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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Marking constraints“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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Chen, YuFeng, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari, Chi Tin Hon und NaiQi Wu. „Equivalent Transformation of Nonlinear Constraints to Linear Constraints in Petri Nets“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/640917.
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This paper focuses on the enforcement of nonlinear constraints in Petri nets. An integer linear programming model is formulated to transform a nonlinear constraint to a minimal number of conjunctive linear constraints that have the same admissible marking space as the nonlinear one does in Petri nets. The obtained linear constraints can be easily enforced to be satisfied by a set of control places with a place invariant based method. The control places make up a supervisor that can enforce the given nonlinear constraint. For a case that the admissible marking space decided by a nonlinear constraint is nonconvex, another integer linear programming model is developed to obtain a minimal number of constraints whose disjunctions are equivalent to the nonlinear constraint with respect to the reachable markings. Finally, a number of examples are provided to demonstrate the proposed approach.
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Li, Hui Fang, und Fu Jian Feng. „Schedulability Analysis Algorithm of Timing Constraint Petri Nets“. Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (Juni 2012): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.1810.
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A novel approach to the schedulability analysis is presented in this paper for timing constraint Petri nets, which have wide applications in the workflow management, software engineering, reliability engineering, and so on. The analysis can be conducted in two phases: finding firing sequences and timing constraint analysis, among which the first one is to find the transition sequences that transform the initial marking to a certain marking by using incidence matrix in the underlying Petri net, and the second one is to verify whether the reachable marking found in the first step is reachable with the timing constraints. The proposed method is able to pinpoint out non-schedulable transitions and adjust the timing constraints to make all the transitions schedulable within complex task sequences, while meeting the needs of the managers to schedule the tasks.
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PHUA, Chiew Pheng, und PHUA Chiew Pheng. „The double object constructions in Archaic Chinese*“. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 37, Nr. 1 (2008): 43–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602808x00028.
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This article demonstrates that double object constructions in Archaic Chinese display both patterns of direct and indirect object marking (DO+IO) and primary and secondary object marking (PO+SO). We propose two constraints to account for the grammatical distribution of GIVE verbs in the double object construction with PO+SO marking in Archaic Chinese. The first constraint is syntactic and explains why verbs like xiàn ? 'offer' cannot occur in the double object construction with PO+SO marking, unless the semantic role of recipient is available for mapping onto direct object in a monotransitive clause. A second constraint on animacy is proposed to explain the low frequency of two animate, particularly two human NPs, in the postverbal position for verbs like qī ? 'marry'.
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Hopp, Holger, und Mayra E. León Arriaga. „Structural and inherent case in the non-native processing of Spanish: Constraints on inflectional variability“. Second Language Research 32, Nr. 1 (13.10.2015): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315605872.
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This article reports an eye-tracking study on the native and non-native processing of case in Spanish. Twenty-four native and 27 first language (L1) German non-native speakers of Spanish were tested on their sensitivity to case marking violations involving structural case with objects of ditransitive verbs and to violations of inherent case for objects of transitive verbs (differential object marking; DOM). Both groups distinguished between grammatical and ungrammatical case marking for all sentence types in off-line acceptability judgments. In reading, however, the non-native speakers, unlike the native speakers, were sensitive only to violations of structural case marking with ditransitive verbs and the erroneous realization of DOM with inanimate objects. In contrast, they did not show processing slowdowns for the omission of DOM with animate objects. We interpret the asymmetry in non-native processing as reflecting sensitivity of the parser to grammatical feature hierarchies in that the parser licenses default case markings, yet flags feature clashes occasioned by the suppliance of erroneous inflectional forms with inherent case marking. We discuss the findings in the context of current approaches to second language (L2) acquisition and processing.
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Faraj, Suhair. „Optimality Theory and Syntactic Constraints in English and Arabic Prepositional Phrases: A Comparative Analysis“. International Journal for Scientific Research 2, Nr. 7 (2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n7p4.
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This research paper aimed to investigate the syntactic constraints that govern the use of prepositional phrases in English and Arabic, using Optimality Theory (OT) framework. A set of English and Arabic sentences containing prepositional phrases were collected and analyzed for constraint violations. This study compared the syntactic structures of prepositional phrases in both languages by examining the case marking, headedness, and subject-verb agreement requirements of OT. The findings indicated that although prepositional phrases are used similarly in Arabic and English, there are also structural variations between them. In particular, the study finds that Arabic prepositional phrases exhibit more markedness and complexity than English preposition phrases, due to the influence of case marking and agreement constraints in OT. The study contributes to our understanding of the syntactic structures of preposition phrases in both languages and highlights the importance of considering the role of syntactic constraints in language comparison studies.
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Amin, Nurasiah, Abdul Muhid und Hilda Hastuti. „Revealing the Form of Constraints and Switched Points in Cewek Smart #2“. Humanitatis : Journal of Language and Literature 8, Nr. 2 (01.07.2022): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/humanitatis.v8i2.1823.
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This reserach was done to reveal the dominant form of Constraints and Switched Points of code switching usage in Cewek Smart #2 book by Ria Fariana, which the data is taken from chapter 1 to chapter 6 of total 53 pages. To reveal the form of constraints and switched points of code switching, it was considered to use theory by Poplack about code switching, and the data were analyzed by using a qualitative method. This current research shows that there were 21 forms of constraints and switched points and there are 6 dominant forms used in the book of Cewek Smart #2, namely between Adverb and VP, between NP and zero marking (-), between VP and zero marking (-), between Independent Clause and Zero Marking (-), Between PP and and Zero Marking (-), Between Conj. and zero marking (-). in the book of Cewek Smart #2.
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de Hoop, Helen, und Andrej L. Malchukov. „Case-Marking Strategies“. Linguistic Inquiry 39, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2008.39.4.565.
