Dissertationen zum Thema „Maladies rares – Génétique“
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Olivier-Faivre, Laurence. „Etude clinique et cartographie génétique des dysplasies microméliques rares avec petite taille“. Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBone dysplasias with short stature and micromelia correspond to a large group of diseases, often rare, not well-defined and without known molecular bases. The first goal of this work was to give a better definition of the nosologic features of some of them including Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Desbuquois dysplasia and acromicric dysplasia by analysing clinical and radiological features of series of patients ascertained through international collaborations. The second goal of this work was to identify the molecular basis of some bone dysplasias with short stature and micromelia. In particular, we found linkage to chromosome 19p13. 3-p13. 2 in autosomal recessive Weill-Marchesani syndrome and. .
Désir, Julie. „Etude génétique de maladies rares chez des patients issus de mariages consanguins“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210351.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous avons recruté dans ce travail des cas familiaux ou sporadiques de six maladies autosomiques récessives rares de gène inconnu.
La stratégie de cartographie par homozygotie nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux loci morbides dans quatre de ces maladies (épilepsie myoclonique progressive EPM3 ;syndrome marfanoïde avec microsphérophakie ;atrophie optique isolée ;et syndrome de microcéphalie et diabète précoce) ou de réduire la taille de loci déjà connus (microcéphalies primaires MCPH2 et MCPH4 ;et syndrome de Harboyan CDPD1). Nous avons pu caractériser de nouvelles mutations dans les gènes déjà connus ASPM (microcéphalie primaire MCPH5) et SLC4A11 (syndrome de Harboyan) et corréler celles-ci aux données cliniques. Enfin nous avons identifié les gènes KCTD7 et LTBP2 comme responsables respectivement des maladies EPM3 et syndrome marfanoïde avec microsphérophakie, en y découvrant des mutations chez les malades.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Correard, Solenne. „Analyses génétiques et génomiques de maladies neurologiques chez le chien comme modèle de maladies rares humaines“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B028/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe identification of genetic mutations involved in rare diseases is a prerequisite for a better understanding, therapies and care to patients. To this aim, animal models declaring spontaneous diseases, homologous to human diseases are very promising. Dogs spontaneously develop genetic diseases, rare in humans, but frequent in some dog breeds, which simplifies the genetic analyzes. My thesis focused on two neurological diseases: epilepsy and neuropathy. For epilepsy, the goal was to identify genetic variants from genotyping data and sequencing of whole genome of dogs from two predisposed breeds. A disease-related locus has been identified in one breed and candidate point mutations and structural variants were identified in the two breeds and are being validated by targeted sequencing. For neuropathy, the team previously identified a mutation upstream of the GDNF gene, responsible for sensory neuropathy in hunting dogs. I participated to the functional validation of this mutation. In addition, GDNF being an excellent candidate gene for human neuropathies, I sequenced this gene in 111 patients and extracted GDNF variants from a database of exomes and genomes from more than 600 patients. I identified 21 rare or unknown variants and prioritized them according to their in silico predicted impacts. These two projects, combining genetics, genomics and functional analyses, in humans and dogs, show the dog's potential for identifying candidate genes in rare and / or complex diseases in humans
Albuisson, Juliette. „Application des stratégies combinées utilisant le séquençage d'exome dans les maladies vasculaires rares“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB119/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIdentifying genes of Mendelian disorders has started within the eighties. The pace of new genes discovery has been dramatically accelerated by the availability of the human genome sequence in the 2000s, and the next-generation sequencing technologies in the 2010s. However, a majority of the elucidated conditions so far correspond to relatively simplified situations, where the prevalence and the penetrance of the condition are high and the genetic heterogeneity is low. Nowadays, geneticists meet more and more situations where gene identification in unknown disorders can be tricky. Heritable conditions that are very rare, heterogenous or with imperfect Mendelian transmission can only be elucidated using large cohorts of patients, with a very well-characterized phenotype. This requires clinical, financial and logistical efforts to be made by the research teams. Generally, using exome sequencing alone is not efficient enough to elucidate these types of conditions. The power of recently developed strategies comes from its association with other genetic analysis tools, that have been specifically developed in the context of rare, heterogenous, or polygenic disorders. I employed exome sequencing in the identification of cardiovascular genetic conditions, using three different strategies. In the first condition, called hereditary xerocytosis, using linkage analysis together with exome sequencing of distant relatives was successful in identifying the causative gene. This was made possible by the identification of a reliable endophenotype, and the relative genetic homogeneity of the disorder. The second condition I studied is the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a common disorder with a strong hereditary component and rare situations of fully penetrant, dominant inheritance. I combined exome sequencing in a family with dominant inheritance with rare variants analysis of the candidate gene in a large cohort of sporadic AAA. This analysis is more complex and can be hazardous in the context of a candidate gene approach. The third strategy was developed for the study of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) which is a very heterogenous condition with low penetrance and no specific endophenotype. I combined exome sequencing in a group of 30 cases and relatives with filtering strategies for any type of Mendelian inheritance. I also used available bioinformatics tools and databases for refining the candidate genes filtering. This strategy provided promising results, probably due to the genetic characteristics of this condition. In each of these examples, I adapted the analysis strategy to the peculiarities of the disorder. The results presented here enable to evaluate the efficiency of combined approaches using exome sequencing. Their specificities, limits, and the optimization that need to be done to elucidate the remaining unsolved genetic conditions are discussed
Petit, François Mickael. „Aspects moléculaires des maladies rares du métabolisme hépatique : à propos de la maladie de Crigler-Najjar“. Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5dcfa87e-f2cb-468d-8a87-767381d67fe9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCrigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare hepatic disorder due to partial or total deficiency of enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 involved in bilirubin conjugation. The disease manifests itself during the first hours of life by intense and persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Affected children are at high risk to develop brain non-reversible damages (kernicterus) due to bilirubin encephalopathy. Since 1952 and the description of this syndrome by Crigler and Najjar, molecular studies allowed to identify the gene. UGT1A1 gene is located on the terminal part of the chromosome 2 and is composed of 5 exons. Crigler-Najjar syndrome can take two forms: type I with complete and non-inducible enzymatic deficiency and type II with non-complete and inducible enzymatic deficiency. In this work, we have described new mutations responsible for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or II and we have analysed them in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations. Secondly we have studied two families with non-canonical presentation (first description of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2, molecular characterisation of a large deletion in UGT1A1 gene), highlighting the importance of familial investigations in this syndrome. In the last part, we have molecularly characterised a founder effect for the mutation c. 1070A>G in the Tunisian population, in whom Crigler-Najjar syndrome is particularly frequent
Boucand, Marie-Hélène. „Les maladies rares d'origine génétique : pour une médecine de l'adaptabilité et une éthique de subjectivation“. Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRare diseases have only recently been identified. They set up quite a lot of diagnostic difficulties because not well-known yet by the medical profession .They sometimes occure by (ou bien with? With symptoms we named as being disqualifying because mainly subjective and without any outbreak possibly objective or evident by biology or medical imaging.Our work is at the crossroad of philosophy and social psychology. Week-end worked on the base of actual experience of 16 sick patients cases who took part in our research through semi-managed talks. So,main themes of their actual current experience could be identified : the pathological of the suffering person, the models of representation,the images used to express the genetics and the rare case, the link with the medical profession and the social experience of the diseases. For the patients concerned,these rare diseases are neither diseases nor handicaps but in-between cases.Taking into account that 80% of rare diseases have a genetique genetic origine origin ,we explored how this theory involves in the way it is lived. The imaginary of genetics still is still very pregnant,calling forth the causal linear origin of the disease and all hopes for recovery .It is often connected to a representation of the error,the fault or the malformation that happened at the time of fecondation. It is with all these representations that patients will have to rebuild their life,upset by the disease against which unfortunately more often most of the time ,no therapy exists yet. This research lead us to view a therapy that would combine a therapy of uncertainty and admit the limits of medical knowledge. In the end, this therapy should be able to become the therapy of an adaptation supporting the adaptability work of the patient who has to find his way to keep being a human person. in spite of the limits compelled by the disease. All along this sometimes very long way, the exchange of knowledge and an amazing solidarity among the patients within the associations back up the patient's capacities to rebuild himself as a subject, giving him the possibility of living his fate as a destiny
