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1
Volf, Tomáš. „Analýza magnetického pole pomocí MKP a magnetické sondy“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218786.
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The magnetic field analysis by MKP and magnetic probe project deals with magnetic field analysis of asynchronous machine cross section. This analysis is written in detail along with the necessary theory of asynchronous machine and the ANSYS program. The magnetic field of selected machine is measured by magnetic probe and results are compared with calculation. The next part of thesis is draft of device for the magnetic field analysis.
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Novotný, Ondřej. „Korelovaná sondová a elektronová mikroskopie pro studium moderních magnetických nanomateriálů“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443751.
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High pressure on the development of new magnetic materials and their miniaturization also emphasizes the development of new analytical techniques. This diploma thesis deals with the development and demonstration of correlated magnetic force and electron microscopy, which is a promising tool for the characterization of magnetic nanomaterials. The first part of this thesis describes the fundamental physics of micromagnetism with a focus on cylindrical nanofibers. The following pages describe optic, probe, electron, and synchrotron methods for mapping the magnetic properties of materials. The next part describes magnetic domain wall motion in cylindrical nanowires performed as a part of a more extensive material study. The last part of the thesis describes the development of correlated magnetic force and electron microscopy on LiteScope device. A production of magnetic probes was designed and successfully tested. Probes were fabricated by focused electron beam-induced deposition from the Co2(CO)8 precursor. Further, the developed correlated microscopy is demonstrated on a multilayer PtCo sample, magnetic cylindrical nanofibers, NiFe vortex structures, and FeRh metamagnetic nano-islands.
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Pereira, Luciano Fabricio Dias. „"Estudo do campo hiperfino magnético na sonda de Ce colocada nos compostos intermetálicos do tipo RAg (R=Terra Rara) e do ordenamento magnético desses compostos usando cálculos de primeiros princípios"“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-28052007-141935/.
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Nesse trabalho foram estudados os compostos intermetalicos do tipo RAg (R = Nd, Gd e Ho) por calculos teoricos desenvolvidos dentro do formalismo da Teoria do Funcional Densidade (DFT). O metodo APW+lo (Augmented Planes Waves + lo- cal orbitals) foi aplicado para resolver a equacao de Kohn-Sham e a Aproximacao do Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) usada para tratar de forma aproximada o potencial de troca-correlacao. O codigo computacional utilizado foi o WIEN2k. As atividades foram focalizadas em duas frentes. Numa delas, determinou-se a fase magnetica do estado fundamental dos compos- tos HoAg e NdAg. Para isso, simulou-se as 4 estruturas magneticas possiveis (para as celulas cristalinas cubicas) desses dois sistemas (uma ferromagnetica (0,0,0) e as antifer-romagneticas: (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) e (¼,¼,¼)) e com a confeccao de gra¯cos de energia das celulas cristalinas dessas estruturas magneticas pela variacao dos volumes de tais celulas, chegou-se na estrutura magnetica (¼,¼,0) como a mais provavel para o estado fundamental magnetico de ambos os compostos. Tambem observou-se que o sistema de NdAg apre- senta uma pequena diferenca entre as energias das estruturas antiferromagnetica (¼,¼,0) e ferromagnetica. Creditou-se a esse efeito a explicacao de encontrar-se na literatura re- sultados experimentais diferentes para a estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg puro e dopado com o atomo de 140Ce (entrando no sitio do Nd). Acredita-se que a dopagem do NdAg com o atomo de 140Ce (em uma porcao reduzida), gera alteracao no sinal da integral de troca (acoplamento RKKY), mudando-o de positivo para negativo, e isso implica na modficacao da fase magnetica do estado fundamental, passando da estrutura (¼,¼,0) µa 0,0,0). Assim, com a informacao anterior da estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg quando dopado com o atomo de 140Ce, entrou-se na segunda etapa do estudo. Nela, fez-se os calculos das estruturas eletronicas usando a aproximacao de supercelulas nos compostos de GdAg e NdAg dopados com o atomo de Ce, garantindo que esse substituisse um atomo de terra rara nas supercelulas cristalinas montadas para determinar no Ce o campo hiperfino magnetico e suas componentes geradoras. Os compostos de GdAg e NdAg (dopados com Ce), respectivamente, tiveram suas celulas cristalinas montadas ferromagnetica e antiferromagneticamente. Utilizou-se a polarizacao orbital (DFT+U) nos eletrons da camada 4f das terras raras (excluindo-se o atomo de Gd que nao apresenta momento angular). Dessa forma, em ambos os sistemas foi possivel fazer varias simulacoes, nas quais a camada 4f do atomo de Ce foi populada de maneiras diferentes, afim de se obter varios valores de momento angular e com isso diversos resultados de campo hiperfino orbital foram conseguidos; assim, automaticamente o campo magnetico hiperfino tambem assumiu diferentes valores. Escolheu-se os sub-estados da camada 4f do Ce para serem simulados por meio da regra de Hund. Como esperado o campo hiperfino magnetico orbital gerado na camada 4f e a principal componente do campo hiper¯no total no atomo de Ce e ele apresenta sinal contrario µa componente de contato. Apesar dos resultados teoricos do campo hiperfino magnetico terem consideravel discrepancia dos resultados experimentais, pode-se verificar que o unico eletron da camada 4f do atomo de Ce (nos dois compostos) possivelmente esta em um dos seguintes sub-estados da camada 4f: ml = ¡2, ml = ¡1 ou ainda uma combinacao dos dois.In this work the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld acting on Ce atoms substituting the rare-earths in RAg compounds (R = Gd e Nd) was studied by means of ¯rst-principles electronic structure calculations. The employed method was the Augmented Plane Waves plus local orbitals (APW+lo), embodied in the WIEN2k program, within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) for the exchange and correlation potential. The super-cell approach was utilized in order to simulate for the Ce atoms acting as impurities in the RAg matrix. In order to improve for correlation e®ects within the 4f shells, a Hubbard term was added to the DFT hamiltonian, within a procedure called GGA+U. It was found that the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld (MHF) generated by the Ce 4f electron is the main component of the total MHF and that the Ce 4f ground state level is probably a combination of the ml = ¡2 and ml = ¡1 sub-levels. In addition, the ground-state magnetic structure was determined for HoAg and NdAg by observing the behavior of the total energy as a function of the lattice volume v for several possible magnetic ordering in these compounds, namelly, ferromagnetic, and the (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) and (¼,¼,¼) types of anti-ferromagnetic ordering of rare-earth atoms. It was found that the ground-state magnetic structure is anti-ferromagnetic of type (¼,¼,0) for both, the HoAg and NdAg compounds. The energy di®erence of the ferromag-netic and antiferromagnetic ordering is very small in the case of the NdAg compound.
