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1
Spitzer, T., P. Míša, J. Bílovský und J. Kazda. „Management of maize stand height using growth regulators“. Plant Protection Science 51, No. 4 (02.06.2016): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2014-pps.
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2
Raczek, Ewa. „Growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of natural and synthetic growth regulators. Growth correlations“. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 53, Nr. 3 (2014): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1984.031.
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The effect of natural (IAA, FC, ABA) and synthetic (2,4-D) growth substances on the increase of the fresh weight of maize coleoptile segments and change of the pH of the incubation medium, accepted here as criteria of maize coleoptile growth, was studied. The growth of maize coleoptiles depended on the concentration of the growth substances, as well as, on the composition of the incubation medium. The highest stimulation of coleoptile growth was seen with FC at a concentration of 10<sup>-4</sup>M, whereas ABA at 10<sup>-3</sup> M gave the highest inhibition of maize coleoptile fresh weight increase and caused alkalization of the medium. The presence of K<sup>+</sup> ions in the incubation medium enhanced the stimulatory effect of IAA and FC on the increase of the coleoptile fresh weight, whereas the presence of these ions and phosphate buffer abolished the growth-promoting effect of IAA and FC. The best correlation of the "fresh weight" and "pH" effects was found in the case of the growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of FC (r<sub>xy</sub> = 0.67). The inhibition of maize coleoptile growth in the presence of high concentrations of IAA can be explained by the destructive effect of natural auxin at these concentrations on the integrity of mitochondrial membranes, and therefore on the normal functioning of mitochondria.
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ANJORIN, Folake, Ridwan ABIOLA, Julius OLASOJI und Daniel O. OLANIRAN OLANIRAN. „Soil weight determination for optimal growth and yield performances of pot-grown maize“. Journal of Central European Agriculture 24, Nr. 4 (2023): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/24.4.3869.
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4
Wang, Liang, Yan Meng, Guoqing Chen, Xiaoyu Liu, Lan Wang und Yuhai Chen. „Impact of maize growth on N2O emission from farmland soil“. Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 4 (23.04.2019): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/774/2018-pse.
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Crop growth is a key factor that effects nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission in farmland soil. Clarification and quantification of the impact of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission are important to guide maize planting and patterns, which is also useful for building model to simulate N<sub>2</sub>O emission in an agroecosystem. In this study, we carried out a three-year (2013–2015) field experiment to evaluate the contribution of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission using a split-plot design. The factors included planting versus not planting maize, and four rates of nitrogen (N) application (0, 150, 300, 450 kg N/ha). Our results showed the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission decreased linearly with the growth of maize from the 43<sup>rd</sup> day after sowing (y = –1.07x + 26.85, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95). Nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission. The impact of maize growth on soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N are similar to N<sub>2</sub>O emission, and they have a strong correlation. We concluded that maize growth reduces soil N<sub>2</sub>O emission but N application can exert an antagonistic effect, and the impact of maize growth on soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N largely determines the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission.
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Liang, Qiuyan, Xiaoling Zhang, Yiyuan Ge, Tianyue Jiang und Zihan Zhao. „Maize plant growth period identification based on MobileNet and design of growth control system“. BioResources 19, Nr. 3 (26.06.2024): 5450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.5450-5466.
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To address the current inefficiencies and subjective nature of manual observation in maize cultivation, with the aim of achieving high efficiency and productivity, this study focused on the DeMaya D3 maize variety. It proposes a maize growth stage recognition method based on the MobileNet model, which is a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture. The method was tested and achieved recognition accuracies of 0.98, 0.96, 0.92, 0.85, and 0.97 for different growth stages, respectively. Additionally, a maize growth prediction model was developed. Based on data collected from experimental plots regarding maize plant height and stem diameter, the Prophet model and an optimized version of the Prophet model were used to forecast maize growth trends. The Prophet model is an open-source tool for time series forecasting. Comparative analysis was conducted between the predictions of the original Prophet model and the optimized version. The relative errors of the Prophet model predictions were 0.85%, 2.11%, and 0.79%, while those of the optimized Prophet model were 0.76%, 0.47%, and 0.71%. Compared to the Prophet model, the optimized model reduced errors by 0.09%, 1.64%, and 0.08%, respectively. The maize plant growth control system was designed to obtain the information through the collection layer. The decision-making layer judged the soil nutrient absorption and growth status. Finally, the management layer controlled water and fertilizer.
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Ban, Ho-Young, Dana Sim, Kyu-Jong Lee, Junhwan Kim, Kwang Soo Kim und Byun-Woo Lee. „Evaluating maize growth models “CERES-Maize” and “IXIM-Maize” under elevated temperature conditions“. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-015-0071-3.
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Imbrie-Milligan, C., K. K. Kamo und T. K. Hodges. „Microcallus growth from maize protoplasts“. Planta 171, Nr. 1 (Mai 1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00395067.
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8
Nguyen, Huyen Khon, Le Thanh Hai, Tung Van Tra, Nguyen Viet Thang, Tran Thi Hieu, Thu Hong Anh Nguyen, Dong Thi Thu Huyen und Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao. „Study on the use of sludge farming of catfish as organic fertilizer and evaluate its effectiveness in agriculture“. Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 4, Nr. 1 (05.04.2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i1.502.
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The purpose of this study is to reuse fishpond sediment to produce organic fertilizer for planting maize. The sludge was mixed with rice husk and Composted under aerobic conditions. The effectiveness of Compost on planting maizes was assessed by adding to maizes with and without combination chemical fertilizers as different dosages as recommendations. The amounts of Compost adding for maizes were 10 and 20 tons/ha. Maize growth, characteristics of corn, and soil physical and chemical parameters such as bulk density, soil aggregate stability, the volume of moisture, and useful moisture of soil were measured and evaluated. The results showed that the quality of organic fertilizer produced from waste sludge met Vietnamese standard (QCVN:2018/BNNPTNT) for adding to crops. Applying organic fertilizer with the quantity of 20 tons/ha to combine with the recommendation of inorganic fertilizer amount for planting maizes increased the yield. Moreover, 20 ton/ha of organic fertilizer coupling with 50% of chemical fertilizer amount as a recommendation for planting maize also enhanced the yield to compare with the control (only using inorganic fertilizer as a recommendation). The maize yield of applying 20 tons/ha of organic fertilizer was higher than the maize yield of 10 tons/ha of organic fertilizer. Using organic fertilizer produced by fishpond sediment did improve not only the soil quality but also protected the canals and increased household income.
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MacKinnon, J. C. „CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development“. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1987): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1699(87)90028-7.
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10
Brown, D. M. „CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 41, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(87)90089-x.
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11
Mercy M Umokaso, Bernard JO Efiuvwevwere und Francis S Ire. „Microbiological dynamics involved in cereal-porridge production using maize and sorghum“. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, Nr. 1 (30.01.2022): 014–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.1.0369.