Ogloblinsky, Marie-Sophie. „Statistical strategies leveraging population data to help with the diagnosis of rare diseases“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BRES0039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh genetic heterogeneity and complex modes of inheritance in rare diseases pose the challenge of identifying an n-of-one sequencing data and standard analysis methods. To tackle this issue, the PSAP method uses gene-specific null distributions of CADD pathogenicity scores to assess the probability of observing a given genotype in a healthy population. The goal of this work was to address rare disease lack of diagnosis through statistical strategies. We propose PSAP-genomic-regions an extension of the PSAP method to the non-coding genome, using as testing units predefined regions reflecting functional constraint at the scale of the whole genome.We implemented PSAP-genomic-regions and the initial PSAP-genes in Easy-PSAP a user-friendly and versatile Snakemake workflow, accessible to both researchers and clinicians. When applied to families affected by male infertility, Easy-PSAP allowed the prioritization of relevant candidate variants in known and novel genes. We then focused on digenism, the most simple mode of complex inheritance, which implicates the simultaneous alteration of two genes to develop a disease. We reviewed and benchmarked current methods in the literature to detect digenism and put forward new strategies to improve the diagnostic of this complex mode of inheritance
Morkmued, Supawich. „Approches cliniques, précliniques et translationnelles des anomalies bucco-dentaires associées aux maladies rares“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ040.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe goal of this thesis is to investigate genetic and environmental factors, both initiating and influencing signaling centers that regulate tooth development and thus producing associated defects. Essentially, my research program utilizes patient-based rare disease phenotypes to create novel mouse models. This study also involved investigating the developmental effects of excess retinoic acid on enamel formation to gain understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental factors can alter enamel development. Other studies investigated enamel and dental anomalies in Ltbp3 and Smoc2 mutant mice. These results advance our understanding of tooth development, and may translate towards optimizing clinical diagnosis, and improving treatment strategies for several human rare diseases. An improved understanding of rare disease models and our testing of clinically relevant approaches using rodent models is a feasible approach to address bone degeneration problems
Bonnart, Chrystelle. „Etude fonctionnelle de LEKTI et de sa nouvelle cible, l'élastase 2 pancréatique“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/698/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNetherton syndrome (NS) is a severe autosomal recessive skin condition characterized by congenital erythoderma, a specific hair shaft defect (Trichorrhexis invaginata) and a broad range of atopic manifestations. In 2000, we identified SPINK5 as the defective gene in NS. SPINK5 encodes LEKTI, a Kazal-type protease inhibitor, which is expressed in the granular layer of the epidermis. In order to understand the role of LEKTI in skin homeostasis, we undertook structural and functional studies. We showed that LEKTI is expressed as three high molecular weight precursors rapidly cleaved by furin in the intracellular compartment of keratinocytes prior to its secretion. Proteolytic maturation of LEKTI gives rise to a panel of proteolytic fragments carrying their own inhibitory capacity profile against epidermal kallikreins (KLK) 5, 7 and 14. In order to investigate the role of LEKTI in vivo, and to understand the pathophysiological events underlying NS, we have genetically engineered mice with a targeted disruption of Spink5. Spink5 deficient newborn mice suffer from severe skin erosions due to excessive desmosomal component cleavage by unregulated KLK5 and KLK7. In addition, we have identified by mass spectrometry a new epidermal proteinase, pancreatic elastase 2 (Ela2), which is hyperactive in the absence of LEKTI. In order to understand its biological role and to investigate its specific contribution to the development of the NS phenotype, we engineered Ela2 transgenic mice. The study of these mice demonstrates that Ela2 is involved in several aspects of the NS phenotype, and thus identifies Ela2 as a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this orphan disease
Masson, Aymeric. „Approches multi-omiques des anomalies transcriptionnelles dans les maladies rares du développement“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCI006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene expression occurs through the transcription process in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which produces RNAs, essential intermediates for protein formation. RNA synthesis and fate are controlled by a complex network of factors, among which are regulatory non-coding DNA sequences that ensure precise spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP), able to bind RNA molecules and contributing to their maturation, stability, and localization.The current standard approach for molecular exploration of patients with developmental disorders (DD) and/or intellectual disabilities (ID) uses a combination of chromosomal analysis using DNA microarrays, fragile X testing, exome sequencing, and more recently, genome sequencing to establish a molecular diagnosis. These approaches yield a diagnostic yield of less than 50% for DD/ID. However, the analyses sometimes reveal the presence of variations of uncertain significance in candidate genes not yet implicated in human pathology. Functional tests are then necessary to establish a correct genotype-phenotype correlation. In this way, pathogenic variations have been identified in two candidate genes encoding hnRNPs involved in RNA metabolism: PTBP1 and PTBP2. The aim of this first study is to describe the cellular pathophysiological mechanism related to transcriptional defects causing syndromic (for PTBP1) or non-syndromic (for PTBP2) neurodevelopmental impairment using in vitro and in vivo functional molecular approaches including RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) in a cohort of affected individuals.In some cases, genomic analysis identifiy complex structural variations that can disrupt the sequence of a dosage-sensitive gene, alter the activity of an enhancer, or exert position effects on gene expression by altering enhancer/target gene interactions. These molecular communications are facilitated within topological associating domains (TADs), which play an important role in tissue-specific transcriptional regulation. Consequently, any structural variation that reorganizes TADs (fusion, shuffling or even new TAD) can lead to an alteration in gene expression. In this context, the goal of this second research project is to characterize, through high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), the complex rearrangements in patients reorganizing the structure of TADs. Combined with other omic techniques such as long fragment sequencing, transcriptomic or epigenomic analysis, this approach allows the study of the underlying molecular mechanisms on different cellular models derived from affected individuals.These research efforts highlight the physiopathological impact of punctual and structural genetic variations on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of target genes and pave the way for new biological hypotheses in the context of translational research in human pathology
Delahaye-Duriez, Andrée. „Identification de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans des maladies ophtalmologiques rares en utilisant la CGH-array“. Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077066.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe karyotype detects a chromosomal anomaly in 7. 7% to 10% of neonates with ocular birth defect. The introduction of microarray technology showed a very high rate of rearrangements below the resolution of karyotyping. My objectives in this work were to characterize using comparative genome hybridisation-based microarray analysis (array-CGH) chromosomal regions involved in rare ophthalmologic disorders, and then to identify new genes. In the first part of my work, we performed array-CGH in 65 patients presenting syndromal ocular developmental anomalies. A causal or potentially causal anomaly was found for 15% of them. Four had a pathogenic deletion involving a gene known to be involved in ocular anomalies (FOXC1 or OTX2}, while 4 others had a pathogenic deletion not classically associated with ocular malformations: del(17)(pl3. 3p!3. 3), del(10)(pl4p!5. 3) and del(16)(pl 1. 2pl 1. 2). In collaboration with other teams, we gathered patients to study genotype-phenotype correlations for 6p25 and 17pl3. 3 deletions. The second part of my work focused on a candidate gene study: ARHGEF26. Sequencing this gene in other patients with similar phenotype and studying the index patient family segregation, we could not demonstrate the ARHGEF26 involvement in this phenotype. This second part highlights the limits and difficulties of gene identification using array-CGH. These results demonstrate that array-CGH-based chromosomal analysis, beyond its importance for diagnosis and genetic counselling, can help to establish new genotype-phenotype correlations for chromosomal anomalies as well as identify potential new regions involved in rare ophthalmologic disorders
Rochard, Lucie. „Identification et validation de gènes candidats pour l’holoprosencéphalie“. Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital brain malformation (1 / 250 fetuses), resulting from a defect in cleavage of the forebrain. We study isolated HPE, which represents approximately 40% of cases. Four genes have been identified as responsible for the HPE (SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, TGIF1). Mutations or deletions of these genes allow us to explain only 70% of cases; we still have to identify other HPE genes. Thus, we look for recurrent rearrangements in our patients using array CGH. In this thesis, the study of a cohort of 111 patients allowed us to highlight two main candidate genes. This work presents the identification and validation of the involvement of these genes in animal models
