processes have configured new scenery for the addressing of difficult treatment diseases. At the base, may be found the proliferation of collectives involved with the production of evidence to guide clinical decisions, construction of collaborative work platforms and the introduction of new entities, which reconfigure and coordinate the relationship between engaged actors. This implies the redefinition of bioclinical activities field and, in turn, transformation of the disease meanings themselves. Among those mostly articulated by this process is found cancer. This research addresses cancer considering networks of heterogeneous relations that constitute this phenomenon as a biomedical object. In this regard, we intend to describe and analyse material-semiotic character of cancer, accounting for the various types of actors involved in its definition as a medical entity, as well as its social and material implications. To do so, we have adopted the analytical perspective of actor-network theory, derived from the field of social studies of science and technology. Methodologically we developed a case study of cancer in Catalonia, following, however, connections and relationship patterns that arise between different territories. The results of this process are articulated as a series of publications, each one attending to an emerging aspect on the development of research. The first of these derives from the consideration of a special type of bioclinical conventions that have involved profound changes in the approach itself to the disease. This is associated with several processes. For example, for that cancer becomes operative, various sets of scales must be articulated, which set, each one, different socio-technical plays of relations; however, they are defined by their interdependence. This socio-material diagram operates by transforming the definition of corporeality (from individual to collective one articulated by biology) and of temporality (the one linked to the origin and persistence of the disease). In turn, it develops a specific kind of relatedness between the specialist and the regulatory devices, which we have called as prehension, following to A.N. Whitehead. The second aspect is related to the very constitution of cancer. The various technological and regulatory components involved in its biomedical approach comprise it not like a discrete or local entity, but as an immanent object: a potential, following also to Whitehead. Cancer is extended and distributed by different spaces through entirely actual and efficient manner. The third axis obeys the conception of the meaning of cancer as a trajectory that is articulated between the biomedical networks and the process of patient collectives. This affects how it is embodied, that is, how in the everyday aspects of patients lives and their bodies, cancer emerges as a present entity. The various components of biomedical recent work establish a mode of biopolitical operation that works to the extent that constitute objects so disperse and actual enough as to establish a kind of engagement to guide the lifestyles of a new citizenship. Cancer is articulated according to this configuration, serving as space to comprehend such transformations. The links between this and other emerging medical processes are analysed fourth publication, which can be found in the annexes. The totality of texts that compound this work provides a perspective of socio-technical transformations in oncological field and the expression of a new mode of biopolitical exercise through biomedicine.

A World Wide Web está se tornando uma grande biblioteca virtual, onde a informação sobre qualquer assunto está disponível a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar, com ou sem custo, criando oportunidades em várias áreas do conhecimento humano, dentre as quais a Educação não é exceção. Embora muitas aplicações educacionais baseadas na Web tenham sido desenvolvidas nos últimos anos, alguns problemas nesta área não foram resolvidos, entre as quais está a pesquisa de materiais e objetos de aprendizagem mais inteligentes e eficientes, pois como as informações na World Wide Web não são estruturadas e organizadas, as máquinas não podem “compreender” e nem “interpretar” o significado das informações semânticas. Para dar uma nova infra-estrutura para a World Wide Web está surgindo uma nova tecnologia conhecida com Web Semântica, cuja finalidade é estruturar e organizar as informações para buscas mais inteligentes e eficientes, utilizando-se principalmente do conceito de ontologia. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de modelagem ontológica de materiais e objetos de aprendizagem baseada nas tecnologias da Web Semântica para a plataforma de ensino a distância CoL - Cursos on LARC. Esta proposta estende esta plataforma adicionando-lhe a capacidade de organizar e estruturar seus materiais de aprendizagem, de forma a que pesquisas mais “inteligentes” e estruturadas possam ser realizadas, nestes materiais e propiciando a possibilidade de reutilização do conteúdo desses materiais.
The World Wide Web is turning itself into a huge virtual library, where a piece of information about any subject is available at any time in any place, with or without fees, creating opportunities in several areas of human knowledge. Education is no exception among this areas. Although many Web based educational applications have been recently developed, some problems in the area have not been solved yet. Among these is the search for more intelligent and effective object learning and materials, since the World Wide Web information is not structured, nor organized. The machines do not “understand” neither “interpret” the meaning of semantic information. In order to restructure the World Wide Web there is a new technology, known as Web Semantics, being developed. It aims to structure and organize information for more intelligent and effective search, making use of the ontology concept. This work presents an ontological modeling for learning subjects and materials, based on the Web Semantics Technology for the long distance education platform CoL – Courses on LARC. This proposal extends such platform, adding to it the possibility of organizing and structuring its learning materials, making possible more “intelligent” and structured searches on the materials as well as making possible the re-use of the materials contents.