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Cereal-porridge(‘ogi’) was produced by spontaneous fermentation using maize and sorghum substrates. The microbiological dynamics involved were monitored over a period of 48h fermentation. Bacteria, yeasts and moulds were isolated. Based on the morphological, cultural and biochemical test results, the aerobic bacterial isolates were identified as Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Citrobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Proteus sp, Shigella sp, and Escherichia coli. The Lactic acid bacteria were Lactococcus sp, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus sp. The yeast isolates were 2 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one other Saccharomyces sp and a Candida sp. The moulds were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp and Penicillium sp. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated were 2 strains of Lactococcus lactis, 2 Enterobacter spp, 5 strains of Lactobacillus fermentum and 1 other Lactobacillus sp. The initial total viable aerobic bacterial count at 0h in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend were 4.6 × 104, 7.3 × 104 and 2.4 × 105cfu/ml respectively. The growths rose to peaks of 6.5 × 107 and 3.9 × 107cfu/ml at 24h in maize and maize-sorghum blend, respectively. A Peak of 4.7 x 107cfu/ml was attained at 36h in sorghum. Coliform bacteria and moulds growths in the three samples attained peaks of growth at 12h and reduced till there was no growth by 48h. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts increased in numbers till the end of fermentation. The initial pH value at 0h was lowest in maize-sorghum blend sample (5.43) and highest in maize (5.75). Final values at 48h were 3.76, 3.78 and 3.75 in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend samples respectively. There were no significant differences between the microbial growth patterns, changes in pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and amylase enzymatic activities in maize, sorghum and maize-sorghum blend samples during fermentation.
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Li, Yinjuan, Longshuai Ma, Pute Wu, Xining Zhao, Xiaoli Chen und Xiaodong Gao. „Impacts of Interspecific Interactions on Crop Growth and Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.) Strip Intercropping under Different Water and Nitrogen Levels“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 4 (15.04.2022): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040951.
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Interspecific interactions and recovery growth play an important role in crop growth, development and ultimately yield in intercropping systems. However, the impact of different water and nitrogen levels on intercropping production, interspecific interactions between intercrops, and the recovery growth of late-maturing crops is still unclear. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, to investigate the dynamics of interspecific interactions, and the effects of interspecific interactions on crop growth and yield. The experiment consisted of three factors, including three cropping systems (wheat/maize intercropping, sole wheat, sole maize), three nitrogen (N) levels and two water applications (supplementary irrigation and rainfed). The results demonstrated that, during the co-growth period, intercropped wheat was more competitive than intercropped maize; so, intercropped wheat showed a yield advantage. Intercropping increased maize yield under irrigated conditions, and this was attributed to the full recovery growth of intercropped maize after wheat harvest. However, rainfed and nil nitrogen aggravated the interspecific competition, and water deficit under maize rows, in turn, limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize, leading to yield reduction. However, compared with sole maize, the yield of intercropped maize decreased, indicating nitrogen deficiency limited the recovery growth of intercropped maize. Among all treatments, the intercropping of medium nitrogen fertilizer with irrigation had the best yield improvement and land use advantages, the total yield of intercropping was 14.8% higher than that of sole cropping, and the land use efficiency increased 16%. These results confirmed that supplementary irrigation and optimal nitrogen application alleviated the interspecific competition, promoted the recovery growth of intercropped maize and improved the yield of wheat/maize intercropping system.
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Rudolph, N., N. Labuschagne und T. A. S. Aveling. „The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on seed germination and seedling growth of maize“. Seed Science and Technology 43, Nr. 3 (15.12.2015): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.3.04.
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Jain, M., S. Tiwary und R. Gadre. „Sorbitol-induced changes in various growth and biochemici parameters in maize“. Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 6 (03.06.2010): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/233/2009-pse.
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Treatment of maize seedlings with different concentrations of sorbitol decreased the rate of germination substantially. Root and shoot length was also reduced by sorbitol treatment, however, decrease in root length was lower than shoot length. Incubation of leaf segments from maize seedlings grown in continuous light with sorbitol decreased the fresh weight and increased the dry weight in a concentration-dependent manner. Sorbitol treatment also reduced the total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a as well as chlorophyll b; the decrease in chlorophyll 'b' being more prominent than chlorophyll 'a', however, carotenoid content was declined marginally. Supply of sorbitol decreased the protein and RNA content; however, proline content and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were increased. The results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of sorbitol-induced stress on overall growth in maize. Amongst the biochemical parameters analysed, chlorophyll, protein and RNA contents were declined, while proline content and nitrate reductase activity were enhanced with sorbitol treatment.
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Stipešević, B., und E. J. Kladivko. „Effects of winter wheat cover crop desiccation times on soil moisture, temperature and early maize growth“. Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 6 (19.11.2011): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3583-pse.
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Two tillage systems for maize (Zea mays) after soybean (Glycine max), no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT), which consisted of double disking in the spring, were included in the experiment on two sites in Indiana, USA. Each tillage plot had three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop levels: no cover crop (N), early desiccation (E), 3–4 weeks prior to planting the maize, and regular desiccation (R), within the maize planting week. Due to the mulching effect, both E and R for both tillage systems increased soil moisture, except in the case of spring drought, when E proved dominant. Soil temperature for both tillage systems showed N > E > R order. Young maize plants tended to grow taller and have greater shoot biomass in NT than in CT. Both E and R improved early maize growth. In the case of drought, the E proved significantly better for maize on both tillage treatments, due to the better soil water conservation, therefore the winter wheat cover crop should be desiccated early in given climate conditions.
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Meng, Juan, Weiya Li, Feiyan Qi, Tianxiao Yang, Na Li, Jiong Wan, Xiaoqi Li et al. „Knockdown of microRNA390 Enhances Maize Brace Root Growth“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, Nr. 12 (20.06.2024): 6791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126791.
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Brace root architecture is a critical determinant of maize’s stalk anchorage and nutrition uptake, influencing root lodging resistance, stress tolerance, and plant growth. To identify the key microRNAs (miRNAs) in control of maize brace root growth, we performed small RNA sequencing using brace root samples at emergence and growth stages. We focused on the genetic modulation of brace root development in maize through manipulation of miR390 and its downstream regulated auxin response factors (ARFs). In the present study, miR167, miR166, miR172, and miR390 were identified to be involved in maize brace root growth in inbred line B73. Utilizing short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology, we further developed maize lines with reduced miR390 expression and analyzed their root architecture compared to wild-type controls. Our findings show that STTM390 maize lines exhibit enhanced brace root length and increased whorl numbers. Gene expression analyses revealed that the suppression of miR390 leads to upregulation of its downstream regulated ARF genes, specifically ZmARF11 and ZmARF26, which may significantly alter root architecture. Additionally, loss-of-function mutants for ZmARF11 and ZmARF26 were characterized to further confirm the role of these genes in brace root growth. These results demonstrate that miR390, ZmARF11, and ZmARF26 play crucial roles in regulating maize brace root growth; the involved complicated molecular mechanisms need to be further explored. This study provides a genetic basis for breeding maize varieties with improved lodging resistance and adaptability to diverse agricultural environments.
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Matsui, Naohiro, Koji Nakata, Chisambi Cornelius und Moyo Macdonald. „Diagnosing Maize Growth for Determination of Optimum Fertilizer Application Time in Northern Malawi“. Journal of Agricultural Science 8, Nr. 5 (13.04.2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n5p50.
