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1
Warburton, Natalie Marina. „Functional morphology and evolution of marsupial moles (Marsupialia, Notoryctemorphia)“. University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0038.
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Marsupial moles (genus Notoryctes) are the most highly specialised burrowing marsupials. The specialisations of the appendicular musculo-skeletal system of the marsupial moles are extensive and widespread; the major alterations are concentrated in, but not restricted to, the forelimb. Many of the derived features of the muscular system appear to be adaptations for improving the mechanical advantage of the limbs for burrowing. A number of the specialisations of the muscular system of the marsupial moles are convergent with those previously documented in other fossorial mammals, including golden moles, rodents and armadillos. There are, however, a number of unique specialisations of the musculo-skeletal system of Notoryctes. The functional morphology of the locomotor apparatus of marsupial moles is interpreted on the basis of the descriptions of the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems. The burrowing technique of the marsupial moles is a modified form of the parasagittal digging method that is used by other fossorial mammals, such as golden moles, armadillos and some rodents including pocket gophers. Differences in the functional morphology of the hindlimb between marsupial moles and other fossorial mammals are a reflection of the fact that marsupial moles do not construct permanent open burrow systems, but instead constantly dig through loose soil, backfilling as they progress. The functional morphology of the tail is uniquely specialised in the marsupial moles to function as the fifth limb during the pentapedal burrowing locomotion of marsupial moles. The remains of Miocene fossil marsupial mole, while clearly pleisiomorphic with respect to the appendicular skeletal morphology of modern notoryctids, demonstrate a high degree of specialisation for digging. It is hypothesised that the Miocene marsupial mole was already substantially specialised for a fossorial lifestyle, and thus pre-adapted for a subterranean lifestyle developed in correlation with the desertification of the Australian continent. Phylogenetic affinities of marsupial moles within the Marsupialia have long been enigmatic. While specialisation of the musculo-skeletal system have been so widespread as to obscure almost any phylogenetically relevant patterns, there is some evidence to support an association between notoryctids and peramelid bandicoots. Interspecific differences between the two species of marsupial moles, Notoryctes typhlops and N. caurinus, are minor but do support the separation of the two species.
2
Pinto, Sheila Serra Vieira. „Estudo complementar da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase eritrocitária do marsupial brasileiro Didelphis marsupialis“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-15042009-145222/.
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Sabe-se que a atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase eritrocitária do marsupial brasileiro Didelphis marsupialis é cerca de 15 a 20 vezes a encontrada nos eritrócitos humanos. Pretendendo-se investigar se esta hiperatividade também se encontra ou não aumentada nas outras enzimas eritrocitárias, levou-se a efeito a dosagem das atividades das enzimas glicolíticas bem de outras enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo óxido-redutor do eritrócito do marsupial. Alguns dados bioquímicos sorológicos, hematológicos e imunológicos foram também obtidos. Assim sendo, as seguintes enzimas eritrocitárias foram estudadas: hexoquinase, glicose fosfato isomerase, fosfofrutoquinase, aldolase, triose fosfato isomerase, gliceraldeido-3-fosfato desidrogenase, fosfogliceratoquinase, difosfoglicerato mutase, monofosfoglicerato mutase, enolase, piruvato quinase, lactato desidrogenase, glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, 6-fosfogliconato desidrogenase, glutationa redutase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa S-transferase, nicotinamida adenina dinucleotideo fosfato diaforase, nicotinamida adenina dinucleotideo meta-hemoglobina redutase, superóxido dismutase, aspartato aminotransferase, adenilato quinase, adenosina desaminase e acetilcolinesterase. Embora a maioria das enzimas estudadas tenham revelado atividades semelhantes às encontradas nos eritrócitos humanos, foram observados aumentos significativos da hexoquinase, piruvato quinase e glutationa S-transferase. Entretanto, a atividade da glutationa peroxidase apresentou grande aumento de atividade, cerca de dez a doze vezes a encontrada nos eritrócitos humanos, talvez agindo em conjunto com a hiperatividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase da ordem de dez a quinze vezes já descrita nos eritrócitos humanosIt is known that erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase specific activity of Didelphis marsupialis is about 15-20 times higher than human red cells. In order to investigate whether this hyperactivity is extended or not to other red cell enzymes, it was proposed to ascertain the activity of the glycolytic enzymes as well as other related to the redox metabolism of the opossum erythrocyte. Some biochemical, hematological and immunological data were also assayed as well. That being so, the following red cell enzymes were assayed: hexokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, diphosphoglycerate mutase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metahemoglobin reductase, superoxide dismutase, aspartate amino-transferase, adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase and acetylcholinesterase . Although most of the enzymatic activities disclosed to be similar to humans, some enzymes exhibited high activities as the hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glutathione-S-transferase, about three to four times in relation to human. However the glutathione peroxidase presented overwhelming activity, at the order of ten-twelve times the human enzyme, perhaps working together the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase hyperactivity at the order of ten-fifteen times already described in the marsupial erythrocytes
3
Renfree, Marilyn B. „Marsupial reproduction and development“. Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142227.
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4
Cascini, Manuela. „Evolution of marsupial biodiversity“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/197697/1/Manuela_Cascini_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis explored the evolutionary trajectory of marsupials, focusing primarily on the Australasian marsupial fauna, and used a phylogenetic inference approach that combines molecular, ecological and fossil data sets. A first study provided the most complete and accurate (to-date) species-level marsupial phylogeny by using the most taxonomically complete set of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. In a second study, DNA and fossils from extinct and modern taxa were used to infer the evolution of macropods. A third project inferred the most complete (to-date) time-calibrated phylogeny of Diprotodontia. By incorporating fossil data, this last project revealed apparent competitive displacement of Vombatiformes (koala and wombats) by Macropodiformes (kangaroos) from the Late Miocene onwards, and a long (~25 million year) lag in the evolution of herbivory among marsupials compared to placental mammal faunas.
5
Chapman, Jamie. „The marsupial zona pellucida : its structure and glycoconjugate content“. Title page, abstract and contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4661.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 262-298. This thesis investigated the structure and glycoconjugate composition of the zona pellucida (ZP) surrounding marsupial oocytes and the changes that occur during ovarian development, following ovulation, and following cortical granule exocytosis. The glycoconjugates of the oviduct epithelial lining of the brushtail possum around the time of ovulation were also examined to determine if there was any contribution of the oviductal secretions to the post-ovulatory ZP.
6
Wong, Emily (Emily Sau Wai). „Characterisation of the marsupial and monotreme immunomes“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28962.
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In this thesis I utilize the recently sequenced genomes of the South American grey short-tailed
opossum (Monodelphis domestica), tammar wallaby (Macropus eugeniz') and the platypus
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus) to identify and characterize immune genes in order to fill in the
gaps in our understanding of evolution of the immune systems in non-eutherian mammals.
Many of these genes have proved elusive to identify using conventional lab strategies and
automated genome annotation pipelines. I discovered divergent immune genes using
bioinformatic protocols that I developed and compiled this sequence information in a publicly
available database. I examined species—specific expansions of major immune gene clusters.
Using these genes, I developed a comprehensive marsupial immune gene set which is used to
compare the expression profiles of the two tammar wallaby thymuses to gain insights into the
functional roles of these organs. The availability of these immune sequences allows for
analysis of large-scale expression studies and development of marsupial- and monotremespecific
reagents.
7
Peel, Emma Jane. „Peptides from the Pouch: Marsupial and Monotreme Cathelicidins“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17934.
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The rise in antimicrobial resistance and paucity of new antimicrobial compounds calls for alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as potential candidates. Cathelicidins are a major family of AMPs in mammals which form part of innate immunity through antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Marsupial and monotreme cathelicidins are of particular interest due to their involvement in protecting immunologically naive young during development in the pouch via expression in the pouch lining and milk where they modulate microbial flora and provide passive immunity. As such, the cathelicidin gene family has expanded in marsupials and monotremes, with a high number of cathelicidins in the tammar wallaby, gray short-tailed opossum and platypus. However our knowledge is limited to these species and functional studies involving antimicrobial activity are lacking. This thesis describes the characterisation of cathelicidins in the Tasmanian devil, koala and echidna, and investigates the antimicrobial function of all marsupial and monotreme cathelicidins. As expected, cathelicidins have expanded in the Tasmanian devil and koala, resulting in a high number of cathelicidins which were widely expressed throughout the body, including in pouch lining and milk. Only a single cathelicidin was identified in the echidna due to the quality of the genome. Out of 26 cathelicidins tested, six displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative and positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. One koala cathelicidin rapidly inactivated C. pecorum and significantly reduced the number of chlamydial inclusions in vitro. Activity was reduced in the presence of serum and whole blood, and peptides displayed varying levels of haemolytic and cytotoxic activity. Many cathelicidins did not display antimicrobial activity and future work is required to explore their potential immunomodulatory properties. The results presented in this thesis have advanced our understanding of cathelicidins in marsupials and monotremes on a genetic and functional level, and highlights their potential as novel therapeutics in the future.
8
Bourne, Debra Caroline. „Disease and mortality of Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park : with special reference to toxoplasmosis“. Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323862.
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9
Miller, Emily Jane Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. „Conservation genetics and reproduction in three Australian marsupial species“. Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42779.
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Many Australian marsupial species require active population management to ensure their survival in the wild. Such management should be based on a sound understanding of species biology. This thesis explores how knowledge of reproduction and genetics can be applied to the management of three Australian marsupial species faced with contrasting management scenarios. The ??vulnerable?? greater bilby is the sole remaining desert bandicoot in Australia. They are a secretive, solitary species whose mating system is unclear. This research examined temporal changes in genetic diversity within two captive breeding programs utilising different management strategies. Using seven microsatellite loci, this study found the regular translocation of new individuals into the population maintained genetic diversity. Parentage analysis revealed the bilby to have a promiscious mating system. Sires and non-sires could not be distinguished by morphological traits. The tammar wallaby is a polygynous, solitary species that is threatened on mainland Australia, but overabundant on some offshore islands. The population genetics of tammars from the Abrolhos Islands in Western Australia were examined using nine autosomal and four Y-linked microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial DNA. There was a relationship between island size, population size and genetic diversity. The Abrolhos populations have significantly lower genetic diversity and are more inbred than mainland tammars and all sampled populations were significantly differentiated. The Abrolhos and mainland populations should be treated as separate Management Units. The eastern grey kangaroo is a gregarious, polygynous species that is often locally overabundant. To determine traits influencing male reproductive success, behavioural, morphological, physiological and genetic data were examined and showed dominance status, body size and testosterone concentrations were important factors. Sires were also significantly more heterozygous and genetically dissimilar to females, than non-sires. As body condition influences individual fitness, and management decisions; five body condition indices (BCI) calculated from morphological data were validated using serum biochemistry and haematology in two kangaroo populations with contrasting body condition. Blood parameters were found to be more reliable indicators of condition, questioning the credibility of BCIs currently used in management. These studies demonstrate the importance of reproductive and genetic data in assisting wildlife management, regardless of a species conservation status.
10
Roberts, Claire. „Implantation and placentation in the dasyurid marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr6433.pdf.
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11
Norris, Christopher A. „The phylogeny and biogeography of the marsupial family Phalangereridae“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314968.
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12
Lavender, F. Louise. „Molecular analysis of the human and marsupial PGP9.5 gene“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295729.
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13
Ahlstone, Daisy M. „Thylacine Dreams: The Vernacular Resurrection of an Extinct Marsupial“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7563.
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This thesis explores the folk resurrection of the thylacine through artwork and symbolic interaction. The thylacine, better known as the Tasmanian tiger, is a marsupial that suffered a government-sanctioned massacre leading to its extinction in 1936. The thylacine’s status as a hidden animal has inspired what folklorists call “ostensive practice”; people not only actively seek out the thylacine in the wilderness of Tasmania today and share their sightings online, but they have also incorporated the thylacine as a symbol of hope and perseverance into various forms of folk art.
