Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Magnétisation M(H,T)“

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We present the effective temperatures (T-eff), metallicities, and colours in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), Two Micron All Sky Survey, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer filters, of a sample of 3834 late-K and early-M dwarfs selected from the SDSS Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) spectroscopic survey ASPCAP (APOGEE Stellar Parameters and Chemical Abundances Pipeline) catalogue. We confirm that ASPCAP T-eff values between 3550 < T-eff < 4200 K are accurate to similar to 100 K compared to interferometric T-eff values. In that same T-eff range, ASPCAP metallicities are accurate to 0.18 dex between -1.0 <[M/H]< 0.2. For these cool dwarfs, nearly every colour is sensitive to both T-eff and metallicity. Notably, we find that g - r is not a good indicator of metallicity for near-solar metallicity early-M dwarfs. We confirm that J - K-S colour is strongly dependent on metallicity, and find that W1 - W2 colour is a promising metallicity indicator. Comparison of the late-K and early-M dwarf colours, metallicities, and T-eff to those from three different model grids shows reasonable agreement in r - z and J - K-S colours, but poor agreement in u - g, g - r, and W1 - W2. Comparison of the metallicities of the KM dwarf sample to those from previous colour-metallicity relations reveals a lack of consensus in photometric metallicity indicators for late-K and early-M dwarfs. We also present empirical relations for T-eff as a function of r - z colour combined with either [M/H] or W1 - W2 colour, and for [M/H] as a function of r - z and W1 - W2 colour. These relations yield T-eff to similar to 100 K and [M/H] to similar to 0.18 dex precision with colours alone, for T-eff in the range of 3550-4200 K and [M/H] in the range of -0.5-0.2.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-20T20:04:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonRudaBritoMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 9691744 bytes, checksum: b0c63141b5ed151f490bfed5d79bccbc (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-22T21:18:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonRudaBritoMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 9691744 bytes, checksum: b0c63141b5ed151f490bfed5d79bccbc (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T21:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonRudaBritoMedeiros_DISSERT.pdf: 9691744 bytes, checksum: b0c63141b5ed151f490bfed5d79bccbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-25<br>O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de desempenho de um sistema h?brido fotovoltaico/t?rmico (sistema PVT), comparando-o com um sistema fotovoltaico (sistema PV). Foi analisada a pot?ncia el?trica e t?rmica, a efici?ncia e a energia produzida pelos sistemas, correlacionando ? influ?ncia da temperatura do m?dulo PV e a efici?ncia el?trica dos sistemas. O m?dulo fotovoltaico (PV) utilizado foi o MSX 77 da marca SOLAREX, composto por c?lulas solares policristalinas, cuja pot?ncia de pico ? de 77 Watts. O sistema PVT analisado foi do tipo PVT-l?quido, composto pelo m?dulo PV MSX77 e um coletor solar plano do tipo placa fabricado em acr?lico, a alimenta??o de ?gua do coletor foi do tipo for?ada por gravidade e com sistema aberto. Para determinar as curvas caracter?sticas do m?dulo PV e por consequ?ncia a pot?ncia el?trica m?xima gerada, foi desenvolvido um banco de carga formado por resistores de pot?ncia. A pot?ncia t?rmica foi quantificada aferindo a vaz?o da ?gua que alimentava o coletor e a diferen?a de temperatura da ?gua de entrada e sa?da. Com as pot?ncias e a radia??o incidente sobre os sistemas, foram determinadas as efici?ncias. A m?xima efici?ncia el?trica informada pelo fabricante do m?dulo PV ? de 10,8 %, contudo, em condi??es reais de opera??o, a m?xima efici?ncia do m?dulo PV foi de 8,46 %. No sistema PVT, o m?dulo PV apresentou uma efici?ncia m?xima de aproximadamente 7,8 % no ponto de m?xima pot?ncia gerada. A efici?ncia m?dia do sistema t?rmico foi na ordem de 42,5 %. O sistema PVT proporcionou a redu??o da temperatura do m?dulo PV, aumentando a efici?ncia de gera??o el?trica, proporcionando um aumento na ordem dos 6,9 % na energia el?trica m?dia di?ria. O sistema PVT al?m de proporcionar um aumento de energia el?trica, ainda fornece energia t?rmica com uma efici?ncia superior ? el?trica. A ?gua aquecida pode ser utilizada para alimentar sistemas de aquecimento de ?gua para banho, contribuindo para redu??o do consumo de energia el?trica de uma resid?ncia.<br>The present dissertation presents a performance study of a hybrid photovoltaic / thermal system (PVT system), comparing it with a photovoltaic system (photovoltaic system). The electrical and thermal power, efficiency and energy produced by the systems were analyzed, correlating the influence of the temperature of the photovoltaic module and the electrical efficiency of the systems. The photovoltaic (PV) module used was the MSX 77 of the brand SOLAREX, composed of polycrystalline solar cells, whose peak power is 77 Watts. The PVT system analyzed was of the PVT-liquid type, composed of the MSX77 photovoltaic module and a flat plate type solar collector made of acrylic, the water supply of the manifold was forced by gravity and with open system. To determine the characteristic curves of the PV module and consequently the maximum electric power generated, a load bank formed by power resistors was developed. The thermal power was quantified by measuring the flow of the water that fed the collector and the difference in temperature of the incoming and outgoing water. With the powers and the radiation incident on the systems, the efficiencies were determined. The maximum electrical efficiency reported by the manufacturer of the PV module is 10.8 %, however, under actual operating conditions, the maximum efficiency of the PV module was 8.46 %. In the PVT system, the PV module showed a maximum efficiency of approximately 7.8 % at the point of maximum power generated. The average efficiency of the thermal system was around 42.5 %. The PVT system provided a reduction in the temperature of the PV module, increasing the efficiency of electric generation, providing an increase in the order of 6.9 % in the average daily electric energy. The PVT system, besides providing an increase in electrical energy, still provides thermal energy with a higher efficiency than electric. The heated water can be used to power water heating systems for bathing, contributing to reduce the consumption of electric energy of a residence.