Hebrard, Maxime. „Conception et développement d’un système d’aide au diagnostic clinique et génétique des rétinopathies pigmentaires“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13519/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa could be difficult regarding both to clinics or molecular issues. Firstly, there are rare diseases, so the prevalence of each pathology in the world population is very low. Secondly, the symptoms of diseases are very similar, so their phenotypic characterization is hard. Moreover, the eye and the visual process are complex and numerous genes' products are implicated. Although retinopathies are mainly monogenic and mendelian inherited diseases, the polymorphisms involved in these diseases are very diverse.These both observations lead us to develop two complementary methodological approaches in a view to better understand the retinopathies.The first approach aims to identify all the genes involved in the diseases using genotyping chips. For this purpose, we studied genetic linkage between single nucleotide variations and pathologies. The second approach leads to the representation of clinical knowledge. An ontological compound was built to make explicit the knowledge involved in the process of diagnosis. The data previously collected by experts were labeled by terms that were organized in a specific thesaurus. The clinic profiles of the patients and diseases were handled as features collections and were compared by similarity calculations. The goal of this work is to build a knowledge-based system for diagnosis
Nicolas, Elsa. „Identification du gène responsable du syndrome CAMOS, une forme autosomique récessive d'ataxie cérébelleuse congénitale non progressive“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20707.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuimier, Anne. „Identification des bases moléculaires et étude physiopathologique de maladies cardiaques rares en pédiatrie“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRare diseases are defined in Europe by a prevalence of less than 1/2,000 individuals and represent more than 7,000 different diseases of which 80% are genetic. Most have a paediatric onset. My project involved the study of rare cardiac disorders in familial cases with recurrence in siblings, focusing on congenital heart disease in the context of heterotaxia (laterality defects) and sudden unexpected death due to cardiac arrest in infancy and the neonatal period. Whole exome sequencing was used as a tool for disease gene discovery in these families with the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. This strategy led to the identification of 3 novel disease genes. I performed functional validation for two of these genes in different models, confirming their involvement in each disease. 1) Loss of function of MMP21 and cardiac malformations due to left-right patterning defects during embryonic development. MMP21 encodes a metallopeptidase for which I demonstrated a highly specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry at the node using zebrafish. This gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms at the origin of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Interestingly, all mammals have a left-sided heart, but some species have lost the Mmp21 gene, indicating that there are different pathways leading to left-right determination in vertebrates. 2) Hypomorphic mutations in PPA2 cause sudden cardiac arrest in infants. PPA2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase and using a yeast model we showed that this enzyme is essential for the mitochondrial energy transducing system and biogenesis. I described a novel clinical spectrum for a mitochondrial disease responsible for unexpected cardiac arrest in infancy. 3) PLCD3 loss of function and fatal cardiomyopathy by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in neonates. Exome sequencing in one familial case with 2 siblings presenting fatal cardiomyopathy led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in PLCD3, a gene previously implicated in a similar pathology in a mouse model. Identification of further cases with mutations in this gene will be needed in order to confirm the role of PLCD3 in the disease. In total, these studies are crucial from a clinical point of view for the genetic counseling of the affected families and they contribute to the elucidation of biological mechanisms of embryonic development and left-right determination (MMP21), mitochondrial function (PPA2) and post-natal cardiomyocyte survival (PLCD3)
Rai, Ghadi C. „Système de connaissance expert dédié à la recherche translationnelle dans les maladies rares“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbout 6,000 to 8,000 distinct rare diseases exist today and are estimated to affect 6-8% of the world population. The vast majority of them are genetic and for most of them there is no cure. The genomic revolution has increased the hope of specific treatments based on the gene for many diseases. New technologies have emerged, changing drastically data scale produced in biomedical research. In these conditions, treatment and analysis of data are far from trivial and mere routine, despite spectacular advances in computer technology.This thesis reports the creation of bioinformatics systems, capable of helping researchers and clinicians to identify mutations responsible for certain diseases and to develop new therapies. Thus, the Human Splicing Finder and UMD-Predictor systems predict the effect of a mutation on splicing and protein, respectively. Both bioinformatics systems have been validated through high quality reference datasets, and may help clinicians to properly annotate variations of unknown significance. In addition, this thesis offers two new systems for therapeutic purposes: the Skip-E system identifies optimal candidates AONs for exon skipping therapies, and NR-Analyser, a system that predicts premature termination codons potentially candidates to nonsense readthrough therapies.These different systems are part of a larger project dedicated to translational research. With its predictive and therapeutic aspects, this thesis is part of a research strategy matching with the objectives of the IRDiRC (International Rare Diseases Research Consortium)
Kiando, Soto Romuald. „Bases génétiques de la dysplasie fibromusculaire : une approche d’étude d’exome et de génétique épidémiologique“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a group of nonatherosclerotic and noninflammatory vascular diseases leading to stenosis, aneurysm, dissection and/or occlusion of medium-sized arteries, in particular the renal and extracranial cervical arteries. Clinical manifestations of FMD are hypertension, dizziness, pulsatile tinnitus, transient ischemic attack or stroke, according to the involved arterial beds. FMD occurs predominantly (80% of cases) in females under 50 years with a variable prevalence estimation from 0.4% for asymptomatic clinical relevant forms to 4% in potential renal donors. The pathogenesis of FMD is unknown and a genetic origin is suspected given its demonstrated familial aggregation. The aim of my thesis work was to characterize genetic basis of FMD. In the first part of this thesis, we analyzed whole exome sequencing data in 16 related FMD cases from seven families. No gene harbors variants that were shared by all affected members in at least three out seven families. Using combined strategy of whole exome sequencing and gene based association study of 62,767 rare variants (MAF < 5%) generated by Exome‐chip arrays in 249 unrelated FMD cases and 689 controls, we have identified and validated an enrichment of rare and putatively functional variants in four candidates genes (MYLK, OBSCN, DYNC2H1 and RNF213). This results need to be validated in other FMD families and by functional analysis. In the second part, we analyzed 25,606 common variants (MAF ≥ 5%) generated by Exome‐chip array. Top loci were replicated in first replication study (402 cases and 2,537 controls) and in 3 others studies (512 cases and 669 controls). Meta-analysis of all including 1,154 unrelated FMD cases and 3,895 controls allowed identification of association between FMD and rs9349379-A (OR=1.39 [1.39-1.54]; P=7.4×10‐10). rs9349379 is intronic to PHACTR1, a risk locus for coronary artery disease, migraine, and cervical artery dissection. The analyses of geometrical parameters of carotids from 2,458 healthy volunteers indicated higher intima media thickness (P = 1.97×10‐4) and wall to lumen ratio (P = 0.002) in rs9349379‐A carriers, suggesting indices of carotid hypertrophy as previously described in carotids of FMD patients. Immunohistochemistry detected PHACTR1 in endothelium and smooth muscle cells of FMD and normal human carotids. The expression of PHACTR1 by genotypes in primary human fibroblasts showed higher expression in rs9349379‐A carriers (N=86, P=0.003). Phactr1 knockdown in zebrafish resulted in dilated vessels indicating subtle impairment of vascular development. This work confirms the multifactorial and heterogeneous genetic architecture of the FMD and opens new opportunities to evaluate all of genomic variability of FMD patients with massive genetic epidemiology approaches
Aubourg, Pauline. „Etude par clonage positionnel de deux maladies neuromusculaires rares : la myopathie liée à l'X avec excès d'autophagie (XMEA) et une fibrose congénitale des muscles extra-oculaires (CFEOM)“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20667.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to determine the gene involved in two rare neuromuscular diseases : the X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) and the congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). XMEA is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait and is characterised by a slow progressive weakness of proximal muscles, affecting males. It is located on Xq28 chromosome. Towards identifie the gene, we used a candidate gene approach based on structural changes observed in myofibers. None of the 38 genes studied allowed to determine the critical gene. As well, no rearrangement in the MAGEA genes cluster could be identified. However, we have considerably reduced the number of candidate genes. Additionally, a skewed X-inactivation pattern was detected and suggested that the gene involved in this condition could be ubiquitously expressed rather than having a muscle specific expression. CFEOM3 is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterised by a limitation of vertically gaze and ptosis. This condition belongs to the recently designed group of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs). Two loci of CFEOM3 were known, on chromosome 16 and 12 (with KIF21A mutations). Here, we cloned the breakpoints of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(2;13) in a three generations family, and defined a new CFEOM3 locus (FEOM4) on 13q12. 11. A transcript whose the intron contained several blocks of conserved non coding sequences was interrupted by this breakpoint. The functional importance of these sequences remains to be identified. Meanwhile, the characterisation of this novel CFEOM3 locus will allow to test the genetic segregation at this locus, in families previously shown to be unlinked to any of the known loci. Furthermore, the study of two chromosomal rearrangements, involved in two families of Moebius syndrome type 1 (MBS1) on 13q12 will define if MBS1 and CFEOM3 are allelic or not
