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1
Yang, Hui-Ching, und Glen L. Hartman. „Methods and Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum“. Plant Disease 99, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0228-re.
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Anthracnose of soybean (Glycine max) occurs throughout the soybean production areas of the world. There is little information on evaluating inoculation techniques or evaluating soybean germplasm for resistance. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable inoculation technique for evaluating soybean for resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum and to evaluate soybean genotypes for resistance. Inoculated plants incubated in a dew chamber for 48 or 72 h had higher (P = 0.05) area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values than when incubated for 24 h. Three experiments evaluated soybean genotypes for resistance to C. truncatum. In the first experiment using 15 soybean genotypes, ‘Mandarin’ had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values than all the other genotypes except for ‘Mandarin 507’, ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’, and ‘Boone’. In the second experiment using 28 soybean genotypes, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with all other soybean genotypes except ‘Early White Eyebrow’, ‘Mandarin Yowa’, Boone, and ‘Manchuria’. In the third experiment, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with 23 other soybean genotypes except ‘Spry’, Mandarin, and ‘Iroquois’. Plants of Mandarin 507 and ‘Williams 82’ were inoculated at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages; Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with Williams 82 for both growth stages evaluated, and Mandarin 507 had less (P = 0.05) pod area covered by lesions compared with the pods of Williams 82. This study provided a descriptive method to inoculate soybean plants with C. truncatum and identified soybean genotypes with resistance to anthracnose.
2
Fo, Francisco A. A. Mourão, Jude W. Grosser und Frederick G. Gmitter. „361 IN VITRO CITRUS BREEDING FOR SCION IMPROVEMENT“. HortScience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 1994): 482f—482. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.482f.
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Protoplast culture following polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of somatic hybrid plants from the following combinations: `Succari' sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) + `Ponkan' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), `Succari' sweet orange + `Dancy' mandarin (C. reticulata), `Succari' sweet orange + `Page' tangelo [a sexual hybrid between `Minneola' tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi Mcf.) × `Clementine' mandarin (C. reticulata)], `Valencia' sweet orange (C. sinensis) + `Page' tangelo. `Succari' and `Valencia' protoplasts were isolated -from ovule-derived embryogenic cell suspension cultures and from seedling leaves for the other parents. Somatic hybrid plants were Identified on the basis of leaf morphology and electrophoretic analysis of isozyme banding patterns. Root tip cell chromosome counting is being performed on all plants. Other putative somatic hybrids Include: `Succari' sweet orange + `Minneola' tangelo; `Succari' sweet orange + `Murcott' tangos (C. sinensis × C. reticulata); `Valencia' sweet orange + `Murcott' tangor; and `Valencia' sweet orange + `Dancy' mandarin. These plants may have direct cultivar potential, but there primary use will be for interploid hybridization with selected monoembryonic scions to produce improved seedless triploids.
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Stenzel, Neusa Maria Colauto, und Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves. „Rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime“. Scientia Agricola 61, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000200005.
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The 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important commercial citrus cultivar in Brazil. 'Rangpur' lime has being used as its main rootstock, but it is susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora, reducing tree longevity. An experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with three trees per plot of each rootstock and four replicates, and run for 12 years, aiming to compare the performance of 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime, budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'C-13' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'African' rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.). Eleven years after the establishment of the orchard, trees with the greatest canopy development were budded on 'C-13' citrange and 'African' rough lemon, and both differed significantly from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, which presented the smallest canopy development. Trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime and 'C-13' citrange had the highest cumulative yields, and were different from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins. There was no rootstock effect on mean fruit weight and on the total soluble solid/acid ratio in the juice. The 'Rangpur' lime and the 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstocks reduced longevity of plants.
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Maheen, Nimra, Muhammad Shafiq, Saleha Sadiq, Muhammad Farooq, Qurban Ali, Umer Habib, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Asjad Ali und Fawad Ali. „Genome Identification and Characterization of WRKY Transcription Factor Gene Family in Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 6 (01.06.2023): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061182.
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WRKY proteins are an important group of transcription factors (TFs) gene family and were identified primarily in plants. WRKY TFs play vital roles in modulating gene expression when plants face detrimental effects due to the environment. In the current study, we focused on using the mandarin citrus (Citrus reticulata) genome to understand the impact of the WRKY gene family on the extraction of alleles mining in mandarins. The mining of the C. reticulata genome identified 46 CrWRKY genes that were classified into three main groups (G1, G2, and G3) further with five subclasses (IIa, IIb, IIc, Iid, and IIe) in the G2 group, and all were presented on 29 scaffolds representing numerous segmental duplications of 100% events established. Multiple sequence analysis predicted the presence of the “WRKYGQK” domain and metal-chelating zinc-finger motif C2H2 in 45 genes, while the “WRKYGQK” domain was replaced with “WRKYGKK” only in CrWRKY20. The comparative relationship of CrWRKY with other plant species using dual synteny analysis revealed that the divergence between C. reticulata and C. grandis occurred after the evolutionary divergence of C. clementine, C. sinensis, C. medica, and C. ichangensis. The possible functions of the CrWRKY genes in mitigating environmental effects were predicted using cis-regulatory elements analysis and in silico RNAseq analysis, for the development of plants. These results provide a robust platform and absence of knowledge for the functional identification from key genes of CrWRKY genes in the mandarin for the possible use to improve key desirable agronomic and consumer-driven fruit quality traits in mandarins and related species.
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PANT, R. P., RAKESH KUMAR, ANITA ARORA und V. K. BARANWAL. „Detection of Mandarivirus and greening bacterium using electron microscopy, PCR and RT-PCR in Kinnow mandarin nurseries in Punjab“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, Nr. 1 (23.03.2023): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i1.79603.
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Kinnow mandarin is one of the most important fruit crops in northern India particularly in Punjab. Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV), Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) and citrus greening bacterium (CGB) are very important graft transmissible pathogens causing reduced productivity in Kinnow mandarin. A survey was undertaken in 11 kinnow mandarin nurseries, 2 to 4 star rated by National Horticultural Board in Punjab. Samples collected from these nurseries were indexed by electron microscopy, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), PCR and RT-PCR. In RT-PCR test, out of 33 samples of kinnow mandarin mother plants, 3 samples were found positive for CYVCV and 6 samples for ICRSV. In two nurseries, both the viruses were detected in the same plant indicating mixed infection in the mother plants. In ISEM test, 4 samples out of 12 samples were positive for ICRSV and 2 samples were positive for CYVCV. CGB was detected in two plants out of nine plant leaf samples collected from four nurseries. In view of these studies it is evident that molecular diagnostics as indexing tool need to be applied for the production of clean planting material of kinnow mandarin.
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Cass, Bodil N., Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell und Jay A. Rosenheim. „Resistance of Fruits From a Mandarin Cultivar to Feeding by Fork-Tailed Bush Katydids“. Journal of Economic Entomology 112, Nr. 6 (06.10.2019): 2861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz241.
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Abstract Plants use a variety of mechanisms to defend against herbivore damage, each with different consequences for agricultural production. Crops relying on tolerance strategies may need different pest management approaches versus those relying on resistance strategies. Previous work suggested that densities of fork-tailed bush katydids (Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl [Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae]) that generated substantial scarring on cultivars of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck [Sapindales: Rutaceae]) produced only low levels of scarring on cultivars of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins. We used field experiments in representative cultivars of these species to test non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying this observation: 1) katydids are averse to feeding on mandarin fruits, 2) damaged mandarin fruits preferentially abscise, 3) damaged mandarin fruit tissue recovers during development, and 4) katydid scars on mandarins have a different morphology that may result in misclassification. We found strong support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that katydids reject opportunities to feed on C. reticulata fruit. Instead of chewing deep holes in the fruit, as was commonly observed for C. sinensis, the katydids only scratched the surface of the C. reticulata fruits. The hypotheses of preferential abscission of damaged fruits and of recovery of damaged tissue were not supported. The low incidence of damage to the mandarins prevented a comprehensive assessment of the scar morphology; however, at harvest, the superficial cuts in C. reticulata were not easily distinguishable from background damage. This indicates that in contrast to C. sinensis, C. reticulata has substantial natural resistance to fork-tailed bush katydids making them a non-pest in this crop.
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Louzada, Eliezer S., Jude W. Grosseti, Frederick G. Gmitter, Beatriz Nielsen, J. L. Chandler, Xiu Xin Deng und Nicasio Tusa. „Eight New Somatic Hybrid Citrus Rootstocks with Potential for Improved Disease Resistance“. HortScience 27, Nr. 9 (September 1992): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.1033.
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Protoplast culture following polyethylene glycol-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of vigorous tetraploid somatic hybrid plants from eight complementary parental rootstock combinations: Citrus reticulata Blanco (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. aurantium L. (sour orange), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. jambhiri Lush (rough lemon), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq. (Volkamer lemon), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. limonia Osb. (Rang-pur), C. sinensis (L.) Osb. (Hamlin sweet orange) + C. limonia (Rangpur), C. aurantium (sour orange) + C. volkameriana (Volkamer lemon) zygotic seedling, C. auruntium hybrid (Smooth Flat Seville) + C. jambhiri (rough lemon), and C. sinensis (Valencia sweet orange) + Carrizo citrange [C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Diploid plants were regenerated from nonfused callus-derived protoplasts of Valencia sweet orange and Smooth Flat Seville and from nonfused leaf protoplasts of sour orange, Rangpur, rough lemon, and Volkamer lemon. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf morphology, chromosome number, and leaf isozyme profiles. All somatic hybrid plants were tetraploid (2n = 4× = 36). One autotetraploid plant of the Volkamer lemon zygotic was recovered, apparently resulting from a homokaryotic fusion. These eight new citrus somatic hybrids have been propagated and entered into field trials.
