Thematische Bibliographien / Mandarin plants

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Mandarin plants“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

Yang, Hui-Ching, und Glen L. Hartman. „Methods and Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum“. Plant Disease 99, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0228-re.

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Anthracnose of soybean (Glycine max) occurs throughout the soybean production areas of the world. There is little information on evaluating inoculation techniques or evaluating soybean germplasm for resistance. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable inoculation technique for evaluating soybean for resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum and to evaluate soybean genotypes for resistance. Inoculated plants incubated in a dew chamber for 48 or 72 h had higher (P = 0.05) area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values than when incubated for 24 h. Three experiments evaluated soybean genotypes for resistance to C. truncatum. In the first experiment using 15 soybean genotypes, ‘Mandarin’ had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values than all the other genotypes except for ‘Mandarin 507’, ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’, and ‘Boone’. In the second experiment using 28 soybean genotypes, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with all other soybean genotypes except ‘Early White Eyebrow’, ‘Mandarin Yowa’, Boone, and ‘Manchuria’. In the third experiment, Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with 23 other soybean genotypes except ‘Spry’, Mandarin, and ‘Iroquois’. Plants of Mandarin 507 and ‘Williams 82’ were inoculated at the vegetative and reproductive growth stages; Mandarin 507 had lower (P = 0.05) AUDPC values compared with Williams 82 for both growth stages evaluated, and Mandarin 507 had less (P = 0.05) pod area covered by lesions compared with the pods of Williams 82. This study provided a descriptive method to inoculate soybean plants with C. truncatum and identified soybean genotypes with resistance to anthracnose.

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Fo, Francisco A. A. Mourão, Jude W. Grosser und Frederick G. Gmitter. „361 IN VITRO CITRUS BREEDING FOR SCION IMPROVEMENT“. HortScience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 1994): 482f—482. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.482f.

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Protoplast culture following polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of somatic hybrid plants from the following combinations: `Succari' sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) + `Ponkan' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), `Succari' sweet orange + `Dancy' mandarin (C. reticulata), `Succari' sweet orange + `Page' tangelo [a sexual hybrid between `Minneola' tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi Mcf.) × `Clementine' mandarin (C. reticulata)], `Valencia' sweet orange (C. sinensis) + `Page' tangelo. `Succari' and `Valencia' protoplasts were isolated -from ovule-derived embryogenic cell suspension cultures and from seedling leaves for the other parents. Somatic hybrid plants were Identified on the basis of leaf morphology and electrophoretic analysis of isozyme banding patterns. Root tip cell chromosome counting is being performed on all plants. Other putative somatic hybrids Include: `Succari' sweet orange + `Minneola' tangelo; `Succari' sweet orange + `Murcott' tangos (C. sinensis × C. reticulata); `Valencia' sweet orange + `Murcott' tangor; and `Valencia' sweet orange + `Dancy' mandarin. These plants may have direct cultivar potential, but there primary use will be for interploid hybridization with selected monoembryonic scions to produce improved seedless triploids.

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Stenzel, Neusa Maria Colauto, und Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves. „Rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime“. Scientia Agricola 61, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000200005.

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The 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important commercial citrus cultivar in Brazil. 'Rangpur' lime has being used as its main rootstock, but it is susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora, reducing tree longevity. An experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with three trees per plot of each rootstock and four replicates, and run for 12 years, aiming to compare the performance of 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime, budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'C-13' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'African' rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.). Eleven years after the establishment of the orchard, trees with the greatest canopy development were budded on 'C-13' citrange and 'African' rough lemon, and both differed significantly from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, which presented the smallest canopy development. Trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime and 'C-13' citrange had the highest cumulative yields, and were different from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins. There was no rootstock effect on mean fruit weight and on the total soluble solid/acid ratio in the juice. The 'Rangpur' lime and the 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstocks reduced longevity of plants.

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Maheen, Nimra, Muhammad Shafiq, Saleha Sadiq, Muhammad Farooq, Qurban Ali, Umer Habib, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Asjad Ali und Fawad Ali. „Genome Identification and Characterization of WRKY Transcription Factor Gene Family in Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 6 (01.06.2023): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061182.

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WRKY proteins are an important group of transcription factors (TFs) gene family and were identified primarily in plants. WRKY TFs play vital roles in modulating gene expression when plants face detrimental effects due to the environment. In the current study, we focused on using the mandarin citrus (Citrus reticulata) genome to understand the impact of the WRKY gene family on the extraction of alleles mining in mandarins. The mining of the C. reticulata genome identified 46 CrWRKY genes that were classified into three main groups (G1, G2, and G3) further with five subclasses (IIa, IIb, IIc, Iid, and IIe) in the G2 group, and all were presented on 29 scaffolds representing numerous segmental duplications of 100% events established. Multiple sequence analysis predicted the presence of the “WRKYGQK” domain and metal-chelating zinc-finger motif C2H2 in 45 genes, while the “WRKYGQK” domain was replaced with “WRKYGKK” only in CrWRKY20. The comparative relationship of CrWRKY with other plant species using dual synteny analysis revealed that the divergence between C. reticulata and C. grandis occurred after the evolutionary divergence of C. clementine, C. sinensis, C. medica, and C. ichangensis. The possible functions of the CrWRKY genes in mitigating environmental effects were predicted using cis-regulatory elements analysis and in silico RNAseq analysis, for the development of plants. These results provide a robust platform and absence of knowledge for the functional identification from key genes of CrWRKY genes in the mandarin for the possible use to improve key desirable agronomic and consumer-driven fruit quality traits in mandarins and related species.