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<p>Plant diagnosis was proven to be useful for predicting maize growth condition. The number of days to male flowering and that to silk emergence differed among the four sites, reflecting differences in growth condition. Maize stalk weight decreased when the number of days to male flowering exceeded 65. Two growth indexes (GIs), plant height and stem diameter, well predicted maize fresh weight as expressed by the equation: Fresh weight = -0.013 + 1.26 × (Plant height × Stem diameter) (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.57). Those two parameters changed with the growth stage according to the maize growth condition. GI monitoring revealed that week 4 (W4) or week 8 (W8) after germination was the determinant of overall maize growth. Leaf color also changed in the course of growth; leaf color at W4 was the best indicator of maize grain yield. Such plant diagnosis parameters as GI and leaf color are useful for the determination of optimum fertilizer application time.</p>
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Britschgi, Deborah, Peter Stamp und Juan M. Herrera. „Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons“. Weed Science 61, Nr. 2 (Juni 2013): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00120.1.
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Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.
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Faria, R. M., R. E. Barros und L. D. Tuffi Santos. „Weed interference on growth and yield of transgenic maize“. Planta Daninha 32, Nr. 3 (September 2014): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000300007.
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Plants kept under competition tend to modify their morphology to optimize the use of production factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of competition between transgenic maize and five weed species on the growth and yield of transgenic maize hybrid. The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates in a factorial 5 x 2 + 6 scheme consisting of a combination of maize under competition with five weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum and Ipomoea triloba) in two weed densities (15 or 30 plants m-2) plus six treatments corresponding to maize and weed species without competition. All the means for dry matter accumulated by maize plants in the stem and leaf in the density of 15 plants m ² were higher than the means for plants in coexistence with 30 plants m-². Number of kernels, diameter and length of cob were not affected by competition with weeds. The weeds that most interfered with maize biomass production were S.arundinaceum and B.brizantha. Leaf dry mass accumulation was more sensitive than the production of stem. It was observed that maize was usually very competitive with weeds, and there was a strong decrease in dry matter accumulation of all the weeds in the study when in coexistence with the crop.
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Weye, E. A., Ayoola, J. B. und La’ah, D. „INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH RATES AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH OF OUTPUTS OF SELECTED FOOD GRAINS IN NIGERIA (1981-2020)“. Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 5, Nr. 2 (01.06.2022): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v5i2.321.
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The study assessed the influence on the growth rates and direction of growth of prices of outputs of selected food grans (rice, maize and wheat) in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. Time series data were collected from secondary sources. The data was analyzed using regression analysis. The analysis showed that, the instantaneous growth rates were 4.8%, 4.3% and 1.5% for outputs of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020); Whereas the value of the coefficient of quadratic term (t2) for rice (5.22), maize (0.649) and wheat (-0.62) were positive for rice and maize but negative for wheat which implies stagnated growth rates in rice and maize production and accelerated growth process in wheat production. In the same, the result revealed that the instantaneous growth rates were 15.5%, 13.2% and 13.1% for prices of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020). Also, the value of the coefficient of t2 for rice (13.2%), maize (15.5%) and wheat (13.1%) were all positive and significant – which implies accelerated growth process in Nigeria (1981-2020). The study concluded that, climate change, environmental degradation and stagnating yields could have catastrophic effects and reduce yields and increase prices of food grains like rice, maize and wheat in Nigeria. It was therefore, recommends that, effort should be made by government and other relevant stakeholders in agriculture towards providing irrigation facilities in order to adjust any unfavourable influence of increase or decrease in rainfall on food grains’ growth and yield in Nigeria.
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Li, Bo, Enqiang Zhou, Yao Zhou, Xuejun Wang und Kaihua Wang. „Faba Bean Extracts Allelopathically Inhibited Seed Germination and Promoted Seedling Growth of Maize“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 12 (29.11.2024): 2857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122857.
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Allelopathic interactions between crops in an intercropping system can directly affect crop yields. Faba beans may release allelochemicals to the cropping system. However, the allelopathic effects in the faba bean–maize relay intercropping system are still unclear. Maize seeds and seedlings were treated with a 50 mL of 100 g L−1 faba bean leaf extract (L1), 150 g L−1 faba bean leaf extract (L2), 100 g L−1 faba bean stem extract (S1), or 150 g L−1 faba bean stem extract (S2) and sterile water (CK) to study the allelopathic effects of faba bean extracts on maize seed germination and seedling growth. The α-amylase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, phytohormones and allelochemical content in maize seeds were determined to evaluate the allelopathic effects of faba bean extracts on maize seed germination. The agronomic traits, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient absorption characteristics of maize seedlings were determined to explore the allelopathic effects of faba bean extracts on maize seedling growth. High-concentration (150 g L−1) faba bean stem extracts released allelochemicals, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and benzoic acid. These allelochemicals entered the interior of maize seeds and increased the abscisic acid, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid content in maize seeds but decreased the aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid in maize seeds. High-concentration (150 g L−1) faba bean stem extracts increased the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity and decreased the α-amylase activity in maize seeds at germination (36 h). Faba bean extracts released nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus and increased nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content and photosynthesis of maize seedling. In summary, faba bean extracts released allelochemicals that inhibited the germination of maize seeds but released nutrients and promoted the growth and development of maize seedlings. The research results provide a basis for improving the Faba bean–maize relay strip intercropping.
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Qandeel, M., A. Jabbar, F. U. Haider, A. L. Virk und N. U. Ain. „EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND DATES PLANTING ON SPRING MAIZE PRODUCTION UNDER AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN“. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, Nr. 2 (11.02.2021): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.2.5.
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Maize is a widely grown cereal crop worldwide, butthe heat stress and delayed sowing of maize are major constraints that result in declining the maize productivity.Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the growth promoting effect of different growth regulators i.e., salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and humic acid at multiple sowing times in spring maize. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having split-plot arrangement with three replications having plot size of 6m × 2.25m.The yield contributing agronomic parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically by using Fisher’s analysis of variance technique and treatment means were contrasted by Least significance difference having 5% probability test. Results revealed that early and delayed sowing of maize tended to decline the maize productivity and grain yield. Maximum yield and yield contributing traits were observed in S1 (recommended sowing, i.e., 20-02-2017). The plant growth regulators significantly influenced the productivity of maize and minimized heat stress. The interaction between sowing dates and plant growth regulators were also significant. Among plant growth regulators, the foliar application of methyl jasmonate resulted to produce maximum biological, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index, which were 23.04, 36.12, 14.06 and 7.87%, respectively higher than the control.The study reported that delayed sowing of maize declined the production of maize due to the gradual rise of temperature in March and plant growth regulators had the potential to minimize the heat stress and productivity of maize.
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Yao, Yihan, Jibo Yue, Yang Liu, Hao Yang, Haikuan Feng, Jianing Shen, Jingyu Hu und Qian Liu. „Classification of Maize Growth Stages Based on Phenotypic Traits and UAV Remote Sensing“. Agriculture 14, Nr. 7 (18.07.2024): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071175.