There have been upwards of five thousand documented sightings of the thylacine since its extinction. This documentation can take the form of amateur or phone-recorded films, or sightings described in interviews for local news agencies. Some people have even found alleged biological remains of the thylacine and have described hearing its unique call. In addition to these types of legend-tripping activities, the thylacine is also represented in a variety of folk-art forms, including digital, painted, and hand-drawn artwork, written fiction, fiber arts, and costuming. This content is shared widely across the internet.
Keeping the thylacine alive through the creation of folk art and legend-tripping search parties helps thylacine enthusiasts cope with the guilt for having lost an ecologically important animal due directly to ignorance and financial gain. If the thylacine is resurrected, whether literally or figuratively, people can symbolically undo some of the damage they have caused the natural world. Thus, the vernacular resurrection of the thylacine, understood through a folklorist lens, offers a model for comparing some of the vernacular ways that people are presently dealing with the general loss of wildlife due to climate change.
14
Mutton, Thomas Y. „Evolutionary biology of the Australian carnivorous marsupial genus Antechinus“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/104321/6/Thomas_Mutton_Thesis.pdf.
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Antechinus is an Australian genus of small carnivorous marsupials. Since 2012, the number of described species in the genus has increased by 50% from ten to fifteen. The systematic relationships of these new species and others in the genus have not been well resolved and a broad phylogeographic study of the genus is lacking. Moreover, little ecological information is known about these new species. Therefore, the present thesis examined the evolutionary biology of Antechinus in two complimentary components. The first component aimed to resolve the systematics and phylogeography of the genus Antechinus. The second component, at a finer spatiotemporal scale, aimed to improve understanding of the autecology, habitat use and risk of extinction within the group, with a focus on the recently named buff-footed antechinus, A. mysticus and a partially sympatric congener, A. subtropicus.
15
Walia, Charanjiv Singh, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und of Science Food and Horticulture School. „Development of a method for the identification of novel viruses in marsupials with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)“. THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Walia_C.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/815.
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Four main types of viruses capable of causing systemic and gastrointestinal infections, namely Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Parvovirus or Morbillivirus (Tennant et al, 1991) have been investigated in marsupials. A pilot study to develop and optimise the methodology was undertaken using Canine Coronavirus and the study was then extended to marsupials and other target viruses.In the marsupial portion of the study, a fragment of the correct size for the amplification of pol gene, 409 bp, was obtained from two different faecal samples from tammar wallaby (from Macquarie Fauna Park) and one western grey kangaroo (from Taronga Zoo). The results from tests are studied and compared. It is suggested that future further investigation should be directed at: 1/. Applying the protocols in this body of work to the testing of faecal samples from animals that have been diagnosed as positive with other diagnostic protocols. 2/. Examining more faecal samples from animals that present with active diarrhoeaMaster of Science (Hons)
16
Walia, Charanjiv Singh. „Development of a method for the identification of novel viruses in marsupials with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)“. Thesis, View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/815.
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Four main types of viruses capable of causing systemic and gastrointestinal infections, namely Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Parvovirus or Morbillivirus (Tennant et al, 1991) have been investigated in marsupials. A pilot study to develop and optimise the methodology was undertaken using Canine Coronavirus and the study was then extended to marsupials and other target viruses.In the marsupial portion of the study, a fragment of the correct size for the amplification of pol gene, 409 bp, was obtained from two different faecal samples from tammar wallaby (from Macquarie Fauna Park) and one western grey kangaroo (from Taronga Zoo). The results from tests are studied and compared. It is suggested that future further investigation should be directed at: 1/. Applying the protocols in this body of work to the testing of faecal samples from animals that have been diagnosed as positive with other diagnostic protocols. 2/. Examining more faecal samples from animals that present with active diarrhoea
17
Rondon, Michelle Viviane Sá dos Santos. „Biodiversity of intestinals parasites in wild mammals from two locations of São Paulo States“. [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315158.
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Orientador: Marlene Tiduko UetaTese ( doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rondon_MichelleVivianeSadosSantos_D.pdf: 5998356 bytes, checksum: 92f7ee4c29f1458fa4d49e970a955c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Os parasitas ocorrem praticamente em todos os níveis tróficos e sua transmissão pode depender da presença de uma variedade de hospedeiros intermediários, paratênicos e definitivos dentro do ecossistema. Exercem importantes efeitos sobre as populações de seus hospedeiros, alterando o comportamento, sucesso reprodutivo e a mortalidade. Por esse motivo, alguns autores os consideram importantes indicadores ambientais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a epidemiologia e a biodiversidade de parasitas intestinais em mamíferos silvestres do reservatório do Jaguari, situado na cidade de Vargem/SP e do Parque Ecológico Prof. Hermógenes de Freitas Leitão Filho em Campinas/SP, e relacionar com os hábitos dos hospedeiros. Os espécimes de mamíferos foram capturados por armadilhas, posteriormente foram medidos, pesados, marcados, e após a coleta de fezes, os animais foram soltos. Para a pesquisa dos parasitas intestinais utilizaram-se os métodos de sedimentação, flutuação, e necrópsias foram realizadas em alguns casos. No reservatório de Jaguari foram realizadas 23 coletas entre os meses de agosto de 2005 a agosto de 2007. Os pequenos mamíferos capturados (N= 235) foram: Akodon montensis (71,5%), Calomys sp. (6,8%), Oligoryzomys nigripes (14%), Didelphis aurita (3,4%), Gracilinanus sp. (0,4%), Lutreolina crassicaudata (0,4%), Monodelphis sp. (2,1%) e Sylvilagus brasiliensis (1,3%). Também fora recolhidas amostras fecais (N=44), encontradas nas margens do reservatório de: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (56,8%), Lontra longicaudis (38,6%) e Puma concolor (4,5%). Das 303 amostras, 205 apresentaram-se positivas para parasitas, representando 67,6%. Foram encontrados: adultos de Cruzia tentaculata (0,5%), larvas de Nematoda (18,5%), ovos de Ascarididae (2,9%), Cruzia tentaculata (1,5%), Oxyuridae (0,9%), semelhantes à Dioctophyma sp. (0,5%), Syphacia sp. (0,5%), Toxocaridae sp. (0,5%), Trichostrongylidae (79%), Trichuridae (17%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0,9%), Hymenolepis nana (5,4%), Pseudophyllidea (0,9%), Taeniidae (0,5%), Trematoda (6,3%) e Acanthocephala (3,4%). Cistos de Amoebidae (1,9%), Giardia sp. (0,9%), semelhantes à Balantidium sp. (0,5%), oocistos de Coccidiida (10,2%), Eimeria sp. (0,9%) e trofozoitos de Amoebidae (2,4%), também foram encontrados. No Parque Ecológico, foram realizadas 16 coletas entre os meses de novembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2008. Os pequenos mamíferos capturados (N= 103) correspondem aos roedores Myocastor coypus (6,8%), Nectomys squamipes (1,0%), Rattus rattus (20,4%), e o marsupial Didelphis albiventris (71,8%). O total de amostras fecais coletadas foi de 279, e 207 apresentaram-se positivas para parasitas, representando 74,2%. Foram encontrados adultos de Cruzia tentaculata (1,4%), larvas de Nematoda (24,1%), ovos de Ascarididae (3,4%), Capillaridae (2,9%), Cruzia tentaculata (67,6%), Oxyuridae (3,4%), semelhantes à Dioctophyma sp. (1,0%); semelhante à Syngamus sp. (6,3%), Spiruroidea (1,0%), Trichostrongylidae (21,2%), Trichuridae (19,8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0,5%), Trematoda (8,2%), e Acanthocephala (1,9%). Oocistos de Coccidiida (39,6%), Eimeria sp. (4,3%) e Isospora sp. (1,0%) também estiveram presentes. Akodon montensis foi o animal mais frequente e com maior número de morfotipos de parasitas do reservatório de Jaguari, o mesmo ocorreu com o marsupial Didelphis albiventris no Parque Ecológico. Os parasitas mais frequentes foram os de ciclo monoxênico, que estão intimamente ligados aos hábitos dos animais estudados.
Abstract: The parasites occur practically in all trophic levels and their transmission can depend by the presence of a variety of intermediate, parathenic and definitive hosts within the ecosystem. They have important effects over their host populations as, behaviour changing, reproductive success and mortality. By these reasons, some authors consider then important environmental indicators. The objective of this studying was the epidemiology and the intestinals parasites biodiversity in wild mammals from the reservoir of Jaguari, located at the City of Vargem, São Paulo state, and relates with the hosts habits. The specimens were captured by traps, than measured, checked the weight, marked, the faeces were collected and the animals were released. For the intestinals parasites research, the sedimentation and fluctuation methods were used, and autopsies were performed in some cases. In the Jaguari reservoir 23 collects were performed between august 2005 to august 2007. The smalls captured mammals (N= 235) were: Akodon montensis (71.5%), Calomys sp. (6.8%), Oligoryzomys nigripes (14%), Didelphis aurita (3.4%), Gracilinanus sp. (0.4%), Lutreolina crassicaudata (0.4%), Monodelphis sp. (2.1%) and Sylvilagus brasiliensis (1.3%). Also faeces samples were collected (N=44) from the margins of the reservoir as: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (56.8%), Lontra longicaudis (38.6%) and Puma concolor (4.5%). From the 303 samples, 205 showed positive for parasites, representing 67.6%. Were found: adults of Cruzia tentaculata (0.5%), larvae of Nematoda (18.5%), Ascarididae eggs (2.9%), Cruzia tentaculata (1.5%), Oxyuridae (0.9%), similars to Dioctophyma sp. (0.5%), Syphacia sp. (0.5%), Toxocaridae sp. (0.5%), Trichostrongylidae (79%), Trichuridae (17%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.9%), Hymenolepis nana (5.4%), Pseudophyllidea (0.9%), Taeniidae (0.5%), Trematoda (6.3%) and Acanthocephala (3.4%). Cysts of Amoebidae (1.9%), Giardia sp. (0.9%), similars to Balantidium sp. (0.5%), oocysts of Coccidiida (10.2%), Eimeria sp. (0.9%) and trophozoites of Amoebidae (2.4%), also were found. In the Ecological Park, were done 16 collects between November 2006 to February 2008. The small mammals captured (N= 103) were the rodents Myocastor coypus (6.8%), Nectomys squamipes (1.0%), Rattus rattus (20.4%), and the marsupial Didelphis albiventris (71.8%). The total faeces samples collected was 279, and 207 showed positive for parasites, representing 74.2%. Were found adults of Cruzia tentaculata (1.4%), Nematoda larvae (24.1%), Ascarididae eggs (3.4%), Capillaridae (2.9%), Cruzia tentaculata (67.6%), Oxyuridae (3.4%), similars to Dioctophyma sp. (1.0%); similar to Syngamus sp. (6.3%), Spiruroidea (1.0%), Trichostrongylidae (21.2%), Trichuridae (19.8%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.5%), Trematoda (8.2%), and Acanthocephala (1.9%). Oocysts of Coccidiida (39.6%), Eimeria sp. (4.3%) and Isospora sp. (1.0%) were present as well. Akodon montensis was the most frequent animal and with the highest number of parasites morphotypes from the Jaguari reservoir, the same happened with the marsupial Didelphis albiventris in the Ecological Park. The most frequent parasites were those which have monoxenic cycle, which are intimately connected to the feed habits from the studied animals.
Doutorado
Parasitologia
Doutor em Parasitologia
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Pires, Mathias Mistretta. „Nicho trofico de Micoureus paraguayanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) = variação intrapopulacional e interindividual“. [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316378.