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PANT, R. P., RAKESH KUMAR, ANITA ARORA und V. K. BARANWAL. „Detection of Mandarivirus and greening bacterium using electron microscopy, PCR and RT-PCR in Kinnow mandarin nurseries in Punjab“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, Nr. 1 (23.03.2023): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i1.79603.

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Kinnow mandarin is one of the most important fruit crops in northern India particularly in Punjab. Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV), Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) and citrus greening bacterium (CGB) are very important graft transmissible pathogens causing reduced productivity in Kinnow mandarin. A survey was undertaken in 11 kinnow mandarin nurseries, 2 to 4 star rated by National Horticultural Board in Punjab. Samples collected from these nurseries were indexed by electron microscopy, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM), PCR and RT-PCR. In RT-PCR test, out of 33 samples of kinnow mandarin mother plants, 3 samples were found positive for CYVCV and 6 samples for ICRSV. In two nurseries, both the viruses were detected in the same plant indicating mixed infection in the mother plants. In ISEM test, 4 samples out of 12 samples were positive for ICRSV and 2 samples were positive for CYVCV. CGB was detected in two plants out of nine plant leaf samples collected from four nurseries. In view of these studies it is evident that molecular diagnostics as indexing tool need to be applied for the production of clean planting material of kinnow mandarin.

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Cass, Bodil N., Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell und Jay A. Rosenheim. „Resistance of Fruits From a Mandarin Cultivar to Feeding by Fork-Tailed Bush Katydids“. Journal of Economic Entomology 112, Nr. 6 (06.10.2019): 2861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz241.

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Abstract Plants use a variety of mechanisms to defend against herbivore damage, each with different consequences for agricultural production. Crops relying on tolerance strategies may need different pest management approaches versus those relying on resistance strategies. Previous work suggested that densities of fork-tailed bush katydids (Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl [Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae]) that generated substantial scarring on cultivars of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck [Sapindales: Rutaceae]) produced only low levels of scarring on cultivars of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins. We used field experiments in representative cultivars of these species to test non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying this observation: 1) katydids are averse to feeding on mandarin fruits, 2) damaged mandarin fruits preferentially abscise, 3) damaged mandarin fruit tissue recovers during development, and 4) katydid scars on mandarins have a different morphology that may result in misclassification. We found strong support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that katydids reject opportunities to feed on C. reticulata fruit. Instead of chewing deep holes in the fruit, as was commonly observed for C. sinensis, the katydids only scratched the surface of the C. reticulata fruits. The hypotheses of preferential abscission of damaged fruits and of recovery of damaged tissue were not supported. The low incidence of damage to the mandarins prevented a comprehensive assessment of the scar morphology; however, at harvest, the superficial cuts in C. reticulata were not easily distinguishable from background damage. This indicates that in contrast to C. sinensis, C. reticulata has substantial natural resistance to fork-tailed bush katydids making them a non-pest in this crop.

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Louzada, Eliezer S., Jude W. Grosseti, Frederick G. Gmitter, Beatriz Nielsen, J. L. Chandler, Xiu Xin Deng und Nicasio Tusa. „Eight New Somatic Hybrid Citrus Rootstocks with Potential for Improved Disease Resistance“. HortScience 27, Nr. 9 (September 1992): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.1033.

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Protoplast culture following polyethylene glycol-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of vigorous tetraploid somatic hybrid plants from eight complementary parental rootstock combinations: Citrus reticulata Blanco (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. aurantium L. (sour orange), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. jambhiri Lush (rough lemon), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq. (Volkamer lemon), C. reticulata (Cleopatra mandarin) + C. limonia Osb. (Rang-pur), C. sinensis (L.) Osb. (Hamlin sweet orange) + C. limonia (Rangpur), C. aurantium (sour orange) + C. volkameriana (Volkamer lemon) zygotic seedling, C. auruntium hybrid (Smooth Flat Seville) + C. jambhiri (rough lemon), and C. sinensis (Valencia sweet orange) + Carrizo citrange [C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Diploid plants were regenerated from nonfused callus-derived protoplasts of Valencia sweet orange and Smooth Flat Seville and from nonfused leaf protoplasts of sour orange, Rangpur, rough lemon, and Volkamer lemon. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf morphology, chromosome number, and leaf isozyme profiles. All somatic hybrid plants were tetraploid (2n = 4× = 36). One autotetraploid plant of the Volkamer lemon zygotic was recovered, apparently resulting from a homokaryotic fusion. These eight new citrus somatic hybrids have been propagated and entered into field trials.

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Radonjic, Sanja. „Intensity of attack caused by Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. (Diptera, Tephritidae) on mandarin along the Montenegrin seacoast“. Pesticidi i fitomedicina 26, Nr. 4 (2011): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1104355r.

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Along the Montenegrin seacoast, all cultivated citrus species (mandarin, orange, lemon, grapefruit), fig, loquat and ziziphus were detected as host plants of the Ceratitis capitata Wiedem. Among those found, in economic sense, the most important host plant is mandarin Unsiu. Intensity of the attack were monitored on mandarin in 2003 and 2004 in localities Baosici, Lastva Grbaljska and Bar, and was determined as higher in 2003. The first symptoms of attack were detected, depending on locality, from middle of September until beginning of October, one to two months earlier then in 2004. The maximum number of larvae per fruit were detected in October and November (average from 13.44?0.16 to 22.82?0.13). Time of the first symptoms appearence on mandarin in September and October 2003 and in November 2004, indicate on crucial importance of alternative host plants (figs and loquat) for reproduction and increasing of C. capitata population, because later during a season its intensity of attack on mandarin, depend largely on their presence.

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Allay, Sanjita, Rohini Lama, Usha Chakraborty und Biswanath Chakraborty. „Antioxidative responses of mandarin plants to water stress“. NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 7, Nr. 1 (2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2013.v07i01.003.