4
Staňo, Michal. „Charakterizace magnetických nanostruktur pomocí mikroskopie magnetických sil“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231312.
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The thesis deals with magnetic force microscopy of soft magnetic nanostructures, mainly NiFe nanowires and thin-film elements such as discs. The thesis covers almost all aspects related to this technique - i.e. from preparation of magnetic probes and magnetic nanowires, through the measurement itself to micromagnetic simulations of the investigated samples. We observed the cores of magnetic vortices, tiny objects, both with commercial and our home-coated probes. Even domain walls in nanowires 50 nm in diameter were captured with this technique. We prepared functional probes with various magnetic coatings: hard magnetic Co, CoCr and soft NiFe. Hard probes give better signal, whereas the soft ones are more suitable for the measurement of soft magnetic structures as they do not influence significantly the imaged sample. Our probes are at least comparable with the standard commercial probes. The simulations are in most cases in a good agreement with the measurement and the theory. Further, we present our preliminary results of the probe-sample interaction modelling, which can be exploited for the simulation of magnetic force microscopy image even in the case of probe induced perturbations of the sample.
5
Hejtmánek, Tomáš. „Návrh gaussmetru s tříosou měřicí sondou“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377096.
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The purpose of this work is the design of a gaussmeter with a three-axis probe for magnetic field mapping and subsequent reconstruction of the image using magnetic impedance tomography. Commercially available gaussmeters have low bandwidth for these purposes, and signals cannot be measured in synchronous detection mode. The aim of the thesis is select the most suitable magnetic field sensors for the MIT purposes and to design the entire measuring device to meet the measurement requirements in the wider frequency band and synchronous detection. Attention will also be paid to designing a suitable mechanical design of the probe and the location of the sensors. The proposed device will be tested and evaluated for MIT purposes.
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Vaculík, Vlastimil. „Snímače proudu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219715.
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This diploma theisis deals with the theoretical analysis of the known types of current sensors, including for example, current transformers, shunts, and advanced sensors using Hall sensor or Rogowski coil. Subsequently, the rest of the work deals with the issue of current transducers with Hall sensors, without using a ferromagnetic circuit. For optimal currnet measure and overall precision, several possible options are designed and calculated. This includes number of sensing elements and distribution of sensors around the wires. Based on calaculation of magnetic intensity, related 3D charts ale plotted unsing Excel software. These charts illustrate the theoretical calculations of field distribution around conductors for various number of sensor. In the last part, components ale designed for practical implementation and scheme of electrical wiring. According to this scheme there is PCB designed as well. Whole current meter ir practically build and its results are compared with theoretical assumtions that are discussed in conclusion part of this theisis.
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Dehbaoui, Mourad. „Analyses structurales et contrôle de l'aimantation par sonde de Hall planaire dans des dispositifs nanostructurés“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20128/document.
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Dans un effort de combiner le bénéfice des propriétés magnétiques et électroniques, les semi-Conducteurs magnétiques dilués sont projetés pour être à la base de composants reliant dans leur fonctionnement, à la fois la charge et le spin des électrons. Par l'utilisation d'une technique de magnétométrie à effet Hall, on a fait la caractérisation de ces matériaux par la détermination de l'orientation magnétique à basse température. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés aux matériaux moléculaires à transition de spin (SCO). La technologie des capteurs magnétiques offre une voie vers la vulgarisation des techniques de détection par l'utilisation de systèmes rapides et sensibles. La détection de la transition de spin des nanoparticules est réalisée par un capteur à effet Hall planaire, fabriqué à base de multicouches magnétiques. Le travail effectué est pionnier dans le domaine de la détection nano magnétique, il ouvre la voie à de nouvelles perspectives dans la recherche fondamentale et dans le développement technologique des capteurs magnétiques. Des améliorations du dispositif ont été réalisées et d'autres sont en stage de développement pour l'amélioration de la sensibilité et la réduction du bruit. L'optimisation devrait fournir un dispositif original de détection de transition de spin des nanoparticules à température ambianteIn an effort to combine the benefits of magnetic and electronic properties, diluted magnetic semiconductors are projected to be the basis for devices combining in their operation, both the charge and spin of electrons. Using Hall Effect magnetometer, a characterization of these materials is done by determining the magnetic orientation at low temperatures. We were also interested in molecular materials spin crossover. The magnetic sensor technology provides a path to the extension of detection techniques through the use of rapid and sensitive systems. The detection of the spin crossover nanoparticles is achieved by a planar Hall Effect sensor, made from magnetic multilayers. The work is a pioneer in the field of nano magnetic detection; it opens up new perspectives in basic research and the technological development of magnetic sensors. Improvements of the device have been completed and others are under development in order to improve sensitivity and reduce noise. The optimization should provide a novel system for detecting spin transition nanoparticles at room temperature
8
Guitard, Pierre-André. „Local Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS175/document.
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La Spectroscopie par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (NMRS) est une technique largement connue pour l'analyse de molécules chimique et biologiques. Cependant, en raison de la faible intensité des signaux de RMN, il est très difficile de travailler sur des volumes inférieurs à un mm³. Cette limitation a conduit à la mise au point de capteurs miniaturisés tels que les microbobines, les centres NV et des magnétomètres atomiques. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons développé une approche basée sur l'utilisation de capteurs à MagnétoRésistance Géante (GMR), capteurs magnétiques à large de la bande, capable de détecter localement le signal RMN. Les capteurs GMR, sur différents substrats tels que le silicium, le verre et l’alumine, ainsi que la configuration du montage RMN ont été spécifiquement conçus pour avoir une détectivité dans la gamme de 20pt/sqrt(Hz) et capable de travailler avec un champ magnétique externe jusqu'à 1 Tesla. Nous allons d’abord présenter les résultats obtenus à 0.3T sur de l’eau, dans la configuration où la RMN locale est effectuée dans un grand volume, mettant en évidence le caractère fonctionnel du montage. Puis les résultats obtenus, également à 0.3T, de la spectroscopie RMN de liquides modèle comme l'éthanol où le volume sondé estimé est de l’ordre de 20x20x20μm³. Finalement un résultat à un champ magnétique plus élevé, 0.6T, a également été montré sur de l’eauNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS) is a widely known technique for chemical and biological molecule analysis. However due to the weakness of the NMR signals, it is very difficult to work on volumes lower than a mm³. That limitation has led to the development of miniaturized sensors such as microcoils, NV centers and atomic magnetometers. We will present our approach based on the use of Giant Magnetoresistive sensors (GMR) as wide band magnetic sensors to detect locally the NMR signal. GMR sensors and NMR set up have been specifically designed to have a detectivity in the range of 20pt/sqrt(Hz) and able to work with external magnetic field up to 1T. We will first present the results obtained at 0.3T on water, in the configuration where the local NMR is done on a high volume, highlighting the functionality of the set-up. Then we will show the results obtained also at 0.3T, of NMR spectroscopy of model liquids like Ethanol on a volume of the order of 20x20x20μm³. Finally, a result at a higher magnetic field, 0.6T, has also been obtained on water
9
Váňa, Dominik. „Využití uměle vytvořeného slabého magnetického pole pro navigaci ve 3D prostoru“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413205.