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Orientadores: Sergio Furtado dos Reis, Paulo Roberto Guimarães JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A teoria do nicho como originalmente concebida baseia-se na pressuposição que os indivíduos de uma espécie ou população são ecologicamente equivalentes. Entretanto fatores endógenos e exógenos podem contribuir para a existência de variação nas dimensões do nicho. Nesse contexto foi estudada a ecologia alimentar do marsupial Micoureus paraguayanus em uma área de Cerrado com o objetivo de identificar os fatores endógenos e exógenos que influenciam na sua dieta e os padrões de subdivisão do nicho trófico populacional entre os indivíduos da população. A composição da dieta e a amplitude do nicho trófico foram fortemente influenciadas pela sazonalidade, havendo ainda diferenças relacionadas aos sexos no uso de recursos. No período de escassez de recursos alimentares, durante a estação fria?seca, houve ampliação do nicho trófico populacional devido ao aumento da variação interindividual na dieta. Essa variação resulta na ocorrência de indivíduos com dietas mais restritas compostas por subconjuntos do espectro de recursos usado pelos indivíduos com dietas menos restritas. Esses resultados adicionam M. paraguayanus a uma lista crescente de espécies onde tem sido demonstrada variação no uso de recursos e relatam a emergência de estrutura nas interações tróficas no nível dos indivíduos da população, abrindo caminho para uma nova área de interesse em ecologia alimentar
Abstract: Niche theory as originally formulated is based upon the assumption that the individuals within a species or population are ecolgically equivalent. However endogenous and exogenous factors may contribute to the existence of variation in niche dimensions. In this context, I studied the feeding ecology of the didelphid marsupial Micoureus paraguayanus in a Cerrado (savannah-like) remnant with the objective of identifying the factors that affect its diet and the patterns of trophic niche subdivision amongthe individuals within the population. The dietary composition and trophic niche width were highly affected by seasonality with differences in resource use related o sex. In the cool?dry season, when resources are scarcer, niche was broader due to increased interindividual diet variation. This variation results in the occurrence of individuals with different degrees of diet generalization within the population sch that individuals with more constrained diets use subsets of the resource spectrum used by those individuals with broader dies. These results add M. paraguayanus to a growing list of species showing interindividual diet variation and show the emergence of structure in the trphic interactions at the individual?level, creating new avenues for future research in feeding ecology
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia
19
Fernandez, Fernando A. S. „Dinamica de populações e uso do espaço e do tempo em uma comunidade de pequenos mamiferos na restinga de Barra de Marica, Rio de Janeiro“. [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316338.
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Orientador : Augusto Shynia AbeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar uma comunidade de pequenos mamíferos na restinga de barra de marica, no estado do Rio de janeiro. Foram estudados vários aspectos da dinâmica de populações das espécies mais comuns na área, bem como, padrões de uso do espaço (áreas de vida e distribuições espaciais) e uso do tempo (horários de atividade). Numa área de vegetação densa (mata de restinga), aproximadamente no centro do cordão arenoso primário de barra de marica, foi marcada uma grade de um hectare, mais linhas de avaliação totalizando seis hectares. Neste local um estudo de marcação e recaptura foi desenvolvido entre janeiro de 1986 e outubro de 1987...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The goal of this work was to study a cammunity of small mammals at the -restinga" of Barra, de Marica in Rio de Janeiro state. Several aspects of papulatioi dynamics of the most frequent species were studied, as.well as patterns in the use of space (home ranges anel spacial distributions) and use of time (ativicty patterns). An 1 ha grid, plus assessment lines covering 6 ha altogether, were marked in an area of dense vegetation (¿mata de restlnga") at the center of the primary sand barrier in Barra de Maricá. At this point a mark-recapture study was performed from january, 1986 to october, 1987...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
20
Hintz, Ashley. „PHYLOGENY OF PLANIGALE (MARSUPILIA: DASYURIDAE), A MULTIGENE APPROACH“. OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1924.
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Relationships within Planigalini have not been fully resolved in previous studies that employed only a few (1-3) genes. I employ a mutligene approach that has shown to be robust for other dasyurid tribes. An analysis was undertaken to assess relationships among the currently recognized Planigale species and two potentially new species from the Pilbara and Mount Tom Price regions of Western Australia. This study uses seven genes for phylogenetic estimation. An expanded dataset of mitochondrial 16S DNA sequences from across Australia was also analyzed to assess phylogeographic patterns in Planigale species. Internal nodes from concatenated and species tree analyses are not well supported. This group may be subject to ILS or past introgression; however more data are needed to differentiate between these phenomena. Results from individual genes do not agree on a single topology of relationships. The results from nuclear genes include strong support for internal nodes from protamine P1, but not beta fibrinogen intron 7 and inter-photoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. The mitochondrial gene analyses show few nodes as well supported, but agree that P. maculata and P. novaeguineae are sisters. The expanded 16S dataset agrees with previous work in that there are regional groupings of P. maculata haplotypes. Current ranges for planigale species are poorly documented and the entire genus warrants further investigation to determine whether there are more species than current taxonomy recognizes.
21
Clements, Fiona. „Factors affecting diet-induced thermogenesis in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata /“. Title page and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc626.pdf.
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22
Richings, Nadine Maree. „Growth, development and maturation of the marsupial follicle and oocyte /“. Connect to thesis, 2004. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001516.
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23
Ricci, Mario. „The marsupial sperm tail cytoskeleton : a morphological and biochemical study /“. Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr4911.pdf.
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24
Laird, Melanie Kate. „Uterine remodelling in marsupial pregnancy: implications for mammalian placental evolution“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17696.
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Amniote viviparity requires remodelling of the uterus for placentation and successful embryonic development. Similar remodelling during pregnancy in eutherian mammals, viviparous squamate reptiles, and in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata, suggest that viviparous amniotes share a common beginning to pregnancy, yet variable molecular patterns in different taxa suggest that remodelling evolves via flexible pathways. Hence, comparison of remodelling during pregnancy across viviparous amniote groups can identify key evolutionary mechanisms and drivers of viviparity. Here I test the generality and importance of uterine remodelling in marsupial pregnancy by investigating uterine alterations during pregnancy across the major marsupial phylogenetic groups and placental types- Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Dasyuridae), Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae), Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae), and Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae). Using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, I show that uterine epithelial cells of these species undergo substantial morphological remodelling during pregnancy that is likely ubiquitous in marsupials. I provide support for the theory that non-invasive placentation is secondarily derived in marsupials by showing that M. eugenii and T. vulpecula undergo unique uterine adaptations that differ from those of M. domestica, a member of the least derived living group, Didelphidae. I use Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy to show that key molecules of eutherian pregnancy, including talin, paxillin and desmoglein-2, underpin uterine remodelling in marsupials, yet are co-opted to perform unique roles. Lastly, I show that the uterus undergoes molecular reinforcement in marsupial pregnancy that may regulate embryonic invasion. My findings suggest that remodelling of the uterine epithelium in marsupials enables greater maternal control over pregnancy and is likely shaped by intra-uterine conflict between mother and embryo.
25
Martins, Eduardo Guimarães. „Ecologia populacional e alimentar de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)“. [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316225.
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Orientador: Sergio Furtado dos ReisTese (doutorado): Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) é um pequeno marsupial de hábitos noturnos e arborícola que habita áreas de Mata Atlântica e Cerrado no Brasil. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a posição de G. microtarsus ao longo de duas dimensões ecológicas ? estratégia reprodutiva e dieta ? e definir níveis de agregação relevantes à dinâmica populacional da espécie. O estudo foi realizado no período de agosto de 2000 a fevereiro de 2003 em uma área de cerradão localizada no município de Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos de indivíduos capturados em uma grade de captura de 3.600 m2. No total, foram capturados 91 indivíduos de G. microtarsus. Os resultados mostraram que os machos apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade após o início do período reprodutivo, indicando que G. microtarsus é melhor descrito como semélparo parcial. Usando as estimativas de sobrevivência e dados adicionais sobre a biologia de G. microtarsus, foi construído um modelo de dinâmica populacional estocástico. Os resultados das simulações desse modelo estocástico mostraram que as probabilidades de quasi-extinção e de extinção de G. microtarsus são sensíveis ao número de indivíduos que sobrevivem à queimadas no cerradão. Quanto à dieta, os resultados mostraram que G. microtarsus é principalmente insetívoro e que sua dieta é significativamente influenciada pelo sexo, estação e recurso alimentar. Além disso, a dieta varia entre indivíduos e a variação interindividual também é influenciada pelo sexo e estação
Abstract: The gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) is a small marsupial with nocturnal and arboreal habits that lives in the Atlantic Rainforest and forested areas of the Cerrado in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to determine the placement of G. microtarsus along two ecological scales, namely, reproductive strategy and diet, as well as to define levels of aggregation relevant to the dynamics of this species. This study was conducted from August 2000 to February 2003 in an area of cerradão located in Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo. Data were collected from individuals captured in a 3,600 m2 trapping grid. A total of 91 individual G. microtarsus was captured. The results showed that males have high mortality rates after the beginning of the mating period, which suggests that G. microtarsus is best described as partially semelparous. Using survival estimates and additional data on the biology of G. microtarsus, it was constructed a stochastic population dynamic model. The results of the simulations showed that quasi-extinction and extinction probabilities of G. microtarsus are sensitive to the number of individuals that survive fires in the cerradão. As for the diet, the results showed that G. microtarsus is primarily insectivorous and that its diet is significantly affected by sex, season, and food resource. Furthermore, diet varies among individuals and the variation also is affected by sex and season
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
26
Weisbecker, Vera Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. „Postcranial evolution in marsupials: comparative analyses of autopodial diversity and postcranial skeletal ontogeny“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43330.
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Marsupial evolution and morphological diversity is traditionally viewed against the background of marsupial life history, central to which are the highly altricial neonates that actively move towards the teat. It has been suggested that this mode of birth leads to a constraint on the marsupial postcranial diversity. However, apart from phylogenetic investigations, few empirical studies have assessed diversity, patterns of adaptation, or ontogeny of the marsupial postcranium. This thesis contributes to the debate by providing diverse, large-scale empirical data on selected issues of marsupial postcranial evolution, using multidisciplinary approaches with focus on quantitative analysis. Chapter 1 provides an overview on previous research on this topic. Chapter 2 assesses the phylogenetic and functional-anatomical implications of marsupial carpal diversity. Chapter 3 is a phylogenetically informed morphometric analysis of diprotodontian manual digits, demonstrating locomotor adaptations similar to those in placentals and allowing the development of a new locomotor predictor ratio. Chapter 4 shows that functional correlates of digit proportions in Diprotodontia also exist in the placental hystricomorph rodents, which resemble Diprotodontia in ecological diversity. Chapter 5 applies the results from Chapters 2-4 to the mostly extinct diprotodontian suborder Vombatiformes, revealing functionally related parallelism in the hand of vombatiforms and kangaroos and questioning previous concepts of locomotion in early vombatiforms. Chapter 6 focuses on the evolution of marsupial syndactyly using a multidisciplinary approach including morphometrics and ossification sequence analysis. The results suggest that syndactylous digits evolve as a functional unit; syndactyly may arise through alteration of developmental patterns as suggested by ossification sequence heterochrony. Chapter 7 is a combined analysis of ossification sequences in marsupial and placental postcrania. The results suggest that the special locomotor and developmental requirements on marsupial neonates may metabolically and mechanically impact postcranial ossification patterns, delaying hindlimb development and accelerating ossification of the anterior torso. Chapter 8 summarises the research presented in this thesis and suggests directions for future work on marsupial postcranial evolution, particularly with respect to integrating information on postcranial diversity with ontogenetic work on morphogen expression patterns.
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Martins, Eduardo Guimarães. „Ecologia populacional e area de vida da cuica Gracilinanus microtarsus (Marsupialia : Didelphidae) em um cerradão de Americo Brasiliense, São Paulo“. [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316230.
