Dissertationen zum Thema „Mandarin“
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1
Li, Feifei. „On the interpretation of negation in Mandarin Chinese“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669731.
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Esta disertación tiene como objetivo investigar experimentalmente la interpretación de la negación en chino mandarín (MC), a saber, cuando se combinan múltiples expresiones negativas en una oración, cuando las expresiones negativas se usan como respuestas fragmentarias a preguntas negativas, y cuando los hablantes nativos muestran desacuerdo respecto a una afirmación negativa o a una pregunta polar negativa.
Primeramente se examina si existen circunstancias que posibiliten una lectura de negación única (SN) a pesar de que el MC se caracterice por ser una lengua en la que, dentro de los límites de un único dominio sentencial, dos expresiones negativas se cancelan entre sí para producir una lectura positiva . Para testar esta hipótesis, se realizó un experimento de percepción en línea con hablantes nativos de MC . Los resultados mostraron que la lecturas de SN era efectivamente posible, particularmente cuando la primera de las dos expresiones negativas era un complemento (es decir, cóngláibù / cóngláiméi(yǒu) 'nunca') o cuando había tensión en la segunda expresión negativa (es decir, los marcadores negativos méi(yǒu) 'no' y bù 'no').
Seguidamente, esta disertación explora los desajustes en la interpretación de las expresiones negativas argumentales de MC (a saber, méi(yǒu)rén ‘nadie’ y méi(yǒu)shénme ‘nada’) cuando se usan como respuestas fragmentarias a preguntas negativas. Los resultados de nuestro experimento en el ámbito de la producción oral, mostraron que los correlatos acústicos que caracterizan estas respuestas fragmentarias afloran no sólo cuando transmiten doble negación (DN), sino también significados SN. Concretamente, las lecturas de DN muestran una duración más corta, más variación de tono, mayor tono máximo y mayor trayecto de tono ascendente. Los resultados de nuestro experimento de percepción de audio muestran además que cuando los hablantes nativos de MC perciben estos correlatos prosódicos los usan con naturalidad para distinguir lecturas DN y SN de expresiones negativas argumentales utilizadas como respuestas fragmentarias.
Finalmente, esta disertación aborda la cuestión central de si MC es una lengua canónica basada en la verdad. Se realizó un experimento de producción oral. Los resultados mostraron que los hablantes de MC transmiten acuerdo/desacuerdo ayudándose de una combinación de estrategias lexico-sintácticas Es importante destacar que el uso de partículas positivas o negativas, resultado esperado en lenguas basadas en la verdad, solo apareció en el 82% de las respuestas tipo acuerdo y en el 52% de las respuestas de tipo desacuerdo rechazo, respectivamente.
En consecuencia, esta disertación proporciona una nueva comprensión de la interpretación de la negación en MC como lengua DN y como lengua basada en la verdad.This dissertation aims to experimentally investigate the interpretation of negation in Mandarin Chinese (MC), namely, when multiple negative expressions combine in a sentence, when negative expressions are used as fragment answers to negative questions, and when native speakers express rejection to a negative assertion or a negative polar question. It first examines whether a single negation (SN) reading may be possible under certain conditions, despite the fact that MC has been characterized as a language in which two negative expressions within the boundaries of a single sentential domain cancel each other to yield a positive reading. To test this hypothesis, an online perception experiment was conducted with native MC speakers. The results showed that SN readings were indeed obtained, particularly when the first of the two negative expressions was an adjunct (i.e., cóngláibù/cóngláiméi(yǒu) ‘never’) or there was stress on the second negative expression (i.e., the negative markers méi(yǒu) ‘not’ and bù ‘not’). Next, this dissertation explores the mismatches in the interpretation of MC argumental negative expressions (namely, méi(yǒu)rén ‘no one’ and méi(yǒu)shénme ‘nothing’) when they are used as fragment answers to negative wh-questions. The results of our production experiment showed that the acoustic correlates that characterize these fragment answers are identified when they convey not only double negation (DN) but also SN meanings. More specifically, DN readings show shorter duration, more pitch variation, higher maximum pitch, and larger rising pitch excursion. The results of our audio perception experiment further showed that native speakers of MC perceive these prosodic correlates and reliably use them to distinguish between DN and SN readings of argumental negative expressions used as fragment answers. Finally, this dissertation addresses the central question of whether MC is a canonical truth-based language. The results showed that MC speakers convey confirmation/rejection by relying on a combination of lexico-syntactic strategiestogether with prosodic and gestural strategies. Importantly, the use of a positive or a negative particle, which was the expected outcome in truth-based languages, only appeared in 82% of the confirming answers and in 52% of the rejecting answers, respectively. Our results bring into question the macroparametric division between truth-based and polarity-based languages and calls for a more general view of the instantiation of a CONFIRM/REJECT speech act that integrates lexical and syntactic strategies with prosodic and gestural strategies. Consequently, this dissertation provides a new understanding of the interpretation of negation in MC as a so-called DN language and as a so-called truth-based language.
2
佐藤圭司 und Keiji Sato. „Contrastive study of “Putonghua(Mandarin)”and “Taiwanguoyu( Taiwan Mandarin)”“. 碩士, 東吳大學, 1985. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22085SCU04079001%22.&searchmode=basic.
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Lima, Ligia Wey Neves. „O ensino de mandarim no Brasil: um estudo comparativo entre os sistemas pinyin e zhuyin fuhao“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-07122012-110235/.