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This master's thesis focuses on the utilization of an artificially created weak magnetic field for navigation in 3D space. The theoretical part of this work deals with the general properties of the magnetic field and with its description. The next section of the theoretical part contains an overview of measuring principles for magnetic field measurements. Based on various types of measuring principles, the thesis elaborates on commercially available miniature sensors for magnetic field measurement with a measuring range up to 10 mT. The work focuses mainly on the magnetoresistive principle and fluxgate sensors. Furthermore, the theoretical part contains descriptions of methods for modeling the magnetic field of simple permanent magnets and various magnet assemblies. Lastly, the theoretical part involves a patent search of devices used for locating magnets that are installed in an intramedullary nail, which is used in intramedullary stabilization used on fractures of human bones. By locating the magnet in the nail, it is possible to precisely determine the position of the mounting holes. The practical part of the thesis deals with the analysis of magnetic field behavior in the vicinity of various magnetic assemblies, which were modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics using the finite element method. The models were created with the aim of analysing the behaviour of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the magnets and at the same time to find possible analytical functions that could be used to determine the position of the magnet in space relative to the probe. The result of this work is an analysis of various assemblies, which contains graphs of different dependencies and prescription of polynomial functions that approximate these dependencies. Another part of the thesis is the design of a probe that serves to locate the magnetic target. The work describes two possible methods of localization. For the differential method, a user interface in LabVIEW was created. The probe based on this method is fully capable of locating the magnet in the 2D plane. The state space search method is described only in theory.
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PEREIRA, LUCIANO F. D. „Estudo do campo hiperfino magnético na sonda de Ce colocada nos compostos intermetálicos do tipo Rag(R=terra rara) e do ordenamento magnético desses compostos usando cálculos de primeiros princípios“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11444.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
11
Wolny, Franziska. „Magnetic properties of individual iron filled carbon nanotubes and their application as probes for magnetic force microscopy“. Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-72457.
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Iron filled carbon nanotubes (FeCNT) can be described as carbon nanotubes which contain an iron nanowire of several micrometers length and a diameter of approximately 10-100 nm. The carbon shells protect the iron core from oxidation and mechanical damage thus enabling a wide range of applications that require a long-term stability. The magnetic properties of the enclosed nanowire are in part determined by its small size and elongated shape. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements show that the iron wire exhibits a single domain behavior. Due to the large shape anisotropy it is magnetized along the long wire axis in the remanent state. Two magnetic monopoles of opposing polarity are located at the wire extremities. Depending on the structure and geometry of the individual nanowire, switching fields in the range of 100-400 mT can be found when the external field is applied along the FeCNT’s easy axis. Cantilever magnetometry shows that the switching can be attributed to a thermally assisted magnetization reversal mechanism with the nucleation and propagation of a domain wall. The defined magnetic properties of individual FeCNT combined with their mechanical strength make them ideal candidates for an application as high resolution high stability MFM probes. The fabrication of such probes can be achieved with the help of a micromanipulation setup in a scanning electron microscope. FeCNT MFM probes achieve a sub 25 nm lateral magnetic resolution. MFM measurements with FeCNT MFM probes in external fields show that the magnetization of these probes is exceptionally stable compared to conventional coated MFM probes. This greatly simplifies the data evaluation of such applied field MFM measurements. The emphasis of this work was put on the calibration of FeCNT probes to enable straightforward quantitative MFM measurements. The defined shape of the magnetically active iron nanowire allows an application of a point monopole description. Microscale parallel current carrying lines that produce a defined magnetic field are used as calibration structures to determine the effective magnetic moment of different MFM probes. The line geometry is varied in order to produce multiple magnetic field decay lengths and investigate the influence on the effective probe moment. The results show that while the effective magnetic monopole moment of a conventional MFM probe increases with an increasing sample stray field decay length, the effective moment of a FeCNT MFM probe remains constant. This enables a MFM probe calibration that stays valid for a large variety of magnetic samples. Furthermore, the fitted monopole moment of a FeCNT probe (in the order of 10E-9 Am) is consistent with the moment calculated from the nanowire geometry and the saturation magnetization of iron.
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Riboldi, Lucas Baiochi. „Variação da pressão de turgor de plantas de milho em condições de déficit hídrico“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-17032014-101852/.
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O milho é relativamente tolerante ao estresse hídrico, principalmente nas suas fases iniciais de crescimento, mas caso sujeito ao déficit hídrico apresenta diminuição do crescimento pela redução da taxa fotossintética e da disponibilidade de água em seus tecidos. O monitoramento do potencial da água da planta é importante indicador do grau de déficit hídrico. Porém, os métodos existentes para sua determinação não são passíveis de automatização e por serem de natureza destrutiva, nem sempre se mostram adequados na determinação do estresse hídrico. Com a nova sonda magnética desenvolvida por Zimmermann e colaboradores (2008) para a determinação do turgor foliar, pode-se avaliar o status hídrico da planta e, em certos casos, até indicar o momento ideal para a irrigação. Ela é altamente sensível, versátil, não destrutiva, fácil de manusear, apresentando resultados imediatos e disponíveis online. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se plantas de milho em crescimento, submetidas a ciclos de estresse hídrico possuíam a capacidade de recuperação, além de testar a eficácia desta nova técnica para o monitoramento do estresse. As plantas cresceram em vasos em casa de vegetação, onde além das medidas de turgor expressas pela variável Pp (\"pressão resultante\" da sonda) foram monitorados, também, o potencial da água foliar, a condutância estomática, a assimilação de CO2 e variáveis de crescimento por 30 dias, a partir de um mês e meio após a semeadura. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos, um em que a planta era mantida irrigada e outro onde foi suspensa a irrigação. Conforme o passar dos dias, as plantas mostraram os primeiros sinais visuais de estresse, como o enrolamento das folhas. Nesse período foi possível observar uma flutuação dos valores de Pp ao longo do dia, mas com uma recuperação do turgor no período noturno. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para condutância estomática, potencial da água, Pp e fotossíntese. Após cada irrigação, notou-se uma recuperação rápida em todos os parâmetros analisados. Deste modo, foi possível concluir que as plantas de milho foram capazes de se recuperar do déficit hídrico rapidamente, apresentando uma recuperação total em apenas um dia para todos os ciclos analisados. A sonda de turgor foi capaz de indicar e monitorar o status hídrico da planta, mas nos 10 dias finais de estresse no último ciclo de secagem do solo, as suas medidas sinalizavam uma possível manutenção do turgor não condizente com a condição real das plantas, que nesse momento apresentavam baixos valores de potencial da água, de condutância estomática e de assimilação de CO2, além de enrolamento das folhas. Portanto, maiores estudos são necessários para conhecer as possíveis causas desse comportamento da sonda nessas circunstâncias.Maize is a relatively tolerant plant water stress, especially in their early stages of growth. Plants subjected to water deficit have reduced growth by decreased photosynthetic rate and the availability of water in their tissues. The monitoring of water potential is important as an indicator of water stress, but the few methods for determining it .are not amenable to automation and for being destructive nature; the results are not always consistent with the actual conditions. With the new leaf patch clamp pressure probe developed by Zimmermann et al (2008) for the determination of leaf turgor, one can assess the water status of the plant and in some cases up to indicate the ideal time for irrigation. It is highly sensitive, versatile, non-destructive, easy to handle, with immediate results and available online. Thus the aim of this study was to determine if the maize plants subjected to drought cycles, had the ability to recover from water deficit, in addition to testing the effectiveness of this new method for monitoring stress. Plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse, where the leaf status was monitored through the leaf water potential, stomata conductance, leaf turgor pressure and photosynthesis. Plant growth (height, leaf area and dry mass) was continuously evaluated. Measures initiated one and half month after sowing and plants were monitored for about 30 days, by using the variable Pp (resulting pressure) given by de probe. Two treatments were imposed, one where the plant was kept irrigated and another where irrigation was suspended were established. As the days passed, the plants showed the first visual signs of stress, such as curling leaves. During this period we observed a fluctuation in the values of Pp throughout the day signaling loss of turgor, but with a recovery at night. There were significant differences between treatments for stomata conductance, water potential, photosynthesis and Pp over the days. After each irrigation, noticed a rapid recovery in all parameters analyzed. Thus, we concluded that maize plants were able to recover quickly from the water deficit, with a full recovery in just one day for all cycles analyzed. The turgor probe was able to display and monitor the water status of the plant, but in the last ten days of deficit it was not signaling an evident turgor loss as demonstrated by other indicators, as leaf curling, low leaf water potential, CO2 assimilation and stomata conductance. So, more studies are required to explain the probe response under these circumstances.
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Diallo, Mamadou Lamine. „Apport de la sonde atomique tomographique dans l'étude structurale et magnétique du semi-conducteur magnétique 6H-SiC implanté avec du fer : vers un semi-conducteur magnétique à température ambiante“. Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR051/document.
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Dans la réalisation de nouveaux composants innovants de la spintronique, de grands espoirs sont placés sur les semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués (DMS). L’enjeu technologique est de développer des matériaux ayant à la fois des propriétés semi-conductrices et ferromagnétiques. Le but de ce travail est de réaliser une étude nanostructurale et magnétique détaillée du système Fe :SiC candidat prometteur pour devenir un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante. Cependant les propriétés magnétiques du matériau (6H-SiC) implanté avec des métaux de transitions (MT) dépendent fortement de sa microstructure (concentration et nature du dopant, précipitation du dopant…). Afin d’appréhender l’ensemble des propriétés nanostructurales et magnétiques, nous avons étudié le système Fe :SiC à l’échelle de l’atome en utilisant la sonde atomique tomographique (SAT) couplée à la spectrométrie Mössbauer 57Fe. Des monocristaux 6H-SiC (0001) de type p et n (~10+18/cm3) ont été multi-implantés en 56Fe et 57Fe à différentes énergies et différentes fluences conduisant à une concentration atomique de (6% et 4%) de 20 à 120 nm de la surface. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons pu suivre l’effet de la nanostructure du système Fe :SiC en fonction de la concentration de fer et des températures d’implantation et de recuit. Nous avons établi de nouveaux résultats : nature et dimension des nanoparticules, évaluation précise du nombre d’atomes de fer dilué dans la matrice SiC. Les différentes contributions ferromagnétiques et paramagnétiques sont identifiées et clairement expliquées grâce au couplage de techniques expérimentales comme la SAT, la spectrométrie Mössbauer, la magnétométrie SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). Nous avons réussi à déterminer des conditions optimales pour l’obtention d’un DMS à température ambiante. En effet dans les échantillons implantés 4% Fe à 380°C, plus de 90% des atomes de Fe sont dilués. Ces atomes de Fe dilués contribuent majoritairement aux propriétés ferromagnétiques mesurées par SQUID et par spectrométrie Mössbauer à 300 K. Ces différents résultats expérimentaux mettent en lumière la possibilité de réalisation d’un nouveau (DMS) à température ambianteGreat hopes are placed on diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) for new components of spintronics. The challenge is to develop materials with both semiconducting and ferromagnetic properties. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed nanostructural and magnetic study of the Fe: SiC candidate promising system to become a magnetic semiconductor diluted at room temperature. However, the magnetic properties observed in (6H-SiC) implanted with transition metals (TM) depend strongly on the material microstructure (content and nature of the dopant, precipitation of the dopant, etc.). In order to understand all the nanostructural and magnetic mechanisms, we studied the Fe: SiC system at the atomic scale using atom probe tomography (APT) and Mössbauer spectrometry. p and n single crystalline 6H-SiC near (0001)-oriented samples were submitted to multi-step implantations with 56Fe and 57Fe ions at different energies and fluences leading to an iron concentration (Cat =6 and 4%) at a depth between 20 nm and 120 nm from the sample surface. In this work, we were able to follow the effect of the nanostructure of the Fe: SiC system as a function of the iron concentration and the temperatures of implantations and annealing. We have established new results: nature and size of the nanoparticles, precise evaluation of the number of iron atoms diluted in the SiC matrix. The ferromagnetic and paramagnetic contributions are identified and clearly explained by the coupling of experimental techniques such as APT, Mössbauer spectrometry, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometry. We were able to put the material in optimal conditions for obtaining a DMS at room temperature. Indeed, the implanted samples (4% Fe) at 380°C more than 90% Fe atoms were distributed homogeneously. These Fe atoms are the main source of the ferromagnetic properties measured by SQUID and Mössbauer spectrometry at 300 K. These experimental results highlight the possibility of obtaining a new (DMS) at room temperature
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Ramgolam, Anoop. „Conception, caractérisation et validation d'une sonde endoluminale bimodale couplant l'imagerie par résonance magnétique et la spectroscopie optique en vue du diagnostic du cancer colorectal“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10105.