Bolze, Alexandre. „La découverte de l’origine génétique de l’asplénie congénitale isolée chez l’homme“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIsolated congenital asplenia (ICA) is a rare primary immunodeficiency, first described in 1956, thattypically manifests in childhood with sudden, life-threatening, invasive bacterial disease. Patients withICA do not display any other overt developmental anomalies. The genetic etiology of ICA has remainedelusive. I hypothesized that ICA results from single-gene inborn errors of spleen development. I aimedto decipher the molecular genetic basis of ICA by pursuing a genome-wide approach, based on thesequencing of the whole-exome and the detection of copy number variations in all patients of ourcohort. I found that heterozygous mutations in RPSA, ribosomal protein SA, were present in more thanhalf of ICA patients (19/33). I then showed that haploinsufficiency of RPSA led to ICA in one kindredat least. RPSA is a protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and is an integral part of the ribosome. Thechallenge is, now, to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. How does a mutation in a ubiquitousand highly expressed gene lead to a spleen specific phenotype? This discovery will set the basis for abroader understanding of the development of the spleen in humans and the function of a ribosomalprotein. This discovery will also be beneficial to the families of patients with ICA, guiding geneticcounseling. It will lead to prevention of infections in newborns with mutations in RPSA. Finally themethod we used to analyze the exomes of the ICA cohort will be useful to discover the genetic etiologyof other genetic diseases
Huyard, Caroline. „Rendre le rare commun : expériences de maladies rares et construction d'une action collective“. Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is a comparative study of six ‘rare disorders’ aiming at providing a coherent frame of analysis for this category. The first part presents the history of connections rare disorders had with medical organisation since 1950. At first well integrated, they became a problem in the United-States during the 1960s. The attempts to reorganise the division of medical labour then framed the regulatory dimension. The second part addresses the experience of these disorders and collective action in a context of rarity. I explore what “being rare” means, which leads me to distinguish two types of rarity, an “objective” and a “subjective” one, the latest being a stake in collective action. The inquiry describes a model of association characteristic for rare disorders. Collective action at the inter-associative level shows how long-term coalitions challenge these small groups
Vivanti, Alexandre. „Identification des bases génétiques des malformations anévrysmales de la veine de Galien“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS568/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is one of the most common fetal brain vascular malformations. We conducted whole exome sequencing in 19 unrelated VGAM patients and subsequently screened candidate gene in a cohort of 32 additional patients. We found 5 affected individuals with heterozygous mutations in EPHB4 including de novo frameshift or inherited deleterious splice or missense mutations predicted to be pathogenic by in silico tools. Knockdown of EPHB4 in zebrafish embryos leads to specific anomalies of dorsal cranial vessels including dorsal longitudinal vein, the ortholog of the median prosencephalic vein, the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen. This model allowed todemonstrate EPHB4 loss of function mutations in VGAM by the ability to rescue the brain vascular defect in knockdown zebrafish co-injected with wild type but not truncated EPHB4 mimicking the frameshift mutation. Our data showed that in both species, loss of function mutations of EPHB4 result in specific and similar brain vascular development anomaliesThe identification of EPHB4 pathogenic mutation in patients presenting capillary malformation or VGAM should lead to careful follow up of pregnancy of carriers for early detection of VGAM in order to propose optimal neonatal care. Endovascular embolization indeed greatly improved the prognosis of VGAM patients
Zachayus, Amélie. „Cellular study of the transcription/DNA repair factor TFIIH during nucleotide excision repair“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleXeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), sometimes associated with Cockayne syndrome (XP/CS), and Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) are rare genetic disorders characterized by photosensitivity due to mutations in nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, particularly the TFIIH factor. These mutations lead to defective repair of UV-induced DNA lesions. While significant advances in understanding the functions of TFIIH have been made, the lack of cellular models for studies complicates research. My thesis focused on developing new cellular models by fusing certain subunits of TFIIH to GFP. Using multiphoton laser technology, I induced DNA damage similar to that caused by UV and measured the accumulation of TFIIH on these lesions. My results show that core-TFIIH and CAK exhibit different recruitment kinetics. Additionally, mutations affecting the helicase XPD and inhibition of CAK's kinase activity reduce the recruitment of TFIIH to the lesions
Garret, Philippine. „Approches bioinformatiques innovantes pour l’analyse de données de séquençage à haut-débit appliquées à l’étude de pathologies génétiques rares avec anomalies du développement“. Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the last years, the advent of exome sequencing (ES) in diagnosis and in research led to the identification of the genetic bases of many Mendelian disorders, allowing many diagnostic wavering cases to be solved. Nevertheless, ES data analysis only leads to the identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 30 to 45 % of the undiagnosed cases. Indeed, some limits exist, both at clinical, molecular and bioinformatic levels. The constant evolution of the clinical knowledge, of the number of genes involved in human diseases, and of the clinical-biological correlations, has a significant impact on data analysis, leading to a progressive improvement in diagnostic research. Limits of the current technologies, especially not covered regions, exist, but have been significantly reduced in the recent years. Although genome sequencing will solve some undiagnosed cases, especially in case of non-coding or structural variants, there is still a lot of information to be extracted and analyzed from ES data. Finally, beyond SNV and CNV analyzes, other genetic events can be involved in rare disorders, requiring a bioinformatic development to optimize results.The aim of the project was therefore to improve bioinformatic approaches of ES data analysis in order to identify new molecular mechanisms involved in rare genetic disorders and reduce diagnostic wavering.Several strategies were established. The first one consisted in reanalysing ES data from 80 undiagnosed patients, who were sequenced by the Laboratoire CERBA (CIFRE thesis). It led to the identification of 2 new candidate genes involved in ID, especially OTUD7A gene (article 1). The second strategy was the development of a bioinformatic pipeline in order to extract mitochondrial DNA data from ES data. The mitochondrial genome is not targeted by exome capture kits but can be extracted from off-target data, giving the opportunity to analyze it from preexisting ES data. From the GAD exomes cohort of undiagnosed patients, 2 causal variations were identified in 2 individuals out of 928, affected with neuro-developmental disorder. It thus solved the diagnostic wavering in 0.2 % of patients without diagnosis (article 2). The third strategy consisted in the development of a bioinformatic pipeline to identify mobile elements insertion within ES data, with the expectation that about 0.03 % of the pathogenic variants originate from de novo mobile element insertion. From the GAD exomes cohort of 3322 undiagnosed patients, this step led to the identification of two Alu element insertions in FERMT1 and GRIN2B gene exons (article 3, in process).This PhD permitted to push out some ES limits. Other perspectives exist, and are explored by the GAD team, in connection with the European Solve-RD project
Adaimy, Lynn. „Identification du gène WNT10A responsable de la dysplasie odonto-onycho-dermique, forme rare de dysplasie ectodermique à transmission autosomique recessive“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOdonto-onycho-derma/ dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia in which the presenting phenotype is dry hair, severe hypodontia, smooth depapillated tongue, onychodysplasia, keratoderma and hyperhidrosis of pa/ms and soles, and hyperkeratosis of the skin. Using a homozygosity mapping strategy, we assigned the disease locus to a 9 cMregion at chromosome 2q3S-q36. 2, located between markers rs168S3834 and D2S3S3 with a maximum multipoint LOD score of 5. 7, in 3 Lebanese consanguineous Muslim Shiite families. Using a candidate gene approach, we identify the same c. 697G> T (p. Glu233X) homozygous nonsense mutation in ail patients in exon 3 of the WNT10A gene. At the protein level, the mutation is predicted to result in a premature truncated protein of 232 aa instead of 417 aa. Finally we started functional studies to try to prove the implication of WnV/3 catenin pathway in this disease