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Citrus reticulata grows in warm climatic conditions. Stresses such as water logging, drought, soil acidity, unbalanced nutrition and pathogenic infestation lead to root injury resulting in citrus tree decline and therefore huge economic losses. In order to determine the effect of flooding and drought on mandarin plants, mandarin plants were subjected to water logging condition in the field and in pots for drought condition. Biochemical and morphological changes induced by water logging and drought conditions were determined. The plants showed slight wilting and leaf dropping by the third day of flooding whereas in drought the leaves curled up, became crisp and later dried out. Marked changes in antioxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase was observed during stress in comparison to control plants. Antioxidative activity was seen to be more in the leaves than in the roots. Among the antioxidants carotenoid content showed a significant decrease during the flood stress but increased in drought stress. An increase in ascorbate content was observed during stress in comparison to the control. From this study, we can conclude that water stress causes adjustment of antioxidant balance in mandarin plants.

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Belous, Oksana, Marina Vasileyko, Angelina Lagoshina und Nataliia Platonova. „Optimization of the adaptive mechanism of subtropical crops under the influence of innovative forms of fertilizers“. E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125402006.

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The research is aimed at developing effective ways to regulate the functional state of plants under stress. It is shown that the functional state of tea and mandarin plants is more favorable under the influence of growth regulators (humic and amino acids, metabolites of mold fungi are used as biologically active substances). In the variants with foliar treatments, there is an increase in bound water (up to 54.8-54.9%); activation of assimilant synthesis, more active formation of proline and ascorbic acid in tea leaves. There was an increase in the number of carotenoids (up to 1.78 mg / g) and active synthesis of ascorbic acid in mandarin leaves during stressful periods; the value of the viability index increased (up to 5.19 – 5.33 units) in accordance with the control (4.37 umits). The developed specific surface density of the leaf provides greater productivity of mandarin plants. The optimal functional state of the plants led to an increase in the crop productivity of tea leaves (22.88-32.22 c/ha compared to the control-22.04-26.88 c/ha) and mandarin fruits (6.83 kg/tree compared to the control – 3.80 kg / tree). The use of innovative forms of fertilizers and plant growth regulators should become the main element of the technology of cultivation of subtropical crops, optimizing the adaptive potential, regulating the effective productivity of plants and their quality indicators.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

Carter, Philip Andrew. „Ice formation and the affects of cold acclimation on cold hardiness in a subtropical fruit species“. Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Carter_Philip_13.pdf.

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Dansereau, Kari Ann. „The role of plant water deficits on cold tolerance during cold acclimation of a cold tolerant (Poncirus trifoliata) and cold sensitive (Citrus unshiu) species“. Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Dansereau_Kari_17.pdf.

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Rai, Kuldeep. „Studies on Rhizosphere micro flora of mandarin plants and their assessment as potential biocontrol agents against root diseases“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1430.

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Izquierdo, Zandalinas Sara. „Plant strategies to deal with a combination of drought and high temperatures“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398395.

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En condiciones naturales distintos estreses abióticos, como la sequía y las altas temperaturas, ocurren simultáneamente. El Capítulo 1 demuestra que citrange Carrizo es más tolerante a la combinación de estos estreses que el mandarino Cleopatra. El perfil hormonal indica que el contenido de la hormona ABA depende de su biosíntesis, catabolismo y/o conjugación. El Capítulo 2 estudia el metabolismo primario y secundario de ambos genotipos en condiciones de sequía, altas temperaturas y su combinación. Mientras que Cleopatra altera más marcadamente su metabolismo con el fin de mitigar el daño causado por los estreses, la mayor tolerancia de Carrizo a estos factores da lugar a una menor alteración del mismo. Finalmente, el Capítulo 3 concluye que el ABA es necesario para la tolerancia a esta combinación de estreses y para la acumulación de proteínas (APX1, MBF1c y HSP101) implicadas en la aclimatación de las plantas a condiciones adversas.
In natural environments, different abiotic stresses, including drought and high temperatures, simultaneously occur. Chapter 1 demonstrates that Carrizo citrange is more tolerant to the combination of these stresses than Cleopatra mandarin. Hormonal profile indicates that ABA content depends on its biosynthesis, catabolism and/or conjugation. Chapter 2 studies the primary and secondary metabolism of both citrus genotypes under drought, heat or their combination. Whereas Cleopatra deeply alters its metabolism in order to mitigate stress damages, the higher ability of Carrizo to tolerate adverse situations prevents further modifications of metabolism. Finally, Chapter 3 concludes that ABA is necessary for plant tolerance to this combined situation as well as for the accumulation of proteins (APX1, MBF1c and HSP101) required for plant acclimation to environmental adverse conditions.

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Cabasson, Cécile. „Régénération de la mandarine commune (Citrus deliciosa Ten. ) par embryogénèse somatique en milieu liquide : Fusions somatiques et essais de transformation génétique“. Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20257.

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Un procede de culture cellulaire en milieu liquide a ete developpe pour une espece modele, la mandarine commune (citrus deliciosa ten. ). La recherche des facteurs permettant d'orienter a volonte les cultures cellulaires de la multiplication indifferenciee vers l'embryogenese somatique, a montre que la diminution de la densite cellulaire au moment de l'inoculation est 60 fois plus efficace que le remplacement du saccharose par le galactose. La difference de comportement des cellules, placees sur galactose ou sur saccharose, se determine tres tot comme en temoignent les differences de consommation de 4 principaux macroelements (calcium, phosphore, potassium, magnesium). La modification des conditions de l'environnement hydrique, avec l'utilisation de systeme a immersion temporaire, favorise la morphogenese des embryons et leur aptitude a la germination. Disposant d'un systeme de culture cellulaire efficace, les manipulations genetiques ont pu etre envisagees. Deux techniques complementaires ont ete abordees: fusion de protoplastes et transfert de genes dans des protoplastes, tous deux induits par le polyethylene glycol. Apres fusion somatique, des jeunes plantes ont ete regenerees tandis que l'etape de regeneration a echoue dans les experimentations de transformation genetique

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Gimeno, Romeu Jacinta. „Respuesta transcripcional al estrés hídrico en mandarino. Estudio genómico-funcional con micromatrices de cDNA“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1993.