The study of hydro-mechanical (HM) coupled problems in different areas of civil, environmental or petroleum engineering is common in literature, but the effect of a thermal field by means of the heat transport by a fluid through the discontinuities is not considered in the current tools of analysis, in which the effect of the temperature gradient between the fluids flowing through the discontinuities and the in-situ thermal state are not considered. In geomechanics modeling it is important to distinguish between the hydraulic behavior of the porous medium and that of the discontinuities, together generating a double-permeability system where the discontinuities establish preferential flow paths. Because of high hydraulic velocities in the discontinuities, the advection (transport) may be the dominant heat transfer mode. Thus, the study of THM coupled processes with thermal advection in discontinuities is important in problems with a certain degree of coupling between the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal fields, and in which the hydraulic flow transports heat through the discontinuities. It is important to establish a numerical model to study the advection phenomena that differentiates the discontinuity network and the porous medium contributions. In this context, this thesis focuses on the study, formulation, numerical implementation and verification of a THM fully-coupled model with large advection, able to reproduce the advective behaviour that occurs in discontinuities, in which heat is transported by the fluid. This numerical approach is carried out using the finite element method (FEM) with zero-thickness interface elements to represent the discontinuities, and assuming saturated conditions and a single incompressible fluid (constant density). It is also assumed that all the non-linear behaviour occurs at the interface elements by means of an elasto-plastic constitutive law based on fracture mechanics. Additionally, the numerical approach to the thermal advection presents a singularity in comparison with pure diffusive problems. If the fluid velocities are low, the numerical formulation can be made by traditional FEM (Galerkin). However, when the fluid velocities are high and the advection dominates the problem, the standard Galerkin weighting leads to oscillatory results, and the advective term requires a special treatment to stabilize the numerical solution. A review of different methodologies to solve the large advective problem is presented, selecting the Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin method to solve the steady-state. For transient states, this thesis starts with the study of the existing explicit Characteristic Galerkin Method (CGM), which studies the advective phenomena in a Lagrangian manner, following the particle (or heat) with the fluid by setting a moving coordinate system that depends on the fluid velocity and its position in time. Then the implicit CGM is developed, and finally a new variation is proposed adding a parameter alpha that allows determining different temporal derivative positions of the advective volume, leading to the alpha-Implicit CGM, that allows to obtain stable solutions if the Courant condition is fulfilled. In order to verify the THM model with large advection for continuum medium and zero-thickness interfaces, several simple verification examples are presented. Finally, an application to hydraulic fracture (HF) with a single fracture in 2-D is introduced in order to understand the thermal mechanisms that occur in HF problems and how they affect the mechanical and hydraulic fields. In addition, these results are compared with those obtained using the HM model, where the thermal field is not considered. Finally, in order to improve the computational capacities of the FEM code, its parallelization has performed following a subdomain decomposition strategy, leading to a substantial improvement in the speed of the calculations and showing a good degree of scalability.<br>El estudio de problemas hydro-mecánicos (HM) acoplados en diferentes áreas de ingeniería civil, ambiental o del petróleo es común en la literatura, pero los efectos térmicos del fluido transportando calor a través de fracturas o discontinuidades no se considera en las actuales herramientas de análisis, en las cuales el efecto de la diferencia de temperatura entre el fluido inyectado a través de las discontinuidades y la del medio in situ no se tiene en cuenta. No obstante, en algunos problemas geomecánicos los comportamientos mecánico, hidráulico y térmico del medio poroso fracturado pueden aparecer acoplados con fuertes interacciones entre ellos. En modelación geomecánica es importante distinguir el comportamiento hidráulico del medio poroso del de las discontinuidades, ambas generando un sistema de doble permeabilidad en el cual el medio poroso proporciona una pequeña permeabilidad al sistema, mientras que las discontinuidades establecen caminos preferentes y proporcionan gran permeabilidad al mismo. Debido