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Maize, an important cereal crop and crucial industrial material, is widely used in various fields, including food, feed, and industry. Maize is also a highly adaptable crop, capable of thriving under various climatic and soil conditions. Against the backdrop of intensified climate change, studying the classification of maize growth stages can aid in adjusting planting strategies to enhance yield and quality. Accurate classification of the growth stages of maize breeding materials is important for enhancing yield and quality in breeding endeavors. Traditional remote sensing-based crop growth stage classifications mainly rely on time series vegetation index (VI) analyses; however, VIs are prone to saturation under high-coverage conditions. Maize phenotypic traits at different growth stages may improve the accuracy of crop growth stage classifications. Therefore, we developed a method for classifying maize growth stages during the vegetative growth phase by combining maize phenotypic traits with different classification algorithms. First, we tested various VIs, texture features (TFs), and combinations of VI and TF as input features to estimate the leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), leaf area index (LAI), and fractional vegetation cover (FVC). We determined the optimal feature inputs and estimation methods and completed crop height (CH) extraction. Then, we tested different combinations of maize phenotypic traits as input variables to determine their accuracy in classifying growth stages and to identify the optimal combination and classification method. Finally, we compared the proposed method with traditional growth stage classification methods based on remote sensing VIs and machine learning models. The results indicate that (1) when the VI+TFs are used as input features, random forest regression (RFR) shows a good estimation performance for the LCC (R2: 0.920, RMSE: 3.655 SPAD units, MAE: 2.698 SPAD units), Gaussian process regression (GPR) performs well for the LAI (R2: 0.621, RMSE: 0.494, MAE: 0.397), and linear regression (LR) exhibits a good estimation performance for the FVC (R2: 0.777, RMSE: 0.051, MAE: 0.040); (2) when using the maize LCC, LAI, FVC, and CH phenotypic traits to classify maize growth stages, the random forest (RF) classification method achieved the highest accuracy (accuracy: 0.951, precision: 0.951, recall: 0.951, F1: 0.951); and (3) the effectiveness of the growth stage classification based on maize phenotypic traits outperforms that of traditional remote sensing-based crop growth stage classifications.
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Alam, R., DK Das, MR Islam, Y. Murata und MA Hoque. „Exogenous proline enhances nutrient uptake and confers tolerance to salt stress in maize (Zea mays L.)“. Progressive Agriculture 27, Nr. 4 (10.04.2017): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i4.32120.
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Proline accumulation is the main adaptive mechanism to salinity in plants. The pot experiments were carried out to mitigate the adverse effects of NaCl stress on BARI Hybrid Maize-5 and Hybrid Maize Pacific-987 by exogenous application of proline. Plants were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl at vegetative stage. Proline solutions were sprayed over maize leaves at both vegetative and tasseling stages. NaCl stress caused significant reductions in plant growth of maize. NaCl stress at 50 mM drastically reduced the growth of maize plant. Salt stress also reduced reproductive growth, grain yield, chlorophyll contents, K+/Na+ ratio and nutrient (NPS) uptake in both maize varieties. Exogenously applied proline improved growth and grain yield of BARI Hybrid Maize-5 at 25 mM NaCl stress condition. Additionally, BARI Hybrid Maize-5 conferred tolerance to 50 mM NaCl stress with 25 mM proline. Proline application significantly increased K+/Na+ ratio and nutrient uptake by maize under salt stress. The present study suggests that proline improves salt tolerance of maize by increasing the K+/Na+ ratio and nutrient uptake, particularly P uptake.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 409-417, 2016
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Haque, Md Anowarul. „Boron Impact on Maize Growth and Yield: A Review“. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, Nr. 6 (06.05.2024): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i64637.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital crop, contributing significantly—at least 30%—to global dietary energy intake and biofuels and ethanol production. This review article delves into the dynamic interplay between boron (B) and maize growth, yield, and agricultural sustainability. Boron, a crucial micronutrient, is pivotal in essential physiological processes such as root development, leaf expansion, and cob formation. These processes are fundamental for ensuring the vigour and productivity of maize crops. Conversely, boron deficiency manifests as thinner leaves with reduced chlorophyll content, compromising plant health, and hindering yield potential. Maintaining adequate boron levels, particularly during reproductive stages, is critical for mitigating the risk of abnormal ears and maximizing the quantity and quality of maize production. Emerging research underscores the significance of foliar boron application at various growth stages of maize, which stimulates growth, facilitates cell wall development, and increases leaf area. This translates to improved light interception and photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately contributing to increased plant vigour and biomass accumulation. Furthermore, exploring innovative approaches for sustainable boron management is crucial. This includes precision fertilization techniques and biofortification strategies to ensure optimal maize production while minimizing environmental impacts. By gaining a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between boron and maize, farmers can develop customized fertilization plans that utilize strategic foliar boron application. This approach unlocks maize's full yield potential and contributes to sustainable agricultural practices, supporting global food security.
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TRAVLOS, ILIAS S., PANAGIOTIS J. KANATAS, GARIFALIA ECONOMOU, VASILIS E. KOTOULAS, DIMOSTHENIS CHACHALIS und STELIOS TSIOROS. „EVALUATION OF VELVETLEAF INTERFERENCE WITH MAIZE HYBRIDS AS INFLUENCED BY RELATIVE TIME OF EMERGENCE“. Experimental Agriculture 48, Nr. 1 (18.08.2011): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000822.
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SUMMARYThe presence of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) in crops is increasing in arid and semi-arid environments. Field experiments were conducted in Greece in 2009 and 2010 to determine the influence of velvetleaf emergence time and maize (Zea mays) hybrids with different growth rates on maize yield and velvetleaf growth and fecundity. Velvetleaf was uniformly seeded in order to emerge at the 1, 3, 5 and 7-leaf stage of maize (V1, V3, V5 and V7 growth stages, respectively). Velvetleaf biomass, canopy area and seed production were significantly affected by the date of velvetleaf emergence. Velvetleaf plants emerging just after maize (V1) produced 7–17 times lower seed number, compared with the V5 growth stage. Maximum maize grain yield loss ranged from 26 to 37% for early emerging velvetleaf, and less than 6% yield loss occurred from velvetleaf seedlings emerging at V7 growth stage. Maize hybrids with high initial growth rate seem to be more competitive than the other hybrids. The results of this study are essential in the development of an integrated weed management strategy for maize in semi-arid environments, since they highlight the importance of the careful selection of a competitive maize hybrid and avoidance of early velvetleaf emergence.
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Bao, Yitong, Meilin Li, Haoran Liu und Zirui Pan. „Study on Maize Yield Estimation Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 108 (13.08.2024): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/dvgcz775.
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Accurately estimating crop yields is crucial for effective agricultural management, particularly with the continuous development of agricultural technology. However, traditional farmland survey methods are time-consuming and expensive. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using UAV remote sensing technology for maize yield estimation. This study utilized UAV remote sensing technology and data assimilation methods to estimate maize yields. The study utilized UAV remote sensing to acquire ground remote sensing images and estimate maize yield by inverting the leaf area index (LAI). The WOFOST crop growth model was then employed to simulate the growth process of maize using meteorological data and soil property parameters. Finally, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) method was applied to estimate and predict the growth status of maize based on the observed data and model simulation results. The experimental results indicate that the EnKF method can effectively integrate multi-source data, including UAV remote sensing data, meteorological data, and soil data, with the maize growth model for model state assimilation. As a result, it can accurately estimate the maize growth state and yield. This study provides a scientific basis for maize production management and has significant application value.
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Soares, Laura, Fernando Mata, Joaquim L. Cerqueira und José Araújo. „Growing Patterns of the Branca Chicken Breed—Concentrate vs. Maize-Based Diet“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 12 (16.12.2023): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13122282.