Decroocq, Camille. „Conception et synthèse de nouvelles classes d'iminosucres d'intérêt thérapeutique : chimie click, multivalence et maladies génétiques rares“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF043/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecently an innovative concept for the treatment of lysosomal diseases as emerged called pharmacological chaperone. Pharmacological chaperones are reversible inhibitors of the deficient glycosidases involved in these diseases. These molecules are able, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, to stabilize the enzymes and rescue them from the destruction by the quality control system of the endoplasmic reticulum. A part of the catalytic activity of the enzyme could be restored. Iminosugars are known to be an important class of pharmaceutical chaperones. During this PhD work, novel classes of mono- and multivalent iminosugars were designed and synthesized in order to identify novel pharmacological chaperones for the glycosidase: β-glucocerebrosidase involved in Gaucher’s disease and novel inhibitors of the α-glucosidases involved in the destruction of the defective protein delF508CFTR in cystic fibrosis. Several strategies were applied to achieve this aim. These strategies consist in the use of a synthetic methodology of palladium catalyzed alkenes diamination, the use of an efficient methodology to synthesize a library of novel iminosugars by click chemistry and the use of multivalency. A full study on the impact of multivalency on glycosidases inhibition was also completed by changing crucial structural parameters including valency, scaffold, linker and ligand. The first strong multivalent effect on glycosidases inhibition up to four orders of magnitude was reported with multivalent iminosugars based on β-cyclodextrin or C60 fullerene cores
Chennen, Kirsley. „Maladies rares et "Big Data" : solutions bioinformatiques vers une analyse guidée par les connaissances : applications aux ciliopathies“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ076/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the last decade, biomedical research and medical practice have been revolutionized by the post-genomic era and the emergence of Big Data in biology. The field of rare diseases, are characterized by scarcity from the patient to the domain knowledge. Nevertheless, rare diseases represent a real interest as the fundamental knowledge accumulated as well as the developed therapeutic solutions can also benefit to common underlying disorders. This thesis focuses on the development of new bioinformatics solutions, integrating Big Data and Big Data associated approaches to improve the study of rare diseases. In particular, my work resulted in (i) the creation of PubAthena, a tool for the recommendation of relevant literature updates, (ii) the development of a tool for the analysis of exome datasets, VarScrut, which combines multi-level knowledge to improve the resolution rate
Satre, Véronique. „Analyse génétique et fonctionnelle du gène OCRL1 associé au syndrome de Lowe“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10197.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLowe syndrome is a rare X-linked disease characterized by congenital cataracts, renal Fanconi syndrome an mental retardation. The OCRL 1 gene encodes a 105 kDa PIP2 5-phosphatase localized in the trans Golgi network. 146 families were analyzed and 107 mutations were identified, 86 are new ones. Two mutations are an aminoacid in trame deletion, 27 are misssense mutations, 29 nonsense mutations, 23 are nucleotide deletion or insertion responsible of a frameshift, 19 are splicing mutations and 7 genomic deletions. Segregation analysis with microsatellite markers linked to the OCRL 1 gene showed three cases of germinal and somatic mosaicism among 18 families. Twenty three patients affected with Dent disease but without CLCN5 mutation were analyzed and 4 missense mutations, 1 splicing mutation and 1 genomic deletion were identified in the OCRL 1 gene. The PIP2 5-phosphatase activity in total fibroblast cellular extracts of 21 patient: affected with Lowe syndrome and 2 affected with Dent disease is greatly reduced compared to normal fibroblast. Western blot analysis of the OCRL 1 protein showed an important reduction for thé splicing mutations and the genomic deletion but a more variable quantity for the misssense mutations. OCRL 1 transcript are present in variable quantity in the patients affected with Lowe syndrome but also in the control patients. The preliminary clinical study of 55 patients with Lowe syndrome showed no evidence of a genotype phenotype correlation
Satre, Véronique. „Analyse génétique et fonctionnelle du gène OCRL1 associé au syndrome de Lowe“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00214166.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeauregard, Mariejka. „Identification de variants génétiques rares aux loci 1p13 et 8q22 dans la maladie osseuse de Paget : les gènes CTHRC1 et TM7SF4 associés à la maladie osseuse de Paget“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29966/29966.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBACKGROUND: Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is transmitted through autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in 30 percent of cases. Mutations of the SQSTM-1 gene account for 37 percent of familial forms of PDB, suggesting the involvement of other loci. PURPOSE: Identify rare variants (RV) of candidate genes located on new loci 1p13 and 8q22. Search for a genetic association of PDB with these candidate genes in the French-Canadian population. METHODS: We selected candidate genes on 1p13 and 8q22 loci and sequenced them in a discovery sample. RV was defined by a minor allele frequency less than 0.05. 4 RV were genotyped in 240 PDB patients and 297 healthy individuals. RESULTS: 74 RV were identified. One RV (TM7SF4; rs62620995; Leu397Phe) was predicted to be damaging by two in silico analysis tools. rs35500845 (CTHRC1) and rs62620995 (TM7SF4) were statistically associated with PDB. KEY WORDS: Paget’s disease of bone, bone remodelling, rare variants, polymorphisms, SNP, CTHRC1, TM7SF4, DC-STAMP, French Canadian population, founder effect population.
Folon, Lise. „Étude de l'impact des variants génétiques rares sur l'obésité monogénique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2023/2023ULILS059.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleObesity is a complex multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Unlike common obesity, which is a polygenic disease, monogenic forms of obesity are caused by a single rare genetic variant with a strong and deleterious effect. These monogenic forms are rare, early-onset and generally very severe, affecting around 5% of individuals with obesity. Most rare mutations associated with monogenic obesity are found in genes within the leptin-melanocortin pathway, which is crucial for the regulation of food intake. Identifying these genes is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and developing new treatments.I initially studied rare heterozygous variants of the PCSK1 gene, which encodes the prohormone convertase 1 (PC1/3) enzyme. PC1/3 is involved in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Biallelic mutations in PCSK1 cause early-onset obesity with severe endocrinopathy. Patients with PCSK1 deficiency (heterozygous or homozygous) can now be treated with setmelanotide injections to promote weight loss. However, the impact of rare heterozygous variants of PCSK1 on obesity and their relevance in precision medicine are still not well-defined. In the RaDiO study, which included 9,320 participants, 65 rare heterozygous variants of PCSK1 were identified and assessed in vitro. These variants were classified into five groups based on the severity of their impact on the enzymatic activity of PC1/3. Association analysis results revealed that rare variants inducing a complete loss of function significantly increased the risk of obesity and body mass index (BMI), whereas variants in other groups with partial or neutral effects on PC1/3 activity had no impact on adiposity. We observed that in silico prediction tools were unreliable in detecting mutations leading to a complete loss of function.Subsequently, I focused on rare variants of the DYRK1B gene. Although this gene is not directly involved in the leptin-melanocortin pathway, pathogenic variants of DYRK1B have been described in several patients with central obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and coronary artery disease. However, the impact of rare DYRK1B variants has not been assessed on a large scale. In the RaDiO study, which included 9,353 participants, 65 rare variants in DYRK1B were detected. Following in vitro analysis of each variant, we identified 20 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (P/LP) according to the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Among these P/LP variants, six showed an effect leading to a complete loss of function of DYRK1B (P/LP-full). Association analyses showed that P/LP-full variants of DYRK1B were strongly associated with increased BMI and fasting glucose levels, as well as a heightened risk of obesity and T2D, whereas P/LP variants had only a modest effect on adiposity and no impact on glucose homeostasis.In conclusion, the use of functional genetics has demonstrated that only heterozygous variants of PCSK1 and DYRK1B with a complete loss of function cause monogenic obesity. For DYRK1B, obesity is additionally associated with T2D. These results underscore the critical significance of assessing the functional impact of mutations in vitro for genetic diagnosis and the potential selection of appropriate treatments. We have demonstrated that in silico prediction tests are currently not precise enough
Farhat, Raëd. „Multiples conséquences physiopathologiques de mutations et d'allèles complexes du gène CFTR : l'importance des études génétique, moléculaire, cellulaire & in silico dans la détermination de l'impact de ces variations sur l'épissage et la protéine“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2269/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCystic Fibrosis is the most frequent rare disease in the Caucasian population. This hereditary recessive disease is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene (CFTR) that encodes for a protein expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The mutations classes, their associations in trans and the presence of complex alleles define the phenotype severity. The determination of mutations effects is essential to have a correct genotype/phenotype correlation to give an adapted prenatal diagnosis and to help the clinicians in providing an appropriate treatment when available. In this respect, we have studied on the cellular and molecular levels the effects of several mutations of interest for the laboratory: c.1392G>T (p.Lys464Asn), c.3909C>G (p.Asn1303Lys) et c.965T>C (p.Val322Ala). The effects of these mutations were evaluated on the protein level. Moreover, the impact on aberrant splicing of these first two mutations solely and in the context of their complex alleles was determined. We have demonstrated that: 1) the c.1392G>T mutations belongs to class V and II and its complex allele aggravates the aberrant splicing, 2) the c.3909C>G is a class II mutation and the effect on splicing is due to its complex allele, and 3) the familial c.965T>C mutation is a simple polymorphism. This work highlights the importance to study the CFTR mutation at different cellular levels using in silico, in cellulo and in vivo analyses and emphasizes on the effect of complex allele in modulating the basal impact of a single mutation