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Radonjic, Sanja. „Intensity of attack caused by Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. (Diptera, Tephritidae) on mandarin along the Montenegrin seacoast“. Pesticidi i fitomedicina 26, Nr. 4 (2011): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1104355r.
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Along the Montenegrin seacoast, all cultivated citrus species (mandarin, orange, lemon, grapefruit), fig, loquat and ziziphus were detected as host plants of the Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. Among those found, in economic sense, the most important host plant is mandarin Unsiu. Intensity of the attack were monitored on mandarin in 2003 and 2004 in localities Baosici, Lastva Grbaljska and Bar, and was determined as higher in 2003. The first symptoms of attack were detected, depending on locality, from middle of September until beginning of October, one to two months earlier then in 2004. The maximum number of larvae per fruit were detected in October and November (average from 13.44?0.16 to 22.82?0.13). Time of the first symptoms appearence on mandarin in September and October 2003 and in November 2004, indicate on crucial importance of alternative host plants (figs and loquat) for reproduction and increasing of C. capitata population, because later during a season its intensity of attack on mandarin, depend largely on their presence.
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Allay, Sanjita, Rohini Lama, Usha Chakraborty und Biswanath Chakraborty. „Antioxidative responses of mandarin plants to water stress“. NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 7, Nr. 1 (2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2013.v07i01.003.
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Citrus reticulata grows in warm climatic conditions. Stresses such as water logging, drought, soil acidity, unbalanced nutrition and pathogenic infestation lead to root injury resulting in citrus tree decline and therefore huge economic losses. In order to determine the effect of flooding and drought on mandarin plants, mandarin plants were subjected to water logging condition in the field and in pots for drought condition. Biochemical and morphological changes induced by water logging and drought conditions were determined. The plants showed slight wilting and leaf dropping by the third day of flooding whereas in drought the leaves curled up, became crisp and later dried out. Marked changes in antioxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase was observed during stress in comparison to control plants. Antioxidative activity was seen to be more in the leaves than in the roots. Among the antioxidants carotenoid content showed a significant decrease during the flood stress but increased in drought stress. An increase in ascorbate content was observed during stress in comparison to the control. From this study, we can conclude that water stress causes adjustment of antioxidant balance in mandarin plants.
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Belous, Oksana, Marina Vasileyko, Angelina Lagoshina und Nataliia Platonova. „Optimization of the adaptive mechanism of subtropical crops under the influence of innovative forms of fertilizers“. E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125402006.
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The research is aimed at developing effective ways to regulate the functional state of plants under stress. It is shown that the functional state of tea and mandarin plants is more favorable under the influence of growth regulators (humic and amino acids, metabolites of mold fungi are used as biologically active substances). In the variants with foliar treatments, there is an increase in bound water (up to 54.8-54.9%); activation of assimilant synthesis, more active formation of proline and ascorbic acid in tea leaves. There was an increase in the number of carotenoids (up to 1.78 mg / g) and active synthesis of ascorbic acid in mandarin leaves during stressful periods; the value of the viability index increased (up to 5.19 – 5.33 units) in accordance with the control (4.37 umits). The developed specific surface density of the leaf provides greater productivity of mandarin plants. The optimal functional state of the plants led to an increase in the crop productivity of tea leaves (22.88-32.22 c/ha compared to the control-22.04-26.88 c/ha) and mandarin fruits (6.83 kg/tree compared to the control – 3.80 kg / tree). The use of innovative forms of fertilizers and plant growth regulators should become the main element of the technology of cultivation of subtropical crops, optimizing the adaptive potential, regulating the effective productivity of plants and their quality indicators.
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Usman, M., T. Saeed, M. M Khan und B. Fatima. „Occurrence of spontaneous polyploids in Citrus“. Horticultural Science 33, No. 3 (23.11.2011): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3751-hortsci.
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Seedlings recovered from underdeveloped seeds of different commercial cultivars of Citrus were studied for their ploidy level. Cytological examination revealed that maximum triploid plants were found in lime Kaghzi (15.5%) followed by grapefruit Foster, mandarin Kinnow, sweet orange Musambi and mandarin Feutrell’s Early (7.3%). Lime also produced the highest percentage of tetraploids (9.1%) followed by mandarin Kinnow and grapefruit Foster, while the minimum was found in mandarin Feutrell’s Early. The polyploids were transplanted in pots and after hardening they were grown in the greenhouse for further morphological and genetic assays.
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Cruz-Miralles, Joaquín, Marc Cabedo-López, Michela Guzzo, Victoria Ibáñez-Gual, Víctor Flors und Josep A. Jaques. „Plant-feeding may explain why the generalist predator Euseius stipulatus does better on less defended citrus plants but Tetranychus-specialists Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis do not“. Experimental and Applied Acarology 83, Nr. 2 (22.01.2021): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00588-x.
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AbstractThe generalist predator Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) and the Tetranychidae-specialist predators Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot play a key role in the regulation of Tetranychus urticae Koch in Spanish citrus orchards. Previous studies have shown that sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tan.) display extreme resistance and susceptibility to T. urticae, respectively. When offered a choice between these two genotypes infested by T. urticae, E. stipulatus preferred Cleopatra mandarin, whereas the specialists did not show any preference. The present study was undertaken to check whether these preferences could be related to the feeding of E. stipulatus on the host plant and/or to differences in prey feeding on the two plants. Our results demonstrate that E. stipulatus is a zoophytophagous mite, which can engage in direct plant feeding in sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin, whereas neither N. californicus nor P. persimilis do so. Whereas Cleopatra mandarin provided a higher-quality prey/feeding substrate for E. stipulatus, which may be related to its phytophagy, no differences were observed for the two specialists. As higher constitutive and faster inducible defense against T. urticae in sour orange relative to Cleopatra mandarin plants result in sour orange supporting lower T. urticae densities and plant damage, our results demonstrate that pest regulation by specialist natural enemies may be more effective when prey feed on better defended plants.
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Ikram, Muhammad, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Zia-Ur-Rehman Mashwani, Ahmad Alsayed Omar, Azza H. Mohamed, Seema Hassan Satti und Efat Zohra. „Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Elicited the Physiological, Biochemical, and Antioxidant Defense System Amelioration of Huanglongbing-Infected ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin Plants“. Nanomaterials 12, Nr. 3 (22.01.2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030356.
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Citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) is commonly known as yellow dragon disease and affects citrus production worldwide. Therefore, it has a significant impact on and deleterious effects in the agro-industrial sector. Significant efforts have been made to combat this disease and mitigate its destructive impact on citrus production, but still, there is no effective biocompatible treatment available to control HLB disorder. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of phytogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to improve the health of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) with specific primers were used to detect HLB disease in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants, and PCR products were sequenced to identify Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), and accession numbers for CLas1 and CLas2, MZ851933 and MZ851934, respectively, were obtained. SeNPs were synthesized by using Allium sativum L. clove extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent and various techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-rays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to confirm the biogenesis of SeNPs. Different concentrations of SeNPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L−1) were exogenously applied to HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants and obtained spectacular results. The obtained results from the current study proved that 75 mg L−1 of SeNPs was most effective to improve the chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total soluble sugar (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) and significant decrease was observed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO) contents of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants as compared to untreated diseased citrus plants. In conclusion, these results allow us to synthesize the SeNPs formulation as a promising management strategy to treat the HLB disease in citrus plants.
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Appiah, Sadick Amoakohene, Jiuhao Li, Yubin Lan, Ransford Opoku Darko, Kelvin Edom Alordzinu, Alaa Al Aasmi, Evans Asenso et al. „Real-Time Assessment of Mandarin Crop Water Stress Index“. Sensors 22, Nr. 11 (26.05.2022): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114018.
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The use of plant-based indicators and other conventional means to detect the level of water stress in crops may be challenging, due to their difficulties in automation, their arduousness, and their time-consuming nature. Non-contact and non-destructive sensing methods can be used to detect the level of water stress in plants continuously and to provide automatic sensing and controls. This research aimed at determining the viability, efficiency, and swiftness in employing the commercial Workswell WIRIS Agro R infrared camera (WWARIC) in monitoring water stress and scheduling appropriate irrigation regimes in mandarin plants. The experiment used a four-by-three randomized complete block design with 80–100% FC water treatment as full field capacity and three deficit irrigation treatments at 70–75% FC, 60–65% FC, and 50–55% FC. Air temperature, canopy temperature, and vapor pressure deficits were measured and employed to deduce the empirical crop water stress index, using the Idso approach (CWSI(Idso)) as well as baseline equations to calculate non-water stress and water stressed conditions. The relative leaf water content (RLWC) of mandarin plants was also determined for the growing season. From the experiment, CWSI(Idso) and CWSI were estimated using the Workswell Wiris Agro R infrared camera (CWSIW) and showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.75 at p < 0.05) in assessing the extent of water stress in mandarin plants. The results also showed that at an altitude of 12 m above the mandarin canopy, the WWARIC was able to identify water stress using three modes (empirical, differential, and theoretical). The WWARIC’s color map feature, presented in real time, makes the camera a suitable device, as there is no need for complex computations or expert advice before determining the extent of the stress the crops are subjected to. The results prove that this novel use of the WWARIC demonstrated sufficient precision, swiftness, and intelligibility in the real-time detection of the mandarin water stress index and, accordingly, assisted in scheduling irrigation.