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La citricultura es una de las ramas de la fruticultura de mayor producción a nivel mundial, siendo España el cuarto productor y primer país exportador mundial de cítricos para consumo en fresco (FAO, 2005). La obtención de nuevas variedades que se adapten a las exigencias de mercado y de cultivo es la clave para continuar siendo competitivos. La reducción de las precipitaciones en muchas zonas agrícolas provoca que el estrés hídrico sea uno de los estreses abióticos que más limita la producción de los cultivos, entre ellos los cítricos. Aunque son numerosos los estudios orientados a conocer mejor la respuesta de la planta ante el estrés hídrico a nivel molecular en especies modelo, son pocos los trabajos realizados en relación a la respuesta al estrés hídrico en cítricos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de herramientas que nos permitan conocer mejor la respuesta de los cítricos frente a este estrés que en un futuro puedan utilizarse para conseguir cítricos que sean capaces de aprovechar mejor el agua disponible en condiciones adversas, evitando las importantes pérdidas de cosecha. El análisis global de la respuesta a estrés hídrico en cítricos se ha llevado a cabo a través de un estudio del transcriptoma de los cítricos sometidos a este estrés. Para ello se han utilizado dos abordajes, la generación de ESTs y la hibridación de micromatrices de cDNA, que han permitido identificar genes candidatos a estar implicados en la respuesta a estrés hídrico. La generación de ESTs se ha realizado a partir de la secuenciación de un total de 2296 clones aislados de dos bibliotecas de cDNA sustraido, Drought1 y Drought2, construidas a partir de hojas y raíces de plantas sometidas a estrés hídrico respectivamente. Las ESTs obtenidas han pasado a formar parte de la colección del CFGP (Citrus Functional Genomics Project). Como resultado del estudio de los unigenes resultantes de las bibliotecas construidas con material sometido a estrés hídrico, en relación con el r
Gimeno Romeu, J. (2007). Respuesta transcripcional al estrés hídrico en mandarino. Estudio genómico-funcional con micromatrices de cDNA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1993
Palancia

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Romero, Flores Juan Gabriel. „Planta de acondicionamiento Profruit Perú Sac: plan de negocio, integrado a un modelo de asociatividad, para productores de aguacate y mandarina en Ica - Perú“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138220.

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Magíster en Gestión y Dirección de Empresas
El presente plan de negocio propone que los agricultores de la ciudad de Chincha, Ica (Perú) de aguacate y mandarina, puedan asociarse y tengan acceso a una planta de acondicionamiento, con la cual se les procese sus propias frutas, destinadas para la exportación. Con esto se busca que el valor económico de los agricultores aumente considerablemente, debido a que pueden conseguir mejores precios al poder negociar directamente con los Traders, y recibir beneficios tributarios como: la exoneración del Impuesto General a las Ventas (IGV) de las compras realizadas de los materiales e insumos directos e indirectos para el cultivo, y, también, la obtención del subsidio del Estado por medio del Drawback, correspondiente al 5% sobre las ventas a precio FOB. Es aquí donde aparece el Consorcio, como modelo de asociatividad, con el fin de poder obtener dichos beneficios, propios de la exportación directa. Del análisis de mercado en ambos frutos, se comprobó la existencia de una mega tendencia enfocada al consumo saludable, al histórico de la existencia del consumo; la proyección en el horizonte indican aumentos considerables en el consumo per cápita de aguacates y mandarinas, ello ratificado por las entrevistas realizadas a los Traders, los cuales aseguran que la demanda irá en incremento para el futuro. Todo esto, son evidencias claras que la demanda de los productos ofrecidos, por parte de la asociación, serán recibidos por el mercado sin ninguna dificultad. Los productores que formen parte de la asociación, se verían beneficiados por la rentabilidad que generaría la planta de acondicionamiento, debido a que ésta cobraría por el servicio de procesamiento a cada agricultor a costo de maquila del mercado, es decir, a costo de otras plantas de procesamiento que cobran actualmente, dejando utilidades y dividendos a los inversionistas. Como resultados, se obtiene que el proyecto de implementación de una planta, cuenta con un VAN positivo de USD $288,426.58 y una TIR de 25.83%, para un periodo de recuperación de 5 años y 3 meses. Así mismo, el resultado de los beneficios generados por el servicio de la planta de acondicionamiento, y por la exportación directa, por medio del Consorcio, genera un VAN agregado de USD $2 162,264.24, ya que el agricultor exportaría directamente mediante las relaciones con los Traders. Por otro lado, gracias a las entrevistas realizadas a distintas personas, relacionadas al sector, y a las experiencias pasadas de agrupaciones de agricultores, se pudo determinar que el modelo contractual de Consorcio es aquel que permite llevar a cabo la exportación de manera directa y a menor costo individual, para cada socio. Este modelo viene siendo practicado exitosamente por empresas como CPF y Fruchincha SAC., empresas que vienen aprovechando la ventaja climática que cuenta Perú, y poder abastecer a mercados de Estados Unidos y Europa en periodos donde la producción nacional y la de varios países proveedores son mínimas. Para esto, es necesario contar con factores claves de éxito, tanto para la planta de acondicionamiento, como para el Consorcio, contar con socios agricultores que busquen emprender, y con un marco legal que genere reglas claras de juego para todos los participantes.