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Orientadores: Sergio Furtado dos Reis, Cibele Queiroz da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
28
Dudley, Jessica Suzanne. „Uterine changes during mammalian pregnancy and the evolution of placentation“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18802.
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Reproduction is a complex phenomenon that is fundamental to all living things. There is a plethora of strategies that animals utilise to reproduce. The uterine epithelium of viviparous mammals undergoes vast remodelling to accommodate the developing embryo. There are several levels of placental invasion in mammals that develop a placenta, based on the number of cell layers that separate the developing fetus and maternal blood stream. This thesis investigated whether there are common molecular changes to the uterine surface during pregnancy in Theria. I compared uterine remodelling across several phylogenetic groups with independent origins of endotheliochorial placentae to determine how this placenta type evolved. I tested the generality of uterine remodelling during pregnancy in the marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Dasyuridae; the fat-tailed dunnart) and the eutherian, Felis catus (Felidae; the domestic cat) and Dipodomys merriami (Heteromyidae; Merriam’s kangaroo rat). I used Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy to study the ultrastructural changes to the uterine epithelium during pregnancy. I used immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting to show that there are common changes to the distribution of key lateral adhesion molecules, desmoglein-2 and E-cadherin to facilitate the formation of the placenta. I confirmed that desmosomes and the adherens junction redistribute and break down at attachment during marsupial pregnancy. I also showed that the same ultrastructural and molecular changes to the uterine epithelium are seen in eutherian species which represent separate lineages of endotheliochorial placentation. I was the first to identify a plasma membrane transformation during pregnancy in Dipodomys merriami, a rodent species which represent a recent evolution of endotheliochorial placentation within Rodentia. I determined the effect of the reproductive hormones, progesterone and 17β-oestradiol on the reproductive tract of Sminthopsis crassicaudata, concluding that the plasma membrane transformation is regulated by the same hormonal mechanisms among therian species. The conclusions from this thesis support the theory that uterine remodelling and the plasma membrane transformation are crucial for successful pregnancy in viviparous mammals with commonalities in molecular and morphological changes among species.
29
MacDonald, Anna Jayne, und n/a. „Sex chromosome microsatellite markers from an Australian marsupial: development, application and evolution“. University of Canberra. n/a, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081217.122146.
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Microsatellites are simple repetitive DNA sequences that are used as genetic markers
throughout the biological sciences. The high levels of variation observed at microsatellite loci
contribute to their utility in studies at the population and individual levels. This variation is a
consequence of mutations that change the length of microsatellite repeat tracts. Current
understanding suggests that most mutations are caused by polymerase slippage during DNA
replication and lead to changes of a single repeat unit in length, but some changes involving
multiple repeats can also occur. Despite this simplistic overview, there is evidence for
considerable heterogeneity in mutation processes between species, loci and alleles. Such
complex patterns suggest that other mechanisms, including those associated with DNA
recombination, are also involved in the generation of microsatellite mutations. Understanding
which mutational mechanisms are responsible for variation at microsatellite markers is
essential to enable accurate data interpretation in genotyping projects, as many commonly
used statistics assume specific mutation models.
I developed microsatellite markers specific to the X and Y chromosomes and an autosome in
the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, and investigated their evolutionary properties using
two approaches: indirectly, as inferred from population data, and directly, from observation of
mutation events. First, I found that allelic richness increased with repeat length and that two
popular mutation models, the stepwise mutation model and the infinite allele model, were
poor at predicting the number of alleles per locus, particularly when gene diversity was high.
These results suggest that neither model can account for all mutations at tammar wallaby
microsatellites and hint at the involvement of more complex mechanisms than replication
slippage. I also determined levels of variation at each locus in two tammar wallaby
populations. I found that allelic richness was highest for chromosome 2, intermediate for the
X chromosome and lowest for the Y chromosome in both populations. Thus, allelic richness
varied between chromosomes in the manner predicted by their relative exposure to
recombination, although these results may also be explained by the relative effective
population sizes of the chromosomes studied. Second, I used small-pool PCR from sperm
DNA to observe de novo mutation events at three of the most polymorphic autosomal
markers. To determine the reliability of my observations I developed and applied strict criteria
for scoring alleles and mutations at microsatellite loci. I observed mutations at all three
markers, with rate variation between loci. Single step mutations could not be distinguished
because of the limitations of the approach, but 24 multi-step mutations, involving changes of
up to 35 repeat units, were recorded. Many of these mutations involved changes that could not
be explained by the gain or loss of whole repeat units. These results imply that a large number
of mutations at tammar wallaby microsatellites are caused by mechanisms other than
replication slippage and are consistent with a role for recombination in the mutation process.
Taken as a whole, my results provide evidence for complex mutation processes at tammar
wallaby microsatellites. I conclude that careful characterisation of microsatellite mutation
properties should be conducted on a case-by-case basis to determine the most appropriate
mutation models and analysis tools for each locus. In addition, my work has provided a set of
chromosome-specific markers for use in macropod genetic studies, which includes the first
marsupial Y chromosome microsatellites. Sex chromosome microsatellites open a new range
of possibilities for population studies, as they provide opportunities to investigate gene flow
in a male context, to complement data from autosomal and maternally-inherited mitochondrial
markers.
30
Burkart, David. „UNDERSTANDING CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS RESISTANCE BY INVESTIGATING THE CUTANEOUS DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MARSUPIAL FROGS“. OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1835.
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Anurans are declining worldwide because of the spread of Batachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis. However, some frogs are resistant to this disease, and understanding why may be critical to saving those that are susceptible. In Peru, Gastrotheca excubitor is resistant to chytridiomycosis while Gastrotheca nebulanastes is susceptible. Two anuran skin defenses, symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have demonstrated the ability to inhibit Bd in vitro when isolated from certain frogs. We tested if these defenses can explain the difference in susceptibility between the two Gastrotheca species. The cutaneous bacteria and AMPs of both species were collected, tested for their abilities to inhibit the growth of Bd, and analyzed for their compositions. Results indicate that 34%of the strains of skin bacteria from G. excubitor were able to inhibit the growth of Bd whereas only 10% isolated from G. nebulanastes were effective. Gastrotheca excubitor also has stronger anti-Bd skin bacteria. Neither frog species has peptide mixtures capable of completely inhibiting Bd, and overall species did not differ in the anti-Bd abilities of their peptides. These results suggest that the chytridiomycosis resistance experienced by G. excubitor may be attributed to its skin bacteria.
31
Martínez-Pérez, Pedro. „Health and disease status in a threatened marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)“. Thesis, Martínez-Pérez, Pedro (2016) Health and disease status in a threatened marsupial, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/34140/.
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Between 1901 and 1931, there were at least six anecdotal records of disease outbreaks in mainland quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) that were associated with mass mortalities. This time period pre-dates the arrival of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Despite these outbreaks, little or no research has been carried out to establish health and disease baseline data of the fragmented and scattered, extant populations. Epidemiological data was determined for a range of potential pathogens, and established physiological reference intervals of apparently healthy, wild quokkas on Rottnest Island and mainland locations. There were significant differences between Rottnest Island and mainland quokkas. Rottnest Island animals had haemograms with mark evidence of oxidative injury and bone marrow response consistent with a regenerative normocytic hypochromic anaemia. Except alkaline phosphatase (ALP), all blood chemistry analytes where higher in mainland animals, with particular emphasis on creatine kinase (CK), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and vitamin E. Some other key findings include a widespread presence of a novel herpesvirus (MaHV-6), the recovery of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from quokkas in highly altered ecosystems on Rottnest Island, and new Salmonella spp. serovars in Rottnest Island quokkas. Atypical lymphocytes resembling those in proliferative disorders of the lymphoid and haematopoietic tissues in other species were observed in blood smears of animals on Rottnest Island but not on the mainland. The presence of potentially-pathogenic organisms is likely to increase synergistic effects of ongoing and future threats (e.g. habitat clearing, climate change), and could increase quokka extinction risk. Disease surveillance would make a valuable contribution to Recovery Plans for the quokka, enabling preparedness for a rapid response if clinical disease is to happen, and to manage populations in a more integrated way.
32
Leiner, Natália Oliveira. „Padrões de uso do espaço em multiplas escalas por roedores e marsupiais de Mata Atlantica“. [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316274.
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Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Diversos fatores influenciam os padrões de uso de espaço de pequenos mamíferos, tais como estrutura de hábitat, riscos de predação e período reprodutivo. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência de tais fatores sobre o uso de espaço de roedores e marsupiais em diferentes escalas. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos a estrutura das comunidades de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores que ocorrem em fragmentos florestais e em áreas em restauração, e investigamos quais componentes do hábitat influenciam a composição de espécies dessas comunidades. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que a composição de espécies é um reflexo das preferências que as espécies apresentam por determinados componentes do hábitat, de forma que características estruturais da vegetação e sensibilidade das espécies às alterações determinam a estrutura das comunidades de pequenos mamíferos nos hábitats amostrados. No segundo capítulo, testamos a hipótese de que a importância de diferentes fatores na seleção de hábitats por Marmosops incanus e Marmosops paulensis depende da escala de observação, e a hipótese de que o uso de hábitat funciona como um mecanismo para garantir a coexistência dessas duas espécies, de forma que essas espécies devem selecionar diferentes componentes do hábitat e/ou apresentar segregação no uso vertical do espaço. Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as espécies selecionam os fragmentos florestais pela presença de maior complexidade estrutural e sub-bosque denso, variável que também influenciou a distribuição dessas espécies na escala do meso-hábitat. Na escala mais fina, do micro-hábitat, foram detectados padrões contrastantes de seleção para cada espécie. Enquanto M. incanus preferiu locais com maior estruturação vertical entre 0.5 e 1.0 m, M. paulensis não apresentou padrões claros de seleção de hábitat. Esse resultado aponta a influência da escala de observação nos padrões de seleção de hábitat. Apesar das espécies não apresentarem segregação na seleção de componentes do hábitat, houve segregação no uso vertical do espaço e a abundância das espécies foi negativamente correlacionada, apoiando em parte a segunda hipótese. No terceiro capítulo, corroboramos a hipótese de que a cobertura de gramíneas determina o uso de hábitat e os padrões de forrageamento por espécies de roedores. Sugerimos que a seleção por áreas com maior cobertura vegetal está relacionada com a diminuição dos riscos de predação durante o forrageamento. Por fim, no quarto capítulo analisamos a organização espacial de machos e fêmeas de M. paulensis durante o ano. Os resultados indicaram que as fêmeas apresentam uma estratégia territorial que parece estar associada à distribuição e previsibilidade dos recursos alimentares, e não ao período reprodutivo e a presença de filhotes.
Abstract: Several factors may influence habitat selection and spatial organization of small mammals, such as habitat structure, predation risks and reproductive activity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of these factors on space use patterns of rodents and marsupials at multiple scales. In the first chapter, we evaluated community structure of non-volant small mammals inhabiting forest fragments and restored sites, and discussed which habitat components influenced species composition of these communities. Our results showed that species composition reflects species habitat selection, in a way that habitat structure and ability to occupy disturbed sites determine species composition and community structure in the sampled habitats. In the second chapter, we evaluated the hypotheses that 1) Marmosops habitat selection is scale dependent and 2) in order to coexist, M. incanus and M. paulensis should partition habitat use, through differential use of habitat components and/or segregation in the use of vertical strata. Both M. incanus and M. paulensis occurred almost exclusively at forest fragments, due to higher structural complexity and the presence of a dense and low understory, which also determined the distribution of these species inside the fragments. At a smaller, mesohabitat scale, both species selected areas providing dense understorey, especially vertical obstruction 0-0.5 m above ground. At a finer, micro-habitat scale, we detected contrasting patterns for each species. At this scale, M. incanus preferred places with higher plant cover and higher vertical obstruction 0.5-1.0 m above ground, while M. paulensis presented no evident pattern of habitat selection. Although our results failed to find selection for different habitat variables between M. incanus and M. paulensis, we found an inverse numerical association between species and segregation in the use of vertical strata, thus partially supporting the second hypothesis. In the third chapter, we confirmed the hypothesis that rodent habitat use and foraging behavior is determined by grass cover. We suggested that small rodents avoid foraging in reduced cover sites due to high perceived predation risks. Finally, the fourth chapter evaluated the spatial organization of M. paulensis males and females. As expected, evidence demonstrated that M. paulensis presents a promiscuous mating system, with females defending territories and males moving between these areas, as a strategy to maximize reproductive success. The occurrence of territoriality in females seems to be determined by the distribution and predictability of food resources, rather than reproductive activity and the presence of young.