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Two strategies of case marking in natural languages are discussed. These are defined as two violable constraints whose effects are shown to converge in the case of differential object marking but diverge in the case of differential subject marking. The discourse prominence of the case-bearing arguments is shown to be of utmost importance for case-marking and voice alternations. The analysis of the case-marking patterns that are found crosslinguistically is couched in a bidirectional Optimality Theory analysis.
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Tian, Wei, Xianwang Yu und Haohao Hu. „Interactive Attention Learning on Detection of Lane and Lane Marking on the Road by Monocular Camera Image“. Sensors 23, Nr. 14 (20.07.2023): 6545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146545.
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Vision-based identification of lane area and lane marking on the road is an indispensable function for intelligent driving vehicles, especially for localization, mapping and planning tasks. However, due to the increasing complexity of traffic scenes, such as occlusion and discontinuity, detecting lanes and lane markings from an image captured by a monocular camera becomes persistently challenging. The lanes and lane markings have a strong position correlation and are constrained by a spatial geometry prior to the driving scene. Most existing studies only explore a single task, i.e., either lane marking or lane detection, and do not consider the inherent connection or exploit the modeling of this kind of relationship between both elements to improve the detection performance of both tasks. In this paper, we establish a novel multi-task encoder–decoder framework for the simultaneous detection of lanes and lane markings. This approach deploys a dual-branch architecture to extract image information from different scales. By revealing the spatial constraints between lanes and lane markings, we propose an interactive attention learning for their feature information, which involves a Deformable Feature Fusion module for feature encoding, a Cross-Context module as information decoder, a Cross-IoU loss and a Focal-style loss weighting for robust training. Without bells and whistles, our method achieves state-of-the-art results on tasks of lane marking detection (with 32.53% on IoU, 81.61% on accuracy) and lane segmentation (with 91.72% on mIoU) of the BDD100K dataset, which showcases an improvement of 6.33% on IoU, 11.11% on accuracy in lane marking detection and 0.22% on mIoU in lane detection compared to the previous methods.
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Bax, Anna, und Michael Diercks. „Information structure constraints on object marking in Manyika“. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30, Nr. 2 (Juni 2012): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2012.737596.
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Cameron, Richard. „Ambiguous agreement, functional compensation, and nonspecific tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Madrid, Spain“. Language Variation and Change 5, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1993): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001526.
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ABSTRACTRichness of subject-verb agreement is implicit in the functional compensation interpretation of variable second person /-s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Because /-s/ is not variable in Madrid Spanish (MS), richer agreement is assumed, and a lower rate of pronominal expression is expected. Central to this interpretation are effects associated with ambiguous marking of person on finite singular verbs. Although an increase of pronominal expression correlates to ambiguous marking for PRS speakers, a similar result has not been reported for MS speakers. Nonetheless, a varbrul analysis yields similar weights for this constraint in both dialects. Moreover, ambiguity effects are best understood as constraints on null subject variation that interact with switch reference. Identity of varbrul weights for constraints on pronominal and null subject variation in PRS and MS also supports the Constant Rate Hypothesis. However, the two dialects do show a diametrically opposed effect associated with nonspecific tú.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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Bouazza, Syrine. „Contrôle des processus de désassemblage à l'aide des formalismes des systèmes à évènements discrets“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST215.
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Le contrôle des processus de désassemblage fait référence aux méthodes et aux techniques utilisées pour démonter de manière sûre et efficace des composants mécaniques ou des ensembles complexes. Pour ce faire, des approches de commandes des contrôles sont développés pour satisfaire les contraintes imposées à ces systèmes. Plus précisément, dans cette thèse nous nous s'intéressons à trois types de spécifications : les contraintes marquages, les Contraintes de Marquage Généralisées (CMGs), et les Contraintes d'Exclusions Mutuelles (CEMs).Pour cela, nous avons proposé trois méthodes analytiques. La première contribution concerne une nouvelle technique de conception de lois de commande pour les systèmes de désassemblages afin d'assurer la satisfaction des contraintes de marquage dans des Graphes d'Evénements Temporisés (GETs) avec certaines transitions d'entrée incontrôlables. La deuxième technique met l'accent sur la synthèse des contrôleurs tout en assurant des CMGs spécifiées par des inégalités pondérées dans l'algèbre Min-Plus soumis à des GETs. La dernière approche vise à piloter les processus de désassemblages modélisés par des Réseaux de Graphes d'Evénements Temporisés (RGETs) imposés à des CEMs.En alternative, il convient de noter que ces approches se basent sur les structures conceptuelles des Systèmes à Evénements Discrets (SEDs) ainsi que sur l'algèbre Min-Plus. Ces outils offrent la capacité de représenter de façon exacte et méthodique les systèmes de manufacturier. Par conséquent, la problématique se trouve formulée en utilisant des modèles linéaires de contrôle basés sur l'algèbre Min-Plus. En fait, le comportement de ces graphes est décrite en utilisant des équations Min-Plus linéaires, et les contraintes sont exprimées par des inégalités ou des inégalités pondérées dans l'algèbre Min-Plus.Des conditions suffisantes pour l'existence des lois de commande causales sont établies. Ces contrôleurs développés sont des retours d'états qui peuvent être symbolisés par des places de surveillance empêchant le système de toute violation de contrainte. Le graphe est vivant et sans blocageDisassembly process control involves the methods and techniques used to safely and efficiently disassemble mechanical components or complex assemblies. To do this, control approaches are developed to satisfy the constraints imposed on these systems. More specifically, in this thesis we are interested in three types of specifications: marking constraints, Generalized Marking Constraints (GMCs), and Mutual Exclusion Constraints (MECs).To this aim, we have proposed three analytical methods. The first contribution concerns a new technique for designing control laws for disassembly systems to ensure the satisfaction of marking constraints in Timed Event Graphs (TEGs) with some uncontrollable input transitions. The second technique focuses on controller synthesis while ensuring GMCs specified by weighted inequalities in the Min-Plus algebra subject to GETs. The final method aims to control disassembly processes modelled by Timed Event Graph Networks (NGETs) imposed on MECs.Alternatively, it is worth noting that these approaches are based on the conceptual structures of Discrete Event Systems (DES) and the Min-Plus algebra. These tools offer the ability to represent manufacturing systems accurately and methodically. Consequently, the problem is formulated using linear control models based on Min-Plus algebra. In fact, the behaviour of these graphs is described using linear Min-Plus equations, and constraints are expressed by inequalities or weighted inequalities in the Min-Plus algebra.Sufficient conditions for the existence of causal control laws are established. These developed controllers are state feedbacks that can be represented by monitoring places preventing the system from any constraint violation. The graph is alive and unblocked
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Atli, Maen. „Contributions à la synthèse de commande des systèmes à évènements discrets : nouvelle modélisation des états interdits et application à un atelier flexible“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0412/document.