Pang, Xiaomeng. „Étude des conséquences de la déficience génétique en ß1,3-galactosyltransférase 6 (ß3GalT6) sur la pathogénie d’une maladie génétique rare, le syndrome d’Ehlers-Danlos (SED)“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0190/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProteoglycans (PGs) play important roles in many physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. PGs are composed of linear heteropolysaccharide chains, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linkage. The addition of the third residue (galactose) of the linkage is catalyzed by ß1,3-galactosyltransferase 6 (ß3GalT6), a key glycosyltransferase in GAG initiation. Recently, mutations of ß3GalT6 have been associated to Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), a group of rare and severe genetic connective tissue disorders. However, the role of ß3GalT6 defects in EDS pathogeny remains unknown. In my thesis, we showed that ß3GalT6 defective dermal fibroblasts of affected patients exhibited a marked reduction in GAG anabolism associated to a significant delay in wound closure compared to control cells. The ß3GalT6 gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that B3GALT6 gene deletion in control fibroblasts affects the synthesis of GAGs chains. Interestingly, GAG anabolism and cell migration were restored when ß3GalT6 is overexpressed in patient fibroblasts, which could be the starting point to the development of therapeutic strategies against the loss of GAG synthesis and defect of cell migration observed in EDS. This work provides a better understanding of the crucial role of ß3GalT6 in EDS pathogeny
Jolivet, Benjamin. „Rôle de la β1,3-Galactosyltransférase 6 (β3GalT6) dans la pathogénie d’une maladie génétique rare, les syndromes d’Ehlers-Danlos (SED)“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleProteoglycans (PGs) are major components of cell plasma membranes and extracellular matrix. These macromolecules play an important role in matrix organization of connective tissues and in cell signaling or embryonic and post-natal development. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linkage ßGlucuronic acid-ß1,3-Galactose-ß1,3-Galactose-ß1,4-Xylose-ß1-O-ß. The addition of the third residue (galactose) is catalyzed by the ß1,3-Galactosyltransferase 6 (ß3GalT6), a key glycosyltransferase in GAG initiation. Our group and others discovered that mutations of ß3GalT6 are associated to a spondylodysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (spEDS), a severe connective tissue disorder characterized by skin and bone fragility, musculoskeletal malformations, delayed wound healing, joint hyperlaxity and intellectual disabilities. The objectives of this project is to understand the functional and structural consequences of ß3GalT6 mutations in the development of spEDS, (i) achieving the molecular and functional characterization of the recombinant human β3GalT6 and (ii) to develop cellular models (as ß3GalT6 KO cells) to study the impact of genetic deficiency on cells metabolism, precisely on GAGs synthesis. The first part of the project is dedicated to the determination of mutation impact on the ß3GalT6 function. For this, we produce and purify several truncated soluble forms of hß3GalT6 in fusion to Maltose Binding Protein. The enzymatic activity tests have determined a KM of 30 µM and a kcat of 0,05 min-1 on wild-type enzyme. ß3GalT6 mutants will be further analyzed using the same approach. The second part of the project is achieving to develop a ß3GalT6 deficient cell model using the CRISPR/Cas 9 technology. Deficient clones obtained present (i) a low level of RNA expression, (ii) an absence of galactosyltransferase activity and (iii) a defect on endogenous GAG synthesis or with exogenous substrate. We also analyze the capacity for WT β3GalT6 and two mutants (Asp207His and Gly217Ser) to restore GAGs synthesis in deficient cells. From this work, we better understand the implication of β3GalT6 in the pathology of spEDS and relationships between ß3GalT6 loss of function, cellular consequences of genetic defect. Those results linked with the severity of spEDS clinical symptoms observed in patients, would help clinicians with management and clinical monitoring of spEDS patients
Baala, Lekbir. „Cartographie par autozygotie et identification de gènes de maladies rares dans la population marocaine : application aux génodermatoses et à une anomalie de développement cérébral“. Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N09S.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecessive autosomal diseases are a major public health problem in Morocco resulting from a high rate if consanguinity. Autozygosity mapping led to the localization and identification of the genes responsible for 3 rare diseases : anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA), and a novel described syndrome with ichthyosis and neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH), and a syndrome with severe microcephaly, corpus callosum agenesis, craniostenosis and mental retardation. Our study reveals the importance of genetic analysis of rare autosomal recessive diseases in the inbred population
Carmeille, Amandine. „Bases génétiques de la résistance de la tomate à Ralstonia solanacearum : comparaison des races 1 et 3“. Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546873.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJabot-Hanin, Fabienne. „Recherche des facteurs génétiques contrôlant la réponse à l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis et le développement d’une tuberculose maladie“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB253/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTuberculosis remains a major public health concern, with approximately 10.4 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths due to the disease in 2015 according to WHO. While an estimated one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only about 10% of infected individuals go on to develop a clinical disease. Among them, half will declare the disease in the 2 years following infection, which is generally considered as primary tuberculosis. The other patients will develop the disease more distant in time of primary infection, sometimes several tens of years latter; these are classical pulmonary forms in adults. In humans, the role of genetic factors have been demonstrated in the development of active tuberculosis, in pulmonary forms as in disseminated forms in childhood, et also in the control of M.tuberculosis infection. Nevertheless, most of these genetic factors remain to identify. The first aim of my PhD was to identify genetic factors controlling in vitro interferon-gamma production phenotypes (IGRA) after exposure to M.tuberculosis in a sample of 590 subjects who were in contact with a proven tuberculous patient in Val-de-Marne, Paris suburbs, and in a second time, to try to replicate the findings in a south African familial sample where the tuberculosis is highly endemic. For this purpose, I first performed genome-wide genetic linkage analysis for several quantitative IGRA phenotypes. They led to identify 2 major loci (p<10-4) replicated in South-Africa and linked to the interferon-gamma production induced by live BCG for the first one, and for the second one, by the specific part of the ESAT6 antigen of M.tuberculosis (absent from most of environmental mycobacteria and from BCG), independently of intrinsic ability to respond to mycobacteria. The second step was an association study in the identified linkage regions. A variant associated to the specific ESAT6 phenotype was found (p<10-5), which was significantly contributing to the linkage peak (p<0.001) and previously reported as eQTL of ZXDC gene. The second objective of my PhD was the identification of rare genetic variants underlying the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in infected individuals. To this end, I compared exome data from 120 tuberculous patients and 136 infected individuals without any clinical symptoms. All of them were from Morocco. This study resulted in the lighting of BTNL2 gene, very closed to the HLA region, in which around 10% of patients had a rare loss of function variant whereas the controls didn’t have any
Lebreton, Amandine. „Évaluation de la résistance de cultivars de soya à plusieurs races de Phytophthora sojae“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDubé, Marie-Pier. „Étude de la diversité génétique au sein des génomes nucléaire et chloroplastique chez les cinq races connues du Striga gesnerioides, une plante parasite d'importance mondiale“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26425/26425.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe goal of the present study was to reveal the genetic diversity within and among different West African populations of the root parasite Striga gesnerioides. This plant parasitizes many species from different dicotyledonous families, including cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important legume crop and the major dietary protein source for many people of the semi-arid regions of West Africa. Some resistant cowpea varieties have been identified and are used in breeding programs. However, based on host-parasite interactions in the field, various races of S. gesnerioides attacking cowpea have been identified. Using three different types of molecular markers, AFLP, ISSR and cpSSR, we showed that there is almost no genetic variability within populations. The variability between the populations was also extremely low and did not allow discrimination of the five races. A few populations were more closely related, and there was a certain geographical structure but no “racial” clustering could be seen, enhancing the fact that virulence is not yet involved in the genetic differentiation process. Possible causes of the extremely low level of genetic variability seen in S. gesnerioides are proposed including the autogamous mode of reproduction of the parasite and the hypothesis that the cowpea strain has only quite recently arisen.