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Ce travail porte sur le développement d’une nouvelle technique de diagnostic associant la résonance magnétique à haute résolution spatiale à la spectroscopie optique d’autofluorescence et de réflectance. La mise au point d’une telle sonde endoluminale bimodale s’inscrit dans les recherches de méthodes complémentaires ou alternatives à l’endoscopie conventionnelle pour le diagnostic précoce des pathologies du tube digestif. En effet le cancer colorectal représente aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur de santé publique avec plus de 1,2 millions de cas diagnostiqués dans le monde sachant que le taux de survie à 5 ans d’un patient est actuellement de 94% dans le cas de lésions détectées à un stade précoce (stade I) et seulement de 8% à un stade tardif (stade IV). Dans la première partie du manuscrit, nous abordons les différentes modalités d’imagerie et d’analyse spectrale en cours de développement ou d’évaluation, en mettant l’accent sur les principes physiques utilisés en RMN et spectroscopie optique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous détaillons la conception et la réalisation de prototypes de sondes endoluminales ainsi que les bancs optiques associés. Nous traitons également de la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs d’acquisition ainsi que des méthodes d’analyse de données au moyen de programmes informatiques dédiés. Dans une dernière partie, le système bimodal est caractérisé et validé lors d’études sur fantômes et une étude in vivo sur lapin. Les images obtenues par RM, fournissant l’information morphologique des échantillons ou du tissu, et les spectres optiques liés à leur composition sont corrélésThe main aim of this work is the development of a new diagnostic technique combining high spatial resolution MRI to autofluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy through the conception of a bimodal endoluminal probe. Such a technique falls within the framework of alternative innovative techniques to conventional colonoscopy that would allow better sensitivity to early stage digestive pathologies. Colorectal cancer is today a major health issue worldwide with more than 1.2 million cases diagnosed each year bearing the fact that the 5 year survival rate is 94% when precancerous lesions are diagnosed at an early stage (stage I) and only 8% when diagnosed at an advanced stage (stage IV). The promising imaging and spectral analysis techniques under investigation or undergoing clinical evaluation in different parts of the world are presented in the first chapter of this manuscript along with the basic physics involved in magnetic resonance imaging and optical spectroscopy. Chapter 2 gives a detailed description of the work carried out in devising and conceiving different endoluminal bimodal probe prototypes along with the dedicated optical test benches. Dedicated data processing and visualisation programmes developed are also presented within this chapter. The final chapter of this work deals with the different studies carried out in-vitro on different phantoms and in-vivo on a rabbit. Morphological information obtained through the MR images are also correlated to the biochemical information through the autofluorescence and reflectance spectra
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Bílek, Petr. „Rozvoj a využití nedestruktivních zkušebních metod z hlediska soudního inženýrství“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408059.
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Concretes reinforced by, using distributed steel reinforcements (fibres) are known as fibre-concrete. In case of disturbances or accidents of concrete structures reinforced with wires, it is necessary to carefully examine the actual implementation of dispersed reinforcement. Fibre concretes belong to modern building materials whose possible applications have not been fully utilized so far. Have been mainly used for floor structures loaded with factory halls and warehouses. Recently, thanks to well-known physical and mechanical properties of fibre-concrete, there were numerous attempts of designers, and namely investors, to utilize this kind of materials for support structures either. Favorable properties of wire-concrete can be utilized if there is a necessity to increase the resistance of concrete to stresses exceeding its strength, cyclic stress or impact stress. Daily practice shows to prove that the applications of fibre-concrete in such structures lead to the economic success. Necessary condition for successful application of steel fiber reinforced concrete in constructions however consists in its uniform dispersion, a homogeneous distribution of the wires throughout the volume of the structure. In case of inappropriate processing and deposition of the mixture during the manufacturing process fiber-concrete structures, the fibers are often unevenly distributed. Wires itself represent unfavourably shaped mixture components and they are extremely deteriorating its workability. A grouping of wires may be encountered as well, which reduces the overall homogeneity and the quality of steel fiber-concrete structures. If the homogeneity of fibre-concrete is not kept, the material possess different properties in various parts of the structure (for example, tensile strength), which can lead to defects in the structure (generation and development of cracks). The relevant lower reliability of the structure which is caused by unequal distribution of fibres (wires) in concrete volume can lead to damage of the property as well as the safety and the human lives can be jeopardized. Hence it is necessary to secure the effective control of the fibre-concrete homogeneity in ready support fibre-concrete structures. Contemporary homogeneity control is still ongoing on fresh blends, but if the fibre-concrete hardened and is a part of the construction, no known reliable methods are currently in available to test the homogeneity of the fibre-concrete on the structure without its destruction. The methods developed to control the concentration of wires in wire-concrete structures are based mostly on magnetic or electromagnetic properties of wires. The thesis deals with the development of the magnetic method in situ using permanent magnets for monitoring the distribution of fibers in hardened steel fiber-concrete structures. The test principle is based on measurements of the changes in magnetic field strength of permanent magnets which are induced by a change in wire distribution in steel fibre-concrete structure. Test is characterized as a so called local- failure- test using a small diameter core drill. In this sense it is a semi-destructive method.
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Manseur, Megdouda. „Contribution à l’étude d’un système de biotélémesure intracorporelle par gélule ingérable“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14430/document.
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Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude d’un système de biotélémesure par gélule ingérable. L’étude concerne les problèmes de télétransmission d’énergie et d’informations entre la gélule ingérable et le système extracorporel de télécommande.Nous exposons des méthodes de conception théoriques et de caractérisation expérimentales du système de télécommande sans fil de la mise sous tension des gélules. Une deuxième partie concerne la conception du système de télétransmission d’énergie et d’informations par induction magnétique, suivi de la réalisation d’un système d’accord automatique par capacité commutée synchrone. La caractérisation d’antennes miniatures a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie dans laquelle nous avons proposé des solutions basées sur des techniques de mesure des paramètres Sij en différentiel.Enfin, nous présentons la conception d’une sonde de champ magnétique destinée à valider les résultats de simulationThis thesis is a contribution to study of intracorporeal measure of ingestible capsule. It concerns more specifically the problems of wireless transmission of energy and information between the capsule and ingestible extracorporeal control and monitoring system. Thus we first set of design methods and theoretical characterization of the experimental system of wireless remote power up capsules. A second part was dedicated to wireless transmission of energy and information design through magnetic induction, it led to the creation of an original system of tuning by synchronous switched capacitor. The problem of miniature antennas characterization has been a third party in which we have proposed innovative solutions based on techniques for measuring parameters Sij in differential (or transmission). Finally, we presented in the last part the design and characterization of a magnetic field probe designed to validate the simulation results
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Moulin, Julien. „Microscopie magnétique locale par intégration de nanocapteurs magnétorésistifs“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP025.