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Un Système de production peut être représenté par les systèmes à événements discrets. En dehors de la planification (où les gens travaillent avec des ratios de produits fabriqués par semaine ou par jour), la modélisation pourrait être basée sur les concepts d'événement et d'activités. Un événement correspond à un changement d'état. Une activité est une boîte noire d'encapsulation de ce qui se passe entre deux événements. En utilisant les réseaux de Petri (RdP), les événements sont représentés par les transitions, et les activités par les lieux. Notre travail propose une synthèse de commande par supervision pour les systèmes d'événements discrets modélisés par une classe de réseaux de Petri appelé graphe d'événements. L'objective de cette thèse est de concevoir un superviseur capable d'aider à améliorer la performance de système et de protéger le système en respectant des spécifications données par le fabricant ou le client selon les besoins et les conditions de travail. Pour modéliser ces spécifications, nous avons proposé un nouveau modèle mathématique de contrainte, appelé Contrainte d'Exclusion de Marquage (CEM). La deuxième contribution principale de ma thèse est de synthétiser une technique efficace et simple pour construire un superviseur qui impose le système de respecter des contraintes en évitant l'ensemble des états interdits modélisé par CEM. Nous avons également développé cette synthèse pour résoudre le problème d'existence des événements incontrôlables et des événements inobservables. Parfois, afin d'étudier les aspects liés à la performance, nous devons prendre le temps en considération. Donc, nous avons résolu aussi le problème des événements temporisé en utilisant RdP temporisés soumis à CEMA manufacturing system may be represented by Discrete Event System (DES). Apart from planning (where people work with ratios of products fabricated per week or per day), any modelling could be based on the concepts of event and activities. An event corresponds to a state change. An activity is a black-box summarizing what is occurring between two events. When using Petri Nets, events are associated with transitions, and activities with places. Our work proposes a supervisory synthesis for Discrete Event System modelled by a class of Petri Net called Marked Graph. The objective of this synthesis is to build a control law that enforces the system to respect a set of given specifications. To model these specifications, we propose new mathematical formulas called Marking Exclusion Constraint (MEC). This model is our first contribution. The Second main contribution of my thesis is to synthesize a computationally efficient technique to build a supervisor that enforces the system to respect the constraints by avoiding a set of forbidden states modelled by MEC specifications. We extend this synthesis technique to solve the problem in the presence of uncontrollable events and unobservable events. Sometimes in order to study the performance aspects, we must take in consideration the time data. Thus we address control synthesis for Timed Discrete Event Systems under MEC specifications by using Timed Petri Nets
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Mphahama, Litsoanelo Evodiah. „Institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/428.
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Lesotho has a land area of about 30.340 square kilometers and is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. Much of the country is mountainous. Its agricultural sector is characterized by low productivity due to erratic climatic conditions, limited arable land and fragile soils with a low water holding capacity. These conditions have proved very detrimental to crop production, rendering agriculture a risky economic activity. Numerous efforts have been made over the years to address the technical constraints confronting the sector, but nothing seems to be changing. The implication is that the technical/climatic factors mentioned above may be only part of the problem. The current situation whereby Lesotho imports nearly 95% of its domestic food requirements is unsustainable, but this desperate picture looks set to worsen with the continuing threats of contracting farm sizes and further declines in farmer participation rates. But this sector has continued to be an important source of household survival and existence. A study was designed and conducted during 2008 and 2009 to identify the institutional constraints to horticulture production in Lesotho, looking specifically at the obstacles to effective production and marketing of horticultural products. A total of 100 farming households were enumerated in four districts of the country, namely Butha Buthe, Berea, Mafeteng, and Thaba-Tseka. A range of institutional and non-price factors in the farming and marketing environment were incorporated in a binary choice model to investigate the degree of satisfaction of the farming households with their previous year’s farming results. To avoid selection bias in the sample, a probit model was chosen, and the Stata-10 software was used to estimate probit coefficients. The results provide indications that property rights, the agricultural extension service, the condition of the physical infrastructure, and distance to markets may be crucial elements threatening the existence of this sector in Lesotho. The difficulties in accessing markets and land remain important institutional constraints to horticulture production and marketing in Lesotho. Recommendations made on these issues include providing more policy support to homestead gardening and for these issues to be incorporated into the Vision 2020 process. Also to be included is the issue of addressing the growing national food insecurity and enhancing Basotho livelihoods in general.
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Mingard, P. „Design constraints : An historical approach“. Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378449.
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Vanit-Anunchai, Chuthaporn. „Possibilities and constraints of marketing environmentally friendly produced vegetables in Thailand“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982597886.
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Khushk, Ali Muhammed. „The mango production and marketing system in Sindh, Pakistan : constraints and opportunities“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267809.
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Gress, Tobias. „South African Rooibos industry : opportunities and constraints with special reference to the German consumer market“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5818.