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Local chicken breeds are threatened with extinction. They must be preserved in order to maintain genetic diversity. The best strategy to preserve these breeds is to understand how they can be made interesting in production systems. With this strategy in mind, this study aimed to understand the growth patterns of the Branca breed, which is fed maize and commercial rations. A trial was conducted with N = 40 chickens, n = 10, in each of the combinations of gender and diet (cocks fed on ration, cocks fed on maize, hens fed on ration, and hens fed on maize). The first step was to determine the best nonlinear model to fit the growth data. After selecting the best fitting model, this was used to estimate the growth, relative growth rate, and instantaneous growth rate curves. The best fit was achieved with the Brody model. Ration-fed cocks grow faster and mature later, as the relative growth rate converges to zero later, while maize-fed hens show slower growth. Maize-fed cocks mature earlier as the relative growth rate converges to zero earlier. Maize-fed cocks and ration-fed hens show intermediate growth patterns compared to ration-fed cocks and maize-fed hens, and similar while comparing with each other. This is a slow-growing breed that reaches the slaughter-ready size at around the fifth month of age.
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Fekonja, M., F. Bavec, S. Grobelnik-Mlakar, M. Turinek, M. Jakop und M. Bavec. „Growth Performance of Sweet Maize under Non-Typical Maize Growing Conditions“. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 27, Nr. 2 (Januar 2011): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2011.9756644.
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Wafula, Dickrecious, Musyimi David Mutisya und Phoebe Sikuku Anyango. „Growth, chlorophyll content and yield of maize and banana plants in an agroforestry system in Kisii County, Kenya“. Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 10, Nr. 2 (07.08.2023): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v10i2.3417.
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Diverse tree species when employed in agroforestry systems may serve as an alternative to increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. However, it is not clearly known how intercropping maize and banana with Sesbania sesban, Calliandra callothyrsus and Leucaena diversifolia may affect growth of maize and banana. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intercropping agroforestry trees species with maize and banana on the growth, chlorophyll content and yield of maize and banana. Field experiment was laid out at Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization farm (KALRO) located in Kisii County. The Williams varieties of banana of the same age were obtained from KALRO -Thika and Hybrid seed maize, H513 obtained from Kenya seed company, Kisumu. The agroforestry tree seedlings were spaced: 0.5m by 1m, 0.9m by 0.9m by 0.6m deep and 0.3m by 0.75m between banana and maize respectively. Three replicates were used with seven treatments of Pure maize, pure banana, maize-banana-Calliandra, maize-banana-Leucaena, maize-banana-sesbania, maize-banana and maize-fertilizer, all in a randomized complete block design. Data on maize growth and chlorophyll content was collected at intervals of 2 weeks which commenced 30 days after planting while yield was determined at the end of growing seasons. Data was subjected to the Analysis of Variance. Maize plants and banana that were intercropped with Sesbania sesban had significantly (P≤0.05) highest growth, chlorophyll content and yield compared to other treatments. Therefore, Sesbania sesban is recommended as a suitable agroforestry tree species for intercropping with maize and bananas.
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Wan, Tianyu, Yuan Rao, Xiu Jin, Fengyi Wang, Tong Zhang, Yali Shu und Shaowen Li. „Improved U-Net for Growth Stage Recognition of In-Field Maize“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 6 (31.05.2023): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061523.
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Precise recognition of maize growth stages in the field is one of the critical steps in conducting precision irrigation and crop growth evaluation. However, due to the ever-changing environmental factors and maize growth characteristics, traditional recognition methods usually suffer from limitations in recognizing different growth stages. For the purpose of tackling these issues, this study proposed an improved U-net by first using a cascade convolution-based network as the encoder with a strategy for backbone network replacement to optimize feature extraction and reuse. Secondly, three attention mechanism modules have been introduced to upgrade the decoder part of the original U-net, which highlighted critical regions and extracted more discriminative features of maize. Subsequently, a dilation path of the improved U-net was constructed by integrating dilated convolution layers using a multi-scale feature fusion approach to preserve the detailed spatial information of in-field maize. Finally, the improved U-net has been applied to recognize different growth stages of maize in the field. The results clearly demonstrated the superior ability of the improved U-net to precisely segment and recognize maize growth stage from in-field images. Specifically, the semantic segmentation network achieved a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 94.51% and a mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of 96.93% in recognizing the maize growth stage with only 39.08 MB of parameters. In conclusion, the good trade-offs made in terms of accuracy and parameter number demonstrated that this study could lay a good foundation for implementing accurate maize growth stage recognition and long-term automatic growth monitoring.
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Ekwaro, Benson, Boniface Wanaku und Sylvester Katuromunda. „GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF NEWLY RELEASED CASSAVA GENOTYPES AND HYBRID MAIZE TO INTERCROPPING“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, Nr. 7 (31.07.2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.676.
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Cassava/maize intercrops have been reported to be highly productive, mainly because of their different growth patterns. However, there is limited information on the influence of maize planting density in the cassava/maize intercrop on the performance of hybrid maize and improved cassava genotypes in Uganda. Thus, this study determined whether recently released cassava genotypes which are selected on the basis of monocrop performance, would perform equally well when intercropped with hybrid maize varieties. Cassava genotypes NAROCASS 1 and NASE 14 intercropped with Longe 6H maize were evaluated using randomized complete block design and three replications. Treatments were: Sole maize (SM), sole cassava (SC), alternate rows of cassava and maize (1C:1M), and one row of cassava alternating with two rows of maize (1C:2M). Intercropping significantly increased the maize plant heights in the 1C:2M system than in sole maize. Cob length and number of rows per cob decreased as the plant population density increased. Maize grain yield under the 1C:1M system was comparable to that of sole cropping. The 1C:2M system gave significantly reduced grain yields when compared with those at 1C:1M. Cassava root yield decreased in the order (SM>1C:1M>1C:2M). Although the yields of both cassava and maize under sole cropping were higher than their intercrop counterparts, intercropping was more productive than sole cropping as evidenced by the land equivalent ratios.
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Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., und T. Omoniyi. „Evaluation of pineapple crush waste meal as an energy feedstuff in the diets of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.“ Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, Nr. 2 (09.01.2021): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i2.944.
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Pineapple crush waste (PCW) was used to replace maize as an energy source in the diets of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five diets (31.52-32.51% crude protein) was formulated in which yellow maize was replaced at varying level with pineapple waste as follows: Diet 1 (100% yellow maize), diet 2 (75% yellow maize, 25% PCW), diet 3 (50% yello maize, 50% PCW), diet 4 (25% yellow maize, 75% PCW), diet 5 (100%PCW). Growth performance of fish was highest in diet 4 for all investigated growth parameters such as average daily growth (0.73g), final body weight (76.21g) and protein efficiency ratio (2.02). differences in FCR and PER were not significantly different between all diets. Diet with 100% PCW had the least growth performance. Results from the study showed that PCW was better utilized by Tilapia fish when the level of its replacement was either equal or slightly higher than that of yellow maize. Tilapia fish did not thrive well when the maize in practical diets was replaced completely with PCW.
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Cárcova, J., und M. E. Otegui. „Ovary Growth and Maize Kernel Set“. Crop Science 47, Nr. 3 (Mai 2007): 1104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.09.0590.
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Abiala, Moses A., und Adegboyega C. Odebode. „RhizosphericEnterobacterenhanced maize seedling health and growth“. Biocontrol Science and Technology 25, Nr. 4 (06.12.2014): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.981248.