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Larson, Ben. „Gardening the Desert, Deserting the Garden: Culture, Agriculture and Ecology on the Northern Plains, 1830-1930“. Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1302699813.

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Colombel, Véronique de. „Comparaison des noms et usages de six cents plantes dans le groupes tchadiques des monts du mandara (cameroun) synchronie dynamique et diachronie linguistique et ethnolinguistique“. Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H007.

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Le titre de cette these met volontairement en relief la partie du travail de recherche qui a exige les enquetes de terrain les plus longues et les plus interdisciplinaires. Le plan de l'ensemble qui tente d'evoquer les diverses demarches en les classant est le suivant: - combinatoire des unites phonologiques et sa portee sur les autres niveaux d'analyse. - combinatoire des phonemes et sa portee sur l'etude du syntagme verbal. - recours a l'anthropologie pour rendre plus exactes les donnees linguistiques: l'exemple des modalites verbales en langue ouldeme. - comparaisons lexicales: dialectologie et la notion d'osmose. - comparaisons grammaticales. - comparaisons lexicales et ethnolinguistiques : noms et usages des plantes. - etudes anthropologiques dans les monts du mandara, comparaison ethistoire. Le coeur de la these consiste en ceci : essayer de mettre au point des methodes d'analyse diachronique en synchronie dynamique, en etendant les rigueurs de la phonologie aux autres niveaux d'analyse linguistique et en apportant les precisions de l'ethnolinguistique et des ethnosciences a la linguistique. Et cela, en essayant de mettre a l'epreuve l'hypothese du rattachement du groupe tchadique a un ensemble chamito-semitique ou afro-asiatique, tant sur le plan de la langue que sur celui de la culture. Signalons que cette hypothese de rattachement a ete l'objet de controverses passionnees. Notre autre visee est bien evidemment d'amener a la connaissance des langues et des cultures en voie de disparition, en d'autres termes de sauver notre patrimoine culturel.

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Hodge, Adam R. „Vectors of Colonialism: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1780-82 and Northern Great Plains Indian Life“. [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1239393701.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed March 3, 2010). Advisor: Kevin Adams. Keywords: Great Plains; Native Americans; Indians; smallpox; disease ecology; Northern Plains; epidemic; environment; climate; warfare; Sioux; Shoshone; Mandan; Arikara; Hidatsa; Crow; Cree; Assiniboine; Blackfoot; horse; firearm; Hudson's Bay Company; traders; fur. Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-203).

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Bücher zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

The new mandarins of American power: The Bush administration's plans for the world. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2003.

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Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Evans expedition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.

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Halvorson, Mark J. Sacred Beauty: Quillwork of Plains Women. Bismarck, N.D: State Historical Society of North Dakota, North Dakota Heritage Center, 1998.

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Cheng, Ma. 15 minute Mandarin Chinese: Learn in just 12 weeks. 2018.

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Ye, Zhengdao, Hrsg. The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.001.0001.

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This volume represents state-of-the-art research on the semantics of nouns. It offers detailed and systematic analyses of scores of individual nouns across many different conceptual domains—‘people’, ‘beings’, ‘creatures’, ‘places’, ‘things’, ‘living things’, and ‘parts of the body and parts of the person’. A range of languages, both familiar and unfamiliar, is examined. These include Australian Aboriginal languages (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara), (Mandarin) Chinese, Danish, English, French, German, Koromu (a Papuan language), Russian, Polish, and Solega (a Dravidian language). Each rigorous and descriptively rich analysis is fully grounded in a unified methodological framework consistently employed throughout the volume, and each chapter not only relates to central theoretical issues specific to the semantic analysis of the domain in question, but also empirically investigates the different types of meaning relations holding between nouns, such as meronymy, hyponymy, taxonomy, and antonymy. This is the first time that the semantics of typical nouns has been studied in such breadth and depth, and in such a systematic and coherent manner. The collection of studies shows how in-depth meaning analysis anchored in a cross-linguistic and cross-domain perspective can lead to extraordinary and unexpected insights into the common and particular ways in which speakers of different languages conceptualize, categorize, and order the world around them. This unique volume brings together a new generation of semanticists from across the globe, and will be of interest to researchers in linguistics, psychology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

Bastianel, Marinês, Vera L. N. P. Barros, Augusto Tulmann Neto, Paulo S. Souza, Rose M. Pio und Rodrigo R. Latado. „Induction and selection of mandarin mutants with fruits containing low number of seeds.“ In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 379–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0039.

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Abstract The Brazilian citrus industry has a worldwide presence for production and export of sweet orange juice, but it has little contribution to the production of fruits for the fresh fruit market. One requirement of this market is the production of seedless fruits. The Fremont IAC 543 mandarin produces fruits with good commercial qualities, large numbers of seeds (10-12), and plants with resistance to Alternaria brown spot (ABS), an important disease present in several countries. The objective of this work was to induce and select mutants of Fremont IAC 543 mandarin with seedless fruits or fruits with a low number of seeds, using gamma-ray induced mutagenesis. In vivo buds were irradiated with doses of 20 and 30 Gy of gamma-rays. After irradiation and grafting of 2000 in vivo buds with each mutagenic dose, 4000 plants were produced and planted in an experimental field. During development of these plants, they were pruned several times allowing only the development of M1V4 branches or more advanced ones (without new grafting). A total of 32 branches were selected during the harvesting period because they produced seedless fruits and nine mutant clones were selected after another vegetative multiplication. Fruit and juice qualities, including seed number of the fruits, were evaluated in a further experiment including six mutants and a control. The results obtained showed that all mutants produced fruits with a lower number of seeds (between 3.7 and 9.1 seeds per fruit) in relation to the control (22.0 seeds per fruit), but without the existence of other alterations (fruit metric and chemical characteristics of the juice). All selected mutants (nine) are participating in advanced agronomic evaluation experiments, with a greater number of replicates and several local checks, in order to evaluate commercial yield, presence of chimeras, disease resistance and organoleptic quality of the fruits.