With the continuous development and progress of human society, the demand for advanced materials in all walks of life is increasing day by day. No matter in the agrarian age or the information age, human beings have always been tireless in the study of materials science, and the field of computational materials science has been the exploration of computational methods in materials science. However, with the deepening of the research, the scale of research data related to materials science is getting larger and larger, and each research institution establishes their own material information management system. The diversity of the materials data structure and storage form causes the fuzziness of the data structure and the complexity of the integrated data. In order to make data findable and reusable, scientists introduce the concept of ontology in philosophy to generalize the context and structure of data. An ontology is mainly by the field representative extremely, including meaningful concepts and the relationship between concepts. There are a few ontologies found in the computational materials science domain, called Materials Design Ontology (MDO). This thesis mined the representative concepts and relations to extend the MDO. In order to achieve this goal, an improved Topmine framework was deployed, containing a new frequent phrase mining algorithm and an improved phrase-based Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model. The improved Topmine framework introduced the Part-of-Speech Tagging and defined weighted coefficients. The time and space complexity had been reduced from quadratic to linear. And the perplexity of the phrase-based LDA was reduced 26.7%, which means the results are more concentrated and accurate. Meanwhile, the concept lattice is constructed with the idea of formal concept analysis to extend the relations of the domain ontology. In brief, this paper studied the titles and abstracts of more than 9000 pieces of field literature collected to extend MDO, and demonstrate the practicability and practicality of this framework by comparing the experimental results with the existing algorithms.

This study set out to explore the possibilities that the Critical Realist concept of a stratified ontology might have for environmental learning and materials development processes. This involved processes of ongoing contextual profiling; the use of picture-based resources and storytelling to support the engagement with the marine harvesting contexts of the villages of Hamburg and Ngqinisa, in the former Ciskei. At the heart of the study was the process of uncovering the empirical, the actual and the real in the context of a community of coastal marine harvesters whose lives and livelihoods are affected by poverty and a history of inequality, and more recently by issues such as HIV/AIDS. Their stories of existing practice changed as we engaged with picture-based narratives, gaining depth and focus in relation to sustainability issues. The learning processes associated with and emerging out of the research processes were enhanced through abductive use of metaphors and graphic illustrations, and through intra- and inter community exchanges, again using picture based narratives. As the study unfolded, the development of environmental education materials receded. Focus turned to how conceptual abstraction processes (of abduction (metaphor) and retroduction) and the stratified ontological framework allowed for learning across epistemological divides.

Nivel ontológico. En este nivel se pretende establecer en qué medida el principio de individuación determina la entidad en su singularidad, es decir, se busca analizar el rol que juega la materia en la conformación de la entidad. Este rol configura las cosas en su cantidad delimitada, porque las cuantifica y circunscribe en su propia singularidad y límites, diferenciándolas de todas las demás cosas; inclusive de las de su propia especie.

Through creative practice and written research, this thesis explores the peculiar qualities of surface materials, revealing a broader ethos of practice which I identify as care. I propose that care arises as a mode of being between artist and work, work and beholder, and between the parts of the work. The thesis situates the art practice within an ethical framework, premised on, but extending, Heidegger's ontological equation of care with being. The original contribution is in the claim that the particular qualities of worldly matter generate the terms for care as a particular mode of engagement that is reciprocal and intransitive.