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Qiao, Shuaishuai, Zhongyi Qu, Xiaoyu Gao, Xiujuan Yang und Xinwei Feng. „Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Water Requirements for Maize in Inner Mongolia from 1959 to 2018“. Water 12, Nr. 11 (03.11.2020): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113080.
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Crop water requirements are crucial for agricultural water management and redistribution. Based on meteorological and agricultural observation data, the effective precipitation (Pe), water requirements (ETc), and irrigation water requirements (Ir) in the maize growing areas of Inner Mongolia were calculated. Furthermore, climatic trends of these variables were analysed to reveal their temporal and spatial distributions. The research results are as follows: the average Pe of maize in Inner Mongolia during the entire growth period was 125.9 mm, with an increasing trend from west to east. The Pe in the middle growth period of maize was the highest and was small in the early and late growth stages. The Pe climate exhibited a negative slope with a decreasing trend. The average ETc of maize during the entire growth period was 480.6 mm. The high-value areas are mainly distributed in the Wulatzhongqi and Linhe areas. The average Ir of maize during the entire growth period was 402.9 mm, and the spatial distribution is similar to that of ETc. In each growth period, Ir showed an increasing trend. Supplemental irrigation should be added appropriately during each growth period to ensure the normal growth of maize. This study can provide an effective basis for the optimisation of irrigation and regional water conservation in the maize cultivation area of Inner Mongolia.
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Karimuna, L., Halim, A. Ansi, W. E. Marfi, T. Wijayanto und L. Hasanuddin. „Growth and yields of two varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with peanut (Arachys hypogaea L.) applied by bokashi plus fertilizer between the rows of teak trees based agroforestry system“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012041.
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Abstract Nutrient shortages are the main problems faced by farmers, so as to improve soil fertility using organic fertilizer is compulsory. The main objective was to analyze the effects of bokashi plus fertilizer on the growth and yields of two varieties of maize intercropped with peanut under three years old teak trees in agroforestry system. The research was arranged in randomized completely block design in factorial pattern with two factors, maize variety: local maize and hybrid corn bisi-2; and bokashi plus fertilizer doses: 0, 3, 6 and 9 t ha-1. Maize growth recorded were plant height, leaf number, stem diameter and leaf area at 2, 4, 6 and 8 WAP and maize yields recorded were cob weight with cornhusk, cob weight without cornhusk, cob length, diameter, row number, 100 seeds dry weight, biomass dry weight, yield and LER. The results showed that interaction between maize variety and bokashi plus fertilizer had significant effect on the growth and yield of maize intercropped with peanut under three years of teak trees in agroforestry system. The best effects of maize growth and yield were obtained at 9 t ha-1 with highest yield of local maize and hybrid maize of 4,69 and 5,79 t ha-1.
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Synowiec, Agnieszka, Jan Bocianowski und Agnieszka Krajewska. „The Phytotoxicity of Microencapsulated Peppermint Oil on Maize (Zea mays L.) Depending on the Type of Growth Substrate and Maize Cultivar“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 9 (02.09.2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091302.
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Microencapsulated peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) essential oil (MPEO) is a prospective botanical herbicide. A hypothesis was formulated that the type of growth substrate (vermiculite, silty clay loam or sandy loam soil) and the cultivar affect the phytotoxic potential of MPEO on maize (Zea mays L.). The pot experiments assessed the effect of varying doses of MPEO or maltodextrin, a carrier of microcapsules, mixed with the growth substrates, on maize’s emergence and early growth. The morphological analyses were supported by the measurements of total phenolics in the second leaf and roots. The MPEO revealed phytotoxic effects on maize in all of the growth substrates already at a low dose (36.0 g m−2), displayed by the delays of maize emergence, reduced growth, and biomass accumulation. Maltodextrin also caused significant reductions in biomass of maize roots. In conclusion, maize is susceptible to substrate-applied MPEO, the type of substrate and the cultivar of maize, can modify this effect to a limited extent.
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Kim, Kyung-Hee, und Byung-Moo Lee. „Effects of Climate Change and Drought Tolerance on Maize Growth“. Plants 12, Nr. 20 (12.10.2023): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12203548.
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Climate change is affecting all regions of the world with different climates, and the scale of damage is increasing due to the occurrence of various natural disasters. In particular, maize production is highly affected by abnormal climate events such as heat waves and droughts. Increasing temperatures can accelerate growth and shorten the growing season, potentially reducing productivity. Additionally, enhanced temperatures during the ripening period can accelerate the process, reducing crop yields. In addition, drought stress due to water deficit can greatly affect seedling formation, early plant growth, photosynthesis, reproductive growth, and yield, so proper water management is critical to maize growth. Maize, in particular, is tall and broad-leaved, so extreme drought stress at planting can cause leaves to curl and stunt growth. It is important to understand that severe drought can have a detrimental effect on the growth and reproduction of maize. In addition, high temperatures caused by drought stress can inhibit the induction of flowering in male flowers and cause factors that interfere with pollen development. It is therefore important to increase the productivity of all food crops, including maize, while maintaining them in the face of persistent drought caused by climate change. This requires a strategy to develop genetically modified crops and drought-tolerant maize that can effectively respond to climate change. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of climate change and drought tolerance on maize growth. We also reviewed molecular breeding techniques to develop drought-tolerant maize varieties in response to climate change.
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Zhu, Xiaoxiao, Shuhua Zhang und Bingjun Li. „Prediction of Continuous Rain Disaster in Henan Province Based on Markov Model“. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (12.09.2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7519215.
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Continuous rain disasters occur frequently, which seriously affect maize yield. However, the research on predicting continuous rain disasters is very limited. Taking the maize in Henan Province as an example, the Markov model is used to predict the occurrence of continuous rain in the middle growth and late growth stages (flowering and filling stages) of 13 cities in Henan Province. The results showed that the maize in Henan Province would suffer from continuous rain disaster in 2020 and 2021. Finally, combined with the prediction results, policy recommendations for maize growth in Henan Province are proposed to ensure stable and high yield of maize.
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Ni, Xindong, Faming Wang, Hao Huang, Ling Wang, Changkai Wen und Du Chen. „A CNN- and Self-Attention-Based Maize Growth Stage Recognition Method and Platform from UAV Orthophoto Images“. Remote Sensing 16, Nr. 14 (22.07.2024): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16142672.
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The accurate recognition of maize growth stages is crucial for effective farmland management strategies. In order to overcome the difficulty of quickly obtaining precise information about maize growth stage in complex farmland scenarios, this study proposes a Maize Hybrid Vision Transformer (MaizeHT) that combines a convolutional algorithmic structure with self-attention for maize growth stage recognition. The MaizeHT model utilizes a ResNet34 convolutional neural network to extract image features to self-attention, which are then transformed into sequence vectors (tokens) using Patch Embedding. It simultaneously inserts category information and location information as a token. A Transformer architecture with multi-head self-attention is employed to extract token features and predict maize growth stage categories using a linear layer. In addition, the MaizeHT model is standardized and encapsulated, and a prototype platform for intelligent maize growth stage recognition is developed for deployment on a website. Finally, the performance validation test of MaizeHT was carried out. To be specific, MaizeHT has an accuracy of 97.71% when the input image resolution is 224 × 224 and 98.71% when the input image resolution is 512 × 512 on the self-built dataset, the number of parameters is 15.446 M, and the floating-point operations are 4.148 G. The proposed maize growth stage recognition method could provide computational support for maize farm intelligence.