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Ross, Claudia, Jing-Heng Sheng Ma, Pei-Chia Chen, Baozhang He und Meng Yeh. „Describing people, places, and things“. In Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar, 201–9. 3. Aufl. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003335078-32.

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Usman, Muhammad, und Bilquees Fatima. „Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Breeding“. In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits, 465–533. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91944-7_13.

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Ross, Claudia, Jing-Heng Sheng Ma, Baozhang He, Pei-Chia Chen und Meng Yeh. „Describing people, places, and things“. In Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook, 105–6. 3. Aufl. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003334521-32.

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Guardiola, J. L., M. T. Barres, C. Albert und A. Garcia Luis. „Growth regulators and fruit development in Satsuma mandarin“. In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation, 411–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_48.

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Depner, Shelley Ching-yu. „Fruit and Some Plant Vehicles in Mandarin Chinese, English and German“. In Embodiment in Language (II), 37–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1799-5_4.

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Salvador, A., C. P. Carvalho, A. Monterde, P. Navarro und J. M. Martínez-Jávega. „Effect of 1-MCP on quality and physiological changes in mandarins during degreening treatment“. In Advances in Plant Ethylene Research, 309–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_68.

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Gill, M. I. S., B. S. Dhillon, Zora Singh und S. S. Gosal. „Induction of high frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Mandarins“. In Horticulture — New Technologies and Applications, 231–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3176-6_37.

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Navarro, Luis, José Juárez, Pablo Aleza und José A. Pina. „Recovery of Triploid Seedless Mandarin Hybrids from 2n × 2n and 2n × 4n Crosses by Embryo Rescue and Flow Cytometry“. In Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond, 541–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2679-5_111.

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Kono, Y., J. M. Gardner, Y. Suzuki und S. Takeuchi. „Structural Studies on the Phytotoxins Produced by a Pathotype of Alternaria Citri Causing a Brown Spot Disease of Mandarins“. In Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis, 381. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73178-5_32.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

Khalvashi, N., G. Memarne, D. Baratashvili, N. Kedelidze, M. Gabaidze und I. Gorjomeladze. „RESULTS OF MANDARIN PLANTATIONS MONITORINGDAMAGED BY FROST AND EVALUATION IN GEORGIA“. In International Trends in Science and Technology. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/30032021/7477.

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n the paper isdiscussedthe results of mandarin plantations monitoring damaged by frost in winter. Despite thecenturies-old history of citrus production in Georgia, the danger of frost damageremains a major limiting factor for the spread of citrus. The monitoring revealed that although the temperature was quite critical for mandarin in February 2020 (-11-12°C, in some places -14°C), the frost damage to the plantations was not high, but was inhomogeneous. Observations revealed that the damage to mandarin plantations was due not only to the impact of low temperatures, but also to many other factors that had a significant impact on the degree of damage to the plantations. Based on the analysis ofmonitoring results and multi-year data, it was found that the risk of frost damage to the citrus in winter in Georgia due to global warming is significantly reduced comparedto previous years, but the incidence of autumn-spring frosts has increased which indicates the adaptation of the citrus crops to the climatic conditions of Georgia.

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Tsai, Hanchung, Yung Y. Liu und James Shuler. „Monitoring Critical Facilities by Using Advanced RF Devices“. In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96032.

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The ability to monitor critical environment parameters of nuclear plants at all times, particularly during and after a disruptive accident, is vital for the safety of plant personnel, rescue and recovery crews, and the surrounding communities. Conventional hard-wired assets that depend on supplied power may be decimated as a result of such events, as witnessed in the Japanese Fukushima nuclear power plant in March 2011. Self-powered monitoring devices operating on a wireless platform, on the other hand, may survive such calamity and remain functional. The devices would be prepositioned at strategic locations, particularly where the dangerous build-up of contamination and radiation may preclude subsequent manned entrance and surveillance. Equipped with sensors for β-γ radiation, neutrons, hydrogen gas, temperature, humidity, pressure, and water level, as well as with criticality alarms and imaging equipment for heat, video, and other capabilities, these devices can provide vital surveillance information for assessing the extent of plant damage, mandating responses (e.g., evacuation before impending hydrogen explosion), and enabling overall safe and efficient recovery in a disaster. A radio frequency identification (RFID)-based system — called ARG-US — may be modified and adapted for this task. Developed by Argonne for DOE, ARG-US (meaning “watchful guardian”) has been used successfully to monitor and track sensitive nuclear materials packages at DOE sites. It utilizes sensors in the tags to continuously monitor the state of health of the packaging and promptly disseminates alarms to authorized users when any of the preset sensor thresholds is violated. By adding plant-specific monitoring sensors to the already strong sensor suite and adopting modular hardware, firmware, and software subsystems that are tailored for specific subsystems of a plant, a Remote Area Modular Monitoring (RAMM) system, built on a wireless sensor network (WSN) platform, is being developed by Argonne National Laboratory. ARG-US RAMM, powered by on-board battery, can sustain extended autonomous surveillance operation during and following an incident. The benefits could be invaluable to such critical facilities as nuclear power plants, research and test reactors, fuel cycle manufacturing centers, spent-fuel dry-cask storage facilities, and other nuclear installations.