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O presente estudo busca fazer uma comparação entre dois sistemas de transliteração do mandarim, o pinyin e o zhuyin fuhao, no contexto do ensino de chinês no Brasil. Para tanto, a pesquisa baseou-se na dissertação de Lin (2007) e, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistou cinco alunos que estudaram por meio de cada sistema. A análise dos resultados sugere que os alunos que estudaram por meio do sistema pinyin apresentam maior dificuldade na pronúncia de fonemas aspirados e não aspirados do mandarim em comparação com alunos do sistema zhuyin fuhao.The research aims to compare two Mandarin transliteration systems, pinyin and zhuyin fuhao, in the current situation of Chinese teaching in Brazil. The study was based on the dissertation of Lin (2007) and, using qualitative research, interviewed five mandarin students for each system. The results suggest that those who have studied by pinyin had greater difficulty in pronouncing aspirated and unaspirated consonants of Mandarin in comparison with zhuyin fuhao students.
4
Xu, Shu Hua. „Topics in the Morphology and Phonology of Mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501186/.
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This thesis examines some selective cases of morphophonemic alternation in Mandarin Chinese. It presents analyses of the function -of the retroflex suffix -r and describes several conditions for tone sandhi. The suffix -r functions not simply as a noun formative. Some of the suffixed forms have consistently different meanings from the roots on which they are based. The suffix -r also plays a role in poetry as a time-filler to make each line of a poem fulfill the requirements of the strict number of characters and rhyme. This thesis also explains what causes the tone pattern of words such as xiaojie and jiejie to be pronounced differently. These tonal changes are found to be related to the way in which a word is formed. Compounding, reduplication and suffixation differ with respect to how they effect tone sandhi. Tone alternations in actual speech are explored to determine how tone sandhi produces each pronunciation and how grammatical structure and other factors are relevant.
5
Kim, Kwangjo. „A phonological study of Middle Mandarin : reflected in Korean sources of the mid-15th and early 16th centuries /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11147.
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陳浩琳 und Ho-lam Pauline Chan. „Mandarin dichotic digit test: normative findings for Mandarin-speaking young adults“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41547950.
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Chan, Ho-lam Pauline. „Mandarin dichotic digit test normative findings for Mandarin-speaking young adults /“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41547950.
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Liu, Chang. „Existential Sentences in Mandarin Chinese : (Les phrases existentielles en chinois mandarin)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA080100.
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Cette thèse s’attache à l’étude de la syntaxe et de la sémantique de quatre types de phrases existentielles (PS) en chinois mandarin. Selon le classement proposé par Huang (1987), ces PS sont basées sur yǒu « avoir » (Type I), sur des verbes de dis/apparition comme lái « venir » et sǐ « mourir » (Type II), sur des verbes de localisation comme zuò « s'asseoir » (Type III) et sur des Constructions de Prédication Secondaire ou Presentational Amalgam Constructions (Type IV). Pour chaque type d’PS, nous proposons une analyse syntaxique non-uniforme basée sur ses propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques.Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions la PS basée sur yǒu « avoir », à la fois dans des contextes racine et dans certains contextes enchâssés. Les PS basées sur yǒu « avoir » consistent en un syntagme nominal de localisation (« localiser phrase ») suivi par yǒu « avoir », un pivot et une coda. Les chercheurs les ont comparées aux PS « there be » en anglais (Milsark 1974, McNally 1997). Dans les contextes racine, nous montrons que la PS avec un sujet manifeste (syntagme nominal de localisation) a une structure prédicationnelle, et que le pivot dénote une propriété. En revanche, la PS sans sujet manifeste a un sujet explétif, et le pivot est un argument interne. Avec une coda, le complément de yǒu « have » est considéré comme une phrase relative (PR) à tête interne, dans laquelle la tête interne se déplace vers Spec,CP de la clause (analyse par montée, cf. Simpson 2003/1997). Nous montrons en outre que ce type de PR dans les constructions yǒu-PS partage une structure de base avec la phrase relative pré-nominale dotée d’un démonstratif (sans le marqueur de modification de). Ce type d’approche rappelle une analyse des phrases relatives libres « Free Relatives » définies et indéfinies en chuj qui partagent une structure relative commune (Kotek & Erlewine 2016).Dans certains contextes enchâssés tels que la phrase rúguǒ « si » et le sujet phrasal, la yǒu-PS n’est pas sujette à la contrainte d’indéfinitude (Li 1996). Nous suivons Li en analysant le complément de yǒu « avoir » comme ayant une structure vP/VP. Nous montrons qu’un tel vP dénote le type d’événement « event type ». Le sujet est un explétif.En outre, nous proposons une première analyse des Presentational Amalgam Constructions (PACs). Les PACs ont été étudiées sous le nom de Constructions de Prédication Secondaire dans la littérature (Tsai 1994, Del Gobbo 2014). Le terme implique l’analyse selon laquelle la coda est un prédicat secondaire. Nous montrons que la séquence post-verbale a une structure de la phrase relative, avec le pivot engendré en tant qu’une tête relative externe, et la coda adjointe à gauche du pivot. À l'intérieur de la coda, la tête interne NP se déplace et s’efface contre la tête externe (analyse « matching »). L’ordre de surface est obtenu grâce au mouvement du pivot vers une position d’objet supérieure. Cette analyse ranime partiellement l'analyse de Tai (1978)This dissertation investigates the syntax and semantics of four types of Existential sentences (ESs) classified by Huang (1987) in Mandarin Chinese. These ESs are based on yǒu ‘have’ (Type I), verbs of (dis)appearances like lái ‘come’ and sǐ ‘die’ (Type II), locational verbs like zuò ‘sit' (Type III) and Presentational Amalgam Constructions (Type IV). For each type of ESs, I propose non-uniform syntactic analysis based on their syntactic and semantic properties.In Chapter 2, we investigate the yǒu ‘have’-ES both in root contexts and in certain embedded contexts. Full-fledged yǒu ‘have’-ESs are