a las elevadas velocidades de fluido que se pueden desarrollar en las discontinuidades, la advección (transporte) puede ser el modo dominante de transferencia de calor. Por ello, el estudio de procesos THM acoplados con advección térmica en discontinuidades es importante en problemas con un cierto grado de acoplamiento entre los campos mecánico, hidráulico y térmico, y en los cuales el flujo hidráulico puede transportar calor a gran velocidad a través de las discontinuidades. Por ello, es importante establecer un modelo numérico para estudiar el fenómeno advectivo que diferencie la contribución de la red de discontinuidades de la del medio continuo poroso. En este contexto, esta tesis está enfocada en el estudio, formulación, implementación numérica y verificación de un modelo THM acoplado monolítico con advección dominante que sea capaz de reproducir el comportamiento advectivo que ocurre en discontinuidades o fracturas, en las cuales el fluido transporta calor. Este estudio se lleva a cabo en el contexto geomecánico de un medio poroso fracturado, empleando el método de los elementos finitos (FEM) con elementos junta de espesor nulo para representar las discontinuidades o fracturas, suponiendo condiciones saturadas, un único fluido incompresible (con densidad constante) y pequeñas deformaciones. También se supone que todo el comportamiento no lineal se desarrolla en las juntas mediante el uso de una ley constitutiva elasto-plástica basada en mecánica de fractura, mientras que el medio continuo poroso se supone de comportamiento poro-elástico. Adicionalmente, la solución numérica del problema térmico advectivo presenta singularidades con respecto a los problemas de difusión pura. Cuando las velocidades del fluido son bajas, la formulación numérica se puede llevar a cabo mediante Elementos Finitos tradicionales (Galerkin). No obstante, cuando las velocidades del fluido son suficientemente elevadas y la advección domina el problema el método estándar de Galerkin conduce a resultados oscilantes, por lo que el término advectivo requiere un tratamiento especial para estabilizar la solución numérica. En este contexto, se presenta una revisión de diferentes metodologías para resolver el problema de advección dominante, seleccionando el método Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) para resolver el problema en régimen permanente, un método bien conocido que conduce a soluciones estables con advección dominante. Para el régimen transitorio esta tesis empieza con el estudio del método de Características Galerkin explícito, un método existente en el que el fenómeno advectivo se estudia de modo Lagrangiano, siguiendo la partícula (o calor) con el movimiento del fluido, y estableciendo para ello un sistema de coordenadas móvil que depende de la velocidad del fluido y de su posición en el tiempo. Seguidamente se desarrolla la forma implícita de este método, y finalmente se propone una nueva variación del método, añadiendo un parámetro 𝛼�𝛼� que permite determinar diferentes posiciones de las derivadas temporales del volumen advectivo, concluyendo en el nuevo 𝛼�𝛼�-Implicit Characteristic Galerkin Method. Con esta nueva metodología se estabiliza el problema de gran advección en régimen transitorio si se cumple la condición de Courant. Con el fin de verificar el modelo THM monolítico acoplado con advección dominante se presentan diversos ejemplos de verificación, tanto para medio continuo poroso como para elementos junta de espesor nulo. Finalmente, se presenta un caso de aplicación a fractura hidráulica (HF), llevando a cabo el análisis numérico de una sola fractura en 2-D con el objetivo de entender los mecanismos térmicos que ocurren en problemas de HF y como éstos afectan sobre los comportamientos mecánico e hidráulico. Además, los resultados de la modelación se comparan con los obtenidos empleando un modelo HM, en el cual no se consideran efectos térmicos. Adicionalmente, con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia computacional del código de Elementos Finitos, se ha llevado a cabo la paralelización del mismo mediante una estrategia de partición de subdominios, resultando en una mejora sustancial de la velocidad de los cálculos y mostrando una buena escalabilidad de los mismos.

L'etude numerique des mouvements de la phase fluide et de leur interaction sur le processus de croissance de monocristaux de cdte par t. H. M. Est effectuee par une methode de volumes finis. Nous avons integre a la convection thermique l'aspect convectif d'origine solutal. Dans les conditions aux limites, deux types de frontieres actives (interfaces fluide-solide) et non-actives (parois de l'ampoule) sont integres. Apres avoir determine les grandeurs caracteristiques adimensionnelles, des resultats sont presentes en configuration simplifiee de la zone fluide delimitee par des interfaces planes et rigides dans une premiere partie et dans l'ampoule entiere dans une seconde partie. Nous mettons alors en evidence des phenomenes convectifs oscillatoires periodiques