Kim, Artem. „Exploration de l’interaction entre variants rares et communs dans la susceptibilité génétique à holoprosencéphalie“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe etiology of complex genetic disorders involves multiple genetic factors that are still poorly understood. Identification of these factors requires a better clinical interpretation of genetic variants identified by high-throughput sequencing. My thesis concerns the study of holoprosencephaly (HPE) - an extremely severe cerebral pathology associated with a very low diagnostic yield due to its genetic complexity. The objective of my thesis is to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying HPE and to propose novel bioinformatic strategies of pathogenic variant interpretation in complex genetic disorders. During my thesis, I first identified and described cases of oligogenic HPE resulting from a joint effect of several rare hypomorphic variants in genes related to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. This work has shown the importance to consider the combined effect of several mutations in molecular diagnosis of complex genetic disorders. Second, I demonstrated the pathogenic impact of synonymous mutations in the SHH gene on translation: by introducing codons with different biochemical properties, these variants modify the capacity of the protein to fold correctly. These results indicate that synonymous mutations may play a major role in etiology of genetic disorders. Overall, my thesis contributes to the understanding of complex genetic architecture of HPE and proposes novel analytical methods to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying complex disorders, such as oligogenic inheritance and synonymous variants. Ultimately, these results should help avoid misdiagnosis and improve genetic counseling in human disorders that remain to be resolved
Le, Guennec Kilan. „Variants rares et analyse d'exomes : application à la maladie d'Alzheimer du sujet jeune“. Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR148/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNext-generation sequencing allows studying and analyzing the genetic component part of complexdiseases mediated by rare variants. However, their interpretation represents a major challenge.Indeed, the sequencing of thousands of exomes and genomes revealed the human polymorphismcomplexity and in particular the overrepresentation of rare variants. Despite the development ofsoftwares and variant databases, the prioritization of rare variants remains arduous. My thesis subject was focused on the involvement of rare variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD). From a genetic point of view, AD is caused, in most cases, by a multifactorial determinism, but a minority of cases are autosomal dominant early-onset forms (ADEOAD). The characterization of mutations in the PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP genes as a cause of these Mendelian forms of AD led to the formulationof the amyloid cascade hypothesis, stating that the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is triggering the pathophysiological process. In order to detect new genetic risk factors involved in AD, we performed an association study using exome sequencing data from 522 cases with early-onset Alzheimer Disease and 584 controls. The first analyzes focused on single nucleotide variants and short insertions / deletions, and revealed an enrichment in cases of variants that are predicted to be deleterious in the ABCA7 genes. We then then focused on copy number variations (CNVs). The lack of recurrence at the gene-level incited us to work on a gene list. By focusing on the amyloidogenic hypothesis, we built a list of 342 genes involved in the metabolism and toxicity of the Aβ peptide. Thanks to this strategy, we found an enrichment of rare CNVs intersecting this Aβ network in cases.The main result of this CNV study was the identification of a duplication of the 17q21.31 locus in 5patients with a neurodegenerative disease similar to Alzheimer's disease. These patients have aclinical diagnosis of AD, as well as biomarkers and metabolic imaging consistent with an ADneurodegeneration. However, amyloid imaging and neuropathological analysis did not reveal anyamyloid pathology, and were therefore pointing to a pure tauopathy. This CNV study also revealed a partial deletion of the PSEN1 gene, overlapping exons 9 and 10, for which we performed functional studies. We demonstrated that the mutant protein enhanced the production of longer amyloid peptides, the latter being major mediators of Aβ neurotoxicity
Rivas-Platero, Gonzalo Galileo. „Effets de fondation et différenciation génétique aux échelles continentale et locale chez Mycosphaerella fijiensis, champignon responsable de la maladie des raies noires du bananier“. École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacoste, Deixonne Caroline. „Apport du séquençage haut débit dans l'amélioration de la prise en charge des maladies monogéniques“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5062/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe diffusion of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies induces an important change that modifies molecular diagnostics indications and prompts laboratories to re-think their diagnostic strategies, up-to-now based on Sanger sequencing routine. Several high throughput approaches are available from the sequencing of a gene panel, to a whole exome, or even a whole genome. In all cases, a tremendous amount of data are generated, that have to be filtered, interpreted and analyzed by the use of powerful bioinformatics tools.In part 1, existing strategies and the difficulties and challenges of high-throughput sequencing for molecular diagnosis in genetic diseases are discussed. In part 2, the set up and the technical validation of this diagnostic approach in the Molecular Genetics’ Laboratory of the Timone Hospital in Marseille is presented and illustrated by 3 examples of complex diagnostics solved thanks to NGS. NGS promises to shorten significantly the time of analysis and results reporting, and to expand the number of tested genes. It also promises to increase the proportion of positive diagnoses. Finally, the NGS can identify new variants and new genes involved in human pathology, thus will globally improve patient clinical care
Mambu, Mambueni Hendrick. „Identification de nouveaux variants rares associés à la spondyloarthrite par séquençage haut-débit“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpondyloarthritis (SpA) is a multifactorial disease with an estimated heritability of over 90%, mainly related to HLA-B27. All identified susceptibility factors, including HLA-B27, explain less than one third of the heritability. The involvement of rare variants could explain part of this missing heritability. The aim of this work was to identify rare variants associated with SpA via a combined family analysis and high-throughput sequencing approach. First, we sequenced a 1.4 Mb region significantly linked to SpA at 13q13 in 71 patients and 21 healthy controls from families with a high linkage score in this region. We identified a rare variant in the FREM2 gene present in 9 patients from a family with high linkage to the region and not found in other families or isolated cases of SpA. We then sequenced the exome of 48 patients from 20 multiplex families. Unfortunately, we did not observe any recurrent variants between families. We then focused on a second, previously known genetic linkage peak on chromosome 9. The study of the family most linked to this region, which includes 12 patients, led to the identification of several rare coding variants segregating with the disease. However, subsequent studies have shown equivalent allelic frequencies of these variants between cases and controls. Finally, whole genome sequencing of 413 patients from 76 multiplex families with 4 or more patients was performed. We identified 1203 rare, coding, non-synonymous variants shared by at least all affected family members. Genetic and functional validation analyses of these variants are underway, as is the analysis of non-coding variants. In conclusion, these different approaches suggest significant genetic heterogeneity in SpA and also highlight the difficulty of confirming the involvement of rare variants in complex diseases
Bouyer, Claire. „Variabilité phénotypique du développement musculaire chez le bovin : analyse fine de la régulation du gène GDF8 codant la myostatine“. Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0054/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMyostatin, a member of the TGF- β (Transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily, functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth.Since its discovery in mice in 1997, the myostatin gene has been extensively investigated considering the potential benefits of enhancing muscle growth in clinical and agricultural settings. Loss-of-function mutations which impair myostatin function or those which knockdown myostatin gene expression, result in muscle hypertrophy often referred to as ‘‘double-muscling’’ whereas myostatin overexpression induces profound muscle loss. Here, we identified an unexpected mutation in the myostatin gene that is responsible for increasing muscle mass in Blonde d'Aquitaine cattle breed. In skeletal muscle, the mutant allele was highly expressed leading to an abnormal transcript with a premature termination codon and to residual levels of a correctly spliced transcript. This expression pattern, caused by a leaky intronic mutation with regard to spliceosome, could contribute to the moderate muscle hypertrophy in this cattle breed. This finding is of importance for genetic counseling for meat quantity and quality in livestock production and possibly to manipulate myostatin pre-mRNA in human muscle diseases