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Zhao, Yanan, Yufang Huang, Shuai Li, Xu Chu und Youliang Ye. „Improving the growth, lodging and yield of different density-resistance maize by optimising planting density and nitrogen fertilisation“. Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 9 (14.09.2020): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/178/2020-pse.
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Matching the planting density, fertilisation, and genotype is crucial to improve the maize yield. Here, two-year field trials, including 4 densities and 3 nitrogen (N) rates for 2 maize cultivars, were conducted to study the effects of planting density and N rate on maize growth, lodging, spike characters, and yield. Compared with 360 kg/ha, N application of 180 kg/ha decreased the plant, ear height, and stem circumference of WeiKe 702 (WK702), while increased the plant height and stem circumference, but decreased ear height of ZhongDan 909 (ZD909). Meanwhile, the N application of 180 kg/ha greatly reduced the lodging rates of maize under the high density. The maize yield increased and reached the maximum yield at 7.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> plant/ha, and then decreased with increasing density. The N application of 180 kg/ha increased yield by 0.49, 0.73, 5.38, 7.81% from low to high planting densities, and reduced the bald tip length by 18.86%. WK702 was more sensitive to the planting density and N application, with greater variation of yield and spike traits than ZD909 under the densification. Therefore, the N application of 180 kg/ha and a density of 7.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> plant/ha could improve maize growth and lodging, and therefore increase maize yield.
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Zacher, Anika, Christel Baum, Friederike de Mol, Klaus J. Dehmer und Bärbel Gerowitt. „Mixed Growth with Weeds Promotes Mycorrhizal Colonization and Increases the Plant-Availability of Phosphorus under Maize (Zea mays L.)“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 7 (27.06.2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071304.
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(1) Background: Weed control decreases the competition for nutrients, but also the potential of increased phosphorus (P) mobilization in soils caused by higher plant diversity. (2) Methods: Impacts of weed species under maize on mycorrhizal colonization and plant-availability of P were investigated in two pot experiments. Plant traits and P mobilization were tested in weed-free maize and in mixed growth with six annual weed species. (3) Results: Growth of maize decreased in treatments with weeds, while P concentrations in its shoots increased in mixed growth with C. album, E. crus-galli and P. convolvulus. Mycorrhizal colonization of maize without weeds was low (<20% of root length), but increased in mixed growth with C. album, E. crus-galli and V. arvensis up to 40%. The activities of Pmobilizing hydrolytic enzymes (phosphatases, ß-glucosidase) and plant-availability of P were occasionally higher under mixed growth with weeds. The dimension of weed impacts on P cycling under maize differed significantly between both experiments. (4) Conclusions: Weeds potentially promote P mobilization and mycorrhizal colonization under maize, but this impact is not guaranteed. The weed-based improved P supply of maize should be defined under field conditions to allow a controlled weed tolerance in maize cropping systems.
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FREITAS, CLAUDIA DAIANNY MELO, FERNANDO SARMENTO DE OLIVEIRA, HÉLIDA CAMPOS DE MESQUITA, ALANNA OLIVEIRA CORTEZ, MARIA ALICE FORMIGA PORTO und DANIEL VALADÃO SILVA. „EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MAIZE AND WEED EXPOSED TO WATER DEFICIENCY“. Revista Caatinga 32, Nr. 3 (September 2019): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n316rc.
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ABSTRACT The ability of plants to adapt to water deficient conditions in soil is directly related to the competitive ability of each species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of water deficiency and interspecific competition on the growth components of maize (Zea mays), brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens), and hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with eight replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial design, with the first factor corresponding to the different competitive arrangements among species (maize + U. decumbens, maize + B. pilosa, maize without competition, U. decumbens without competition, and B. pilosa without competition). The second factor constituted two water regimes (daily irrigation and water deficit). The soil water deficient condition strongly decreased maize plant growth; however, it had little or no effect on the growth of weeds U. decumbens and B. pilosa. Interspecific competition decreased the growth of maize plants and U. decumbens, and intensified the negative effects of water deficiency on these species. Interspecific competition and water deficiency also decreased the N, P, and K content in maize plants, which contributed to the effects on plant growth. U. decumbens was more competitive with maize compared to B. pilosa.
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Tkalich, Y. I., O. I. Tsyliuryk, A. V. Kokhan, H. O. Yevtushenko und P. H. Gonzalez. „Efficacy of growth regulators for maize fields“. Agrology 6, Nr. 4 (04.12.2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/021116.
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At the current stage of agricultural development, it is paramount to introduce advanced technologies for maize cultivation. Special attention is required for the use of modern growth regulators in order to ensure stable increase in grain production. To protect maize from stress factors emerging in unfavorable meteorological conditions of the steppe zone (such as drought, high temperatures, negative impacts of pesticides, diseases, etc.), increasing attention is given to the application such physiologically active compounds as plant-growth regulators (PGRs). The experimental studies were carried out in 2021–2023 on the experimental field of the Dnipro State Agrarian-Economic University. The objective of the study was to identify the efficacies of the plant-growth regulators used in different doses on maize. The highest efficacy in the technology of maize cultivation was achieved by treating the maize plants with humates during the phase of 3–5 leaves. This treatment promoted a stable tendency towards growth, resulting in 5–7 cm increase in height (2.1–2.8%), 5–6% increase in leaf surface area, and increases in yield structure (13.6 cm in the cob length (5.1%), 18 grains (3.9%) in cob grain filling, and 29 g (9.1%) in mass of 1,000 grains), compared with the control without growth regulators. Somewhat lower efficiency according to all the aforementioned parameters was demonstrated by coating of seeds. Treatment of the seeds with growth regulators and microbial fertilizers in the phase of 3–5 leaves resulted in 7.3% to 18.7% increase in the yield, indicating their high efficacy, especially in unfavorable weather conditions. Therefore, the greatest gains in the grain yield was seen after using humate 400 g/ha + polyethylene glycol 360 g/ha – 1.08 t/ha; humate 800 g/ha + polyethylene glycol 240 g/ha – 1.19 t/ha; sodium metasilicate 600 g/ha – 1.23 t/ha; Pakt 500 g/ha – 1.23 t/ha; and Peram 100 mL/ha + Vympel PGR 500 g/ha – 1.12 t/ha. That is, of the sixty seven tested combinations of physiologically active compounds, no variant produced a grain-yield increase lower than 0.5 t/ha, and the variants with foliar feeding of the maize demonstrated no clear upward tendency in the yield after the PGRs had been introduced in doses above the norms. Studies of efficiency of the growth regulators and microbial fertilizers for maize confirmed that achievement of maximum grain yield is possible only by optimizing the vital factors at all stages of organogenesis of maize. When climatic elements develop with various amplitudes during a vegetative period, effectiveness of preparations is determined by their ability to enhance tolerance to the environmental stressors.
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Kumar, Sachin, Surinder Singh Rana, Neelam Sharma und Abha Sharma. „Growth analysis and yield evaluation under tillage and weed management practices in maize-wheat cropping system“. Environment Conservation Journal 24, Nr. 2 (07.03.2023): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.11522301.