Doutorado
Doutor em Ecologia
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Almeida, Marcos Vinicius de 1988. „Aspectos da ecologia populacional de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Mammalia: Didelphidae)“. [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315880.
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Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Eduardo Guimarães MartinsDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar diversos parâmetros de interesse para a ecologia populacional de Gracilinanus microtarsus. Em particular os objetivos foram estimar probabilidade sobrevivência e verificar como a população de G. microtarsus do Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu no estado de São Paulo se comporta com relação ao contínuo de estratégias reprodutivas; estimar taxas de captura e recaptura e verificar se os indivíduos na população do Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu se comportam com relação a chance de ser mais ou menos capturados; estimar o tamanho populacional e verificar se existe variação temporal nesse parâmetro. As estimativas de sobrevivência obtidas para G. microtarsus nesse estudo no Cerrado da Fazenda Campininha no município de Mogi Guaçu em São Paulo variaram entre um mínimo de 0,484 e um máximo de 0,815. A população de G. microtarsus no Cerrado da Fazenda Campininha se comporta do ponto de vista demográfico como semalpara parcial. O tamanho populacional de G. microtarsus na área de cerrado da Fazenda Campininha mostrou-se mais elevado estatisticamente nos meses de maior pluviosidade. As estimativas nesses meses, novembro, dezembro (2005), janeiro e março (2006), variaram de 20 a 30. As estimativas nos meses de dezembro (2005) e janeiro (2006) foram as mais altas com 24 e 31, respectivamente. Nossos dados para o maior tamanho populacional estimado para os meses mais quentes descritos no trabalho, sugerem uma forte influência da estação quente e úmida, onde a oferta de alimentos, principalmente insetos, é maior na região de estudo e é aquela que parece melhor favorecer a reprodução e o desenvolvimento de filhotes da cuíca G. microtarsus
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate aspects of the population ecology of Gracilinanus microtarsus. Specifically, the primary objectives were to estimate the probability of survival and to assess the behavior of the population of G. microtarsus from the Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu in the state of São Paulo with respect the semelparity-iteroparity continuum; to estimate probabilities of capture and recapture; and to estimate population size and temporal variation in this parameter. Estimates of survival varied between 0.484 and 0.815. The population of G. microtarsus in the Cerrado de Mogi Guaçu behaves as partial semelparous. Population size was higher in the months of higher pluviosity
Mestrado
Biodiversidade Animal
Mestre em Biologia Animal
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Paiva, Kaliane Alessandra Rodrigues de. „Rickettsia sp. em roedores e marsupiais silvestres do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil“. Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/570.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Rickettsia are pathogens with zoonotic potential transmitted by wild and domestic animals, where the occurrence of infections by Rickettsia spp. It happens among populations of wild rodents and marsupials, which has a significant share in the maintenance cycle of these microorganisms in the wild environment. Thus, this study aimed to record the occurrence of Rickettsia sp. in wild rodents and marsupials in the Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. The work consisted in a field research with wild rodents and marsupials, with data expressed in simple frequency and percentage using IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), version 22.0. Were captured in Sherman and Tomahawk traps, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis and 06 Monodelphis domestica, which were collected by venipuncture of julgular vein, 36 blood samples of marsupials and 05 of rodents. These were collected 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum and 12 Amblyomma sp. Were obtained by centrifugation 36 samples of sera marsupials and 05 rodents and analyzed using Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). All copies of A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. and A. parvum were macerated and submitted to DNA extraction and amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) directed to a fragment of gltA and ompA rickettsial genes. Of serum samples obtained from wild rodents and marsupials blood and tested in IFA showed seropositivity for Rickettsia amblyommii, 6.7% G. agilis, 83.3% M. domestica and 50% Thrichomys. Eight samples of A. auricularium were positive for genes in R. amblyommii fragment analysis gltA (350 bp) and ompA (587 bp) with 100% similarity to Candidatus R. amblyommii Bahia and AaPE strain, corresponding to a low circulation agent from the vectors and high among the population of M. domestica. This research records for the first time the occurrence of R. amblyommii in marsupial species G. agilis and M. domestica belonging to Didelphidae family and Echimyidae family rodents Thrichomys genre, in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Rickettsia são patógenos com potencial zoonótico transmitidos por animais silvestres e domésticos, onde a ocorrência de infecções por Rickettsia spp. acontece entre populações de roedores e marsupiais silvestres, os quais tem relevante participação na manutenção do ciclo desses microrganismos no ambiente silvestre. Desta forma, esse estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência de Rickettsia sp. em roedores e marsupiais silvestres no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. O trabalho consistiu em uma pesquisa de campo, com roedores e marsupiais silvestres, com os dados expressos em frequência simples e porcentagem através do programa estatístico IBM SPSS (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), versão 22.0. Foram capturados nas armadilhas Sherman e Tomahawk, 02 Thrichomys, 03 Wiedomys, 30 Gracilinanus agilis e 06 Monodelphis domestica, dos quais foram coletados por venopunção da veia julgular, 36 amostras de sangue de marsupiais e 05 de roedores. Destes foram coletados 64 Amblyomma auricularium, 07 Amblyomma parvum e 12 Amblyomma sp. Foram obtidas por centrifugação 36 amostras de soros de marsupiais e 05 de roedores e analisadas utilizando a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Todos os exemplares de A. auricularium, Amblyomma sp. e A. parvum foram macerados e submetidos a extração de DNA e amplificação através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) direcionados para um fragmento dos genes gltA e ompA rickettsial. Das amostras de soro obtidas do sangue de roedores e marsupiais silvestres e testadas na RIFI, apresentaram soropositividade para Rickettsia amblyommii, 6,7% de G. agilis, 83,3% M. domestica e 50% Thrichomys. Oito exemplares de A. auricularium estavam positivos para R. amblyommii na análise de fragmentos dos genes gltA (350 pb) e ompA (587 pb), com 100% de similaridade com Candidatus R. amblyommii estirpe Bahia e AaPE, correspondendo a uma baixa circulação do agente dentre os vetores e elevada entre a população de M. domestica. Esta pesquisa registra pela primeira vez a ocorrência de R. amblyommii em marsupiais das espécies G. agilis e M. domestica pertencentes a família Didelphidae e roedores da família Echimyidae do gênero Thrichomys, no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
2017-03-13
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Grazzini, Guilherme. „Identidade e diversidade dos pequenos mamíferos não voadores da Floresta Nacional de Piraí do Sul, Paraná, Brasil“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/35205.
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Resumo: Roedores e Marsupiais são mamíferos de grande importância no cenário Neotropical, possuindo elevado número de espécies e de endemismos e imprescindível papel ecológico. No estado do Paraná, até o momento são registradas 18 espécies de marsupiais e 40 de roedores. Na Floresta com Araucária por sua vez, os esforços são reduzidos, havendo ainda muito a ser feito. Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer as espécies desta fauna presentes na Floresta Nacional de Piraí do Sul, Paraná, contribuindo com aspectos taxonômicos, morfológicos (externos e de crânio), citogenéticos e de diversidade de cada uma delas e das principais fitofisionomias amostradas. A Unidade de Conservação está localizada na região centro-leste do estado, e possui aproximadamente 153 ha, dos quais 7,2 ha são reflorestamentos de Araucária e Imbuia, 39 ha são Pinus, 13 ha são aceiros, e cerca de 93 ha representados por formações nativas de Floresta com Araucária em diferentes estádios sucessionais. Oito fitofisionomias foram amostradas, totalizando um esforço de 5892 armadilhas.noite. Foram capturados 801 indivíduos de 16 espécies, incluindo o primeiro registro de uma espécie para a região sul do país, primeiro registro de uma espécie e um gênero para o Paraná e primeiro registro de duas espécies e um gênero para a Floresta com Araucária. Além disso, os resultados apontam para a importância de se levar em conta a complexidade e heterogeneidade ambiental e da utilização de diversos métodos de amostragem nos inventários de mastofauna de pequeno porte. Adicionalmente, as espécies Akodon montensis, Brucepattersonius iheringi, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Oxymycterus nasutus, Sooretamys angouya e Thaptomys nigrita foram mais uma vez registradas juntas em área de Floresta com Araucária. Ainda, importantes informações referentes à utilização das fitofisionomias amostradas pelas espécies capturadas foram obtidas, como por exemplo a menor diversidade encontrada em talhões de reflorestamento de Pinus elliotti em relação à Floresta com Araucária secundária, em regeneração natural. Em suma, os resultados encontrados trouxeram à tona o quanto ainda há para ser feito quando o assunto é pequenos mamíferos não voadores do Brasil meridional.
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uk, rebecca vaughan@ioz ac, und Rebecca Jane Vaughan. „Health and disease status of Australia's most critically endangered mammal the Gilbert's potoroo(Potorous gilbertii)“. Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100423.124817.
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The Gilberts potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) is a small marsupial endemic to the Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve in the south-west of Western Australia. The Gilberts potoroo is classified as Australias most critically endangered mammal (IUCN 2006) with an estimated population of only 35 individuals. This thesis examines the health and disease status of the Gilberts potoroo, presenting a strong case for the relatively new concept of disease as a potential threatening factor and modifier of population decline.
Specific diseases, including Cryptococcus, ectoparasitism, endoparasitism, haemoparasitism, Toxoplasma and a novel Treponema organism are extensively studied. An assessment of the clinical significance of these diseases is made, and management strategies are recommended to minimise the impact of these diseases on both the wild and captive population.
The novel Treponema organism which clinically presents with tenacious, green discharge and an associated balanoposthitis in males is molecularly characterized. Epidemiological studies show the effects of this agent on reproductive function and a penicillin-based treatment regime is trialled in the analogous long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) with a recommendation to then trial this treatment regime in the critically endangered Gilberts potoroo.
Standard haematological and urinalysis findings are tabulated to form reference ranges for this species. A treatment regime for Cryptococcus in the analogous long-nosed potoroo is reported and parasitological findings, including the identification of a novel tick species are discussed.
This thesis addresses key health issues, which have subsequently been incorporated into the Recovery Plan of the Gilberts potoroo. A document encompassing multiple disciplines and expertise to support the recovery of this critically endangered marsupial in its current environment. In addition, this thesis outlines a recommended health monitoring and treatment protocol for future translocation procedures and provides a working example of the emerging importance of health monitoring in threatened species recovery programs.