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La microscopie à sonde locale magnétorésistive repose sur la fabrication et l’utilisation de micro-bras de levier flexibles intégrant un ou plusieurs capteurs basés sur les technologies de magnétorésistance géante (GMR) ou tunnel (TMR). Ces sondes, dont le capteur peut atteindre une taille caractéristique typique inférieure à 1 µm, permettent de mesurer l’information topographique d’un échantillon ainsi que son information magnétique simultanément et de manière décorrélée. La mesure ainsi obtenue par le capteur GMR est sensible (limite de détection de l’ordre de 1 nT), quantitative, large bande (DC-100 MHz), robuste dans le temps et ne nécessite pas de recalibration ou de ré-aimantation régulière de la sonde. Les axes d’étude principaux de cette thèse portent sur le développement et l’intégration sur des micro-bras de leviers en nitrure de silicium de nanocapteurs magnétorésistifs. Ils visent à améliorer la résolution spatiale, tout en gagnant en linéarité de la réponse magnétique et en réduisant le bruit de mesure d’origine magnétique. Des stratégies de piégeage ont été utilisées pour stabiliser le bruit dans les GMR, améliorant typiquement la limite de détection et la répétabilité d’un ordre de grandeur. Des capteurs de taille caractéristique jusqu’à la centaine de nanomètres ont été fabriqués en se basant sur des empilements GMR dédiés et à l’état de l’art. L’implémentation des pointes GMR fabriquées sur un dispositif de microscopie à force atomique (AFM) ont permis de tester leur efficacité et leur fiabilité, posant ainsi les bases d’une méthode innovante d’imagerie magnétique locale, basée sur la mesure de susceptibilité magnétiqueMagnetoresistive scanning probe microscopy is based on fabrication and use of micro-cantilevers integrating giant magnetoresistive (GMR) or tunnel magnetoresistive sensors (TMR). These probes enable simultaneous measurement of decorrelated topography and local magnetic signal of the sample. The sensor can be manufactured down to submicron characteristic size. GMR measurement is sensitive (detection limit around 1 nT), quantitative, broadband (DC-100 MHz), robust in time and does not require frequent remagnetization or recalibration of the probe. The main study topics of this PhD are focused on developping and integrating magnetoresistive nanosensors on silicon nitride micro-cantilevers. They enhance spatial resolution while improving the linearity of the magnetic response and reducing magnetic noise. Pinning strategies have been used to stabilize the noise so as to improve repeatability and detection limit by one order of magnitude Sensors down to a few hundreds of nanometers have been manufactured, using dedicated and state-of-the-art GMR stacks. We tested reliability and efficiency of the nano-GMR probes by integrating them on an atomic force microscope (AFM), thus paving the way for an innovative local magnetic imaging method based of magnetic susceptibility measurement
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Tetienne, Jean-Philippe. „Un microscope de champ magnétique basé sur le défaut azote-lacune du diamant : réalisation et application à l'étude de couches ferromagnétiques ultraminces“. Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0037/document.
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La capacité à cartographier le champ magnétique à l'échelle nanométrique serait un atout crucial pour étudier les propriétés magnétiques des solides ainsi que certains phénomènes de transport, mais aussi pour des études fondamentales en biologie. Cette thèse porte sur la réalisation d'un microscope de champ magnétique d'un genre nouveau, qui promet une résolution spatiale de quelques nanomètres, une sensibilité de l'ordre du nanotesla, et fonctionne aux conditions ambiantes. Ce microscope est basé sur le défaut azote-lacune du diamant, dont les propriétés quantiques peuvent être exploitées pour en faire un magnétomètre ultrasensible de taille atomique. Dans un premier temps, nous présenterons le fonctionnement et la réalisation du microscope à défaut azote-lacune, qui consiste essentiellement en un microscope à force atomique sur la pointe duquel un nanocristal de diamant est attaché. Nous testerons le microscope en imageant le champ de fuite généré par un cœur de vortex dans un microdisque ferromagnétique. Dans un second temps, nous appliquerons le microscope à l'étude de couches ferromagnétiques ultraminces. Ces systèmes présentent un intérêt à la fois fondamental, les effets d'interfaces restant encore largement inexplorés à ce jour, et technologique, puisqu'ils sont à la base de propositions pour la réalisation de nouvelles mémoires magnétiques à basse consommation d'énergie. Nous étudierons d'abord la nature des parois de domaines dans ces couches ultraminces, ce qui nous permettra de révéler l'existence d'une interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya d'origine interfaciale dans certains échantillons. Nous étudierons ensuite les sauts nanométriques d'une paroi de domaine induits par l'agitation thermique. Nous démontrerons en particulier le contrôle de ces sauts par un laser, ce qui nous permettra de visualiser et explorer le paysage énergétique de la paroiThe ability to map the magnetic field at the nanometer scale would be a crucial advance to study the magnetic properties of solids as well as some transport phenomena, but also for fundamental studies in biology. This thesis deals with the realisation of a magnetic field microscope of a new kind, which promises a spatial resolution down to a few nanometres, a sensitivity of the order of a few nanoteslas, and operates under ambient conditions. This microscope is based on the nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond, whose quantum properties can be harnessed to make an ultrasensitive, atomic-size magnetometre. In the first part, we will present the basic principles and the realisation of the nitrogen-vacancy defect microscope, which consists essentially in an atomic force microscope on the tip of which a diamond nanocrystal is grafted. We will test the microscope by imaging the stray field generated by a vortex core in a ferromagnetic microdisk. In the second part, we will apply the microscope to the study of ultrathin ferromagnets. These systems are interesting both from the physical point of view, as interface effects have been little explored so far, and for technology, as they are the cornerstone of several proposals for realising novel magnetic memory devices with low energy consumption. We will first study the nature of domain walls in these ultrathin ferromagnets, which will enable us to reveal the existence of an interface-related Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in some samples. Next, we will study the nanometric jumps of a domain wall induced by thermal fluctuations. In particular, we will demonstrate control over these jumps using a laser, which will allow us to visualise and explore the wall's energy landscape
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Kunets, Vasyl. „Micro Hall devices based on high electron velocity semiconductors“. Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973088672.
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Ngadjeu, Djomzoue Alain narcisse. „Etude des effets de gaine induites par une antenne de chauffage à la fréquence cyclotronique ionique (FCI, 30-80 MHz) et de leur impact sur les mesures par sondes dans les plasmas de fusion“. Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10118/document.