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Allay, Sanjita, Uttanka Kumar De und Biswanath Chakraborty. „Root colonization of mandarin plants grown in orchards of Darjeeling hills and plains with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their effects on plant growth“. NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 6, Nr. 1 (2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2012.v06i01.007.
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Citrus reticulata is an ancient commercial crop being cultivated in Darjeeling-Sikkim hills. Many diseases are prevalent in mandarin plants, out of them, bacterial & fungal diseases are mostly dangerous. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi were screened from rhizosphere of mandarin plants from the four different regions using wet sieving and decanting method. Microscopical observation revealed the presence of different genus of AM fungi present in the root as hyphae, spores and sporocarp. Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum, G. aggregatum, G. badium. G. constrictum, G. versiforme, Gigaspora gigantea, G. margarita, Acaulospora capsicula, A. bireticulata, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora rubra were found to be dominant in all the soil samples of mandarin. Species of Glomus were found to be high in both hilly and foothill regions. Glomus mosseae and G. fasciculatum were selected for mass multiplication in maize plant in pots. Histopathological study of root showed the presence of vesicles and arbuscules. AMF infection and total number of spores per 100 gram of soil were recorded. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of AMF spores of mandarin revealed clear morphology, spore wall characters and hyphal attachment of spores. Total phosphate content of the soil, soil analysis and enzyme activities in roots and leaves of mandarin plant from the different regions were studied. Three major defense enzymes peroxidase, chitinase and β- 1,3- glucanase showed enhanced activities and the total phosphate content also decreased in soil with respect to control. Present study evaluates the effect of AMF in plant growth and phosphate solubilization.
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Nidup, Karma, Chheku Wangchuk, Karma Chophel, Tshering Chofel, Ngawang Choden und Tshelthrim Pelden. „The impact of climate change on mandarin production in Dumtoed Chewa Chiwog under Samtse Dzongkhag“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 4, Nr. 6 (2023): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2023.4.6.114-119.
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Climate change which refers to a long-term shift in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system has a significant impact on agricultural practices across the world. Climate change has caused a notable impact on Bhutan, an agriculturally reliant nation, particularly affecting the production of mandarin, a crucial cash crop in the southern regions of the country. The study explored the impact of climate change on mandarin production in Dumtoed Chewa Chiwog under Samtse Dzongkhag. Employing the mixed methods research approach the study explored community perception of the impact of climate change on mandarin production, identified the impact of climate change on the production of mandarin, and explored the adaptations to reduce the impact of climate change on mandarin production in their locality. The study revealed that farmers are increasingly vulnerable to climate change. Erratic rainfall, rise in temperature, storms, drying soil moisture, and the emergence of new diseases and pests attributed to climate change have declined both the quality and quantity of their mandarin production, ultimately resulting in decreased income levels for farmers. While local indigenous practices have proven effective in safeguarding mandarin plants, there is a need to strengthen the resilience of mandarin cultivators against the influence of climate change. This can be achieved through policy support, raising awareness, and the provision of training.
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Grosser, Jude W., Frederick G. Gmitter, J. L. Chandler und Eliezer S. Louzada. „Somatic Hybridization of Complementary Citrus Rootstock:Five New Hybrids“. HortScience 29, Nr. 7 (Juli 1994): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.812.
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Protoplasm culture following polyethylene glycol-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of tetraploid somatic hybrid plants from the following attempted parental combinations: Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) + Argentine trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; `Succari' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] + Argentine trifoliate orange; sour orange (C. aurantium L.) + Flying Dragon trifoliate orange (P. trifolita); sour orange + Rangpur (C. limonia Osb.); and Milam lemon (purported sexual hybrid of C. jambhiri Lush × C. sinensis) + Sun Chu Sha mandarin (C. reticulate Blanco). Protoplasm isolation, fusion, and culture were conducted according to previously published methods. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf morphology, chromosome number, and peroxidase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoglucose isomerase leaf isozyme profiles. All of the somatic hybrid plants were tetraploid, as expected (2n = 4x = 36), and all five selections have been propagated and entered into commercial citrus rootstock trials.
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Gill, Mandeep Singh, Savreet Khehra und Navjot Gupta. „Impact of intercropping on yield, fruit quality and economics of young Kinnow mandarin plants“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, Nr. 3 (21.08.2018): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1814.
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Intercropping practices in orchard not only generate an extra income but the practice also helps to check the soil erosion through ground coverage and improves the physico-chemical properties of the soil.. The effect of intercrops on vegetative performance and quality of 5 years old Kinnow mandarins raised on Rough Lemon rootstocks at 6x6m spacing was studied at RRS, Bathinda during the year 2011-12 and 2012-13. An intercropping experiment comprising of seven treatments such as T1: guara (Summer) + wheat (winter), T2: guara (summer) + barley (winter), T3: guara (summer) + fenugreek (winter), T4: moong (summer) + wheat (winter), T5: moong (summer) + barley (winter), T6: moong (summer) + fenugreek (winter) and T7: control (fallow: no intercrop) was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications to assess the effect of various intercrops on the performance of Kinnow in arid irrigated region of Bathinda, Punjab. The results of the study revealed that guar + wheat intercropping system exhibited better performance which has been reflected in the form of plant height (3.31 cm), gross income (Rs. 41180/-), fruit number (175) and Total Soluble Solids(TSS) per cent (10.8) of Kinnow fruit. The work concludes that intercropping in Kinnow mandarin helps to improve yield, fruit quality and economic aspect.
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Zhang, Min, Xiuxin Deng, Changping Qin, Chunli Chen, Hongyan Zhang, Qing Liu, Zhiyong Hu et al. „Characterization of a New Natural Periclinal Navel–Satsuma Chimera of Citrus: ‘Zaohong’ Navel Orange“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, Nr. 3 (Mai 2007): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.3.374.
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‘Zaohong’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck + C. unshiu Marc.], a new strain of citrus from a graft chimera, was discovered in China. It was diploid and arose at the junction where a ‘Robertson’ navel orange scion was top-worked onto a Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu). Some characteristics determined by the L1 cell layer, such as juice sacs of fruit and stoma length, were similar to those of Satsuma mandarin, while others, including leaf index, fruit shape, navel, and color and aroma of the rind, were determined by the L2 cell layer, were similar to ‘Robertson’ navel orange. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the carotenoid extracts of the flesh of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange indicated that it had the carotenoids profile of Satsuma mandarin with β-cryptoxanthin as the predominant component in the juice sacs in mature fruit. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) and chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSR) analysis showed that both nuclear and chloroplast genomes of ‘Zaohong’ navel orange were composed of both donor plants. On the basis of these facts, ‘Zaohong’ navel orange was found to be a periclinal chimera consisting of L1 derived from Satsuma mandarin and L2/L3 from ‘Robertson’ navel orange. It combined the valuable traits of both donor plants, matured ≈1 month earlier than the present navel orange cultivars, and therefore had good potential in citrus fresh market.
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Medina-Urrutia, Victor, Karla Fabiola, Lopez Madera, Patricia Serrano, G. Ananthakrishnan, Jude W. Grosser und Wenwu Guo. „New Intergeneric Somatic Hybrids Combining Amblycarpa Mandarin with Six Trifoliate/Trifoliate Hybrid Selections for Lime Rootstock Improvement“. HortScience 39, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.2.355.
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No presently available rootstock combines all the available rootstock attributes necessary for efficient long-term citriculture (production and harvesting) of Mexican limes and other commercially important scions. In the present study, somatic hybridization techniques were used to combine the widely adapted Amblycarpa mandarin (also known as Nasnaran mandarin) with six different trifoliate/trifoliate hybrid selections: Benton, Carrizo, and C-35 citranges; Flying Dragon and Rubidoux trifoliate oranges; and a somatic hybrid of sour orange + Flying Dragon. The ultimate goal of this research is to generate polyploid somatic hybrids that express the complementary horticultural and disease resistance attributes of the corresponding parents, and have direct potential as improved tree-size controlling rootstocks. Somatic hybrids from all six parental combinations were confirmed by a combination of leaf morphology, flow cytometry, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (for nuclear hybridity) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analyses (for mtDNA and cpDNA). This is the first report of citrus somatic hybridization using Amblycarpa mandarin. Unexpected hexaploid somatic hybrid plants were recovered from the fusion of Amblycarpa mandarin + C-35 citrange. Hexaploid hybrids should be very dwarfing and may have potential for producing potted ornamental citrus. Resulting somatic hybrid plants from all six combinations have been propagated by tissue culture and/or rooted cuttings and are being prepared for commercial field evaluation for their potential as improved rootstocks for Mexican lime and other important scions.
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Devy, N. F., Hardiyanto, A. Sugiyatno und Lyli Mufidah. „Manipulation of flowering and fruiting induction through branch bending and fertilizer application in mandarin citrus cv. Batu 55“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1287, Nr. 1 (01.12.2023): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1287/1/012006.
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Abstract Shoot modification for triggering flowering and fruiting induction in tropical mandarin citrus is not extensively documented, hence this research is critically important. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of branch bending and fertilizer application on flowering and fruiting, hormonal level status, and physiological features in mandarin citrus cv. Batu 55. From May 2021 to March 2022, the investigation was carried out at Farmer‘s citrus orchard Dau in Malang (1,300 m above sea level), East Java, Indonesia. Bending (B1) or unbending (B0) and fertilizer (F1) or no fertilizer (F0) treatments were performed on existing three-year-old Mandarin cv Batu 55 trees with a planting distance of 3 x 3 m. The experiment was set up in a factorial randomized block design with four interaction treatments (B0F0, B0F1, B1F0, B1F1) and three replications. When compared to the control, the bending treatment with fertilizer application treatment raised the percentage of flowering plants by 100%. Five and nine months after treatments, the amount of fruit produced and harvested by this treatment was more than 19 and 1.6 times that of control plants, respectively. Branch bending and unbending treatments had relatively similar effects on the endogenous hormonal status and physiological behavior. Branch bending at the appropriate time of year may be beneficial in stimulating flowering and fruiting in mandarin cv Batu 55.