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Camargo, Nicholas Ferreira de. „Uso dos estratos verticais por pequenos mamíferos em formações florestais do cerrado brasileiro : padrões de diversidade, relação com a disponibilidade de recursos, seleção de hábitat e habilidade de locomoção arborícola das espécies“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2015.04.T.18600.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015.No presente estudo, investigamos diferentes aspectos da estratificação vertical de pequenos mamíferos em ambientes florestais do Cerrado. Além de descrevermos padrões gerais no uso do espaço vertical de marsupiais e roedores, investigamos possíveis variações na utilização dos estratos verticais (solo, sub-bosque [1-4 m de altura] e dossel [> 7m de altura]) pelos animais, levando em consideração duas diferentes fitofisionomias (mata de galeria e cerradão), estações do ano (seca e chuva) e disponibilidade de recursos (artrópodes e frutos). Além disso, nós comparamos a seleção de hábitat de seis espécies de roedores e três espécies de marsupiais em ambas fitofisionomias, avaliando variáveis relacionadas com a complexidade do hábitat. Para isso, consideramos a microescala (estações de captura), a mesoescala (transecções de estações de captura) e as capturas em cada um dos estratos verticais amostrados. Também descrevemos e comparamos a habilidade de locomoção arborícola de sete espécies de roedores sigmodontíneos do Cerrado. Para tanto, realizamos testes por meio de suportes cilíndricos horizontais (nicho fundamental) e relacionamos os resultados com dados de arborealidade obtidos em campo desses animais (nicho realizado). Das 11 espécies capturadas, o marsupial Caluromys lanatus foi capturado somente no dossel em ambas fitofisionomias. O marsupial Monodelphis americana e o roedor Calomys expulsus em cerradão, e o roedor Proechimys roberti em mata de galeria, foram capturados somente no solo. Dentre as espécies que utilizaram somente o solo e o sub-bosque (em ambas fitofisionomias), estavam os roedores Hylaeamys megacephalus (primariamente terrestre), Oligoryzomys nigripes e O. fornesi (escansoriais). As espécies que utilizaram os três estratos verticais (em diferentes intensidades) foram os marsupiais Didelphis albiventris, Gracilinanus agilis, e os roedores Oecomys cf. roberti e Rhipidomys macrurus. Nossos resultados indicaram que R. macrurus utiliza mais o dossel em cerradão, e que o G. agilis utiliza com maior intensidade o solo e o sub-bosque na estação seca em ambas fitofisionomias. Além disso, verificamos associações entre a utilização dos estratos verticais e a disponibilidade de frutos (G. agilis, O. cf. roberti e R. macrurus), e a biomassa de artrópodes (R. macrurus), coleópteros (O. cf. roberti e R. macrurus) e lepidópteros (G. agilis). Também verificamos que, em mata de galeria, existe a tendência de um acréscimo de espécies quando os diferentes estratos verticais são considerados, e que a diversidade beta entre estratos verticais é maior do que entre áreas. Adicionalmente, nossos resultados de seleção de hábitat indicaram que na microescala, a seleção do hábitat diferiu entre as duas fitofisionomias, e que os animais tenderam a selecionar caraterísticas importantes para a locomoção arborícola (e.g., densidade de lianas em mata e número de estratos verticais em cerradão). Também verificamos que, para a mesoescala, a seleção de variáveis do hábitat foi importante somente no cerradão, onde animais arborícolas selecionaram áreas com maior densidade de ramos. Já os resultados de seleção do hábitat, levando em consideração estratos verticais, indicaram que as espécies que utilizam o dossel e o sub-bosque tendem a selecionar características mais relacionadas à locomoção arborícola (número de estratos verticais e densidade de ramos em cerradão, e densidade de lianas em mata de galeria), enquanto que animais que utilizam o solo selecionaram características relacionadas à proteção contra predadores (principalmente profundidade da serapilheira e densidade de ramos em ambas fitofisionomias). Nossos resultados de habilidade de locomoção de roedores revelaram que animais predominantemente arborícolas apresentaram maiores velocidades em comparação com roedores terrestres. Tal velocidade se deu por meio do aumento da frequência de passos e diminuição do tamanho de passos. Adicionalmente, verificamos uma forte associação entre capturas acima do solo e o tamanho e frequência de passos. Contudo, tais aspectos da habilidade de locomoção tiveram fraca relação com a massa corporal e não tiveram relação com a filogenia das espécies analisadas.
In the present study, we investigated different aspects of vertical stratification of small mammals in forest formations of the Cerrado. In addition to describing general patterns of vertical use by marsupials and rodents, we also investigated possible variations in use of the vertical strata (ground, understory [1-4 m high] and canopy [> 7m high]) by the animals, taking into consideration different two phytophysiognomies (gallery forest and dry woodland - cerradão), seasons (cool-dry and warm-wet) and resource availability (arthropods and fruits). Additionally, we verified habitat selection by six rodents and three marsupials in both forest formations, evaluating variables related to habitat complexity. In this context, we considered the micro-habitat scale (capture stations), the meso-habitat scale (transects of capture stations), and captures in each sampled vertical strata. We also described and compared arboreal locomotion ability of seven sigmodontine rodent species of the Cerrado. For that, we performed tests using horizontal cylindrical supports (fundamental niche), and associated these results with arboreality data of the animals captured in the field (realized niche). Among the 11 captured species, the marsupial Caluromys lanatus was captured, in both physiognomies, only in the canopy. The marsupial Monodelphis americana and the rodent Calomys expulsus were captured in the dry woodland, and the rodent Proechimys roberti in the gallery forest, were captured only on the ground. Among the species that used the ground and understory, were the rodent Hylaeamys megacephalus (mainly terrestrial) and Oligoryzomys nigripes and O. fornesi (scansorials). The species that used the three vertical strata (in different intensities) were the marsupials Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus agilis, and the rodents Oecomys cf. roberti and Rhipidomys macrurus. Our results showed that R. macrurus used the canopy more intensely in the dry woodland compared to gallery forest, and G. agilis used the ground and understory in higher intensity in the cool-dry season in both physiognomies. Additionally, we verified a relation between vertical strata utilization and availability of fruits (G. agilis, O. cf. roberti e R. macrurus), and biomass of arthropods (R. macrurus), coleopterans (O. cf. roberti e R. macrurus), and lepidopterans (G. agilis). We also verified that in gallery forest, there is an increase in species considering different vertical strata, and also that beta diversity is higher among strata than among areas. Our results related to habitat selection showed that at micro-habitat scale, habitat selection differed between the two forest formations, and the animals tended to select habitat features that are important for arboreal locomotion (e.g., density of lianas in gallery forest and number of vertical layers in dry woodland). We also verified habitat selection in the meso-habitat scale only in the dry woodland by more arboreal animals, preferring areas with higher density of branches. We also found that animals captured in the canopy and understory tended to select habitat variables more related to arboreal locomotion (number of vertical layers and density of branches in dry woodland, and density of lianas in gallery forest), while animals captured on the ground selected habitat variables more related to protection against predators (mainly litter depth and density of branches in both forest formations). Our results on locomotion ability of rodents showed that arboreal species generally present higher velocities in comparison with terrestrial species. Such velocities were obtained by the animals by increasing stride frequency and decreasing stride length. Additionally, our results also showed a strong association between above-ground captures and stride length and frequency. However, these performance aspects were weakly related to body mass and had no relation to phylogeny of the studied species.
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Konda, Sashi Kumar. „Design and testing of a marsupial/companion robot prototype for a powered wheelchair“. [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000490.
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Hing, S. „Stress, wildlife health and the conservation of a critically endangered marsupial, the woylie“. Thesis, Hing, S. (2016) Stress, wildlife health and the conservation of a critically endangered marsupial, the woylie. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36359/.
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Effective wildlife management requires an understanding of how animals cope physiologically with stress. When stressors are encountered, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is activated releasing glucocorticoids, which can alter immune function and infectious disease dynamics. Investigations have suggested that stress associated immunosuppression and exacerbation of infection (particularly by Trypanosoma spp. of haemoparasite) may play a role in the decline of the woylie (syn. brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata), a critically endangered marsupial. This thesis aims to investigate the relationship between stress, immune function and parasite infection dynamics in woylies.
Woylies were trapped from wild populations, reserves and captivity with faecal and blood samples collected from over 300 individuals. Parallel parasitological and non-invasive endocrine analyses were performed to quantify endoparasites and faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM), end-products of HPA axis activation. I also adapted an assay developed in human infants to assess innate immunity in woylies. The novel results suggest that stress physiology and Trypanosoma infection status influence innate immunity.
Collecting longitudinal field data, I identified proximate factors that influenced woylie stress physiology, including season, sex, parasite status and body condition. I also explored woylies’ response to translocation and a major bushfire that unexpectedly occurred at a field site. After translocation, FCM was significantly higher than before or at the time of translocation. However, the variation in FCM was not related to short-term changes in parasite infection dynamics. FCM was not significantly higher immediately after the fire, nor were there corresponding changes in parasite load or body condition compared to the months preceding the fire. I suggest that woylies can maintain homeostasis at least in the period immediately after a fire provided they are managed appropriately. Thus this thesis provides new knowledge on woylie stress physiology and highlights the value of innovative tools to advance woylie conservation as they continue to face stressors in the future.
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Pereira, Josivania Soares. „Ectoparasitos em pequenos mamíferos silvestres da estação experimental Rafael Fernandes, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil“. Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/313.
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-30Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Small wild mammals, including rodents and marsupials, have ecological and epidemiological importance for being prey and predators in ecological chains, hosts of ecto and endoparasites and pathogens reservoirs. In Northeast Brazil, only a few studies have evaluated the diversity of ectoparasites and their hosts in the Caatinga biome. This study aimed to identify the hosts and their ectoparasites, with morphometric analysis and chaetotaxy and to determine the rates of parasitic Prevalence, Abundance and Medium Intensity of ectoparasites collected from rodents and marsupials, proceeding from the Experimental Station Rafael Fernandes, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). The animals were captured between January 2014 and February 2015, in a fragment of 26 hectares, divided into six equally spaced transects (20m). Tomahawk and Sherman traps were distributed in six consecutive nights of each month and in 100 capture stations. The captured animals were identified by morphology and submitted to ectoparasites collection. All the collected ectoparasites were classified based on morphometric characters, chaetotaxy and taxonomic keys, as well as DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing of the amplified products. 78 small mammals were captured, from which 69 were classified as Didelphimorphia order: Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister, 1854) and Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842); and nine Rodentia: Wiedomys Hershkovitz, 1959, Thrichomys Trouessart, 1880 and Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769. It was collected ectoparasites identified as: Amblyomma (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma parvum, Aragão 1908, Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878), Ornithodoros mimon Kohls, Clifford e Jones 1969, Ornithodoros Kohls, Clifford e Jones 1837, Quadraseta Brennan, 1970, Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938, Metachiroecius Fain, 1996, Aeromychirus Fain, 1976, Amlistrophorus Fain, 1981, Radfordia Ewing, 1938, Listropsoralges aff. similis, Ornithonyssus pereirai (Fonseca, 1935), Tur lativentralis (Fonseca 1936), Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister, 1839) and Eogyropus lenti lenti (Werneck 1936). As for the parasitic rates were noted that for the Ixodidae and Argasidae studied, M. domestica presented higher parasitism values for A. auricularium; G. agilis, O. mimon and Thrichomys sp., to A. parvum and A. auricularium. As for mites, the prevalence was the same in M. domestica and to all its studied Listrophoridae. Also for rodents, it was observerd the same prevalence rate for Laelapidae mites and Polyplacidae lice in the Thrichomys sp. All of those records of small mammals and ectoparasites shown are unprecedented to Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. This study supports evidences from the literature that ectoparasites use marsupials and wild rodents as hosts for immature stages. Justifies the importance of maintaining a legal reserve area in the Caatinga biome for preservation of these animals. In addition, this research increases knowledge about the occurrence of Acari, Phthiraptera and its ectoparasitic association with the wildlife in Northeast Brazil
Os pequenos mamíferos silvestres, dentre eles os roedores e marsupiais, apresentam importância ecológica e epidemiológica por serem presas e predadores nas cadeias ecológicas, hospedeiros de ecto e endoparasitos e reservatórios de agentes patogênicos. No Nordeste do Brasil, poucos estudos avaliaram a diversidade de ectoparasitos e seus hospedeiros no bioma Caatinga. Objetivou-se identificar os hospedeiros e seus ectoparasitos, realizar morfometria e quetotaxia e determinar os índices parasitários de Prevalência, Abundância e Intensidade Média dos ectoparasitos coletados de roedores e marsupiais, procedentes da Estação Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). Capturou-se animais de janeiro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, em um fragmento de 26 hectares da Estação, divididos em seis transectos equidistantes (20m). Foram distribuídas armadilhas Tomahawk e Sherman em seis noites consecutivas de cada mês e em cem estações de captura. Os animais capturados foram identificados pela morfologia e submetidos à coleta dos ectoparasitos. Estes foram classificados com base em caracteres morfométricos, quetotaxia e chaves taxonômicas, além de extração de DNA, PCR e sequenciamento dos produtos amplificados. Foram capturados 78 pequenos mamíferos, dos quais 69 foram classificados na ordem Didelphimorphia: Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister, 1854) e Monodelphis domestica (Wagner, 1842); e nove Rodentia: Wiedomys Hershkovitz, 1959, Thrichomys Trouessart, 1880 e Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769. Coletou-se ectoparasitos identificados como: Amblyomma (Koch, 1844), Amblyomma parvum Aragão, 1908, Amblyomma auricularium (Conil, 1878), Ornithodoros mimon Kohls, Clifford e Jones, 1969, Ornithodoros Kohls, Clifford e Jones 1837, Quadraseta Brennan, 1970, Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938, Metachiroecius Fain, 1996, Aeromychirus Fain, 1976, Amlistrophorus Fain, 1981, Radfordia Ewing, 1938, Listropsoralges aff. similis, Ornithonyssus pereirai (Fonseca, 1935), Tur lativentralis (Fonseca 1936), Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister, 1839) e Eogyropus lenti lenti Werneck 1936. Quanto aos índices parasitários, observou-se que para os Ixodidae e Argasidae estudados, M. domestica apresentou maiores valores de parasitismo para A. auricularium; G. agilis, para O. mimon e Thrichomys sp., para A. parvum e A. auricularium. Quanto aos ácaros, a prevalência foi igual em M. domestica e para todos os seus Listrophoridae estudados. Igualmente, para os roedores, observou-se mesmo valor de prevalência para os ácaros Laelapidae e para os piolhos Polyplacidae em Thrichomys sp. Todos os registros dos pequenos mamíferos e ectoparasitos apresentados são inéditos para Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Este estudo corrobora evidências da literatura dos ectoparasitos utilizarem marsupiais e roedores silvestres como hospedeiros em fases imaturas. Justifica a importância da manutenção de uma área de reserva legal no bioma Caatinga para conservação destes animais. Em adição, a presente pesquisa aumenta o conhecimento sobre ocorrência de Acari, Phthiraptera e sua associação ectoparasitária de vida selvagem, no Nordeste do Brasil
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Brandies, Parice Amber. „Conserving Australia's iconic marsupials; one genome at a time“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26787.