composed of a pre-yǒu localiser phrase, yǒu ‘have’, a pivot and a coda. Scholars have compared them to English there be existentials (Milsark 1974, McNally 1997). In root contexts, it is argued that the ES with a subject (a localiser phrase) has a predication structure, and the pivot denotes property. By contrast, the ES without an overt subject has an expletive subject, and the pivot is an internal argument. We argue that yǒu ‘have’ is not an unaccusative verb. With a coda, the complement of yǒu ‘have’ is argued to be a left-headed Internally Headed Relative Clause, in which the internal head moves to Spec,CP of the clause (Raising Analysis, see also Simpson 2003/1997). It is further argued that this type of RC in yǒu-ESs has a common core structure with the pre-nominal relative clause with a demonstrative head noun (without the modification marker de). This is reminiscent of the analysis that definite and indefinite free relatives share a common relative clause structure in Chuj (Kotek & Erlewine 2016).In certain embedded contexts such as rúguǒ ‘if’-clause and sentential subject, the yǒu-ES does not exhibit the Definiteness Effect (Li 1996). We follow Li in analysing the complement of yǒu ‘have’ as having a vP/VP structure. We take this vP to denote event type. The subject is an expletive. Furthermore, I provide my first analysis of Presentational Amalgam Constructions (PACs). The PAC has been studied under the name Secondary Predication Constructions in the literature (Tsai 1994, Del Gobbo 2014). The term implies the analysis in which the coda is a secondary predicate. I argue that the post-verbal sequence has a relative clause, in which the pivot is the External Head, and the coda is originally left-adjoined to the pivot. Inside the coda clause, the Internal Head NP moves and gets elided against the External Head (Matching Analysis). The surface pivot-coda order is achieved as a result of the movement of the pivot to a higher object position. This analysis partially revives Tai’s (1978) analysis
9
Khouw, Edward, und 許源豐. „Mandarin dichotic digit test and mainland Mandarin hearing in noise test: normative findings for Mandarin-speaking school age children“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4448978X.
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Lee, Lai-fong Joanna. „Consonants and contrastive features in developmental Putonghua“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208310.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2002."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2002." Also available in print.
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Van, Everbroeck Ezra Laurens. „A connectionist model of the effect of pro-drop on SVO languages“. Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3258832.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 8, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-209).
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Liu, Tianhan. „Modal concord in Mandarin“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54769.
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The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze modal concord in Mandarin Chinese. Modal concord is a semantic phenomenon in which multiple modal words in a sentence are interpreted semantically as if there was only a single modal expression. The thesis provides a description of the Mandarin modal system (especially the necessity modals), following the formal analysis of Kratzer (1991) and von Fintel & Iatridou (2008). The generalization is established that a concord reading is available only when the modals agree in their modal type, ordering sources and quantificational force. This generalization cannot be accounted for by the current modal concord analyses: the modal logic approach and the type-shifting analysis from Huitink (2008). Inspired by global theories of negative concord such as de Swart & Sag (2002), a fusion analysis is proposed to account for modal concord, which treats the multiple modals in a concord reading as equal to each other in the sense that their combination is semantically equivalent to each modal alone, leading to a single modality interpretation.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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陳達宗 und Tat-chung Chan. „Automatic labelling of mandarin“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213959.
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Byun, Jiwon. „L'isolat mandarin de Ganzhou“. Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0146.
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Cette thèse mène une analyse linguistique du dialecte de Ganzhou. A la différence de l'hypothèse dominante, cette thèse insiste sur le fait que les migrations ayant pris place tout au long du cycle économique de la moitié du seizième siècle sont au coeur de l'explication de la genèse de ce dialecte, tout en acceptant l'idée que la période de cette genèse se situe probablement à l'époque des Ming. Pour parvenir à ce résultat, on a recours à plusieurs analyses complémentaires. Tout d'abord, l'analyse synchronique montre que les traits grammaticaux du dialecte de Ganzhou ressemblent beaucoup à ceux des dialectes mandarins du sud. Ensuite, l'analyse diachronique révèle des similarités fortes entre ce dialecte et le Guanhua des Ming-Qing. Enfin, les résultats de l'étude comparative menée à l'aide de la méthodologie des innovations communes confirment définitivement que ce dialecte appartient au même groupe que les dialectes de Liuzhou, de Nanjing et le Guanhua des Ming-QingThis study provides a linguistic analysis of the dialect isolate of Ganzhou. This study suggests that, contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis, the immigration that took place in mid-16th century to Ganzhou because of the regional economic prosperity had a significant impact on the genesis of this dialect. This happened probably during the Ming period. In order to support these suggestions, several different analyses were used in this study. First, the synchronic analysis shows that the grammatical properties of the dialect of Ganzhou are very similar to those of the Southern Mandarins. Secondly, the diachronic analysis reveals a very strong similarity between the Ganzhou dialect and the Ming/Qing koine. Finally, the results from the comparative analysis conducted with the help of the shared innovations method show that the Ganzhou dialect belongs to the same sub-group as the dialects of Liuzhou, Nanjing, and the Guanhua koine of the Ming/Qing period
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Chan, Tat-chung. „Automatic labelling of mandarin /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18037306.