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Integrated weed management strategies combine tillage systems and weed control strategies. Conservation agriculture (CA) and sustainable intensification cropping systems are potential sources of improved growth and overall productivity. This study evaluated tillage and weed management strategies effects on crop growth parameters and biological yields in maize-wheat cropping system in North Western Himalayan region. Different tillage (five) and weed management practices (three) were evaluated from 2018 to 2020 on growth indices and yield with fifteen treatments. Conservation agriculture (CA) based production system (ZT, zero tillage; crop rotation and intensification; residue management i.e. ZTR-ZTR) had higher crop dry matter accumulation (DMA), relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (RGR) and biological yield of maize (28698 kg/ha) and wheat crops (18750 kg/ha). The zero tillage in maize and wheat (ZT-ZT) resulted in lowest maize (24677 kg/ha) and wheat biological yield (14009 kg/ha. Among weed management treatments, application of recommended herbicides in maize and wheat crop (H-H) resulted in higher crop DMA and biological yield of maize (27652 kg/ha) and wheat crop (19540 kg/ha). Therefore, for North Western Himalayan conditions, ZTR+H-ZTR+H (Conservation tillage combined with herbicide application in maize and wheat) is superior to other combinations for growth and yield.
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Haroon, Muhammad, Atif Shaheen, Atif Shaheen, Fazli Wahid, Mukhtar Alam, Abdul Basir, Rafi Ullah, Muhammad Saeed und Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed. „Assessment of Allelopathic water stress of Parthenium on weed density and initial growth of maize hybrid (FS-151) using sigmoid growth model“. JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 28, Nr. 3 (31.03.2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v28i1.1004.
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Parthenium is an invasive weed and has adverse effect on agriculture, biodiversity and human health in our ecosystem. This experiment was carried out to find the allelopathic water stress of parthenium effect on maize growth dynamics using 3 sigmoidal growth model. Soil was collected from weed infested field. Allelopathic water stress (AWS) greatly reduced weed density as compared to control. Allelopathic water stress of parthenium at higher concentration (PWS-100%) reduced maize germination and affect chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, shoot biomass, root biomass. As at lower concentration (AWS-25% and 50%) enhance maize growth parameters. This study revealed that allelopathic water stress of parthenium at lower concentration increase maize growth and decrease a weed density up to minimum level.
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Thomé, Silvia E. N., Sebastião F. Lima, Izabela C. de Oliveira, Lucymara M. Contardi, Eduardo P. Vendruscolo, Maria G. de O. Andrade, Meire A. S. Cordeiro, Jeysielli C. Arguelho und Janaina J. de Oliveira. „Biostimulants increase growth and yield of second-crop maize“. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, Nr. 7 (Juli 2023): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n7p550-558.
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ABSTRACT The use of biostimulants in second-crop maize (Zea mays) can promote higher physiological activity in plants, resulting in higher grain yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytohormones and nicotinamide on growth and yield traits of second-crop maize. The statistical design used was a randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme with two doses of phytohormones (0 and 500 mL ha-1) × five concentrations of nicotinamide (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg L-1) with four replications. The use of biostimulants favored all variables evaluated for the maize crop. The isolated use of phytohormones and nicotinamide promoted grain yields of 6089.6 and 6242.5 kg ha-1, respectively, representing gains of 6.0 and 11.6%, respectively, compared with the control. The application of 800 mg L-1 nicotinamide resulted in the highest maize grain yield. The use of phytohormones and nicotinamide, isolated or associated, was favorable for the growth characteristics and grain yield of second-crop maize. A synergistic effect was noted between phytohormones and nicotinamide on the first ear insertion height and number of rows per ear.
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Wei, Zhongbo, Dahong Bian, Xiong Du, Zhen Gao, Chunqiang Li, Guangzhou Liu, Qifan Yang, Aonan Jiang und Yanhong Cui. „An Increase in Solar Radiation in the Late Growth Period of Maize Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Climate Warming on the Growth and Development of Maize“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 5 (29.04.2023): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051284.
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Against the background of long-term climate change, quantifying the response of maize growth and development to climate change during critical growth stages will contribute to future decision-making in maize production. However, there have been few reports on the impact of climate change on maize dry matter accumulation and yield formation using long-term field trial data. In this study, field trial data from 13 agricultural meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region from 1981 to 2017 were analyzed using partial correlation analysis and multiple regression models to investigate the effects of climate change on maize growth and yield. The results showed that the average temperature (Tavg) and accumulated effective precipitation (EP) during the maize growing season increased while the accumulated solar radiation (SRD) decreased from 1981 to 2017. During the seedling stage (GS1, VE-V8) and ear development stage (GS2, V8-R1), Tavg increased by 0.34 °C and 0.36 °C/decade, respectively, and EP increased by 1.83 mm and 3.35 mm/decade, respectively. The significant increase in Tavg during GS1 was the main reason for the inhibitory effect of climate change on maize growth, development, and biomass accumulation. However, the increase in SRD during the grain formation stage (GS3, R1–R3) and grain filling stage (GS4, R3–R6) was favorable for yield formation, increasing the grain number per ear (GN) and grain weight (GW) by 5.00% and 2.84%, respectively. SRD significantly increased after the silk stage, partially offsetting the adverse effects of temperature on maize yield formation, but the final result was a 0.18% and 0.94% reduction in maize plant dry weight (TDW) and grain yield (GY), respectively, due to the combined effects of the three climate factors. Spatially, climate change mainly had a negative impact on maize in the eastern and western parts of the central region of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, with a maximum GY reduction of up to 34.06%. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for future decision-making in maize production against the background of climate change.
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Kaiira, M. G., G. N. Chemining’wa, F. Ayuke, Y. Baguma und E. Atwijukire. „Allelopathic Potential of Compounds in Selected Crops“. Journal of Agricultural Science 13, Nr. 9 (15.08.2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p192.
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Allelochemicals cause yield differences under various ecosystems worldwide. Studies were conducted at the National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, Uganda during 2016 to investigate allelopathic properties of bioactive compounds in upland rice (NERICA 1), Desmodium uncinatum, Zea mays (LONGE 6H) and Mucuna pruriens root leachates. Studies involved pot screening, equal compartment agar experiments, germination tests and growth of potted plants. Results under the pot study indicated that maize, rice and mucuna leachates significantly (P ≤ 0.05), reduced root lengths (49%-63%), plant heights (48%-66%) and biomass (63%-75%) for Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa and Gallinsoga. parviflora weeds. G. parviflora root growth was reduced (20%-41%) and stem growth declined (19%-42%) when maize, rice and mucuna leachates were applied in the equal compartment agar study. Increased leachate concentrations (25%-75%) significantly (P ≤ 0.05), increased the mean germination time (0.4-2.8 days) for mucuna, desmodium, rice and maize as seed germination indices (SGI) were reduced (1.3%-49%). Potted mucuna, maize and desmodium reduced (1.3%-49%) rice root length. Potting mucuna with maize reduced (32%) mucuna leaf width while desmodium growth parameters were reduced (49%-64%) when potted with maize and mucuna. Potting maize with mucuna or desmodium increased the maize leaf length (18%) and SGI (25). Application of higher (25%-75%) rice/maize leachate concentrations similarly increased the maize leaf length (31%) and SGI (119). Allelopathic properties affect seed germination, crop growth and development, and characterise ecosystems age structures. Strategic management of crops under allelopathic ecosystems is critical.