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A partir dos estudos desenvolvidos no grupo de pesquisa Ensino de Química, Investigação Orientada, Linguagens e Formação Docente, da Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp - campus de Bauru-SP, deste trabalho e dos referenciais teóricos utilizados, percebeu-se que grande parte dos professores do Ensino Médio o qual ministravam a disciplina de Física não abordavam o tema Estrutura da Matéria em suas aulas, seja no âmbito geral da disciplina ou na abordagem direta do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo para Ciências da Natureza. Apesar da abordagem direta do conteúdo (Estrutura da Matéria: modelos de átomos e moléculas, quantização da energia, radioatividade e partículas elementares), grande parte da construção destes conceitos, o qual compõem parte da física moderna e contemporânea, inicia-se na Filosofia ou na busca da superação da limitações que a abordagem clássica das ciências impõe. Acreditamos que o ensino de estrutura da Matéria depende diretamente da articulação realizada pelo professor entre os saberes clássicos e contemporâneos das ciências. Esta articulação, por sua vez, depende inteiramente das concepções formadas pelos professores acerca dos conceitos tratados, ou seja, de sua visão ontológica, epistemológica e conceitual do tema. Para tanto, convidamos professores que ministravam a disciplina de Física, no Ensino Médio da região de Bauru-SP, para construírem e discutirem tais conceitos em um curso de formação continuada realizada junto do grupo de pesquisas. Assim, buscou-se, inicialmente, construir com base na História, Filosofia e Filosofia da Ciência os conceitos subjacentes à Estrutura da Matéria, para em seguida realizar uma discussão crítica de sua articulação com o Currículo do Estado de São Paulo e dos fatores que limitavam as aulas que abordassem o tema. Posteriormente às discussões, realizamos um estudo conceitual dirigido e os...
From the studies developed in the research group Ensino de Química, Investigação Orientada, Linguagens e Formação Docente, ou Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp - campus of Bauru-SP, this work and theoretical frameworks used, it was noticed that most of the high school teachers who teach physics dis not point structure of matter, in their classes, either within the direct approach of the State of São Paulo Curriculum for Natural Sciences. Although, a direct approach to the content (Structure of Matter: models of atoms and molecules, energy quantization, radioactivity and elementary particles), much of the construction of these concepts, which make up part of modern and contemporary physics, begins in philosophy or in the effort to overcome the limitations that the classical approach of science imposes. We believe that the education Structure of Matter depends directly on the joint carried out by Professor between classic and contemporary knowledge of science. This articulation, in turn, depend entirely on the concepts formed by teachers about the treated concepts, ie its ontological vision, epistemological and conceptual theme. Therefore, we invite teachers who taught the discipline of physics in high shool of Bauru-SP region, to build and discuss these concepts in a continuing education course conducted with the research group. Thus, we sought to initially build on the History, Philosophy and Philosophy of Science the concepts underlying the Structure of Matter, to then perform a critical discussion of its relationship with the curriculum of the State of São Paulo and the factors that limited classes that addressed the issue. Later the discussion we conducted a conceptual study directed and teachers built ta lesson plan that would address the issue. Under the survey, this way inserted at specific times of the training course, enabling the holding of discussion concerning the knowledge of teachers...

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2012
Bibliografia: f. 124-134
A Engenharia de Software, por ser uma área com avanços tecnológicos frequentes, requer profissionais qualificados e atualizados. Porém, a falta destes profissionais é uma preocupação entre os executivos, principalmente quando se considera os investimentos
Due to the fact that the Software Engineering is a field with frequent technological advances, it requires qualified and updated professionals. However the lack of such professionals is a concern among executives, mainly when one consider the investments

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
數位內容科技學系碩士班
98
After carrying out the policy of using information technology integrated into instruction in elementary and junior high school, the amount of e-learning courseware that qualified to the courses are highly increasing. Also, the database storages of e-learning courseware are popping up widely. It is more convenient for the instructors to share and obtain the teaching materials. However, storage of e-learning courseware systems are not efficiently shared and integrated. This study is to address that by sharing teaching material systems based on the ontology to get to the purpose of sharing teaching materials. In the process, teaching materials are packed with the standard of SCORM. Discussing the ontology of the courseware, classifying the materials, building up the leagues systems of teaching databases, and integrating the information to help users search. The research use TAM to disucss the acceptance level for elementary school teacher using the sharing system. The results of the research show Perceived Ease of Use, Result demonstration and Task-Technology Fit was conspicuous to the Perceived Usefulness. Result demonstration and Task-Technology Fit was conspicuous to the Perceived Ease of Use. Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use was conspicuous to the supposition for relation of TAM. Also, the result of searching under ontology-base’s classification was identified between common and satisfaction.