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Che, Dewei, und 車德偉. „The syntax of particles in Mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206676.
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Chinese is noted for its rich inventory of particles that help to form sentences. However, a precise definition of particle is hard to achieve due to its wide range of forms and functions. Most words that are hard to categorize are dumped into this class. Naturally, there are two consequences that come out of this: 1) the difference is huge among groups and subgroups; 2) there seems to be no interconnectedness between groups. In these circumstances, this study mainly aims to address two issues: a) to establish particle as a theoretical construct that is distinguishable from other well-established constructs, and b) to present a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese.
Through a close examination on particles in the cross-linguistic literature, it is found that particles in Mandarin Chinese are characterized by syntactic deficiency, i.e. inability to project. This study thus defines a Chinese particle as a ‘non-projecting word which is adjoined to X^(0,).
A systematic account of particles in Chinese has remained as a conundrum due to their diversity. This study concerns two groups of particles in Mandarin Chinese, namely the structural particles and the verbal particles. The former has long been discussed in Chinese literature, while the latter is evolved out of this study. It is adequately shown that the so-called ‘verb-complement compounds’ in traditional Chinese literature are indeed ‘verb-particle combinations’. Accordingly, three types of verbal particles are specified in this study: aspectual, resultative, and directional. The syntactic behaviours of the structural particles and the verbal particles are intensively explored in this study. A unified analysis of these particles is achieved under the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. It turns out that all of them share the same representation at c-structure. As a non-projecting category, the particle is head-adjoined to X and thus the formation of a syntactic construct. In other words, the particle is syntactically combined rather than lexically combined, represented by two nodes in a tree diagram. Their grammatical functions can be captured at f-structure with two possibilities: a co-head or an XCOMP.
The same analysis is generalized to the syntax of the particle ge and the verbal particles in Cantonese. It is proved that particles in Cantonese also feature syntactic deficiency (i.e. inability to project).
This dissertation is among the first of its kind to provide a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese. It is observed that certain particles are quite distinguishable from other word classes by their phrase structural realization. Different from previous studies that have tried to classify particles mainly according to their meanings and functions, this study explores another possibility: particles in Chinese can be captured structurally as a coherent group.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Scott, Amanda. „An examination of the syntactic and semantic characteristics of Shang and Xia in Mandarin“. Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133667.
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This thesis examines some of the major aspects of the semantic and syntactic characteristics of
'shang' and 'xia' in Mandarin Chinese. One of their basic meanings relates to the vertical
dimension, both 'shang' and 'xia, being involved in the indication of vertical direction and
position. It is seen that this vertical dimension can extend into the realms of quantity, status,
sequencing and time. The use of vertical terms in these extended areas is found in other
languages, such as English, suggesting that there may some perceptual, cognitive and/or
experiential bases for such extensions. The very productive use of 'shai1g' and 'xia' in
sequencing and time in Mandarin is noted and it is suggested that this may be related to the
importance of hierarchical relations Chinese culture.
The grammatical functions of 'shang' and 'xia' are also examined. As verb complements
the two morphemes are involved in marking perfectivity. This seems to be due as much to the
fact that they are directionals, thus involving concepts such as goal and source, as to their
specific vertical meanings. Comparisons are made with the use of spatial terms as aspectual
markers in other languages. The role of 'shang' and 'xia' as place word markers is also
considered.
TI1e thesis looks at the grammatical status of 'shang' and 'xia', and notes the relationship
between this and their inherent semantic meanings. 'Shang' is identified as the unmarked
member of the pair and is also the morpheme which, when acting as a localiser, appears to have
gone further along the path from lexical to grammatical material since in some cases it see·ms to
have little semantic content and just serves a grammatical function.
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Xie, Guanghua. „Rhythm, intonation and focus in Mandarin : syllabic volume as an acoustic correlate of metrical structure“. Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133894.
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In the last decade the theory of metrical phonology has
been an important development in linguistic theory. It began by
concentrating on stress and rhythmical phenomena in English. The main
idea of metrical phonology is that phonological strings are not merely linear
sequences but are hierarchically structured. Stress patterns of rhythm reflect,
to some extent at least, relations of prominence between the constituents of
sentences. The relative prominence of each constituent in a metrical tree is
indicated by nodes at different levels. Each node is labeled either s or w
where s means 'stronger than' and w means 'weaker than' its sister node
(Hogg and McCully 1987: 62-75). However, how can the relationship between
strong and weak constituents be interpreted physically? What kind of
value can be identified as an acoustic correlate of metrical structure? Up to
now there has been little work addressing these problems. In this thesis I
concentrate on· these questions in relation to rhythm, intonation, and focus
in the Mandarin sentence JINTIAN TA BAN JIA (She/he is moving house
today). The aim of my thesis is to develop the hierarchical rhythm approach
and suggest that syllabic volume (a three dimensional acoustic value) can be
identified as the acoustic correlate of metrical structure.
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Tsai, Yaping. „Aspects of distributivity in Mandarin Chinese“. Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 190 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833642541&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Law, Hin-cheung Hubert. „A language model for mandarin Chinese /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20667292.
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Khumalo, Ngcebo Parton. „Factors affecting post-storage quality of "Nules Clementine" mandarin fruit with special reference to rind breakdown /“. Thesis, Link to online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/559.