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Yu, Hongzhi, Yanhua Duan und Xuan Liu. „The Research on Articulation Places of Mandarin Chinese Consonants from Perspective of EPG“. In 2013 International Workshop on Computer Science in Sports. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iwcss-13.2013.11.

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Mateu, Guillermo, Alberto Fonte, Cruz Garcerá, Iván Carrillo, Antonio Torregrosa und Patricia Chueca. „Análisis de la influencia de la poda mecanizada sobre la incidencia de plagas en mandarinos de la variedad `Clemenules ́“. In X Congreso Ibérico de Agroingeniería = X Congresso Ibérico de Agroengenharia. Zaragoza: Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/c_agroing.2019.com.3415.

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Taylor, Patricia, Jeff Wielki und Troina Shea. „Incorporating Environmental Considerations Into Pipeline Integrity Management Programs“. In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90531.

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Canada’s extensive pipeline grid can be traced back to the 1950s when major crude oil and natural gas finds in western Canada led to the construction of large pipeline systems [1]. Some of the currently operating pipelines in Canada have been operating for over 60 years. With the objective of ensuring that pipelines are suitable for continued reliable, safe and environmentally responsible service, the National Energy Board (NEB) issued the Onshore Pipeline Regulations (OPR) in 1999 (OPR-99) mandating pipeline companies to develop and implement Integrity Management Programs (IMPs). The OPR-99 allows pipeline companies to tailor the content of the IMPs to particular circumstances. From a life cycle perspective, the majority of pipeline IMPs involve inspection and testing, data management and interpretation, risk assessment, integrity or engineering assessment and pipeline repairs. Despite the evident benefits of implementing IMPs, conducting pipeline repairs can also trigger environmental concerns and permitting requirements. Developing effective Environmental Protection Plans (EPPs) and obtaining federal and provincial environmental permitting in sensitive areas can be time consuming and costly. If these factors and costs are not incorporated to the planning process they can create subsequent delays and financial burdens. Additionally, implementing environmental management practices throughout the life cycle of IMPs will aid pipeline companies in managing environmental issues systematically and effectively while enhancing environmental stewardship and corporate social responsibility. Including environmental setting considerations, identifying regulatory requirements and conducting stakeholder engagement during the earliest stages and throughout the IMP is essential to ensure the sustainability of the Program. This paper describes an integrated management system which incorporates environmental considerations throughout the overall IMP and a strategic approach to information management.

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Ali, MEng, CEng, MIChemE, Sawsan M., Santhanam Thyagarajan, Ashwani Kataria, Sami Al Ankar und Amal Al Marzooqi. „Impact of CCUS Impurities on Dense Phase CO2 Pipeline Surface Engineering Design“. In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207354-ms.

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Abstract Numerous CO2 injection pipeline applications have been developed and implemented in the past decades in the UAE and all around the globe. Transporting the CO2 in dense phase, rather than in gas or liquid phases, is well recognized of being techno-economically attractive with respect to its major CAPEX benefits of optimized pipeline material of construction; which is driven by the high water solubility in dense phase CO2 as well as the optimized pipeline size which is greatly influenced by the density and viscosity characteristics of supercritical/dense phase CO2. In light of the active deployment of dense phase CO2 injection EOR pipeline transportation across the various existing and future CO2 capture facilities across the UAE, ADNOC onshore technical expertise team has been conducting intensive research analysis on the unique thermodynamic aspects of dense phase CO2 pipeline systems. The focus was directed towards understanding the transient characteristics, which directly influence crucial design strategies including and not limited to CO2 purity specifications, CO2 pipeline pressure and temperature operating envelopes as well as the developed operating philosophy which involves start-up, shutdown and depressurization. While optimizing the economics of the carbon capture units (CCUS) is a pivotal strategy mandating rationalizing the dictated purity level of the captured CO2 and valorizing the projects. However, such thrifty initiatives to moderate the costs of the selected CO2 removal technologies can lead to underlying cascading effects of the lower purity recovered CO2 on systems design and its operation. As part of the nation's strategic objective to reduce carbon footprint, CO2 has been recovered for EOR re-injection applications. Relaxing the purity specification met by the CO2 capture units can positively improve the cost of the recovery plant while may potentially have adverse impacts on CO2 pipeline integrity. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the CO2 purity specification on the flow assurance safety performance of dense phase CO2 pipeline. It is worth highlighting that the design of CO2 systems is challenged by the paucity of the available reference design guidelines since domain of CO2 itself is still evolving under an active area of research. Although some previous publications have demonstrated the latent underlying effects of imputiries such as (N2, H2, SO2, NO2, CH4, C2H6, and Argon) on the physical and thermodynamic behavior of CO2 systems, however, this was supported by literature experimental modelling without transient analysis. In this paper, the behavior of varying CO2 purity levels on the design and operational aspects of CO2 pipeline is substantiated and both steady state and transient flow assurance modelling are presented. Gauging the system's design integrity cannot be solely assured from the perspective of steady state behavior and hence this paper's findings provide additional information to that previously published with the detailed modelling applied for varying purity scenarios of captured CO2 streams employed in EOR applications across the UAE. The findings of the analysis are benchmarked against plausible worldwide CO2 compositions with a wide range of impurity levels with further in depth demonstration of the transient effects which are usually absent in the available literature.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Mandarin plants"

Contreras Pedraza, Carlos Alberto, Leidy Johanna Cardenas Solano und Alexis Morales Castañeda. Escaneo científico: actualización información mercado frutales actuales y potenciales y limites máximos de residuos (LMR) de pesticidas. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.escaneocientifico.2022.4.