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Quiroga - Cardona, Julio, Francy L. Hernández- Parrado, María del Rosario Silva- Herrera und Javier O. Orduz-Rodríguez. „Comportamiento de la producción de lima Tahití (Citrus latifolia Tanaka), injertada sobre el patrón de Mandarina Cleopatra (Citrus reticulata Blanco) y la influencia del virus de la tristeza (CTV) en condiciones del piedemonte del Meta, 1997-2008“. Orinoquia 14, Nr. 1 (01.01.2010): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/20112629.120.
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Titulo en ingles: Performance of the production of Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) grafted on the pattern of Cleopatra Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and the influence of tristeza virus (CTV) under the piedemont of Meta, 1997-2008.RESUMEN: La lima ácida Tahití (Citrus latifolia T) ocupa el tercer lugar dentro de las especies cítricas cultivadas en Colombia. Sus frutos se consumen en el mercado interno y presenta un creciente mercado de exportación. Entre las enfermedades virales que afectan a los cultivos de cítricos el Virus de la Tristeza de los Cítricos (CTV) es uno de los más limitantes para la producción y longevidad de las plantas en particular en las de lima Tahití. Este estudio se llevó a cabo bajo las condiciones agroecológicas del Centro de Investigación Corpoica La Libertad, en el piedemonte del departamento del Meta. Las plantas utilizadas se injertaron en vivero en 1996 con yemas provenientes de cultivos comerciales utilizándose como patrón la mandarina Cleopatra (Citrus reticulata Blanco). El cultivo se estableció en campo en 1997, ocupando una extensión de una hectárea, con una densidad de 490 plantas ha-1. Para determinar la producción del cultivo se llevaron registros anuales; y para la incidencia y severidad de la (CTV) se realizaron dos lecturas en las plantas, durante el séptimo y onceavo año después del transplante (addt). En el año 2008 (11 addt) se realizó la descripción de la sintomatología del daño ocasionado por la tristeza de los cítricos en la planta y se realizó el registro fotográfico. La producción de la lima Tahití se inicio en el 3 año después del transplante con 4 t/ ha y se incremento anualmente hasta presentar el pico de producción en el 8 año con 62 t/ha, posteriormente decrece hasta obtener 2 t/ha en el año 11.La incidencia de CTV en el año 2003 (6 addt) fue de 16.5 % para un total de 80 plantas afectadas y en el 2008 (11 addt) el 100 % de las plantas estaban afectadas (490 plantas) La severidad del CTV, en el año 2003 fue de 29.4 %, mientras que en el 2008 fue del 84 %.Palabras clave: Incidencia, Producción, Severidad, Sintomatología.ABSTRACT: Tahiti limes (Citrus latifolia T) is in third place among the citrus species cultivated in Colombia. Its fruits are consumed in the domestic market and has a growing export market. Among the viral diseases affecting citrus crops Virus Citrus Tristeza (CTV) is one of the most limiting for production and longevity of plants especially in Tahiti lime. This study was carried out under the ecological conditions of the Research Center Corpoica La Libertad, in the foothills of the department of Meta. The plants used in the nursery in 1996 grafted with buds from crops used as standard Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The crop field was established in 1997, occupying an area of one hectare, with a density of 490 plants ha-1. To determine crop production took annual records, and the incidence and severity of the (CTV) were two readings in plants, during the seventh and eleventh year after transplantation (addt) In 2008 (11 addt) A description of the symptoms of the damage caused by citrus tristeza in the plant and the photographic record was made The Tahiti lime production started three years after transplantation with 4t /ha and increased annually to present the peak of production in the eighth year with 62t /ha, then decreased until 2t /ha in year 11.The incidence of CTV in 2003 (6 addt) was 16.5 % for a total of 80 affected plants and in 2008 (11 addt) 100 % of plants were affected (490 plants). The severity of CTV, in the 2003 was 29.4 %, while the reading of 2008 was 84 %.Key words: Incidence, Production, Severity, Symptoms.
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Papadakis, Ioannis E., Kortessa N. Dimassi, Artemios M. Bosabalidis, Ioannis N. Therios, Angelos Patakas und Anastasia Giannakoula. „Boron toxicity in ‘Clementine’ mandarin plants grafted on two rootstocks“. Plant Science 166, Nr. 2 (Februar 2004): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.027.
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Belous, O. G., und N. B. Platonova. „Impact of exogenous growth regulators on growth and photosynthetic activity in dwarf mandarin plants (Citrus unshiu Marc.)“. Horticulture and viticulture, Nr. 6 (29.12.2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-6-18-23.
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The impact of synthetic regulators on the growth and development of mandarin plants was investigated. It was shown that the exposure of plants to growth regulators had no effect on leaf chlorophyll content. Non-root application of nanoelicitor and siliplant synthetic regulators elevated the carotenoid content to 2.69-3.11 mg/g (control, water: 2.57 mg/g) and stimulated protective response. The total chlorophyll- carotenoid ratio in plants treated with nanoelicitor (4.29 mg/g) and siliplant (4.12 mg/g) was less than in the control, reflecting the degree of plant adaptation to adverse conditions in the growing season. Exposure to growth regulators improved photosynthetic activity and overall functionality. Chlorophyll fluorescence assays were used to evaluate photosynthetic activity coefficient as falling within a range of 0.54-0.57, which exceeded the control by 1.2-fold. Nanoelicitor was shown to induce active shooting and reduce fruit shedding. Compared to the control, growth regulators increased the retained fruit value by 1.5-1.9-fold and improved plantation productivity. Phytoregulators have shown promise in both improving the functional condition and reducing preharvest shedding in dwarf mandarin plants.
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Dalkilic, Zeynel, L. W. Timmer und Frederick G. Gmitter. „Linkage of an Alternaria Disease Resistance Gene in Mandarin Hybrids with RAPD Fragments“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, Nr. 2 (März 2005): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.2.191.
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The inheritance of resistance to a host-specific isolate (Shinn) of Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. from `Minneola' tangelo (a cross between Citrus paradisi Macf. `Duncan' and C. reticulata Blanco `Dancy') was shown to be controlled by a single recessive allele, aaM1, within the citrus genome. A backcross between resistant `Clementine' mandarin (C. reticulata) and susceptible LB#8-10 (a hybrid of `Clementine' mandarin and `Minneola' tangelo) resulted in 61 resistant (R) and 58 susceptible (S) plants (χ2 = 0.0756, P ≥ 0.05), but the reciprocal cross deviated from the expected 1R:1S ratio (87 R and 36 S plants (χ2 = 21.1463, P ≥ 0.05). A dominant allele, AaM1, of this resistance gene was found in a loose coupling phase linkage with two RAPD markers, P12850 (15.3 cM) and AL31250 (36.7 cM), after JOINMAP computer analysis.
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ORDUZ-RODRÍGUEZ, J. O., A. CHACON DÍAZ und V. M. LINARES – BRICEÑO. „Evaluación del potencial de rendimiento de tres especies y un híbrido de cítricos en la región del Ariari del departamento del Meta (Colombia) durante doce años, 1991- 2003“. Orinoquia 11, Nr. 2 (01.09.2007): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/20112629.155.