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Jennings, Lara-Jill. „Psychometrically Equivalent Digital Recordings for Speech Audiometry Testing in Mandarin Chinese: Standard Mandarin Dialect“. Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1124.pdf.
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余永華 und Wing-wa Yu. „Students' command of Mandarin and Cantonese in anEnglish-Mandarin bilingual school in Hong Kong“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40717896.
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Zhang, Ning. „Syntactic dependencies in Mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27759.pdf.
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Zhou, Hong. „Vowel systems in Mandarin languages“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/NQ45731.pdf.
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Bell, Daniel Melvin. „Syntactic change in Xining Mandarin“. Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4067.
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This dissertation discusses the Xining Mandarin dialect (spoken in Qinghai province, northwest China), a variety in which head-final syntax has emerged on the model of local Mongolic languages and Tibetan. The underlying socio-historical scenario is explored in detail and analysed as a case of 'fort creolization' (Bickerton 1988). An overview is then provided of how head-final categories emerged in the dialect, namely through reanalysing Chinese form-meaning units to fulfil functions found in the substrate languages, with comparatively little reordering of grammatical devices inherent to Chinese or outright borrowing of substrate forms. The relevant changes are discussed in relation to Heine and Kuteva's (2005) model of contact-induced grammaticalization and findings from creole studies. Detailed discussion of the dialect's clausal syntax focuses on aspect marking, tense/mood marking, non-lexical functions of SAY and object scrambling. With regard to the aspectual system, an account is proposed of ZHE, which is typologically unusual in showing imperfective/perfective polysemy. Tense and modality is then considered with regard to the sentential particle lia, and its future marking function is seen to be conditioned by the aspectual class of the sentence, providing evidence of aspectually sensitive tenses (de Swart 1998) in Chinese. In terms of non-lexical functions of SAY, a range of clause-final uses are discussed, including as a complementizer and volitional mood marker, whilst discourse marking uses of SAY are interpreted in light of Traugott's (1995, 2010) notion of (inter)subjectification. Finally, object fronting in the dialect is shown to possess the properties of Japanese style scrambling, despite the absence of this type of movement across other Chinese dialects. Its existence in the Xining dialect, where phrase-structure change has occurred from head-initial to head-final, is argued to provide broad support for the correlation between head-final syntax and scrambling formalized by the Generalized Holmberg Constraint (Wallenberg 2009).
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Miracle, W. Charles. „Discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese“. The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1232114951.
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28
Miracle, William Charles. „Discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese /“. Connect to resource, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1232114951.
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29
Wang, Sung Lan. „Evaluating competing models of codeswitching with reference to Mandarin/Tsou and Mandarin/Southern Min data“. Thesis, Bangor University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438821.
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30
Lindsey, Jeanne K. Nelson Robert G. Ebel Robert C. „Economic evaluation of protection against freezes in Satsuma mandarin production“. Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Dissertations/Lindsey_Jeanne_3.pdf.
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31
Tsao, Feng-Ming. „The effects of language experience on the perception of affricate and fricative consonants in English-speaking and Mandarin-speaking adults and young infants /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8202.
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Yang, Henrietta Shu-fen Bhatt Rajesh Green Lisa J. „Plurality and modification in Mandarin nominal phrases“. 2005. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2198/yangd17828.pdf.
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0acw, MobXiao Qiu, und 莫小秋. „Mandarin posture verbs“. Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25418392772429930976.
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碩士國立中正大學
語言學研究所
86
The aim of this thesis is to classify Mandarin posture verbs. Mandarin posture verbs can be subcategorized into three classes in terms of their semantic distinction. The first is verbs of stationary posture, the second is verbs of drifting posture, and the last is verbs of hanging posture. All these verbs are particular in that they contain two contrast situations, namely dynamic and stative situations, in their event structure. In this study, wefound htat categorizing these verbs within Vendler's four categories cannot fullyaccount for this ambiguous situation. Therefore, the lexical semantic representation of event structure is proposed, as it allows the combination of two situations within one event structure. With the description of lexical semantic, the situation within the event structure of Mandarin posture verbs and the ambiguities resulting from traditionalclassification can be extensively described and explained by adopting the cenceptscontextual coercion and aspectual viewpoint focus. Therefore, we know that verbclssification is assumed to the the one, which can also be used to reflect the nature of word meaning.
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Li, Kuei-niang, und 李貴娘. „Mandarin Degree Adverbs“. Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52844553642623034069.
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35
Tsai, Lan-Pin, und 蔡藍儐. „The interpretation and transformation of Mandarin textbook by Mandarin expert teachers“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k3fp25.
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博士國立東華大學
課程設計與潛能開發學系
100
The purpose of this study was to comprehend how Mandarin expert teachers interpret and transform the Mandarin textbooks. This research presents the way expert teachers utilized Mandarin text books and thus provides suggestions for training programs to Mandarin teachers. Teacher profession, teaching profession and the construct of Mandarin teaching were discussed within literature review so that the possibilities of Mandarin expert teachers were defined. Followed by the analysis of Mandarin as a school subject and Mandarin textbooks, this research reveals how the textbooks were implemented. Schwab’s practice to explore a model was manipulated as the main concept to explain the process of how Mandarin expert teachers interpret and transform their textbooks. During the process, the interpretation frameworks were discovered along with the analysis of the textbooks. This research employed qualitative methodologies including interviews, classroom observations and the assembling of teaching documents to examine four Mandarin expert teachers and explored how they interpret and transform textbooks. The results discovered were: 1. Mandarin expert teachers carried out theories during the process of interpreting and transforming textbooks. 2. Mandarin expert teachers had their beliefs adjusted and keep a temporary balance. 3. Students are the key factor for expert teachers on how they interpret and transform the textbooks. 4. Mandarin expert teachers are familiar with the construct of the subject and the modification of textbooks. 5. When it comes to interpreting and transforming, Mandarin expert teachers use text books as their priorities. 6. Cognition, competence and content are the main factors when expert teachers interpret textbooks. 7. Re-organization and supplement are the main strategies for transforming textbooks. Lastly, this study provides suggestions for follow up research regarding Mandarin expert teachers, interpreting and transforming text books.