This thesis discusses the design of three systems that were built using Critical Making as an investigative method. The systems are: an RFID antenna that links ISBNs to online metadata; metamash.org, which aggregates ISBN metadata; and doitag.org, which allows users to associate tags with DOI numbers. Each system was designed to interrogate issues related to identification, categorization and the institutional foundations of, and individual practices surrounding, information systems, providing levers to get at deeper ontological issues. Each investigation points in its own way to a profound lack of understanding about the ontology of digital, or hybrid material/digital objects. David Weinberger's ordering scheme for material and digital objects is used because it allows for a discussion of ordering systems in general. However, focusing solely on categorization systems masks more important questions about the ontology of such objects and how building and using such objects fundamentally defines what they are.

碩士
銘傳大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
92
In recent years, due to the fast development of the internet and information technology, the amount of web pages are continuously increasing, and so are the number of web pages returned by search engines that people used to search information. The traditional method of information search is using keyword comparison to find the corresponding pages. However, the method of keyword comparison is apt to be affected by polysemous terms; hence the query results sometimes don’t conform to the users’ expectation. Therefore, we propose a heuristic method to produce information extraction rules through the combination of Ontology and semi-structure material pages. In this thesis, we analyze the composing characteristic of semi-structure pages, and exploit Ontology’s concepts to divide information blocks that possess meaningful concepts. We also make use of Ontology’s concept hierarchy to calculate concept similarity and concept distance so that the information extraction rules can be induced to produce more general extraction rules.These extraction rules are applied in testing pages to produce indexing table. The results are evaluated by three human experts to estimate the efficiency of the extraction rules. The results show that the experts have about 0.8 degree of confidence on the extracted information from testing pages. We can say that the method proposed in this thesis can make the accuracy of information retrieval go a step further.

I defend a naive conception of material objects, according to which there are such things as stones, statues, cats and their tails, but no "strange fusions" of such things as my nose and the Eiffel Tower. Virtually everyone in the literature rejects the naive conception in favor of some revisionary theory of material objects. Eliminativists (e.g., Unger, van Inwagen, Merricks) deny that there are such things as statues and stones and, in some cases, cats as well. Universalists (e.g., Lewis, Rea, Sider) hold that for any objects you like--even my nose and the Eiffel Tower--there is a single object composed of those objects. These revisionary theories are manifestly counterintuitive, but there are powerful arguments for preferring them to the naive conception. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to showing how these arguments can be resisted. First, I assess the charge that, given the correctness of the naive conception, it would have been a miraculous stroke of luck for us to have hit upon the privileged conceptual scheme. Second, I examine the Lewis-Sider argument from vagueness for unrestricted mereological composition, Third, I show that the grounding problem for coincident modally discernible objects can be solved. Fourth, show that the causal exclusion argument as applied to ordinary objects can be resisted without either systematic overdetermination or epiphenomena. In the second part of the dissertation, I argue that the prima facie conflict between revisionary theories and our ordinary discourse, beliefs, and intuitions about material objects proves to be an insurmountable problem for those theories. First, I argue that existing attempts to reconcile revisionary theories of material objects with folk discourse are unsatisfactory, Second, I provide a perspicuous statement of the "challenge from folk belief" and argue that the standard strategies for meeting the challenge are unsatisfactory.