Saad, Mohamad. „Méthodes statistiques et stratégies d'études d'association de phénotypes complexes : études pan-génomiques de la maladie de Parkinson“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1657/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMy thesis has focused on statistical methods and strategies to study the genetic components of complex human traits and especially of Parkinson's Disease (PD). My work was developed mainly in two contexts of genome wide association studies (GWAS): the detection of common variants and the detection of rare variants. GWAS is an optimal approach in which we have to control for the type I error and the type II error rates. Indeed, a large number of tests are performed. In addition, we must control for potential population stratification problems. Despite the large sample sizes in recent GWASs based on the single-marker test, they may have individually low power to detect common variants with small effects. The use of the multi-marker test may optimize the coverage of genetic variability and thus increase the power of GWAS. I have focused on the study of these tests, especially the "SNP-Set" test based on kernel machine regression and the haplotypic test. I studied the theoretical aspects of these tests and I evaluated the statistical properties in our empirical data for PD. In addition, in our analyses for PD, I developed imputation and meta-analysis techniques to increase the coverage of the genetic variability and the sample size. Association analysis for rare variants faces several challenges. The single marker test is not powerful to detect such variants and the cost of whole-genome sequence analyses for complex traits is still prohibitive. Our design is a cost-effective alternative which is based on the joint use of public sequence data and GWAS data. Several new tests have been proposed but, to date, their statistical properties are still unclear. On the genome-wide level, the type I error and the type II error rates may depend on several factors as gene length, allelic heterogeneity in the gene, LD between SNPs, overlap between genes and the correlation between the common variants and the trait. I evaluated the statistical properties of several methods in simulated data and also in our GWAS PD data. We show that several methods, based on the linear mixed model, are mathematically equivalent and some are special cases of others. In conclusion, we developed strategies and analytical methods which combine complementary approaches (Common Disease-Common Variant versus Common Disease-Rare Variant) to optimize the characterization of the genetic components of PD in particular and of complex traits in general
Beveraggi, André. „Etude des interactions hôte-parasite chez les bananiers sensibles et résistants inoculés par "Cercospora fijiensis" responsable de la maladie des raies noires“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20264.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDion, Camille. „Dynamiques épigénétiques du macrosatellite D4Z4 par la protéine SMCHD1 dans deux pathologies rares : exploitation du modèle IPSCs“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0191.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFacio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy is characterized by the involvement of specific facial, scapulo-humeral and anterior foreleg muscles. In 95% of cases (FSHD1) the disease is associated with a reduction of a macrosatellite element, D4Z4, at the 4q35 locus. In the 5% remaining cases (FSHD2), there is no D4Z4 contraction and patients carry mutations in the SMCHD1 gene. Mutations in SMCHD1 are also involved in a very rare developmental syndrome called Bosma Arhinia Microphtalmia syndrome (BAMS) characterized by cranio-facial abnormalities but no muscular dystrophy.To analyze D4Z4 methylation we developed an approach based on the Sodium Bisulfite treatment method followed by high-throughput sequencing. We showed a significant hypomethylation in the proximal region of D4Z4 in FSHD and BAMS patients compared to controls. Our methylation analysis in primary fibroblasts and corresponding human induced pluripotent stem cells showed that D4Z4 is specifically remethylated upon reprogramming in FSHD1 cells but not in SMCHD1-mutated cells. The high methylation level is a feature of pluripotency likely dependent on SMCHD1. Strikingly, hypomethylation is not observed in somatic cells invalidated for SMCHD1 suggesting a key role for this factor in de novo the methylation. D4Z4 methylation pattern does not depend on the epigenetic memory inherited form donor cells and on the number of the D4Z4 copies and it is a tightly regulated process.In conclusion, SMCHD1 plays a role in the D4Z4 methyl mark deposition at the pluripotency state
Antonio, Marie de. „Statistiques et modèles de survie pour améliorer la connaissance d’une maladie rare, la dystrophie myotonique The DM-Scope registry: a rare disease innovative framework bridging the gap between research and medical care Unraveling the myotonic dystrophy type 1 clinical spectrum: a systematic registry-based study - Implications for disease classification“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMyotonic dystrophy (DM) is considered one of the most complex neuromuscular diseases. Although research work over the past 30 years has permitted a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms, the unusual nature of its genetic anomalies, its multisystemic expression and its broad clinical spectrum do not allow, at the moment, optimal patient management. The purpose of my work was to deepen our knowledge of this rare disease and to clarify its natural history. The first part of my manuscript is dedicated to the presentation of the DM-Scope Registry, on which all my thesis work is based. After the description of the concept, the functioning and the data collection platform, the manuscript features the characteristics of the DM1 cohort, from which our analyses were conducted : the clinical spectrum covered, multisystemic impairment, genotype/phenotype correlations, interrelations between symptoms and comparison to myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2). In the second part, we focus on the major progress achieved through the existence of DM-Scope and the analyses conducted during my thesis: (i) detailing the natural history of the disease, in particular proposing a new classification; (ii) highlighting the phenotype’s determining factors such as gender, mutation size, interrelations between symptoms. This work has led to recommendations for care, in particular for the transition from child to adult, but also the validation of important inclusion criteria for clinical trials such as gender. DM-Scope provides access to available biological samples for basic research studies and validates new therapeutic approaches. DM-Scope is now a worldwide leader and an essential tool in translational research in DM. The DM-Scope concept can be transferred to any other population and can be used for care management in other rare diseases. Finally, we present the development of a survival model built from the DM-Scope cohort. This model has three specificities: (i) it is applicable to high dimensional data, in such cases as DM-Scope, where there is a large number of measurements; (ii) it takes into account competitive risks, when patients are simultaneously exposed to several events. In our registry, the study of respiratory-related deaths is biased if competing events such as heart disease deaths are not taken into account ; (iii) it models the heterogeneity between patient groups probably due to divergent care, called \og centres effects \fg{}. DM-Scope data analysis requires such specificity of frailty models due to its multicentric coverage (55 centres). This model can be transferred and applied to other data, considering the following : more and more large-scaled registries are being used ; a majority of survival analyses includes censorship caused by the occurrence of the event of interest ; multicentre studies have become increasingly common
Delahaye-Sourdeix, Manon. „Moving beyond Genome-Wide Association Studies“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10238.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenome-wide association (GWA) studies consist in testing up to one million (or more) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for their association with cancer risk in thousands of individuals, without requiring any prior knowledge on the functional significance of these variants. These studies have been valuable for establishing etiological hypotheses and understanding the underlying genetic architecture of human diseases. However, most of the heritable factors of these traits remain unexplained. Part of this variation may come from rarer variants that are not targeted by current genotyping arrays or variants with moderate to low effects for which detection by current GWA studies is impractical. In this context and as illustrated in this thesis, GWA studies can now serve as starting points towards further discoveries, looking for new strategies to study both rarer variants and rarer diseases. We have specifically explored these approaches in the context of lung cancer, head and neck cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The use of bioinformatics to combine recent GWA study results with other sources of information, the integration of different types of genomic data as well as the investigation of the interrelationship between germline and somatic alterations represent the main opportunities pursued in this thesis work
Mareux, Elodie. „Pharmacothérapie ciblée des déficits en ABCB11“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleABCB11/BSEP (Bile Salt Export Pump) is expressed at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. It ensures bile acids secretion into bile which is essential for biliary secretion. Nearly 400 variations of the ABCB11 gene have been identified and are associated with rare hepatobiliary diseases, the most severe being progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2). The effectiveness of medical treatments is limited. Consequently, liver transplantation is required before adulthood for almost 2/3 of PFIC2 patients. In this context, the identification of alternative therapies is a major challenge.This thesis focuses on personalized therapeutic strategies to correct the pathological consequences of some ABCB11 variations identified in patients. The A257V, G562D and T463I variations of ABCB11 were studied by 3D molecular modelling. These variations were responsible for a defect in Abcb11 transport function. Ivacaftor (VX-770, Kalydeco®), a clinically approved cystic fibrosis treatment, corrects the activity defect of the three variants.Similar effects were observed with GLPG1837, SBC040 and SBC219, known as potentiators of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator).From a combinatory therapy perspective, we also demonstrated the ability of these potentiators to correct the transport defect of the R1090C and R1090W variants, potential readthrough products of the R1090X nonsense variant. We also evaluated the ability of Elexacaftor (VX-445) and Tezacaftor (VX 661) correctors of CFTR. These correctors, alone or in combination, restored trafficking of the R1128C missense variant, leading to a significant increase in the transport function. Interestingly, the addition of potentiators abolishes this effect.Altogether, this thesis constitutes a proof of concept that molecules with high therapeutic potential can correct the molecular defects of ABCB11 variants. These treatments could increase the pharmacopoeia available for patients with ABCB11 deficiency and thus delay or even suppress the need for liver transplantation