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El presente informe realiza un análisis actualizado de datos de exportaciones e importaciones de frutales tanto a nivel mundial y en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre 2016 y 2021, identificando su dinámica en cantidad y valor, crecimiento, mercados actuales y potenciales de mango, limón, arándano, piña, naranja, toronja, mandarina, gulupa, uchuva y pitahaya. Se realizó una actualización con novedades en las restricciones internacionales con referencia a moléculas de origen químico para el control de plagas, enfermedades y arvenses en dichas frutas teniendo en cuenta el Límite Máximo de Residuos de pesticidas. Los datos analizados de exportaciones e importaciones fueron recuperados de la base de datos de Trademap®, la cual consolida estadísticas e indicadores de comercio exterior y es administrada por el Centro de Comercio Internacional (ITC por sus siglas en inglés), a su vez, agencia conjunta de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y las Naciones Unidas. Para esta actualización se evidenciaron cambios respecto a países con mercados potenciales, entre los cuales figuran como novedad diez países: Francia, Estados Unidos, Países Bajos, Polonia, Eslovenia, Francia, Canadá, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Italia y Emiratos Árabes Unidos. Entre los mercados actuales que dejaron de figurar se encuentran los países: Republica Dominicana, Brasil, Guatemala, Tailandia y por la situación actual de guerra, Rusia y Ucrania. Respecto a los Límites Máximos de Residuos (LMR) de pesticidas para cada frutal analizado se presentaron modificaciones de valores o inclusiones de nuevas moléculas para naranjas en Estados Unidos, para berries en la Comunidad Europea y arándanos y cítricos en Japón, mientras que, para Canadá, Rusia y en la base del codex alimentarius de la FAO no se presentaron novedades.

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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland und Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.

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This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.

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Monje Andrade, Buenaventura, Buenaventura. Incidencia de [Leptostylus hilaris] (Coleoptero: Cerambycidae) en lima ácida Tahití para el departamento del Tolima. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2016.19.

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Los cítricos son cultivos permanentes y en general tienen alta adaptabilidad a diversas condiciones climáticas, la geografía colombiana presenta condiciones favorables para el cultivo. Para el año 2010 en Colombia habían 62.409 hectáreas (ha) plantadas con cítricos, de las cuales 51.665 están en monocultivo y 10.743 en cultivos asociados, la principal especie cultivada es la naranja que totaliza 36.943 ha (59.2 % del total), de las cuales 30.599 ha son de monocultivo (49 % del total) y las restantes 6.383 ha se encuentran asociadas en especial con café. Las 25.466 ha restantes están compuestas por mandarinas, tangelos, limas ácidas (pajarito y Tahití), y en menor proporción, la toronja. La lima ácida Tahití (Citrus latifolia T) ocupa el tercer lugar dentro de las especies cítricas cultivadas en Colombia. Sus frutos se consumen en el mercado interno y presenta un creciente mercado de exportación. El Tolima produce para el mercado interno, la mejor calidad de jugo. La producción de fruta es permanente, a través de todo el año, con épocas marcadas de concentración de la cosecha, según sea la distribución de la precipitación, unimodal o bimodal, características de la zona Andina. Con base a la producción constante a través del año y la dinámica poblacional de los insectos, el manejo fitosanitario de la producción se hace compleja, por el manejo del cultivo y la aparición de insectos plagas emergentes. La presencia de un nuevo insecto asociado al cultivo de los cítricos, hace que se genere un reporte y se profundice en la investigación.

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Rubio, Mauricio. La violencia en Colombia: Dimensionamiento y politicas de control. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011827.

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"Incierto era ayer el nœmero de victimas que dejaron las incursiones de un grupo de autodefensas en Mapiripán (Meta). Aunque en el casco urbano fueron hallados tres cuerpos sin cabezas y otros dos que no fueron identificados, los pobladores aseguran que cerca de 30 personas fueron sacadas de sus casas, mutiladas y arrojadas a las aguas del río Guaviare. Según los habitantes, el grupo armado comenzó a matar a sus víctimas el martes y terminó el domingo. A las 8 de la noche, obligaba a apagar la planta eléctrica que le suministra la luz a todo el pueblo. "Sacaban a la gente de sus casas y amanecían muertos. Nunca se escucharon tiros, porque los degollaban", dijo un poblador. Esta incursión generó un éxodo de campesinos. El domingo, por avión, salieron de Mapiripán cerca de 200 personas. .. Hasta el juez promiscuo municipal tuvo que salir de la región. El era la única representación de la justicia en dicho municipio, porque de la policía lo único que quedan son las ruinas de una estación llena de maleza, que fue abandonada el 16 de enero de 1995, tras un ataque guerrillero". Este incidente, casi rutinario para la prensa colombiana , presenta varias facetas de la violencia colombiana que se pretenden destacar con este trabajo. Ilustra la incertidumbre acerca de la magnitud de la violencia. Muestra que en el país ya se está perdiendo la capacidad para contar los muertos. Sugiere que una fracción importante y creciente del fenómeno no encaja dentro del diagnóstico tradicional, el de una violencia urbana, ajena a los grupos armados y producto de la intolerancia. Señala un impacto devastador y cada vez más difícil de cuantificar, resaltando que los esfuerzos contra la violencia no se deben sustentar en análisis beneficio-costo. Pone de presente la total ausencia de autoridad estatal en algunas regiones en donde quienes mandan son los grupos armados ilegales. Señala, en particular, la fragilidad de la justicia penal ante la violencia ejercida por los dictadores locales. Resalta las limitaciones de las políticas preventivas basadas en un mayor gasto público, sobretodo mientras el estado colombiano no recupere la autoridad y el monopolio de la coerción. Destaca la prioridad que debe recibir la tarea estatal de administrar justicia y sancionar a los homicidas.

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