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Titulo en ingles: Evaluation of the yield potential of three citrus species and one citrus hybrid in the Ariari region on the Meta department (Colombia) during twelve years, 1991 - 2003.RESUMEN: El cultivo de cítricos es una actividad económica a largo plazo y uno de los aspectos fundamentales para obtener buenos resultados económicos es la selección de los cultivares (especie y variedad) que se va a plantar. Las principales variedades de cítricos fueron seleccionadas para las condiciones climáticas y mercados del subtropico y no se posee información sobre el comportamiento productivo en el trópico bajo. Con el fin de conocer el potencial de rendimiento (cantidad de masa de fruta que se produce por área suelo), de los principales cultivares de cítricos plantados en el departamento del Meta: naranja ‘Valencia’, mandarina ‘Arrayana’, lima ácida ‘Tahití’ y el hibrido tangelo ‘Minneola’; se estableció un experimento en 1991, con un diseño de BCA, utilizando 24 plantas por unidad experimental y con 3 repeticiones. Los bloques se establecieron en: Granada, Lejanías y El Dorado, ubicados en la región del Ariari. Se llevaron registros de producción por planta desde el inició de producción hasta la octava cosecha en el año 2002. El mayor promedio por hectárea año en las ocho cosechas la obtuvó manda- rina ‘Arrayana’ con cerca de 30 t, luego el tangelo ‘Minneola’ con cerca de 19 t (sin diferencias estadísticas), seguido por naranja y ‘Tahití’ con la producción mas baja. Al evaluar la producción como plantas adultas de 1995 al año 2002 (5 cosechas), la mandarina ‘Arrayana’ obtuvó 43 t/ha de promedio anual, seguida de tangelo ‘Minneola’ con cerca de 27 t (sin diferencias estadística), posteriormente naranja ‘Valencia’ (24,9 t/ha) y lima ‘Tahití’ con 20,7 t/ha. Se comprobó la sobresaliente adaptación de la mandarina ‘Arrayana’ a las condiciones del trópico bajo húmedo del Piedemonte Llanero y el buen comportamiento del hibrido de tangelo ‘Minneola’; como también el menor rendimiento acumulado y promedio de la naranja ‘Valencia’ y los problemas de sanidad de la lima ‘Tahití’ que disminuyen la longevidad y la producción por planta.Palabras clave: cultivares de cítricos, potencial de rendimiento, Piedemonte del Meta.ABSTRACT: Citrus culture is a long term economic activity. To obtain good economic results, one of its main aspects is the cultivar selection (species and variety) to plant. The main citrus varieties were selected under subtropical conditions and there is no information about their behavior and productivity under lowland tropical conditions. In order to determine the potential yield (fruit biomass per area) of the main citrus cultivars grown in the department of Meta: ‘Valencia’ orange, ‘Arrayana’ mandarin, ‘Tahití’ lime and ‘Minneola’ tangelo hybrid, an experiments was performed in 1991 using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in several locations, with an experimental unit of 24 plants. Experiments were carried out in Granada, Lejanias, and El Dorado, located in the Ariari region. Yield by plant for eight consecutive harvests, until 2002, were recorded. The highest annual average yield per hectare in each eight harvests was obtained by ‘Arrayana’ mandarin yielding around 30 tons, followed by ‘‘Minneola’’ tangelo with yields near 19 tons (and no significant statistical differences between them), in the third place ‘‘Valencia’’ orange and last ‘Tahiti’ lime with the lowest production. The same tendencies were observed when evaluating yield of adult trees, between 1995 and 2002 (5 harvests) with 43, 27, 24.9, and 20.7 t/ha for ‘Arrayana’ mandarin, ‘Minneola’ tangelo, ‘Valencia’ orange, and ‘Tahiti’ lime respectively. The excellent adaptation of the ‘Arrayana’ mandarin, as well as for the ‘Minneola’ tangelo hybrid, was verified under the lowland tropical humid conditions of the piedmont of the eastern savannas of Colombian.. We also confirmed the lower production of ‘Valencia’ orange and the severe phytosanitary problems of ‘Tahiti’ lime that diminishes the longevity and yield per plant in this species.Key words: Crop potential, piedemonte del Meta, citrus cultivar.
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Nesbitt, Monte L., N. R. McDaniel, Robert C. Ebel, W. A. Dozier und David G. Himelrick. „Performance of Satsuma Mandarin Protected from Freezing Temperatures by Microsprinkler Irrigation“. HortScience 35, Nr. 5 (August 2000): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.856.
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Several microsprinkler treatments were tested on 5-year-old satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees to compare survivability of trunks and scaffold limbs in severe freezes. Three damaging freeze events occurred during winter, with two in 1995–96 and one in 1996–97. Air temperature dropped to –9.4, –5.6, and –6.7 °C, respectively. Almost 90% of the foliage was dead on the control plants after the first freezing event and 98% after the second. A single microsprinkler 1.6 m high in the canopy delivering 90.8 L·h–1 reduced injury; only 54% of the canopy was dead after the first freeze and 71% after the second. There was slightly more shoot-tip dieback on the plants in the microsprinkler treatments than on the control plants after the first two freezes. The amount of limb breakage by ice was minor. The third freeze killed 34% of the canopy in the control plants, but only 26% in the plants in the microsprinkler treatments. Use of microsprinklers increased yield in 1996, but yield for all treatments was very low. Yield for all treatments fully recovered in 1997, averaging 153 kg/tree. Although no death of scaffold limbs or trunks occurred, these results demonstrate that microsprinkler irrigation reduces damage to foliage and increases yield somewhat in severe freezes.
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Nesbitt, Monte L., N. R. McDaniel, Robert C. Ebel, W. A. Dozier und David G. Himelrick. „Performance of Satsuma Mandarin Protected from Freezing Temperatures by Microsprinkler Irrigation“. HortTechnology 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2001): 150a. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.1.150a.
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Several microsprinkler treatments were tested on 5-year-old satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees to compare survivability of trunks and scaffold limbs in severe freezes. Three damaging freeze events occurred during winter, with two in 1995-96 and one in 1996-97. Air temperature dropped to -9.4, -5.6, and -6.7 °C, respectively. Almost 90% of the foliage was dead on the control plants after the first freezing event and 98% after the second. A single microsprinkler 1.6 m high in the canopy delivering 90.8 L·h-1 reduced injury; only 54% of the canopy was dead after the first freeze and 71% after the second. There was slightly more shoot-tip dieback on the plants in the microsprinkler treatments than on the control plants after the first two freezes. The amount of limb breakage by ice was minor. The third freeze killed 34% of the canopy in the control plants, but only 26% in the plants in the microsprinkler treatments. Use of microsprinklers increased yield in 1996, but yield for all treatments was very low. Yield for all treatments fully recovered in 1997, averaging 153 kg/tree. Although no death of scaffold limbs or trunks occurred, these results demonstrate that microsprinkler irrigation reduces damage to foliage and increases yield somewhat in severe freezes.
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Gonzatto, Mateus Pereira, Alisson Pacheco Kovaleski, Eduardo Cesar Brugnara, Roberto Luis Weiler, Ivar Antônio Sartori, Jurandir Gonçalves de Lima, Renar João Bender und Sergio Francisco Schwarz. „Performance of 'Oneco' mandarin on six rootstocks in South Brazil“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46, Nr. 4 (April 2011): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2011000400010.
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The objective of this work was to assess the effect of six rootstocks on yield, fruit quality, and growth of 'Oneco' mandarin during the first seven harvesting seasons, in Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The rootstocks evaluated were: 'Swingle' citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'Troyer' citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia), 'Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana), and 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa). Plants budded onto 'Flying Dragon' had the lowest vegetative development, which indicates the dwarfing characteristics of this rootstock, and had the highest mean production efficiency, despite low yield. Plants grafted on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Rangpur' lime had the highest alternate bearing. Under the experimental conditions evaluated, the most adequate rootstocks for mandarin 'Oneco' are 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, regarding fruit yield and quality.
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Hayat, Faisal, Juan Li, Wen Liu, Caiqing Li, Wenpei Song, Shahid Iqbal, Ummara Khan et al. „Influence of Citrus Rootstocks on Scion Growth, Hormone Levels, and Metabolites Profile of ‘Shatangu’ Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)“. Horticulturae 8, Nr. 7 (06.07.2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070608.
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Dwarfing rootstocks are a valuable genetic resource for managing high-density plantations. The selection of the appropriate scion/rootstock combination is key to improving crop performance and sustainable production in a particular environment and specific training systems. ‘Shatangju’ mandarin scion cultivar grafted onto ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock tends to be dwarfing and develops short stature plants. To obtain insight into potential mechanisms underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing effects, we conducted a rootstock trial to examine the influence of 11 different rootstocks based on their growth vigor, antioxidants, and hormonal levels of the scion cultivar. The phenotypic observations revealed that size reduction in the ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock is due to lower node number, shorter internodal length, and a reduced trunk diameter of the scion compared with more vigorous rootstocks. Antioxidant analysis showed that ‘Shatangju’ mandarin grafted onto ’Flying Dragon’ and ‘Trifoliate Orange’ rootstock had significantly lower peroxidase (POD) activity than other tested rootstocks. The hormonal analysis indicated that there were markedly lower amounts of abscisic acid (ABA) in ‘Shatangju’ mandarin grafted with ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock. In addition, trees grafted with ‘Sour Pummelo’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ depicted minimum amounts of gibberellins (GA24). Moreover, several metabolites associated with organic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, and alkaloids responded differently in plants grafted with ‘Flying Dragon’ (dwarfing) and ‘Shatang Mandarin’ (vigorous) rootstocks. This study concluded that ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock with a strong dwarfing effect has been proposed to improve high-density cultivation methods. These findings will provide useful insights for future research associated with rootstock-mediated dwarfing mechanisms of citrus rootstocks.
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Chamling, Novin, Nilesh Bhowmick, Binayak Chakraborty, Abhas Kr Sinha, Puspendu Dutta und Somnath Mandal. „Ameliorative Role of Boron on Morpho-physiological Characters of Mandarin Orange Seedlings under Aluminium Stress Condition“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, Nr. 19 (09.09.2023): 1830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193734.
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Darjeeling mandarin orange is well known for its unique and delicious taste. It is also considered as one of the major cash crop of Darjeeling hills. But in recent past, the production has been declined drastically due to some of the biotic and abiotic factors. Acidic soils are mainly confined in this region which has a complex interaction of growth limiting factors that can restricts growth by inducing stress on plants through triggering aluminium stress and micronutrient Deficiency. This has resulted in declination in production and quality of mandarin orange grown in foothills of Darjeeling. Since boron is known to act as ameliorative role under aluminium toxicity, the present study was investigated to understand the effect of boron in mandarin orange seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition. Seedlings of Darjeeling mandarin orange were fertilized with Hoagland solution containing four levels of boron (i.e, 0µM, 5µM, 10µM and 25µM H3BO3) and two level of Aluminium (i.e., 0µM and 1200µM AlCl3.6 H2O) up to 22 weeks. Seedlings without boron and aluminium was treated as the control. Aluminium at higher concentration severely hinder physiological changes in terms of shoot length, leave numbers, leaf area, fresh shoot, root weight, chlorophyll content and carotenoid of mandarin seedlings. However, the application of boron improved the physiological attributes under higher concentration of aluminium. Furthermore, application of boron concentration at 10µM proved to be better treatment for mandarin seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition.