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Includes bibliographical references.Over the last decade a South African product, namely Rooibos, has conquered the German consumer market. It initially started as a small trend amongst health conscious people, developing into a staple product, to being difficult nowadays to imaging Rooibos not being available for sale. As Rooibos gained popularity on the extremely competitive German food market, marketing strategies had to change accordingly. To reach the mass market, it was necessary to market Rooibos at the discounters and supermarkets, important for the German grocery industry. Advertising also played an important role as through TV and pring media many consumers can be approached and therefore product awareness increased.
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Halforty, Gail Avril. „Constraints to students' participation in sport on a formalised level: implications for marketers“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012120.
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The rate of obesity has risen dramatically over recent years and is an epidemic in many countries. School pupils and university students are no exception to this. The negative effects physically, mentally and emotionally of being overweight are detrimental to one’s quality of life. It is therefore critical to encourage pupils and students to participate in physical activity. Formalised sport is a key component of encouraging physical activity. The habits learnt in childhood and early adulthood are often carried through for the rest of one’s life. The benefits of participating in sport need to be promoted extensively to the students, as research has shown students that participate in sport are not only healthier but achieve better academic results. This study examined the constraints to students’ participation in formalised sport. The empirical data was collected by means of a survey, using self-administered questionnaires distributed to students on the three Summerstrand campuses at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University in Port Elizabeth. Two hundred and eighty three usable questionnaires were received. Time and scheduling was found to be the most constraining factor to participation in sport. I am too busy with my university studies attracted the highest mean score of all the items on the questionnaire. It is recommended that: • sport organisers at NMMU emphasise to the students the benefits of regular participation in physical activity; • the effectiveness of the current NMMU sport programmes and accessibility be further investigated as only 18 per cent of the students in 2011 were participating in sport programmes at NMMU; • time management skills be taught to the NMMU students as the Time and scheduling constraint was the most profound constraint to participation in formalised sport; • NMMU academic staff work more closely with the staff at the University Sport Bureau to promote regular sport participation and to disseminate sport related information that could promote being more actively involved in sport; and • relevant introductory sport programmes and more internal leagues be offered, that gently introduce various sport codes to the students.
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Lau, Wing-wah. „The marketing of environmental protection technologies in Hong Kong : developments to-date, potentials, and constraints /“. [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814047.
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Pease, Michael C. „Analysis of constraints to water marketing and an evaluation of select techniques to facilitate market-based reallocations /“. Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559848401&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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O, Omolo Jacob, und Manyengo John U, Hrsg. Policy constraints in vegetable marketing in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 2004.
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1935-, MacCharles Donald C., Hrsg. Canadian manufactured exports: Constraints and opportunities. Montreal, Quebec: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1986.
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H, Schwartz Hugh, Hrsg. Supply and marketing constraints on Latin American manufacturing exports. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank, 1991.
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Alemu, Dawit. Haricot bean marketing and export performance: Constraints and opportunities. [Addis Ababa]: EARO, 2003.
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Anjum, Muhammad S. Marketing constraints and development strategy for edible oils in Pakistan. [United States: USAID?, 1993.
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Figueroa, Enrique E. U.S. vegetable exports to North America: Trends and constraints to market analysis. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, Cornell University, 1994.
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Vidanapathirana, Ruvini. Export market for organic food: Present status, constraints, and future scope. Colombo: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, 2014.
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Monfort, Philippe. Export pricing behavior, foreign trade performance and capacity constraint. Louvain-la-Neuve: CIACO, 1994.
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Jabbar, M. A. (Mohammad Abdul), 1947- und Babiker Idris Babiker, Hrsg. Constraints in the market chains for export of Sudanese sheep, and sheep meat to the Middle East. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute, 2009.
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How developing countries trade: The institutional constraints. London: Routledge, 1994.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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Cennamo, Michela, Francesco Maria Ciconte und Luigi Andriani. „Syntactic and semantic constraints on differential object marking in Old Sardinian“. In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 105–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.280.05cen.
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This paper explores the differential marking of (human) objects (DOM) in a corpus of old Sardinian texts from two different areas, Logudoro and Arborea. We investigate the constraints on the marking of objects, whether semantic, reflecting the Individuation Hierarchy (Silverstein, 1976, p. 122), syntactic, i.e., determined by verbal valency and/or the syntactic position of the O argument in relation to the verb and in the clause, or pragmatic, functioning as a marking device for topics. The data investigated reveal the role played by the notion of Individuation in the grammaticalization of the preposition a(d) as a DOM marker, which appears to spread progressively from the core to peripheral points along the hierarchy, namely from human proper names, to human, kinship and then common nouns, initially definite, subsequently indefinite. Already in 11th–13th century texts, a(d) does not appear to have only/mainly an identificational function, differentiating the A and O arguments when they are both high on the Individuation hierarchy, but has become a marker of high Individuation, its use being sensitive to the notions of definiteness and humanness.
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Li, Xiang, Wenbing Liu, Xin Liu und Jingyang Li. „Feature Extraction and Marking Method of Inertial Navigation Trajectory Based on Permutation Entropy Under Road Constraints“. In Spatial Data and Intelligence, 42–57. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24521-3_4.
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Paro, Renato, Ueli Grossniklaus, Raffaella Santoro und Anton Wutz. „Genomic Imprinting“. In Introduction to Epigenetics, 91–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_5.