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In the midst of a global sixth mass extinction event, conservation initiatives are now more crucial than ever. Australia houses the most diverse range of marsupial species in the world; however, the number that are threatened is growing every year. Genetic management of threatened populations is vital in species recovery, yet incorporation of genetic data in conservation management is currently limited. International and national genome sequencing consortia are currently producing reference genomes for a large variety of species, though there is currently a gap between the creation of these genomic resources and their downstream applications, particularly in conservation contexts. One of the major drivers of this gap is due to the bioinformatic expertise and resources that are required to analyse genomic datasets and to translate the findings into conservation management. This PhD employs a variety of bioinformatic and sequencing approaches to develop genomic resources for threatened Australian Marsupials and demonstrates how these resources can be used as a tool to assist species conservation. The value of genomic data for conservation is demonstrated for a range of species under varying scenarios including: i) using existing genomic datasets for the endangered Tasmanian devil to answer new conservation questions relating to reproduction, ii) creating a reference genome for the common brown antechinus, to act as a model species for its threatened congeneric counterparts and iii) generating and uniting a suite of genomic resources to assist in the management of the vulnerable greater bilby. In addition, ten simple rules for getting started with command-line bioinformatics are presented to facilitate the use of genomic data in wildlife conservation. Bridging the research-implementation gap is essential for harnessing the power of genomic resources for the conservation of threatened species. The findings from this PhD provide crucial steps into bridging this gap.
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Hope, Perdita Jane. „Regulation of food intake, body fat stores and energy balance in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata“. Title page, contents and summary only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh7908.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 363-421. This thesis presents studies relating to the regulation of appetite, body fat stores and energy balance in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata. All of the studies presented have been published in international journals, accepted for publication, or submitted for publication. These studies have provided novel data on the regulation of food intake, body fat stores and energy balance in the marsupail Sminthopsis crassicaudata, representing fundamental advances in marsupial biology.
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Witton, Caroline Janet. „An investigation of oocytes and early embryonic development in the marsupial opossum, Monodelphis domestica“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339946.
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FONSECA, J. L. G. „Estrutura Genética do Marsupial Marmosops Incanus em Paisagens de Mata Atlântica no Espírito Santo“. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9403.
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-24A estrutura, a configuração e a quantidade de hábitat disponível no ambiente ajudam a determinar a viabilidade genética de uma população ou espécie. Em genética da paisagem, conceitos de ecologia da paisagem e genética de populações são utilizados em conjunto para avaliar a conectividade estrutural do ambiente de modo a permitir o entendimento da conectividade funcional de populações na paisagem. Marmosops incanus é um marsupial didelfídeo dependente de floresta com ampla distribuição no bioma Mata Atlântica que é encontrada em maior abundância em ambiente de floresta contínua em algumas regiões, mas em ambientes mais fragmentados em outras regiões, como no Espírito Santo. Nesse trabalho, comparamos a estrutura genética de M. incanus em paisagens de Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo através de técnicas de isolamento por resistência com o objetivo de se identificar a conectividade genética e possíveis rotas de fluxo gênico entre as populações. Utilizamos oito loci de marcadores microssatélite para avaliar a estrutura, divergência e diversidade genética em 13 localidades. Também testamos a hipótese de que a quantidade de floresta nas diferentes paisagens é determinante para a diversidade e distinção genética da espécie. Marmosops incanus está estruturada em seis agrupamentos genéticos distintos: quatro ao norte do rio Doce que apresentaram maior isolamento genético, e dois ao sul, incluindo o maior agrupamento (denominado Centro-Sul), formado por seis localidades com grande fluxo gênico e valores altos de riqueza alélica. Os resultados obtidos apontam para respostas genéticas diferenciadas da espécie à fragmentação ao norte e ao sul do Rio Doce. No geral, populações de M. incanus em ambientes de floresta contínua ao norte estão mais isoladas geneticamente do que populações em hábitats mais fragmentadas no sul estado. Os mapas das possíveis rotas de fluxo gênico indicam que isso se deve principalmente à configuração dos fragmentos remanescentes. Deve-se exercer cautela ao extrapolar resultados de genética da paisagem encontrados em uma região para outra e que a configuração do hábitat na paisagem é mais determinante para a saúde genética de espécies florestais do que a quantidade de hábitat. Palavras-chave: conectividade, Didelphidae, isolamento por resistência, genética da paisagem, microssatélites.
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Monteiro, Filho Emygdio de Araujo. „Biologia reprodutiva e espaço domiciliar de Didelphis albisentris em uma area perturbada na região de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo (Mammalia - Marsupialia)“. [s.n.], 1987. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315797.
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Orientador : Augusto Shinya AbeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O estudo de uma população de gambás de orelha branca (V. albivenrtis), foi desenvolvido em uma área perturbada com cerca de 516000m2 (área A), localizada entre pastos pertencentes à duas fazendas do município de Campinas (Lat. aproximada de 23ºS, Long. aproximada de 47ºW) no estado de são Paulo. A área em questão apresenta-se em nítido processo de sucessão vegetal. Ao longo de um período de 18 meses (19/junho/1984 a 6/novembro/1985) gaiolas de captura iscadas com banana madura foram armadas na área A e em algumas áreas circundantes, num raio de 1500 m, com um total de 2471 armadilhas montadas. De 956 capturas de 11 espécies, cerca de 10%(95 capturas) foram de Videlphis albiventris, tendo sido marcados 48 diferentes indivíduos, onde 30 foram das áreas estudadas e os restantes, de outros locais. Sempre que um animal foi capturado pela primeira vez, vez, foi feita a biometria sendo tomada as medidas de comprimento e largura da cabeça, comprimentos do corpo, pata posterior, orelha e cauda, além da pesagem e da contagem do número de dentes, num total de 25 amostras. Através das medidas obtidas das cabeças, constatou-se não haver dimorfismo sexual quando considerado a relação da largura pelo comprimento. Não houve diferença entre o crescimento corporal (comprimento e peso) de machos e fêmeas, considerando-se jovens e adultos, sendo estes padrões de crescimento semelhantes aos de (V. albivenrtis). Foi também verificado um aumento do peso corporal durante o inverno, com uma conseqüente diminuição ao longo da primavera e verão. Quanto à dentição, foi possível estabelecer uma boa correlação com o peso e, conseqüentemente, com o crescimento corporal. ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Leiner, Natália Oliveira. „Ecologia alimentar e reprodutiva de Marmosops paulensis (Didelphimorphia : Didelphidae) em uma area de Mata Atlantica no sudeste de São Paulo“. [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316291.
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Orientador: Wesley Rodrigues SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Marmosops paulensis [Tate, 1931] (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) é uma espécie de marsupial restrita a áreas de floresta atlântica com elevação acima de 800 metros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência de variações na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares sobre a dieta, uso do espaço e padrões reprodutivos dos indivíduos desta espécie. O estudo foi realizado entre agosto de 2002 e julho de 2004 no Parque Estadual Intervales (24o16¿S, 48o25¿W), município de Ribeirão Grande, sudeste de São Paulo. Insetos, gastrópodes, aracnídeos, frutos e flores foram encontrados na dieta de M. paulensis. A maior parte dos frutos consumidos pertenceu a espécies pioneiras, sendo que piperáceas (Piper gaudichaudianum e Piper sp.1) foram os frutos mais abundantes na dieta da espécie. A freqüência de frutos na dieta de M. paulensis foi similar durante o ano todo, independente da abundância deste item no ambiente. Flores e artrópodes, entretanto, foram mais freqüentes durante o período de escassez de recursos. O tamanho diário da área de vida dos indivíduos (0,38 ± 0,18 ha), obtido artavés do método do carretel de rastreamento, não foi influenciado pelo sexo nem pela massa corporal. Porém, a abundância de frutos, especialmente de piperáceas, foi responsável por uma redução no tamanho diário da área de vida de M. paulensis. O período reprodutivo de M. paulensis foi altamente sincronizado entre os indivíduos, com a atividade reprodutiva concentrada entre setembro e março. Uma combinação de precipitação, fotoperíodo e disponibilidade de frutos parece regular o início da reprodução. Após o período reprodutivo, a mortalidade dos adultos foi muito alta, de maneira que cada indivíduo de M. paulensis participou de apenas um evento reprodutivo na população estudada. O consumo de frutos foi maior do que previamente esperado, sugerindo que M. paulensis supre parte de suas necessidades energéticas através de carbohidratos presentes nos frutos. Tanto a preferência por piperáceas quanto a redução no tamanho da área de vida diária em função da abundância das mesmas parece ocorrer devido a previsibilidade espacial e temporal destes frutos. Com relação à reprodução, M. paulensis exibe uma estratégia semélpara. A existência desta estratégia somada à alta sincronia reprodutiva dos indivíduos de M. paulensis sugere a atuação do fotoperíodo como peçachave regulando a atividade reprodutiva
Abstract: Marmosops paulensis [Tate, 1931] (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) is a small marsupial occurring in montane forests above 800 m in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of resource availability on the diet, space use and reproductive patterns of M. paulensis. This study was carried out from August 2002 to July 2004 at Parque Estadual Intervales (24o16¿S, 48o25¿W), an area located in Ribeirão Grande, southeastern Brazil. Insects, gastropods, arachnids, fruits and flowers were found in the diet of M. paulensis. Most fruits consumed by M. paulensis belonged to pioneer plants, and Piper (Piper gaudichaudianum and Piper sp.1) fruits were by far the most consumed. Fruits were regularly consumed year-round, while arthropods and flowers were highly consumed during the food shortage season. Daily home range size estimated using a spool and line device (0.38 ± 0.18 ha) was not influenced by body size or sex. However, fruit abundance, with especial regard to Piper, led to a reduction in the daily movements of M. paulensis. Reproductive activity was highly synchronized and markedly seasonal, occurring from September to March. A combination of rainfall, day length and fruit availability seemed to trigger the reproductive activity of M. paulensis. After the reproductive period, adults suffered a high mortality, in a way that each individual took part in only one reproductive event. Marmosops paulensis seems to rely more on fruits than previously thought and it is possible that they supply part of their energetic requirements through carbohydrates present in fruits. The preference for Piper fruits and their effect on home range size of M. paulensis may be due to the spatio-temporal predictability of these fruits. Regarding reproduction, M. paulensis exhibits a semelparous life-history. This strategy and the high synchrony in the reproductive activity of M. paulensis, suggests that day length acts as a major cue controlling reproduction, once this factor shows a high predictable variation in the study site
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Briani, Denis Cristiano. „Energética alimentar de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) /“. Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106543.