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Shalima, Irsyadi, Yuniarto Hendy und Rangga Asmara. „Klasifikasi Semantis Kata Penyukat Bahasa Mandarin dan Bahasa Indonesia“. Transformatika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 3, Nr. 2 (12.08.2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/transformatika.v3i1.928.
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<p>This brief research focuses on the semantic classification of measure words in Mandarin and Indonesian as both have the unique characteristic. By using contrastive methods, the measure words in both languages are compared and explained the similarities and differences. The results show that both languages have semantic classifications of the general measure words, national and international standards, containers, indeterminate numbers, a unity of objects, pairs, parts, humans, animals, plants, buildings, vehicles, shapes and distances. Although in general there are similarities, Mandarin has more measure words and is more detailed in classifying things.</p>
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Mikeladze, Zurab, Nunu Kutaladze und Shota Lominadze. „Influence of the biopreparation “Gaupsin” on storability of mandarin fruits“. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, Nr. 1 (29.01.2021): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i01.ah01.
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Our goal is to incorporate in the complex of citrus agrotechnical activities such technologies that will significantly increase the natural storability of mandarin fruits, in production and in short time in normal conditions, in the process of storage and sale. To this end, we conducted a large-scale experiment and included in the complex of agrotechnical measures the biopreparation “Gaupsin” of Ukrainian production, which protects plants from pests and diseases, promotes their growth and development, improves fruit bearing and qualitative indicators, in their number, increasing of storability. Gaupsin, as a bacterial fungicidal preparation, exhibits insecticidal properties, destroys pests, and with these and other properties, Gaupsin allows us to obtain high-quality and storable mandarin fruits. Its use is effective for processing of containers and boxes. At the same time, the preparation is environmentally friendly. Use of the biopreparation Gaupsin has shown a tendency to improve agrochemical parameters of soil; yield and quality parameters significantly increase. The parameters of adverse action of pests and diseases (especially silver mites and anthracnose) decreased to minimum. Natural fruit storability increases, at the cost of improvement of general physiological condition of fruits and neutralization of the pathogen, which shows the positive impact of the biopreparation in terms of fruit bearing. It should also be noted that the use of Gaupsin has practically eliminated the alternating bearing of mandarins and we every year obtain quantitatively and qualitatively stable harvest.
During the experimental period, we monitored the spread of pest disease on a monthly basis by means of commissions, focusing on monitoring the spread of such pests that significantly harm the growth and crop quality of mandarin. These include silver mites (40-45% harmfulness), citrus red mites Panonychus citri (45-50% harmfulness), elongated grey citrus scale (20-25% harmfulness), anthracnose (20%), wart disease (25%), black spots (25-30%). They each damage leaves, fruits, twigs and buds of plants. Anthracnose is particularly potent in conditions of fruit storage. The blackness caused by the fungal excretion of saprophyte fungi inhibits plant respiration and photosynthesis processes. The crop decreases and fruit loses its commodity, so these fruits are most easily damaged during storage by fungi of penicillium group and they spoil as quickly as possible. Losses from fruit breakdown are so significant that such fruits are virtually unusable not only for fresh consumption, but also from the point of view of industrial processing. At the same time, the environment is heavily polluted and it is also dangerous in subsequent years.
Based on our experimental data, we have developed calibrator for mandarin fruit and a mobile device for processing with Gaupsin, which has been handed over to newly established cooperatives. Serial manufacturing of such simple machine will resolve the problem of commodity processing of mandarin fruit by the biopreparation Gaupsin, and the farmer will be able to obtain on the spot products storable in commodity state, and the retailer will be guaranteed to minimize losses during the transportation and sale.
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Beddiaf, Rahma, Yasmina Kherbouche, Tinhinan Fecih, Amar Eddoud, Karim Souttou, Rekia Abdouali und Makhlouf Sekour. „Effect of the host plant on some biological parameters of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the extreme south-eastern Algeria (Sahara)“. August 2022, Nr. 16(08):2022 (01.08.2022): 1010–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.08.p2691.
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This paper studies the effect of the plant support on the biological activity of Ceratitis capitata, as well as the estimated infestation rate of certain fruit trees (orange, mandarin, fig, apricot and pomegranate) in two regions of extreme south-eastern Algeria. The results show that the fruits most bitten by the Mediterranean fly are pomegranates with a number varying between 2 and 40 bites/fruit (9.2 ± 0.5 bites/fruit), while figs are the least bitten with a number varying between 1 and 4 bites/fruit (1.7 ± 0.1 bites/fruit). In terms of infestation, apricot (Rd = 93.3%) and pomegranate (Rd = 88.6%) are the trees most attacked by Ceratitis capitata, while orange is the least attacked (Rd = 42%). The study of some bio-ecological parameters of this bio-aggressor shows that the pupal period varies according to the type of host plant, between 6.9 ± 1.7 days (apricot) and 13.0 ± 1.8 days (mandarin), with zero emergence for orange tree. Pupae size varies very little between host plants, with 4.2 ± 0.2 mm for languor and 1.9 ± 0.0 mm for large diameter. The emergence rate also varies between crops (p = 0.038) from 33.8 ± 14.7% (apricot) to 63.4 ± 20.5% (mandarin). The same is true for adult longevity. The sex-ratio of C. capitata is higher for females on all host plants. Thus, this study shows that the infestation of C. capitata depends on the host plants, the pupal stage duration, the emergence rate and the longevity of adults (very long during the winter and decreased during the summer period)
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Maust, B. E., und J. G. Williamson. „Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Citrus Nursery Plants“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, Nr. 2 (März 1994): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.195.
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Experiments were conducted with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) or Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedling rootstocks to determine minimum container solution N concentrations required for optimum growth and fertilizer uptake efficiency at various growth stages. Plants were fertigated daily with 1 liter of N solution at either 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 or 0, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 dissolved in a complete nutrient solution, respectively. Percentage of N in the mature plant tissues increased as N concentration in the medium solution increased. Shoot length and leaf area increased as N concentrations increased up to a critical concentration of 15 to 19 mg·liter-1. The critical N concentration for root, shoot, and total plant dry weight was ≈18 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Cleopatra mandarin nursery plants and 15 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Carrizo nursery plants. The critical N concentration for relative total plant dry weight accumulation (percentage) for the two experiments was 16.8 mg·liter-1. In a separate experiment, plants were given labeled fertilizer N (FN) (15NH415NO3) at one of five growth stages: A) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the third flush, B) immediately following the cessation of the third flush shoot extension but during leaf expansion, C) immediately following leaf expansion, D) before the fourth flush, or E) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the fourth flush. Labeled FN recovery increased during rapid shoot extension of the fourth scion flush compared to the other labeling periods. FN uptake per gram of total plant dry weight was greatest during rapid shoot extension (A and E) and lowest during the intermediate labeling periods (B-D). FN supplied 21% to 22% of the N required for new growth during rapid shoot extension.
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KAUR, KOMALPREET, MONIKA GUPTA, H. S. RATTANPAL, T. S. CHAHAL und GURTEG SINGH. „Impact of foliar application of growth regulators on fruit splitting, yield and quality of daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata)“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 94, Nr. 2 (13.02.2024): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v94i2.143183.
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The experiment was conducted during 2021 and 2022 at the Fruit Research Station, Jallowal-Lesriwal, Jalandhar (Punjab Agricultural University), Punjab to study the effect of foliar application of growth regulators on fruit splitting, yield and quality of Daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) (10, 20 and 30 ppm), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (10, 20 and 30 ppm), ethephon (10, 20 and 30 ppm) and salicylic acid (SA) (100 and 200 ppm) along with control were applied at different developmental stages of Daisy mandarin. The results revealed that the application of salicylic acid at 100 ppm effectively mitigated the severity of fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin during both the seasons and highest fruit weight, number of fruits and maximum fruit yield were observed with foliar application of GA3 at 10 ppm. Regarding the fruit quality attributes including total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, juice and flavonoid content, exhibited superior results with the application of 10 ppm GA3 as compared to untreated plants. The results suggested that application of 10 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm salicylic was effective in enhancing fruit quality attributes and reducing the incidence of fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin.
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Santos, Caroline Valverde dos, Renato Levien, Sérgio Francisco Schwarz, Michael Mazurana, Henrique Belmonte Petry, Lucas Zulpo und Jefferson Antônio Fink. „Physical-hydraulic properties of a sandy loam typic paleudalf soil under organic cultivation of 'montenegrina' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore)¹“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 38, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2014): 1882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000600023.
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Citrus plants are the most important fruit species in the world, with emphasis to oranges, mandarins and lemons. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, most fruit production is found on small properties under organic cultivation. Soil compaction is one of the factors limiting production and due to the fixed row placement of this crop, compaction can arise in various manners in the interrows of the orchard. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and water infiltration capacity in response to interrow management in an orchard of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore 'Montenegrina') under organic cultivation. Interrow management was performed through harrowing, logs in em "V", mowing, and cutting/knocking down plants with a knife roller. Soil physical properties were evaluated in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), between the wheel tracks (BWT), and in the area under the line projection of the canopy (CLP), with undisturbed soil samples collected in the 0.00-0.15, 0.15-0.30, 0.30-0.45, and 0.45-0.60 m layers, with four replicates. The soil water infiltration test was performed using the concentric cylinder method, with a maximum time of 90 min for each test. In general, soil analysis showed a variation in the physical-hydraulic properties of the Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico (sandy loam Typic Paleudalf) in the three sampling sites in all layers, regardless of the management procedure in the interrows. Machinery traffic leads to heterogeneity in the soil physical-hydraulic properties in the interrows of the orchard. Soil porosity and bulk density are affected especially in the wheel tracks of the tractor (WT), which causes a reduction in the constant rate of infiltration and in the accumulated infiltration of water in this sampling site. The use of the disk harrow and mower leads to greater harmful effects on the soil, which can interfere with mandarin production.