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AbstractA typical cell contains two sets of chromosomes: one that was inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Usually, autosomal alleles are expressed at similar levels from the maternally and paternally inherited chromosomes. This chapter is dedicated to an exception of this rule: the expression of genes that are regulated by genomic imprinting depends on the parental origin of the allele, leading to the non-equivalence of maternal and paternal genomes. Genomic imprinting is a paradigm of epigenetic gene regulation as genetically identical alleles can exist in two expression states within the same nucleus. The imprints marking the parental alleles are established in the parental germline, maintained during the development of the offspring, but reset before they are passed on to the next generation. In mammals, the primary imprint is usually a differentially methylated region at the locus but there are also examples where histone modifications mark the parental alleles. Many imprinted genes play important roles for development and are associated with human disease. Interestingly, genomic imprinting evolved independently in mammals and seed plants and similar mechanisms have been recruited to regulate imprinted expression in the two kingdoms. We will discuss evolutionary constraints that could have led to the evolution of genomic imprinting in these seemingly disparate lineages.
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Holderer, Julius. „Obstruction Modeling“. In Obstructions in Security-Aware Business Processes, 103–265. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38154-7_3.
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AbstractObstructions exemplify the conflicting goals between business processes and classic IT security. The SecANet approach presented in this chapter will allow putting this field of tension into a well-founded, formal representation of security-aware processes that opens up acting within a security-sensitive realm of maneuver. The SecANet encoding will create an extendable framework that addresses workflow obstructions and will support their comprehensive analysis and handling.This chapter builds the central part of the thesis. In addressing the requirements for obstructability analysis (see Chapter 2), it is primarily concerned with the modeling of obstructions in security-aware workflows. For this, it will first explore the ways to model processes, in particular, the modeling of the control flow. Based on the selection of an ordinary Petri net model (P/T net) as the method of modeling, a security-aware Petri net representation, the SecANet, will be developed. The general idea of the SecANet modeling is to “flatten” the organizational aspect of a security-aware process specification that subsumes the process model and the policy specification into the model representing the functional and behavioral aspects. That way, a so-called “obstruction marking” can identify and capture obstructions. Moreover, indicators can be assigned to the task- and policy-related Petri net elements as costs. For the evaluation of the SecANet approach, its Petri net-specific properties will be investigated. Moreover, the formal correctness of the SecANet method will be proven by examining the behavioral preservation of the original inputs (i.e., language preservation). To take cyclic workflow behavior into account, the concept of policy re-enactment will add cyclic functionality to the so-far acyclic SecANet encoding. The developed SecANet formalism can be regarded as a target metamodel of security-aware process specifications that creates a basis for further analysis. Accordingly, it will subsume SecANet-based satisfiability and obstructability checks as SecANet soundness and show further extensions to facilitate analysis. An experimental evaluation will compare soundness checking runtimes with typical satisfiability-related approaches. The discussion will then examine the computational complexity of the SecANet encoding and sketch possibilities for extensions. With the introduction of SecANet+, the integration of additional inputs that further constrain the execution of tasks, for instance, counting constraints or user absence (resilience), will be made possible.
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Yu, Lei, Guohui Li und Ling Yuan. „Constrained Viral Marketing in Social Networks“. In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 193–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55393-7_18.
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Petrie, Duncan J. „The Film-Making Process: Sales, Distribution and Marketing“. In Creativity and Constraint in the British Film Industry, 108–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21473-0_6.
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Jari, Bridget, Gavin Fraser und Ajuruchukwu Obi. „Influence of institutional factors on smallholder farmers ’ marketing channel choices“. In Institutional constraints to small farmer development in Southern Africa, 101–17. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-704-2_5.
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Horváth, Tomáš, und Peter Vojtáš. „Ordinal Classification with Monotonicity Constraints“. In Advances in Data Mining. Applications in Medicine, Web Mining, Marketing, Image and Signal Mining, 217–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11790853_17.
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Guardiano, Cristina. „Differential object marking in a dialect of Sicily“. In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 192–231. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.280.08gua.
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This contribution proposes an overview of the distribution of a-marked objects in a Romance dialect of Sicily, focusing on the relation between a-marking and the syntactic properties of the nominal structure in object position. The following properties are considered: type of lexical head (pronouns vs. nouns); coding of the Person feature on the lexical head and its relation with the functional head D; type of noun (proper names, kinship nouns, other nouns); lexical realization of the determiner (D head); definiteness and animacy of the object; Number. It will be shown that, in the dialect explored, a-marking is constrained by two major restrictions: (1) a-marking is only possible if the head D is phonetically realized, and (2) [+human] referents must be a-marked.
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Parsalaw, Willy. „Liberalisation of Maize Marketing in the Arusha Region in Tanzania“. In Constraints on the Success of Structural Adjustment Programmes in Africa, 76–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24373-0_5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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Li, Yingjie, YiFan Hou und ZiZhuo Wu. „Optimal Input Calculation and Control for a Class of Timed Petri Nets under Marking Constraints“. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc52481.2021.9702177.
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Kumar, S. Sampath, M. Prithiv, S. Ravi Kumar, K. Senthil Kumar und K. Vishnu. „Marking and Traceback Algorithm for IP Traceback with Bitwise Operator“. In International Research Conference on IOT, Cloud and Data Science. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-o13fx8.
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Forswearing of Service (DoS) and Denial of Service (DDoS) assaults are not kidding strings to the Internet. The recurrence of DoS and DDoS assaults is expanding step by step. Computerized instruments are additionally accessible that empower non-specialized individuals to carry out such assaults without any problem. Consequently, it isn't simply essential to forestall such assaults, yet additionally need to traceback the aggressors. Following back the wellspring of the assaults, which is known as an IP traceback issue is a difficult issue due to the stateless idea of the Internet and parodied Internet Protocol (IP) bundles. Various Internet Protocol traceback strategies present, yet they are have constraints like quantity of bundles needed or capacity computational workloads brought about at switches. A thought of an improved bundle stamping and traceback calculation for IP traceback to recognize an aggressor that works with the traceback of the parodied parcel to its starting point is proposed. The procedure proposed decreases computational time.
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Knill, David C. „The statistics of corner angles: implications for coding and estimation“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thvv2.