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Yang, Henrietta Shu-fen. „Plurality and modification in Mandarin nominal phrases“. Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2198.
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Du, Yao. „Mandarin morphosyntax development in bilingual Mandarin-English children with and Without SLI“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25893.
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Over the past decade, there have been diverse theoretical perspectives and increasing empirical literature on bilingualism and specific language impairment (SLI), some of which highlighted the complex nature of accurately diagnosing SLI in bilingual populations. The goal of the current study is to enhance our understanding of morphosyntax development in an understudied bilingual population - Mandarin-English children who are growing up in an L2-dominant environment (English) in the United States. The study included a total of 55 bilingual Mandarin-English children between the ages of four and seven years, including 53 typically developing (TD) children and 2 children diagnosed with SLI. Using a newly developed screening test - the Bilingual English-Mandarin Oral Screener (BEMOS), we compared Mandarin performance in both TD and SLI children on 7 morphosyntax tasks which respectively measure passive -bei, possessive -de, prepositional phrases, noun classifiers, quantifier and scope, aspects (imperfective “-zai” and perfective “-le”), and sentence repetition. Our analysis of TD bilingual children revealed a trend towards a significant age effect in the total score and a near-significant effect in the preposition and the aspect sub-sections of the screener. When age was considered, perceived Mandarin proficiency by parents was associated with TD bilingual children’s performance. All students performed poorly on the classifier section, but our error analysis showed a predominant response pattern of imitation, suggesting bilingual children have growing sensitivity and are attentive to semantic similarity of nouns. Overgeneralized use of the general classifier “ge” was also observed in the errors. Both children with SLI scored lower overall compared to their age- and gender-matched TD peers, especially in the classifier and quantifier & scope sections. Reliable clinical markers were not identified due to the two SLI children’s distinct performance. Clinical implications and future research needs were also discussed.text
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Shen, Jia-Lin, und 沈家麟. „Improved Mandarin Dictation: New Technologies and Golden Mandarin(III) Windows 95 Version“. Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29721215767717818545.
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39
江素華. „current phonetic features of Taiwan Mandarin and the teaching of Mandarin pronunciation“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07790411039058568161.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學研究所
98
The purpose of this study is to compare the phonetic features of the Mandarin spoken by the young people of today and that of previous generations who had learnt Mandarin after Taiwan Restoration in order to disclose the current phonetic features of Mandarin in Taiwan so that the second language learners of Mandarin can adopt the accent of Taiwan Mandarin more easily. This study aims to collect the phonetic data and personal opinions of two groups regarding Mandarin. One group consists of 30 Taiwanese young people, while the other consists of 30 participants over the age of 50. From this data and by utilizing related theories and research material, the causes and features of Taiwanese Mandarin in relation to standard phonetics, Southern Min and Hakka will be analyzed. Furthermore, this study aims to disclose the current phonetic features of Mandarin in Taiwan, to explicate the language policy of Taiwan, as well as the attitudes and expectations of Taiwanese society toward the standard language, and to present some suggestions regarding Taiwanese Mandarin in relation to teaching Chinese for foreign learners.
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Yu-ting, Su, und 蘇鈺婷. „Perception and Production of Mandarin Speech by Mandarin/ Southern Min Early Bilinguals“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63493837268565244793.
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碩士國立中正大學
語言學研究所
99
This thesis investigates the perception and production of Mandarin speech by Mandarin and Southern Min early bilinguals. According to Sebastian-Galles & Soto-Faraco (1999), even if exposure to a second language (L2) was before 6 years old, the early bilinguals are not comparable in perception to those bilinguals who acquired it from birth. In the present study, we included two groups of early bilinguals to test the validity of the claim. Experiment 1 employed a modified gating task following Grosjean (1980) to measure speakers‘ Mandarin perception ability. The results showed that Southern Min-dominant bilinguals needed slightly more information to perform the Mandarin identification task. The results were consistent with previous research in the literature: even though L2 speakers learned their second language at a rather early age, they were less efficient in learning L2 than those who acquired it from birth. Experiment 2 investigated whether Mandarin production ability could be predicted from perception ability. We also have linguistically experienced raters and linguistically inexperienced raters judged the ―Mandarin-likeness‖ of the recordings. The perception results showed that Southern Min-dominant bilinguals were faster and more accurate to identify Mandarin-specific phonemes, while the Mandarin production task results showed a tendency for Mandarin-dominant speakers to get higher scores. The two groups of raters didn‘t differ significantly in rating the speech, but there was a trend for experienced raters to give higher scores on the same materials. Experiment 3 aims to solve the puzzle posed by the inconsistent results between Experiments 1 and 2, and it followed Experiment 2 except that the Southern Min fluency test came before the Mandarin perception task. The results showed that Mandarin-dominant speakers were faster to respond correctly in the Mandarin identification task, as in Experiment 1. Again, null results were obtained when trying to predict production from perception. To sum up, the present study found that early exposure can have an effect, though slight, on L2 Mandarin phoneme identification. In addition, we could not predict perception from production or vice versa. What‘s more, we found a language task order effect on Mandarin-dominant bilinguals when they performed Mandarin identification task.