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Shugart, Holly, Timothy Ebert, Frederick Gmitter und Michael Rogers. „The Power of Electropenetrography in Enhancing Our Understanding of Host Plant-Vector Interactions“. Insects 10, Nr. 11 (15.11.2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110407.
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The invasive Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is the primary vector of the phloem-infecting bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Candidatus L. asiaticus is the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, a destructive disease of Citrus. While many Citrus species are susceptible to D. citri probing and HLB disease, there are marked behavioral differences in D. citri probing responses and Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus infection severity among Citrus species. Using four mandarin hybrid selections and pummelo plants variably resistant to D. citri probing, oviposition, and survival, we explored probing differences using electropenetrography (EPG), conducted an oviposition and survival study, and determined host plant metabolites using gas-chromatography mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS). We found thirty-seven D. citri probing variables to be significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo, in addition to differential oviposition and survivorship abilities on tested plants. We found sixty-three leaf metabolites with eight being significantly different among tested mandarin selections and pummelo. Detailed analysis of probing behavior, oviposition, survivorship, and host plant metabolite concentrations reveals the complex, layered resistance mechanisms utilized by resistant Citrus against D. citri probing. EPG is a powerful technology for screening Asian citrus psyllid resistant Citrus to elucidate host plant-vector interactions, with an aim to minimize vector probing and eliminate the spread of the bacterial pathogen, Ca. L. asiaticus.
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Khalil, N. H. „The Effect of Organic Fertilization on Leaf Mineral Content of Three Citrus Species“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, Nr. 4 (01.04.2023): 042049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/4/042049.
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Abstract A field experiment in RCBD design was carried out in the College of Agric. Engine. SCI./The University of Baghdad. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer (as three levels of sheep and cattle manure) on the leaf content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, of three citrus species, lemon (Citrus limon L.), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and, mandarin (Citrus reticulata), grafted on Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock. Results indicated that lemon trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the most responsive to organic fertilization and the accumulation of most of the macro and micro elements, followed by orange trees grafted on the same rootstock, while it was noted that mandarin trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the least responsive among the three types, In addition, sheep manure was efficient in providing plants with N, K, Ca, and Mg elements, while cattle manure was the most efficient in providing plants with P, Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrients.
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Girardi, Eduardo Augusto, und Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho. „Production of interstocked 'Pera' sweet orange nursey trees on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstocks“. Scientia Agricola 63, Nr. 1 (Februar 2006): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000100002.
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Incompatibility among certain citrus scion and rootstock cultivars can be avoided through interstocking. 'Pera' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) nursery tree production was evaluated on 'Swingle' citrumelo (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) and 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Pasquale) incompatible rootstocks, using 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka), and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) as interstocks. Citrus nursery trees interstocked with 'Pera' sweet orange on both rootstocks were used as control. 'Swingle' citrumelo led to the highest interstock bud take percentage, the greatest interstock height and rootstock diameter, as well as the highest scion and root system dry weight. Percentage of 'Pera' sweet orange dormant bud eye was greater for plants budded on 'Sunki' mandarin than those budded on 'Valencia' sweet orange. No symptoms of incompatibility were observed among any combinations of rootstocks, interstocks and scion. Production cycle can take up to 17 months with higher plant discard.
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Favaro, María A., Norma G. Micheloud, Roxana A. Roeschlin, María A. Chiesa, Atilio P. Castagnaro, Adrián A. Vojnov, Fred G. Gmitter et al. „Surface Barriers of Mandarin ‘Okitsu’ Leaves Make a Major Contribution to Canker Disease Resistance“. Phytopathology® 104, Nr. 9 (September 2014): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-13-0277-r.
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Field evaluations have shown that Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) ‘Okitsu’ is one of the mandarin cultivars that shows substantial resistance to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this resistance are not well understood. In this study, we have shown that ‘Okitsu’ leaves are nevertheless susceptible to X. citri infection during a period of their development; however, this period is shorter than that seen in the susceptible mandarin ‘Clemenules’ (C. clementina). Under controlled growth conditions, the resistance of ‘Okitsu’ to X. citri was associated with the age of the leaf and was evident in spray-inoculated plants but not in those inoculated by infiltration. Furthermore, X. citri showed reduced attachment and biofilm formation in ‘Okitsu’ leaves compared with ‘Clemenules’. Taken together, our data suggest that structural features of the ‘Okitsu’ leaf surface, such as the physical properties of the cuticle, are involved in the resistance to X. citri.
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Pérez-Jiménez, Margarita, und Olaya Pérez-Tornero. „Comparison of Four Systems to Test the Tolerance of ‘Fortune’ Mandarin Tissue Cultured Plants to Alternaria alternata“. Plants 10, Nr. 7 (28.06.2021): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071321.
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Alternaria brown spot is a severe disease that affects leaves and fruits on susceptible mandarin and mandarin-like cultivars, and is produced by Alternaria alternata. Consequently, there is an urge to obtain new cultivars resistant to A. alternata, and mutation breeding together with tissue culture can help shorten the process. However, a protocol for the in vitro selection of resistant citrus genotypes is lacking. In this study, four methods to evaluate the sensitivity to Alternaria of mandarin ‘Fortune’ explants in in vitro culture were tested. The four tested systems consisted of: (1) the addition of the mycotoxin, produced by A. alternata in ‘Fortune’, to the propagation culture media, (2) the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the propagation culture media, (3) the application of the mycotoxin to the intact shoot leaves, and (4) the application of the mycotoxin to the previously excised and wounded leaves. After analyzing the results, only the addition of the A. alternata culture filtrate to the culture media and the application of the mycotoxin to the wounded leaves produced symptoms of infection. However, the addition of the fungus culture filtrate to the culture media produced results, which might indicate that, in addition to the mycotoxin, many other unknown elements that can affect the plant growth and behavior could be found in the fungus culture filtrate. Therefore, the application of the toxin to the excised and wounded leaves seems to be the most reliable method to analyze sensitivity to Alternaria of ‘Fortune’ explants cultured in vitro.
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De Pasquale, Fabio, Salvatore Giuffrida und Francesco Carimi. „Minigrafting of Shoots, Roots, Inverted Roots, and Somatic Embryos for Rescue of in vitro Citrus Regenerants“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, Nr. 2 (März 1999): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.2.152.
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Minigrafting was used for rescue of tissue culture regenerants of the following four species of Citrus: sour orange (C. aurantium L. `AA CNR 31'), sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. `Valencia Late'], lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. `Femminello Comune'] and mandarin (C. deliciosa Tenore `Tardivo di Ciaculli'). The grafting was carried out with different scion types including shoots, roots, inverted roots and somatic embryos. This material was obtained in vitro from embryogenic style-derived callus. Seedlings of open-pollinated sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and `Troyer' citrange [C. sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were used as rootstocks. Minigrafting of shoots, roots, inverted roots and embryos regenerated in vitro allowed successful rescue of these four species. Percentages of successful minigrafts ranged from 100% (shoots) to 2.5% (inverted roots). The probability of successful graft unions increased with the age of the rootstock. The final mean canopy leaf area (120 days after grafting) ranged from 5.2 cm2 (`Tardivo di Ciaculli' mandarin grafted on 6-month-old Cleopatra mandarin) to 157.9 cm2 (`Valencia Late' sweet orange grafted on 18-month-old Cleopatra mandarin). In this work we examined some of the variables which influenced minigrafting and we determined the efficacy of this method for rescue of in vitro regenerants of Citrus. This method is also suggested as a technique to produce a high percentage of viable plants from in vitro regenerants difficult to root.
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Palupi, Norry Eka, Moch Dawam Maghfoer, Nunun Barunawati und Didik Hariyono. „Phenotypes of Citrus Sp. As a Selected in Dwarf Rootstock Material Regard to Abiotic Stress Tolerance“. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, Nr. 8 (30.08.2022): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.8.17.
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Research on abiotic stress tolerant horticultural plants has been widely carried out. However, there has not been much research on the citrus phenotype with rootstock as planting material, which has advantages in overcoming abiotic stress and dwarf performance. This research provides citrus rootstock that is tolerant to some of the marginal land in Indonesia especially on drought, salinity, waterlogging, and acidity. This morphological research was conducted at Punten Experimental Garden in Batu city, Indonesia. Anatomical observations were carried out in the laboratories of Indonesian Balitjestro and Universitas Brawijaya. This has done pre-treatment selection lasted for 8 months and then abiotic stress treatment lasted for 2 months, from July to September 2021. This study consisted of 15 treatment combinations: three rootstock varieties, i.e., Citromello (Cit), Volkameriana (Volk), and Cleopatra mandarin (CM), and five abiotic stress treatments, i.e., control, PEG 10%, NaCl 3.5%, waterlogging 150% FC, and 9 mM Al2SO4. The results showed that abiotic stress, especially NaCl and waterlogging, caused phenotypic changes such as in leaf shape, i.e., leaf lamina shape, reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomata density, and canopy diameter compared to other abiotic stresses. The best stomatal density and open stomata percentage were for Cleopatra mandarin (CM). This was also shown by the increase in proline content when plants are subjected to abiotic stresses, especially in Cleopatra mandarin under NaCl stress, Volkameriana under Al2SO4 stress, and Citromello under waterlogging (WL). The palisade size decreased, its vascular bundles in the leaves increased, and the pore distribution changed. The results showed all rootstock candidates were resistant to several abiotic stresses and had dwarf performance. It can be concluded that the best tolerant of abiotic stress rootstock variety of abiotic stress is Cleopatra mandarin, while Volkameriana and Citromello are better tolerant on acidic soil.