Designing and discovering novel materials is challenging problem in many domains such as fuel additives, composites, pharmaceuticals, and so on. At the core of all this are models that capture how the different domain-specific data, information, and knowledge regarding the structures and properties of the materials are related to one another. This dissertation explores the difficult task of developing an artificial intelligence-based knowledge modeling environment, called Hybrid Ontology-Learning Materials Engineering System (HOLMES) that can assist humans in populating a materials science and engineering ontology through automatic information extraction from journal article abstracts. While what we propose may be adapted for a generic materials engineering application, our focus in this thesis is on the needs of the pharmaceutical industry. We develop the Columbia Ontology for Pharmaceutical Engineering (COPE), which is a modification of the Purdue Ontology for Pharmaceutical Engineering. COPE serves as the basis for HOLMES. The HOLMES framework starts with journal articles that are in the Portable Document Format (PDF) and ends with the assignment of the entries in the journal articles into ontologies. While this might seem to be a simple task of information extraction, to fully extract the information such that the ontology is filled as completely and correctly as possible is not easy when considering a fully developed ontology. In the development of the information extraction tasks, we note that there are new problems that have not arisen in previous information extraction work in the literature. The first is the necessity to extract auxiliary information in the form of concepts such as actions, ideas, problem specifications, properties, etc. The second problem is in the existence of multiple labels for a single token due to the existence of the aforementioned concepts. These two problems are the focus of this dissertation. In this work, the HOLMES framework is presented as a whole, describing our successful progress as well as unsolved problems, which might help future research on this topic. The ontology is then presented to help in the identification of the relevant information that needs to be retrieved. The annotations are next developed to create the data sets necessary for the machine learning algorithms to perform. Then, the current level of information extraction for these concepts is explored and expanded. This is done through the introduction of entity feature sets that are based on previously extracted entities from the entity recognition task. And finally, the new task of handling multiple labels for tagging a single entity is also explored by the use of multiple-label algorithms used primarily in image processing.

碩士
大葉大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
93
Because of e-learning concept popularization gradually, make electronic learning become the new trend of the studying type in the future. And the fast development in SCORM of cause has already become the standard of learning object in recent years, a lot of e-learning system in accordance with follow SCORM standard as new index of e-learning, learning object which accord with SCORM standard are more and more too, learning object which the teacher can choose in editor's teaching material are more and more diversified and complicated. But because like this, Follow and is it can choose how things pass caused information smog and is it remit teaching material necessary cost ,etc. issue to compile to increase to come. Because SCORM regards XML as the form of storing, this paper will regard concept of ontology as this foundation of searching the mechanism, it accords with the individualization that SCORM standardizes the teaching material to search the mechanism to design one and can be searched, through this individualized mechanism of searching, the user can order necessary Domain Ontology Tree by oneself , the ones that set up among the classifications are related, make the teacher can obtain the necessary teaching material things easily in editor's teaching material, and compiling the suggestion of gathering together the content of courses as the teacher. Make use of the related characteristic among all teaching material things set up by oneself by user, and the related structure comes to carry on the searching of the teaching material according to this, what the teacher can grade with the bigger range with the making carrying on the teaching material from the guide result searched is searched and collected . With this individualized mechanism of searching, this paper can leave a suggestion while searching and studying the things and editor's teaching file on a teacher, it make teacher find out by proper one study things,and can in good time reduction, at editor cost that teaching material need, reach the real spirit of E-learning.

碩士
大葉大學
工業工程與科技管理學系
100
Rapid changes are required to address dynamic business workflow needs according to the firm’s demand in a manufacturing sector. This research addresses existing problems about workflow in a manufacturer of fire-proof building materials. This research contributes in the field of ontology development in manufacturing sector. The main purpose of this thesis is to design an ontology based model that can represent business workflow problems in the case study of a manufacturing firm. The ontology based model can be used to provide relevant information to the domain users according to their needs and demands. The ontology based model depicts domain users profiling and describes their roles, information demands with competencies: skills, qualifications and experiences. The ontology based model will be implemented in RDF language that can be used in an application to support business activities for achieving effective business process. This thesis incorporates Uschold and King methodology that helps to develop an ontology-based model. The proposed ontology based model is developed by using the Protégé. The knowledge query of this research was accomplished by add-on query tab of the Protégé software. Five examples of knowledge query were deployed to explain the usage of the system.