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Corners in surface markings are skewed by orthographic projection into an image. This introduces a systematic bias into the distribution of corner angles in images. Under the assumption that all corner angles in surface markings are equally probable, the distribution of corresponding angles in contour corners shows a peak probability of occurrence at 0° and 180° and a minimum at 90°. The exact form of the distribution depends on the assumed distribution of surface orientations in scenes. The bias allows us to derive a maximum likelihood estimator of surface orientation from the information provided by contour corner angles without making any assumptions about the distribution of surface marking corners in scenes. The estimator performs in a manner consistent with human perception in the interpretation of simple line figures. In particular, simple corners lead to an estimate of surface orientation consistent with the corners having been projected from 90°, and skewed symmetries lead to estimates consistent with the figures having been projected from real symmetries. As examples of the latter, triangles are interpreted as oriented isosceles triangles and skewed rectangles are interpreted as oriented rectangles. Though the estimator does not rely on any regularity assumptions for surface markings, incorporation of such constraints would make the estimator more resistant to noise.
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Rodríguez, Enrique, José Luis Blanco, José Luis Torres, Jose Carlos Moreno, Antonio Giménez und José Luis Guzmán. „A ROS reactive navigation system for ground vehicles based on tp-space transformations“. In Actas de las XXXVII Jornadas de Automática 7, 8 y 9 de septiembre de 2016, Madrid. Universidade da Coruña, Servizo de Publicacións, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498081.1213.
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This work focuses on the analysis and bench- marking of the mrpt_navigation ROS package. The package includes a reactive navigation method based on Trajectory Parameter Space (TP-Space) transformations, together with other nodes such as an alternative particle-filter localization system. A description of its structure and methods in which it is based will be performed. To validate the suitability of the package, tests are performed with a mobile robot with strong kinematic constraints (Ack- erman steering) and the result will be compared with the navigation ROS package, a standard for robots autonomous navigation.
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Stiassnie, Eli, Gila Molcho und Moshe Shpitalni. „Holistic Design of Sustainable Systems With Improved Lifecycle Performance“. In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59207.
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The rampant changes marking modern manufacturing are driven by: (a) excess manufacturing capacity and the consequent increase in competition, and (b) rising environmental awareness and legislation. This green legislation (WEEE, EuP, RoHS, etc.) has arisen in an attempt to resolve the inherent conflict between a number of competing needs: (1) environmental requirements and constraints, (2) consumer demands and (3) industrial profitability constraints. Consequently, modern industries seeking to maintain corporate profits while complying with new legislation have begun to shift from product delivery to through-life service support. That is, companies supply products and continue to maintain them throughout the product’s lifetime. Industrial profitability in such a paradigm requires technological adaption and innovation as well as enhanced product performance control. All these changes and requirements are dictating change in design approaches and practices. This paper presents a new design methodology and supporting tools to analyze and improve product design, while taking into account environmental impact and the selling-of-services business paradigm. The analysis is based on dynamic product models aimed at extending life span while reducing complexities and internal interdependencies by means of component periodicity planning and uncoupling activities.
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Rai, Sudhendu. „Multiobjective Optimization and Quantitative Trade-Off Analysis in Xerographic System Design“. In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dtm-3885.
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Abstract A complex engineering system such as a xerographic marking engine is an aggregate of interacting subsystems that are coupled through a large number of constraints and design variables. The traditional way of designing these systems is to decouple the overall design into smaller subsystems and assign teams to work on these subsystems. This approach is critical to making the project manageable and enabling concurrent development. However, if the goal is to design systems that can deliver best possible performance, i.e. if the performance limits are being pushed to the extreme, characterizing the interactions becomes critical. Multiobjective optimization is a design methodology that addresses the issue of designing large systems where the goal is to simultaneously optimize a finite number of performance criteria that come from one or more disciplines and are coupled through a set of design variables and constraints. This approach to design makes explicit and quantitative the inherent tradeoffs that need to be made in doing coupled system design. It also enables the determination of the attainable limits of performance from a given system. This paper will discuss the multiobjective optimization methodology and optimal methods of performing quantitative trade-off analysis. These design methods will be applied to problems from the xerographic design domain and results will be presented.
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Mendelovits, Juliette, und Judy Nixon. „ACER models of writing: Changing the assessment mindset“. In Research Conference 2022: Reimagining assessment. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-685-7-4.
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This presentation outlines different models of writing assessment that have a proven track record in various programs delivered by ACER. These models include holistic scoring, and partial analytical scoring on a number of criteria. The writing prompts for these models assume extended pieces of writing. The presentation will also introduce a new and alternative model of writing assessment that ACER has implemented in several large-scale assessments. This model is built on shorter pieces of writing from each student, designed to give more accurate and diverse insights into students’ proficiency in writing in a range of text types, within the constraints of limited assessment time. Each short piece is coded using a different marking scheme with customised criteria. The three models – holistic scoring, partial analytical scoring and customised criterion scoring – are designed for different assessment contexts, from high-stakes selection to formative use by classroom teachers.
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Spooner, Thomas, und Rahul Savani. „Robust Market Making via Adversarial Reinforcement Learning“. In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/633.
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We show that adversarial reinforcement learning (ARL) can be used to produce market marking agents that are robust to adversarial and adaptively-chosen market conditions. To apply ARL, we turn the well-studied single-agent model of Avellaneda and Stoikov [2008] into a discrete-time zero-sum game between a market maker and adversary. The adversary acts as a proxy for other market participants that would like to profit at the market maker's expense. We empirically compare two conventional single-agent RL agents with ARL, and show that our ARL approach leads to: 1) the emergence of risk-averse behaviour without constraints or domain-specific penalties; 2) significant improvements in performance across a set of standard metrics, evaluated with or without an adversary in the test environment, and; 3) improved robustness to model uncertainty. We empirically demonstrate that our ARL method consistently converges, and we prove for several special cases that the profiles that we converge to correspond to Nash equilibria in a simplified single-stage game.