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Wang, Yuting, Shuilin Wan, Yuqing Tang, Huidong Yang, Chao Xu, Xincheng Liu, Zhongdong Hu und Xinlong Hu. „Physiological and Metabolic Changes in ‘Xinyu Mandarin’ Following Natural Tetraploidization“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 1 (22.12.2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010029.
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The mandarin is an important fruit crop worldwide, and ‘Xinyu mandarin’—a local Citrus reticulata variety—is widely cultivated in Jiangxi Province, in China. Autopolyploidy has frequently been used for the improvement of crop varieties. In a previous study, we identified a tetraploid (4X) material of ‘Xinyu mandarin’ generated from its diploid (2X) mother seedling via a spontaneous mutation. However, the physiological and metabolic variations after polyploidy are not clear enough, which is not conducive to the early screening. In the present study, we analyzed the morphological, physiological, and metabolic differences between the tetraploid and diploid plants. The tetraploids had larger and thicker leaves, and the activities of key enzymes in photosynthesis, the total chlorophyll, phenolic, and proline contents, were all higher in tetraploids. In the non-targeted metabolomic profile, a total of 522 metabolites were identified, of which 61 were significantly different between diploids and tetraploids. The differential metabolites included similar proportions of primary and secondary metabolites, and most of these were up-regulated in tetraploids, especially stress-related metabolites such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and so on, indicating that tetraploids may possess better stress tolerance ability and vigor. Therefore, the tetraploids of ‘Xinyu mandarin’ may serve as an excellent female parent for the improvement of citrus varieties.
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Hung, Nguyen Quoc, Le Thi My Ha, Nguyen Quoc Hieu, Pham Thi Thanh Tu und Vu Phong Lam. „Gibberellin (GA3) and Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) Reduce Seeds per Fruit and Increase Fruit Quality in Bac Son Mandarin Fruit“. Seeds 2, Nr. 3 (03.08.2023): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/seeds2030024.
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The aim of this study was to find the optimal gibberellic acid (GA3) and copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) concentrations to reduce the number of seeds and increase the quality of Bac Son mandarin fruit. In experiment 1, the control plants (without GA3) were sprayed with water, and the remaining plants were sprayed with different concentrations of GA3 (50, 75, 100, or 125 ppm). In experiment 2, the control plants (without CuSO4·5H2O) were sprayed with water, and the remaining plants were sprayed with different concentrations of CuSO4·5H2O (50, 75, 100, or 125 ppm). Spraying GA3 at 100 ppm in 2018 produced the lowest seed number and the highest theoretical yield. In 2019, spraying GA3 led to a lower seed number and a higher actual yield compared with the control. Similarly, spraying CuSO4·5H2O significantly reduced the number of seeds/fruit and significantly increased the theoretical yield in 2018. In 2019, the total number of seeds/fruit was significantly lower in the CuSO4·5H2O treatments than in the control. Importantly, both GA3 and CuSO4·5H2O treatments did not adversely affect the fruit’s biochemical parameters or yield. These findings demonstrate that spraying GA3 or CuSO4·5H2O at a certain concentration can effectively reduce the number of seeds per fruit in Bac Son mandarin without compromising fruit quality or yield.
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Urapeepathanapong, Thitima, Coll De Lima Hutchison und Komatra Chuengsatiansup. „Seeing Green: Plants, Pests, Pathogens, People and Pharmaceuticalisation in Thai Mandarin Orchards“. Medicine Anthropology Theory 9, Nr. 2 (14.04.2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17157/mat.9.2.5374.
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Medical professionals’ and policymakers’ fear of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has largely been directed toward antibiotic use in medicine and animal agriculture. In Thailand, however, the use of antibiotics in citrus orchards has raised some concern over their ‘appropriateness’ and there have been calls for reduction—if not complete cessation—of their usage. We explore the emergence of antibiotic use for citrus greening disease (CGD) as part of shifting assemblages of plants, pests, pathogens, and people, as well as of varying climates, technologies, and farming practices. We suggest that rather than being a threat coming from outside orchards, CGD pathogenicity repeatedly emerges from within, and in Thailand appears to have increased alongside, the intensification of agricultural practices. We document how, when antibiotics emerged in the mid-20th century, their ‘pharmaceutical efficacy’ was insufficient to trigger their widespread adoption. Rather, the pharmaceuticalisation of orchards continues to be entangled with the expansion and intensification of mandarin agriculture, and also with the affordability of antibiotics, dissemination of relevant knowledge, and availability of equipment for their injection. Current proposals to reduce antibiotic use risk not taking sufficiently seriously the importance of their role in sustaining intensive orchard practices—and profits.
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Sykes, SR. „A glasshouse screening procedure for identifying citrus hybrids which restrict chloride accumulation in shoot tissues“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, Nr. 6 (1985): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850779.
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Twelve-month-old citrus rootstock hybrids, from crosses made during springs 1980 and 1981, were screened for chloride accumulation in leaves following a short-term salt test under glasshouse conditions. Seedlings were grown in nutrient solution cultures containing 50 mM NaCl for 56 days. Individual hybrids were selected for further evaluation, mainly on the basis of low leaf chloride concentrations but also on visual symptoms of salt damage. The reliability and accuracy of the screening procedure for identifying new hybrids which restrict chloride accumulation in shoots were evaluated in four replicated glasshouse experiments. These were conducted with plants propagated from cuttings taken from selected hybrids. The first of these experiments compared four hybrids selected from two crosses, Rangpur lime x Trifoliate orange and Cleopatra mandarin x Carrizo citrange, with seedlings of parent cultivars. Plants were grown in coarse river sand irrigated with nutrient solution � NaCl (50 mM) over a 56-day period. Two Rangpur lime x Trifoliate orange hybrids and one Cleopatra mandarin x Carrizo citrange hybrid accumulated similar chloride concentrations in shoots as Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin. The other three experiments were conducted using solution cultures as in the original screening experiments (i.e. 50 mM NaCl, 56 days). Within each experiment there was a significant positive correlation between mean leaf chloride concentration of replicated hybrids and those measured for each hybrid in original screening experiments. Although there were a few escapes, results demonstrated that the original screening experiments were for the most part reliable and accurate.
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Al-Sayyed, H. F., R. A. Al-Kurd, M. M. Mwalla und S. M. Abdel Qader. „Determination of Antioxidant Content and Capacity of Four Jordanian Fresh Citrus Fruits“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 3 (15.02.2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p605.
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Citrus fruits are considered one of the most grown crops worldwide including Jordan with high nutritive and non-nutritive value. The consumption of foods that contain natural antioxidants is thought to be an efficient way for reducing the risk for oxidative stress diseases. Determination of antioxidant content and capacity allows the screening of plants that are probably involved in the prevention and/or treatment of oxidative stress diseases. This study aimed at comparing four fresh Jordanian citrus fruits (namely: orange, lemon, pomelo, and mandarin) for their antioxidant content (using two methods namely: Folin-Ciocaltaeu method and total flavonoids method) and capacity (using two methods namely: 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric antioxidant reducing capacity (CUPRAC) assays). Three solvents were used for the fruit extraction (ethanol, methanol, and water). There were significant (P < 0.05) differences between the fruits in terms of antioxidant content and capacity. Regardless of the extraction solvent, the fruit content of total polyphenols (M catechin/100 g) was as follows: lemon > mandarin > pomelo > orange. The total flavonoid content (mM rutin/100 g) of the fruits was: orange > mandarin > lemon > pomelo. On the other hand, the antioxidant capacity (M trolox/100 g) of the fruits was: lemon > mandarin > orange > pomelo. The antioxidant capacity (measured as mg vitamin C/ml extract) of the fruits was: mandarin > orange > pomelo > lemon. Different extracts of different fruits showed significantly (P < 0.05) different antioxidant contents and capacities. No correlation between antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity of the studied fruits has been found.
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Wu, Fengnian, Mochi Huang, Eduardo G. P. Fox, Jiaquan Huang, Yijing Cen, Xiaoling Deng und Meirong Xu. „Preliminary Report on the Acquisition, Persistence, and Potential Transmission of Citrus tristeza virus by Diaphorina citri“. Insects 12, Nr. 8 (17.08.2021): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080735.
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Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the most important citrus tree viruses: a graft-transmissible virus that can be vectored by several aphid species. Diaphorina citri is the insect vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter spp.”, a bacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). However, no detailed description of the relationship between CTV and D. citri has been reported. In this study, D. citri adults collected from CTV-infected “Shatangju” mandarin, “Newhall” sweet orange, and “fingered citron” trees in different orchards yielded CTV-positive rates of 40%, 65%, and 95%, respectively, upon detection by conventional PCR. Illumina HiSeq sequencing followed by de novo assembly recovered the primary full CTV genome from the RNA of 30 D. citri adults sampled from CTV-positive citrus plants. Molting and adult emergence did not affect the presence or titers of CTV within the D. citri; however, the persistence of CTV in psyllids varied among different host plant species. Groups of 10 D. citri (from a population 85% CTV-positive) were shown to potentially transmit CTV to two citrus species, “Shatangju” mandarin and “Eureka” lemon, yielding 58.33% and 83.33% CTV-positive plants, respectively. No transmission of CTV to orange jasmine plants occurred. Thus, this study reports on the ability of D. citri to acquire and transmit CTV, making D. citri as a vector of two important citrus pathogens, warranting further attention and investigation.