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WEN-YANG, CHANG, und 張文陽. „A Mandarin-English Mixed TTS Constructed By Independent Mandarin And English Corpora“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8rd333.
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42
Chuang, Chien-Lung, und 莊建龍. „Negation in Mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/que94j.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用日語學系碩士班
92
In this thesis, I will focus on and also clarify the verbal meaning and structure of Mandarin on the basis of generative grammar. In modern Chinese, two representative negative words are bu and meiyou; as for the problems about whether both of them are allomorphs or independent elements, or if both of them do not function in negative words or negative sentences, or if even the problem of the definition of “negation” in Syntactic Structure and so on …; in all related research about negation in Mandarin, scholars still have different thoughts and different conclusions about the problems; they still can not come to make any conclusions about all the problems mentioned above. Therefore, in this thesis, I will use generative grammar as the theory basis, and also consider negation in Japanese and English to explain the negative Syntactic Structure in Chinese as well as find the “universal” in all languages at the same time. Although I view the most frequently used and the most representative bu and meiyou as my main topics, in order to clarify the Syntactic Structure of the negative sentence, my thesis also includes bu shi in negative sentences, and also involves the concept of “contrary negation” and “contradictory negation”. Besides constructing new Syntactic Structures of new negation in Chinese, it also proves that syntax and semantics correspond with each other. Moreover, by discussing negation, universal quantifier, tense marker, adverb in proposition, in Chinese, Japanese, and English, I can clearly point out the communal structures of contrary negation and contradictory negation. Also, the communal structure can be used to distinguish contrary negation and contradictory negation in prohibition sentences.
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Ren, Fei Ph D. „Futurity in Mandarin Chinese“. 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17729.
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This dissertation provides an extensive analysis of how Mandarin, as a tenseless language, conveys futurity. It reveals that futurity in Mandarin is expressed primarily by future adverbials and future forms conveying irrealis modality. Modal auxiliaries and future-oriented verbs are two major types of future forms. It argues that although all the root modals and relevant modal main verbs can refer to the future, some epistemic modals cannot, even though the epistemic modals all allow future interpretation of their complements. The dissertation also investigates the interaction of the future modals and the aspectual viewpoint morphemes in Chinese. The perfective viewpoint morphemes -le and -guo and the imperfective viewpoint morphemes zai and -zhe appear with the future forms only in special contexts. It proposes that the compatibility of -le and -guo with a future form relies on the satisfaction of one of the two conditions: (1) -le and -guo do not share the reference time with the future form, and (2) -le and-guo are not immediately contained in the complement of the future form. Unlike -le and -guo, the appearance of zai and -zhe with a future form pertains to the compatibility of their aspectual meaning with the pragmatic uses of the future morpheme.text
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王世煜. „Negation in mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70644680391285767064.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
87
Abstract It can be traced back to Wang (1965) that the study of negation of Mandarin Chinese within the framework of generative grammar. In addition, its treatment on the interaction between negators and verbal aspects profoundly effects most of his followers on this issue. However, as the development of the contemporary linguistic theory, it calls the need to reconsider these old data and accommodate them into the new theoretical models. This thesis is devoted to inspect the syntactic behaviors of negation in Mandarin such as its distribution restriction, interpretation and interaction with other functional categories. This thesis is made of four chapters: in chapter 1, we sketch the general properties of negation and negators in Mandarin. In chapter 2, we offer a brief discussion on those representing approaches concerning this topic. In chapter 3, it provides with our analyses to the syntax of negation. And we give our conclusions and problems remaining unsolved in chapter 4. Pursuing Pollock''s (1989) "Split-I" hypothesis, we assume that bu and meiyou are two separate negators adjoint to ModP and AspP respectively. Moreover, we propose that an implicit modal plays the key role on the determination of the distribution and interpretation of bu in sentences. There are several reasons for us to assume the existence of an implicit modal: first, the insertion of bu into a declarative clause changes its modality. Secondly, even without any modals present, certain modality is borne out with bu. Thirdly, bu''s distribution is analogous to specific modals. We also give arguments to clarify a somewhat misleading idea that bu can''t co-occur with verbal aspects directly and has to transform itself into mei first.
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„Parasitic gaps in Mandarin“. 2014. http://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-1291888.
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Law, Hoi Ki.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-141).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 29, November, 2016).
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Hsu, Chih-Hung, und 許誌宏. „Mandarin Spontaneous Speech Recognition“. Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12874123083898054865.
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碩士國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
99
In recent years, the read-speech recognition technology has been quite mature, and the goal for the next phase will be transferred to spontaneous speech recognition; therefore, this paper will establish a Chinese spontaneous speech recognition system. In this paper, we will describe how to build the spontaneous acoustic model first. In the language model, there are many popular spoken word, particle and expletive in the spontaneous speech, which has great difference with the traditional language model. So, we will adapt a spontaneous speech language model based on the traditional language model in this paper. In the improvement of the spontaneous speech prosody model, this paper will re-define the special prosodic phenomena of the spontaneous speech. In addition, people usually use the acoustic model and the language model in the traditional speech recognition. However, there are many differences between read-speech and spontaneous speech. So, this paper will try to use some prosodic information to help the speech recognition and wish to resolve these situations.