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Ene, Alexandra Gabriela, Mihaela Jomir und Carmen Mihai. „STRUCTURAL ANALYSES OF THE COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR AUTONOMOUS MODULAR SYSTEM USED AS LATERAL MARK IN BRACKISH WATER HABITAT“. In 22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/3.2/s12.23.
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The safety of navigation and life in the risk areas adjacent to the coastal area, represent the central objective of the paper and meet the provisions of the European directive "in force." In this context, for defining the geometry of the autonomous modular system used as physical system for marking the fairway, mathematical prediction models were developed. The prediction of phenomena and functional characteristics for autonomous modular system was possible by using a specialized software, where the calculation conditions were for sea state maximum 6 Beaufort scale. The configurations were round geometric bodies generated by the rotation of a triangle around the straight line containing the largest side and two rectangular trapezoids joined at the large base and rotated around the side perpendicular to the bases, and the constraints were initiated on the submerged side of each system. The post-processing enabled the visualization of the results: the deformation, the Von Mises stress fields and the distribution of displacement vectors. The state of tension was calculated, resulting in values that fall within the range -5.96e+006 to 5.85e+007 N/m2, below the allowable strength of the material, so the composite material with textile matrix will resist to the distributed force imposed. Descriptions of the study, main problematic and used methods are discussed.
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Mihai, Carmen, Madalina Alice Rus, Alexandra Gabriela Ene und Razvan Scarlat. „Digital construction of the signaling/ rescue system located in coastal aquatic areas“. In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.i.12.
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For signaling and rescue, at international level, modular systems made of composite structures are used, which ensure the maintaining at the water surface of them, in a fixed point, in any meteorological conditions etc. According to the diversity of activities carried out in the marine and/ or river sector and depending on them, worldwide signaling systems are applied: for the safety of navigation, for data recording and processing activities and for the marking of ecological protection areas (National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania 2030, 2017; La Depeche, 2014). For this last category, the signaling of the navigable channel is made in accordance with the "Basic Regulations for Navigation on the Danube" edited by the Danube Commission, 1991 edition, Budapest, while for the maritime buoyage system the IALA agreement is used, concluded in Paris, on the 15th April 1982 and involves the use of floats and buoys made of composite materials. The work aims to create a digital signaling/ rescue system applied in the coastal aquatic area (Council Regulation (EC) No. 509/2006; Decision No. 1600/2002/EC). In this respect, using FEM modelling, the geometric domain was defined, the composite structure of which the system is made was modeled, the structure with finite elements was generated (discretization, properties modelling, specific finite elements obtaining), the constraints and loads were modeled and finally, in the post-processing stage, the results (deformation, Von Mises stress, displacements) were visualized and studied
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Marking constraints"
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Mikkelsen, Lene. Good Practices in Marketing for Micro and Small Enterprise Products: Cases from Latin-America. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008889.
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It has been established that access to profitable markets is a key factor which determines the long-term success for all businesses. For small and microenterprises, however, various constraints limit this access, such as inadequate technology, geographic isolation, lack of raw materials and inefficient production. By providing ways to overcome these constraints, marketing service providers play an essential role in developing the businesses of small and micro producers. Based on three case studies of marketing service providers -from Colombia, Nicaragua and El Salvador- dealing with handicrafts, nontraditional agricultural products, and household goods, this study focuses on the possibility for short and long-term sustainability of marketing services. The study discusses the impact ancillary services have on the ability for partial or full cost-recovery and for institutional sustainability, and the business strategies adopted by each marketing service provider.
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Mitra, Arup, Hrsg. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SELECTED APO MEMBERS. Asian Productivity Organization, Dezember 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/ekcf4946.
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The publication delves into informal sector challenges in 10 APO member economies (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkiye, Vietnam). Limited access to capital, technology, and marketing hinders growth despite the sector's significant workforce. Identifying constraints is crucial for productivity enhancement initiatives. COVID-19 underscores the need for sector revival assistance. Embracing product and process innovation for productivity growth is recommended. Linkages between formal and informal sectors and skilling initiatives for occupational flexibility are also highlighted.
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Johnny, Teneisha, und Mark D. Wenner. Tourism and Ecotourism Development in Guyana: Issues and Challenges and the Critical Path Forward. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009267.
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Guyana has high potential to develop a nature-based tourist niche market and help diversify its economic base, which now depends on the export of primary commodities. Despite many natural attractions, Guyana is still at a nascent stage of nature-based development relying on primary factors for tourism development as opposed to thorough planning, focused investments, and aggressive marketing efforts. Other segments of traditional tourism development such as business and leisure also are undeveloped and little studied. The tourism sector in general faces many constraints, such as high air travel cost, inadequate infrastructure, a slew of small-scale lodging properties that are not graded or certified, lack of marketing, and limited government budgetary outlays and incentives that would serve to stimulate development of the sector. Some important steps have been taken to improve competitiveness of the sector, but still a critical mass of interventions has not been realized that can lead to a dramatic transformation. This paper reviews the main issues and challenges and posits that critical path modeling, mathematical programming and spatial economic analysis could be used to identify two or three of the most binding constraints that should be addressed first given budgetary limitations and low levels of private sector investments.
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Lowe, Nichola J. Overcoming the Challenges of Cooperation: The Case of Joint Upgrading in Guadalajara's Apparel Industry. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008903.