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Orientador: Ariovaldo Pereira da Cruz NetoBanca: José Eduardo de Carvalho
Banca: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis
Banca: Denis Otávio Vieira de Andrade
Banca: Luciano Martins Verdade
Resumo: O presente estudo versa sobre energética alimentar de um animal. O estudo procurou analisar, dentre outras coisas, os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos que respondem pela variabilidade na taxa metabólica em repouso (TMR) e a relação entre esta variação e padrões de história de vida de um marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Especificamente, a variabilidade da TMR seria determinada através de um aspecto especifico da história de vida, a dieta. Aspectos como possíveis efeitos da dinâmica de variação das reservas energéticas sobre esta relação também foram analisados. Utilizando metodologia apropriada também analisamos a variação da disponibilidade e qualidade da dieta. Variações desses fatores induzem modificações na condição corpórea e, desta forma, os efeitos desta variável sobre a TMR mediariam um dos objetivos do estudo, servindo como elemento de ligação para averiguar quais componentes da condição corpórea seriam responsáveis pela variabilidade na TMR.
Abstract: The present study turns about energetics to feed of an animal. The study analyzed, among other things, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that answer for the variability in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the relationship between this variation and patterns of life history of a marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Specifically, the variability of RMR would be determined through an aspect specify of the life history, the diet. Aspects as possible effects of the dynamics of variation of the energy budge about this relationship were also analyzed. Using appropriate methodology also analyzed the variation of the availability and quality of the diet. Variations of those factors induce modifications in the body condition and, this way, the effects of this variable on RMR would mediate one of the objectives of the study, serving as connection element to discover which components of the body condition would be responsible for the variability in RMR.
Doutor
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Chian, Clarice. „Effect of dietary fat on food intake and energy balance in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata /“. Title page and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc5325.pdf.
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Mason, Eugene D. „Ecology and conservation of a new carnivorous marsupial species: The silver-headed Antechinus (Antechinus argentus)“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118725/1/Eugene_Mason_Thesis.pdf.
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Since 2012, five new species of carnivorous marsupial Antechinus have been described. One of these, the threatened silver-headed antechinus (Antechinus argentus), has a highly restricted distribution and occurs in low abundance. When the present study commenced, almost nothing was known of the ecology of the species. Therefore, the aim of this research was to provide foundational knowledge by investigating three main components of the species' ecology: 1. diet, 2. life-history, and 3. habitat use. The aims were achieved and the research resulted in a threatened species listing. The present thesis provides necessary recommendations for ongoing conservation management of the species.
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Azevedo, Nathália Fernandes de. „Evolução cromossômica em mamíferos: estudos comparativos por pintura cromossômica em duas espécies de preguiças da família Bradypodidae e em duas espécies de marsupiais da família Didelphidae“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-07072009-171156/.
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Com o intuito de contribuir para a compreensão da evolução cariotípica em mamíferos, realizamos estudos comparativos, utilizando a pintura cromossômica, em dois grupos basais de mamíferos, as preguiças e os marsupiais. Realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos humanos e os cromossomos das preguiças de três dedos Bradypus torquatus e Bradypus variegatus, estabelecendo as homologias. A análise conjunta de nossos dados e daqueles da literatura sobre pintura cromossômica em outras espécies de Xenarthra permitiu identificar ou confirmar sinapomorfias cromossômicas dos grupos assim como características ancestrais. Também realizamos comparações entre os cromossomos X das duas espécies de preguiça e entre os cromossomos X dos marsupiais americanos Marmosops incanus e Metachirus nudicaudatus. Os principais resultados e conclusões estão resumidos a seguir. 1. Os cariótipos de B. torquatus e B. variegatus são semelhantes quanto à correspondência com os cromossomos humanos. As duas espécies apresentaram em comum (a) a presença das associações dos cromossomos humanos (HSA) 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 e 17/19, (b) a conservação de HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 e X, (c) dois pares compartilhando homologia com HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 e 22, (d) três pares, com segmentos homólogos a HSA 8 e (e) a ausência da associação ancestral de Eutheria HSA 16/19. 2. O cariótipo de B. variegatus (2n=54) é mais rearranjado em relação ao humano do que o de B. torquatus (2n=50), principalmente devido a fissões de cromossomos ancestrais, que levaram ao maior número diplóide dessa espécie. 3. Reunindo os dados para as preguiças B. variegatus e B. torquatus aos das demais espécies de Xenarthra que tiveram estabelecidas as correlações entre seus cromossomos e os cromossomos humanos, confirmamos como características presentes em todas as espécies dessa supraordem (a) a conservação de HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 e X, (b) a presença de dois pares cromossômicos compartilhando homologia com HSA 19 e 22 e (c) a presença das associações HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 e 14/15. 4. Confirmamos a associação HSA 7/10 e a divisão de HSA 8 em três blocos como assinaturas cromossômicas da supraordem Xenarthra, o que concorda com a monofilia do grupo. 5. Mostramos que a associação HSA 17/19, presente nos cariótipos de B. variegatus, B. torquatus e B. tridactylus, parece ser assinatura cromossômica do gênero Bradypus, apoiando a monofilia do grupo. 6. Mostramos que a associação HSA 12/22/16 parece ser uma sinapomorfia cromossômica, unindo as espécies B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Considerando a correspondência com os cromossomos humanos, verificamos que os cariótipos de B. variegatus e B. tridactylus são os mais semelhantes, no gênero Bradypus. 8. A análise das correspondências entre as sequências dos cromossomos humanos e as sequências dos cromossomos de grupos externos de mamíferos placentários (marsupial e galinha) disponíveis no banco de dados Ensembl, mostrou que a associação HSA 7/10 presente na supraordem Xenarthra também ocorre nesses grupos externos. Confirmando-se a homologia dessa associação entre os grupos, ela deveria ser classificada como ancestral de Eutheria, apoiando a posição basal dos Xenarthra na árvore filogenética dos mamíferos placentários. 9. Nossas análises comparativas permitiram propor um cariótipo ancestral de Xenarthra com número diplóide de 48 cromossomos, incluindo (a) as associações HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 e 16/19, (b) a conservação dos cromossomos HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 e X, (c) dois pares cromossômicos com homologia a HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 e 22 e (d) três pares com homologia a HSA 8. 10. Entre os Xenarthra, B. torquatus e C. hoffmanni, com os menores números diplóides da supraordem, apresentam os cariótipos mais conservados em relação ao cariótipo que propusemos como ancestral de Xenarthra e também em relação ao mais recente cariótipo proposto como ancestral de Eutheria. 11. A conservação da eucromatina do cromossomo X foi evidenciada nos experimentos de pintura cromossômica interespecífica, entre as preguiças B. torquatus e B. variegatus e entre os marsupiais M. incanus e M. nudicaudatus. Os segmentos heterocromáticos desses cromossomos se mostraram divergentes, não permitindo a hibridação in situ interespecífica.In an attempt to shed additional light on mammalian karyotype evolution, we studied, by chromosome painting, the chromosomes of species from two mammalian basal groups, sloths and marsupials. We compared human chromosomes with the chromosomes of two species of three-toed sloths, Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus, establishing homologies. Analyzing together ours and published data on chromosome painting in Xenarthra species allowed us to identify or confirm chromosome synapomorphies and ancestral characteristics. We also used chromosome painting to compare the X chromosomes of Bradypus torquatus and Bradypus variegatus as well as the X chromosomes of two American marsupials, Marmosops incanus and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Our main results and conclusions are summarized below. 1. The karyotypes of both B. torquatus and B. variegatus include (a) the human chromosomes associations HSA 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22, 14/15 and 17/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 19 and 22, (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8, and (e) the absence of the ancestral eutherian association HSA 16/19. 2. B. variegatus (2n=54) presents a more rearranged karyotype, in relation to the human karyotype, than B. torquatus (2n=50), in particular due to fissions of ancestral chromosomes, which account for its higher diploid number. 3. Our data on B. variegatus and B. torquatus together with the previously published comparisons between human and Xenarthra chromosomes confirm, as characteristics common to the species of this super-order (a) the conservation of HSA 9, 13, 17, 18, 20 and X, (b) the disruption of HSA 19 and 22 into two blocks, and (c) the presence of the human chromosome associations HSA 4/8, 7/16, 12/22 and 14/15. 4. The human chromosome association HSA 7/10 and the disruption of HAS 8 into three blocks were confirmed as chromosome signatures for the super-order Xenarthra, supporting the monophyly of the group. 76 5. The HSA 17/19 association, which we demonstrated to be shared by B. variegatus, B. torquatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes, appears as a chromosome signature for the genus Bradypus, supporting the monophyly of the group. 6. The HSA 12/22/16 association seems to be a chromosome synapomorphic trait linking the species B. variegatus e B. tridactylus. 7. Take into account the correspondence between human and Bradypus chromosomes we observed that B. variegatus and B. tridactylus karyotypes are the most similar in the genus. 8. Based on the comparison of the human chromosomes sequences to the chromosomes sequences of the chicken and a marsupial species (outgroups to placental mammals), available in Ensembl database, we showed that a HSA 7/10 association, which is present in the super-order Xenarthra, is also present in the karyotype of the two outgroup species. As the homology between this chromosome association in Xenarthra and the outgroups are demonstrated, strong support for the classifications of this association as ancestral to Eutheria and of Xenarthra as a basal group in the eutherian phylogenetic tree will be given. 9. Our comparative analysis allow us to propose an ancestral Xenarthra karyotype with 2n=48, including (a) the human chromosome associations HSA 3/21, 4/8, 7/10, 7/16, 12/22 (2x), 14/15 and 16/19, (b) the conservation of HSA 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 and X, (c) the disruption into two blocks of HSA 2, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19 and 22, and (d) three pairs sharing homologous segments with HSA 8. 10. Among Xenarthra species, B. torquatus and C. hoffmanni, with the lowest diploid number of the super-order, show the most conserved karyotypes in relation to our proposed ancestral Xenarthra karyotype as well as to the most recently proposed ancestral eutherian karyotype. 11. The conservation of the X chromosome euchromatin was demonstrated by interspecific chromosome painting between the sloths, B. torquatus and B. variegatus, and between the marsupials, M. incanus and M. nudicaudatus. The X chromosome heterochromatic segments were shown to be divergent in the extent to prevent in situ hybridization between species.