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Huang, Hui-Ting, und 黃慧婷. „Revisiting Mandarin Tonal Coarticulation“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27778634668647313318.
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碩士國立交通大學
外國語文學系外國文學與語言學碩士班
101
The present study is about tonal coarticulation in Mandarin. Two major aims are included: (1) To re-examine some conflicting results in Mandarin tonal coarticulation from previous studies (2) To exemplify whether intervening consonants with different manners of articulation affect tonal coarticulation. In order to resolve the inconsistency from previous results, in this study a rigorous experimental design was developed with detailed measurements and precise computation of F0 variation. Tonal coarticulation is examined through two directional effects: carryover effect and anticipatory effect. The results show that carryover effect is more prevailing than anticipatory effect on both temporal extent and magnitude. Tone 4 is more susceptible to carryover effect and Tone 2 is to anticipatory effect. Triggers in tonal coarticulation must be defined by specific tonal values adjacent to target tones rather than the entire neighboring tones. All carryover effects are assimilation while anticipatory effects contain dissimilation. The present study also investigates the influence on tones from different manners of articulation of consonants. Sonorant consonants like liquid and nasal have similar F0 variation on tones, and the effects of obstruent consonants such as stop, fricative and affricate are also close to each other. Keywords: tone, coarticulation, Fundamental Frequency (F0), carryover effect, anticipatory effect
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Liang, Shu Yun, und 梁書云. „Licensing Mandarin Complex Sentences“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97075125754290301991.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
104
This thesis investigates certain types of complex sentences in Mandarin Chinese. They are jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals, suiran/jinguan concessives, and yinwei reason constructions. They correspond to sentences introduced by even if, although, and because in English respectively. First, we propose that Mandarin complex sentence constructions are actually licensed by elements in the consequence clauses, which is different from the phenomenon in English. Each licensing element, depending on its property, restricts the type of its antecedent clause. Jiu ‘then ’and cai ‘only if’, due to their relationality, suffice to form ruguo conditionals and yinwei constructions. Ye ‘also’ and haishi/rengran ‘still’ license concessives introduced by elements like jishi/jiusuan ‘even if’ or suiran/jinguan ‘even though/although’. These licensing elements in the second clause assert an extreme case from a set of alternatives. We also find jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals can be divided into concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals. Our analysis shows that apart from ye/haishi/rengran, non-indicative mood in a consequent clause license concessive premise-conditionals. Moreover, ye/haishi/rengran are also the crucial elements in conjunctive concessive-conditionals. For each construction, we adopt the tests from Comrie (2008) to investigate the syntactic properties of the antecedent clauses and consequent clauses. The tests in Lin (2012) are also adopted to show different adjuction positions of concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals. Keywords: concessive-conditional clause, concessive clause, reason clause, licensing element, jiu, cai, ye, haishi/rengran, relationality, alternatives
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Li, Erica Wen. „Passives in Mandarin Chinese“. Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5652.
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This thesis examines the syntactic properties of passive
constructions in Mandarin Chinese within the framework
of Government and Binding. The theoretical framework of
analyzing passives is that of Baker, Johnson and Roberts
(1989, henceforth BJR) and Hale and Keyser (1993). It is
argued that what could be and should be analyzed as a
passive in Mandarin Chinese is the construction
characterized by the presence of bei, hence the so-
called Jbei-construct ion. I further argue that this
passive construction is derived by NP-movement, as is
the case with English. I maintain BJR's proposal that
Agent is always present in passives, be it null or
overt. However, Chinese differs from English in that the
overt NP is never realized as an adjunct, unlike the by
NP phrase in English. A second goal of this thesis is to
address the issue of what classes of verbs are eligible
for passivization in Mandarin Chinese. I propose that by
adopting the model of argument structure by Hale and
Keyser (1993), and in particular, the idea that thematic
structure of a predicate is represented syntactically in
the lexicon, we can explain why passivization is
restricted to certain transitive predicates. By
proposing that the NP in [Spec VP] position is the
target for passivization, the semantic notion of
affected argument is captured syntactically.
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Chang, Pi Chun, und 張碧純. „Mandarin Chinese Causative Continuum“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03984614343806717762.
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碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
96
Derivational grammarians propose that causativity comes from the syntactic structures whereas lexicalists suggest it is incorporated within the formation of the lexicon. This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin lexical and periphrastic causatives to see if their causativity varies depending on the category of causative to which they are assigned. Three frameworks are adopted here to examine causatives from diverse perspective, directness, force-dynamics and transitivity. This combined framework is utilized to examine Mandarin lexical causatives and typical periphrastic causatives including 使shi, 令ling, 讓rang, 叫jiao1, and 教 jiao2 constructions. The results indicate that causativity forms a continuum in which the degree of the causativity of lexical causatives ranges from high to intermediate but that for periphrastic causatives ranges from intermediate to low. The variation in the degree of causativity proves that the derivational account is incorrect. Moreover, this study supports the lexicalist viewpoints that the causativity has variations because it is integrated in the lexical formation. In addition, more evidence, such as adverb placement and resultative compound formation, is provided to demonstrate that lexicalist accounts take the advantage of explaining the causativity. Finally, the variation of causativity has demonstrated that the shorter the forms are, the greater the degree of causativity is. This observation conforms to the principle of iconicity, and is encoded in humans’ cognition and the natural language.