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This paper examines local efforts to facilitate interactive learning and knowledge sharing among small and medium-sized apparel manufacturers in Guadalajara, Mexico. It focuses on a government-sponsored training program that gets design-oriented and technologically-advanced producers (most of which are of medium size) to team up with their less experienced local counterparts. Under the close supervision of skilled mentor firms, smaller-sized and bare bones manufacturers from Guadalajara's historic apparel cluster are experimenting with higher-valued added processes, like product design, marketing and full-package production. Close attention is paid to the innovative planning practices of and adaptive problem-solving techniques used by program administrators as they attempt to secure a commitment to mentoring from local firms, help those active in mentoring over-come the real challenges and constraints of cooperation and sustain joint upgrading efforts by helping participants realize the larger developmental value of this form of dynamic collective action.
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Nakasone, Eduardo. Soap Operas for Female Micro Entrepreneur Training. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011672.
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This paper analyzes the impact of the Strengthening Women Entrepreneurship in Peru (SWEP) program. SWEP trained female micro entrepreneurs in business management practices (such as accounting and marketing). The training, which was provided in 4- to 5-hour sessions, used soap operas and practical exercises specifically designed for the program. A field experiment was conducted among a group of micro entrepreneurs based in two Peruvian cities (Lima and Piura) to investigate whether SWEP had a positive impact on its beneficiaries. The results show that the program positively affected the adoption of business practices taught by the program. In particular, those who received the training were 4 to 6 percentage points more likely to assign themselves a fixed salary (rather than taking cash from their businesses based on personal needs) and 6 to 11 percentage points more likely to keep better records of potential business contacts. Some positive impacts were found on the adoption of bookkeeping practices (4 to 6 percentage points), although this result is not significant across all of the specifications. Although these changes in adoption rates were large compared with their baseline levels, they were rather small in absolute terms. Therefore, the study did not find any impact on average business performance, household expenditures, or women's empowerment in the household. Qualitative information suggests that micro entrepreneurs were satisfied with the training, but considered that many of the practices taught by the program were difficult to follow because of time constraints.
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Jebrail, F. F., und R. S. Kistler. L51753 Natural Draft Aerial Coolers. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Januar 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010422.
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In recent years, environmental regulations have tightened and community involvement in environmental issues has increased. The pipeline industry has responded by attempting to reduce the negative economic and environmental impact of conventional air-cooled heat exchangers, which are characterized by high noise levels, excessive energy consumption, and high maintenance costs. While industry has had limited success in reducing air cooler noise using silencers and timed variable-speed fans, these solutions are costly. The most effective noise reduction method is to reduce or eliminate noise at its source. The primary goals of this investigation were to address key technical issues and to document natural draft aerial cooler (NDAC) design knowledge. The following objectives were identified: - Form a project team from PRCI-recommended aerial cooler manufacturers to design a quiet aerial cooler - Conduct technical and economic analyses to determine the actual operating needs and constraints of NDACs - Conduct market analyses to evaluate and identify the marketing issues associated with NDACs - Document the results of the project in a final report In recent years, the number of environmental permits mandating the use of natural draft aerial coolers to reduce noise has increased. Natural draft aerial cooler technology can potentially eliminate noise and improve operational energy efficiency. A broad group of applications could benefit from this technology, including natural gas, engine jacket water, auxiliary water, and engine lube oil cooling. With noise regulations and penalties becoming increasingly stringent, natural draft heat transfer technology is becoming more important. No organization has as yet fully investigated it. The technical and economic feasibility of NDACs were investigated for natural gas, engine jacket water, auxiliary water, and lube oil cooler applications.
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Carpenter, Marie, und William Lazonick. The Pursuit of Shareholder Value: Cisco’s Transformation from Innovation to Financialization. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, Februar 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp202.
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Once the global leader in telecommunication systems and the Internet, over the past two decades the United States has fallen behind global competitors, and in particular China, in mobile communication infrastructure—specifically 5G and Internet of Things (IoT). This national failure, with the socioeconomic and geopolitical tensions that it creates, is not due to a lack of US government investment in the knowledge required for the mobility revolution. Nor is it because of a dearth of domestic demand for the equipment, devices, and applications that can make use of this infrastructure. Rather, the problem is the dereliction of key US-based business corporations to take the lead in making the investments in organizational learning required to generate cutting edge communication-infrastructure products. No company in the United States exemplifies this deficiency more than Cisco Systems, the business corporation founded in Silicon Valley in 1984 that had explosive growth in the 1990s to become the foremost global enterprise-networking equipment producer in the Internet revolution. This paper provides in-depth analysis of Cisco’s organizational failure, attributing it ultimately to the company’s turn from innovation in the last decades of 20th century to financialization in the early decades of the 21st century. Since 2001, Cisco’s top management has chosen to allocate corporate cash to open-market share repurchases— aka stock buybacks—for the purpose of giving manipulative boosts to the company stock price rather than make the investments in organizational learning required to become a world leader in communication-infrastructure equipment for the era of 5G and IoT. From October 2001 through October 2022, Cisco spent $152.3 billion—95 percent of its net income over the period—on stock buybacks for the purpose of propping up its stock price. These funds wasted in pursuit of “maximizing shareholder value” were on top of the $55.5 billion that Cisco paid out to shareholders in dividends, representing an additional 35 percent of net income. In this paper, we trace how Cisco grew from a Silicon Valley startup in 1984 to become, through its innovative products, the world leader in enterprise-networking equipment over the next decade and a half. As the company entered the 21st century, building on its dominance of enterprise-networking, Cisco was positioned to upgrade its technological capabilities to become a major infrastructureequipment vendor to service providers. We analyze how and why, when the Internet boom turned to bust in 2001, the organizational structure that enabled Cisco to dominate enterprise networking posed constraints related to manufacturing and marketing on the company’s growth in the more sophisticated infrastructure-equipment segment. We then document how from 2002 Cisco turned from innovation to financialization, as it used its ample profits to do stock buybacks to prop up its stock price. Finally, we ponder the larger policy implications of Cisco’s turn from innovation to financialization for the competitive position of the US information-and-communication technology (ICT) industry in the global economy.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak und Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.