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Ces travaux abordent la problématique des mesures de sonde de Langmuir dans un environnement RF. Les mesures expérimentales ont montré que des courants DC négatifs (électroniques) étaient collectés sur la structure d'une antenne ICRF sous tension, pendant que des courants DC positifs (ioniques) sont recueillis par une sonde de Langmuir à l'autre bout du tube de flux magnétique ouvert connecté à l'antenne, la sonde étant au potentiel de la machine. Un modèle de tube de flux asymétrique, de type de sonde double, est présenté. Celui-ci modélise un plasma, confiné le long des lignes de champ magnétique, ayant à chaque extrémité une électrode dont l'une est polarisée à un potentiel RF et l'autre à la masse. L'électrode polarisée modélise le potentiel RF résultant de l'intégration, le long d'une ligne champ magnétique, du champ électrique rayonné par les straps d'une antenne ICRF, tandis que l'autre électrode modélise la sonde au potentiel de la machine. Ce modèle permet d'expliquer l'apparition de courants DC en émettant simplement l'hypothèse qu'il faut à la fois une asymétrie de la source RF par rapport à une masse fixe, une conductivité RF transverse non nulle autorisant des courants RF transverses ainsi qu'une caractéristique courant-tension non linéaire due aux gaines pour favoriser des courants négatifs du côté RF et des courants positifs côté sonde. Ce modèle permet également de modéliser les caractéristiques Courant DC - Tension DC d'une sonde en présence de RF et ainsi d'évaluer les propriétés du plasma. Dans ce cas l'électrode modélisant la sonde n'est plus à la masse, mais à un potentiel donné. Des résultats analytiques sont trouvés dans certaines limitesThis work investigates the problematic of probe measurements in RF environment. DC currents flowing along magnetic field lines connected to powered ICRF antennas have been observed experimentally. Negative (i.e. net electron) current is collected on the powered ICRF antenna structure, while positive (i.e. net ion) current is collected by magnetically connected Langmuir probes. An asymmetric model based upon a double probe configuration was developed. The ICRF near field effect is mimicked by a ?driven? RF electrode at one extremity of an "active" open magnetic flux tube, where a purely sinusoidal potential is imposed. The other connection point is maintained at ground potential to model a collecting probe. This "active" flux tube can exchange transverse RF currents with surrounding "passive" tubes, whose extremities are grounded. With simple assumptions, an analytical solution is obtained. We can thus explain how DC currents are produced from RF sheaths. This model also makes it possible to model the characteristics DC Current' DC Voltage of a probe in the presence of RF and thus to evaluate some plasma properties. In this case the electrode at ground potential (probe) is polarized at a given potential. Analytical results are found within certain limits
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Ben, Cheikh Harrek Zouhour. „Étude des ondes de spin dans des puits quantiques CdMnTe“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20071/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des ondes de spin dans des puits quantiques CdMnTe dopés n, par rotation Kerr résolue en temps (TRKR) et par mélange à quatre ondes (FWM). Nous avons étudié trois échantillons de haute mobilité et de caractéristiques différentes.La technique TRKR donne accès uniquement aux excitations de vecteur d'onde nul, dans notre cas l'onde spin-flip en q=0. Nous avons étudié l'anticroisement qui apparait entre l'onde spin-flip et l'excitation spin-flip des ions manganèse. Nous avons étudié la variation du gap, et donc de l'énergie de couplage, entre ces modes en fonction de la puissance d'excitation et du champ magnétique. En particulier nous avons étendu les mesures des modes mixtes à plus basse concentration en Mn (jusqu'à 0.07%) et contrairement à ce qui était attendu, nous avons trouvé que le régime de couplage fort persiste à cette concentration.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la détermination de la polarisation en spin ζ du gaz d'électrons bidimensionnel, qui peut être déduite de l'énergie de couplage entre les modes mixtes. Nous avons trouvé que la polarisation mesurée par cette méthode excède la polarisation théorique calculée en prenant en compte le renforcement de la susceptibilité par les effets à N corps. Nous avons également mesuré les temps de relaxation des électrons confinés dans le puits quantique, et nous avons montré l'influence de l'échauffement de l'échantillon par le laser sur le temps de relaxation de spin des électrons.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié par FWM l'amortissement et la dispersion des ondes de spin de vecteur d'onde non nul pour l'un de nos échantillons. Nous avons démontré qu'on peut effectivement générer les ondes de spin en excitation femtoseconde, et les détecter en FWM. Nous avons trouvé que leur dispersion est plus faible que celle observée dans les expériences de Raman. Cette faible dispersion pourrait être imputable à la forte densité d'excitation utilisée dans les expériences de FWM (typiquement trois à quatre ordres de grandeur supérieurs à celle du Raman), et/ou au fait que deux ondes de vecteur d'ondes q et –q, ayant des dispersions différentes, sont sondées simultanément en FWMThis thesis focuses on the study of spin waves in n-doped CdMnTe quantum wells using respectively time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) and four-wave mixing (FWM) techniques. We studied three high mobility samples with different characteristics.The TRKR technique gives access only to zero wave vector excitations, in our case the spin- flip wave q = 0 . We studied the anticrossing that appears between the spin -flip wave and the manganese spin -flip excitation. We studied the gap variation energy between these modes as function on the power excitation and the magnetic field. In particular, we have extended the measurements of mixed modes at lower Mn concentration (up 0.07 %) and contrary to what were expected; we found that the strong coupling regime persists at this concentration.We are then interested in determining the two dimensional electron gas spin polarization ζ, which can be deduced from the energy coupling between the mixed modes. We found that the measured polarization exceeds the theoretical polarization calculated taking into account the increased susceptibility by many-body effects. We also measured the electron spin relaxation time and we have shown that it is influenced by thermal effects inherent to optical pump-probe experiments on this time.In the second part of this thesis, we studied by FWM the damping and the dispersion of the non-zero wave vector spin waves for one of our samples. We have demonstrated that we can actually generate spin waves in femtosecond excitation and deted them by FWM. We found that the dispersion is lower than that observed in the Raman experiments. This low dispersion may be due to the strong excitation density used in the FWM experiments (typically three to four orders of magnitude higher than the Raman ones) and / or the fact that two waves of wave vector q and - q, having different dispersions are simultaneously probed in FWM
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Diallo, Lindor. „Etude à l'échelle atomique de l'implantation du fer dans le carbure de silicium (SiC) : Elaboration d'un semiconducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante“. Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR053.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude du carbure de silicium, dopé avec du fer dans le but de réaliser un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante pour des applications à la spintronique. Le dopage en fer a été réalisé par implantation ionique de type multi-énergie (30 - 160 keV) à différentes fluences, conduisant à une concentration atomique constante de 2 % de 20 à 100 nm. Il a été suivi d’un recuit à haute température dans le but d’homogénéiser la concentration en dopants. Les implantations se sont déroulées à une température de 550 °C. L’optimisation des propriétés magnétiques et électroniques du SiC–Fe, de même que la compréhension des mécanismes physiques à l’origine du magnétisme induit, ont nécessité une caractérisation poussée de la microstructure des matériaux implantés. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été d’une part, de réaliser une étude à l’échelle atomique de la nanostructure en fonction des conditions d’implantations (température, fluence) et des traitements thermiques post-implantation, et d’autre part, de déterminer les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux implantés. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré par Sonde Atomique Tomographique, la présence de nanoparticules dont la taille moyenne augmente avec la température de recuit. La cartographie chimique des nanoparticules a permis de révéler l’existence de phases riches en Fe pour les échantillons recuits. L’étude magnétique (spectrométrie Mössbauer et Squid) a montré que la contribution ferromagnétique est due principalement aux nanoparticules magnétiques et/ ou aux atomes de fer magnétiques dilués dans la matrice. La corrélation entre les propriétés structurale et magnétique a permis de montrer que les atomes de fer dilués dans la matrice et substitués sur sites de silicium contribuent au signal ferromagnétique en dessous de 300 K. Nous avons donc montré dans ce travail, que la taille et la nature des phases présentes dans les nanoparticules dépendent des conditions d’implantation et des températures de recuit et qu’il est nécessaire de recuire les échantillons à haute température pour faire apparaître un ordre ferromagnétiqueThis PhD thesis focuses on the study of SiC, doped with Fe in order to elaborate a diluted magnetic semiconductor at room temperature for spintronic applications. The iron doping was carried out by ion implantation of multi-energy type (30-160 keV) at different fluences, leading to a 2% constant atomic concentration between 20 to 100 nm, followed by a high temperature annealing in the goal of homogenizing the dopant concentration. The implantation temperature during this process is 550 °C, in order to avoid amorphization. The optimization of the magnetic and electronic properties of SiC-Fe, as well as the understanding of the physical mechanisms at the origin of induced magnetism, require a thorough characterization of the microstructure of the implanted materials. The objectives of this work are, on the one hand, to carry out an atomic scale study of the nanostructure according to the implantation conditions (temperature, fluence) and the post-implantation annealing and the other hand, to characterize the magnetic properties of implanted materials. In this work, we have shown by atom probe tomographic, the existence of nanoparticles whose the average size increases with the annealing temperature. The chemical mapping of the nanoparticles shows the presence of the Fe-rich phases for the annealed samples. Magnetic study (Mössbauer spectrometry and Squid) shows the ferromagnetic contribution is due to the magnetic nanoparticles and/or the diluted Fe atoms in the matrix. The correlation between structural and magnetic properties allowed showing that diluted Fe atoms and substitute to Si sites contribute to the ferromagnetic contribution below 300 K. In coupling many characterization techniques in order to give a detailed description of the different studied samples, we have shown that the size and nature of the phase present in the nanoparticles depend on the implantation conditions and the annealing temperatures and consequently it is necessary to anneal our samples at high temperature to reveal ferromagnetic order
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Ponomareva, Svetlana. „Développement et caractérisation avancée de matériaux magnétiques durs de haute performance“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY035/document.
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L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en françaisNowadays in medicine and biotechnology a wide range of applications involves magnetic micro/nano-object manipulation including remote control of magnetic beads, trapping of drug vectors, magnetic separation of labelled cells and so on. Handling and positioning magnetic particles and elements functionalized with these particles has greatly benefited from advances in microfabrication. Indeed reduction in size of the magnet while maintaining its field strength increases the field gradient. In this context, arrays made of permanent micromagnets are good candidates for magnetic handling devices. They are autonomous, suitable for integration into complex systems and their magnetic action is restricted to the region of interest.In this thesis we have elaborated an original approach based on AFM and MFM for quantitative study of the magnetic force and associated force gradients induced by TMP micromagnet array on an individual magnetic micro/nano-object. For this purpose, we have fabricated smart MFM probes where a single magnetic (sub)micronic sphere was fixed at the tip apex of a non-magnetic probe thanks to a dual beam FIB/SEM machine equipped with a micromanipulator.Scanning Force Microscopy conducted with such probes, the so-called Magnetic Particle Scanning Force Microscopy (MPSFM) was employed for 3D mapping of TMP micromagnets. This procedure involves two main aspects: (i) the quantification of magnetic interaction between micromagnet array and attached microsphere according to the distance between them and (ii) the complementary information about micromagnet array structure. The main advantage of MPSFM is the use of a probe with known magnetization and magnetic volume that in combination with modelling allows interpreting the results ably.We conducted MPSFM on TMP sample with two types of microparticle probes: with superparamagnetic and NdFeB microspheres. The measurements carried out with superparamagnetic microsphere probes reveal attractive forces (up to few tens of nN) while MFM maps obtained with NdFeB microsphere probes reveal attractive and repulsive forces (up to one hundred of nN) for which the nature of interaction is defined by superposition of microsphere and micromagnet array magnetizations. The derived force and its gradient from MFM measurements are in agreement with experiments on microparticle trapping confirming that the strongest magnetic interaction is observed above the TMP sample interfaces, between the areas with opposite magnetization. Thanks to 3D MFM maps, we demonstrated that intensity of magnetic signal decays fast with the distance and depends on micromagnet array and microsphere properties.Besides the magnetic interaction quantification, we obtained new information relevant to TMP sample structure: we observed and quantified the local magnetic roughness and associated fluctuations, in particular in zones of reversed magnetization. The variation of detected signal can reach the same order of magnitude as the signal above the micromagnet interfaces. These results complete the experiments on particle trapping explaining why magnetic microparticles are captured not only above the interfaces, but also inside the zones of reversed magnetization.Quantitative measurements of the force acting on a single (sub)microsphere associated to the modelling approach improve the understanding of processes involved in handling of magnetic objects in microfluidic devices. This could be employed to optimize the parameters of sorting devices and to define the quantity of magnetic nanoparticles required for labelling of biological cells according to their size. More generally these experimental and modelling approaches of magnetic interaction can meet a high interest in all sorts of applications where a well-known and controlled non-contact interaction is required at micro and nano-scale
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Weichsel, Tim. „Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle mit integriertem Sputtermagnetron für die Erzeugung intensiver Ströme einfach geladener Aluminiumionen“. Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-206003.
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Es wurde eine Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle mit einer Mikrowellenfrequenz von2,45 GHz für die Produktion intensiver Ströme einfach geladener Metallionen entwickelt. Deren Beladung mit Metalldampf erfolgt über ein integriertes zylindrisches Sputtermagnetron, welches speziell für diese Aufgabe entworfen wurde. Die entstandene MECRIS, engl. Magnetron Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source, vereinigt die ECR-Ionenquellentechnologie mit der Magnetron-Sputtertechnologie auf bisher einzigartige Weise und verkörpert so ein neues Metallionen-Quellenkonzept. Unter Verwendung eines Al-Sputtertargets konnte die Funktionsfähigkeit der MECRIS an dem Beispiel der Al+-Ionenerzeugung erfolgreich demonstriert werden. Der extrahierbare Al+-Ionenstrom wurde über einen neuartigen, im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelten, Hochstrom-Faraday-Cup gemessen. Auf Basis numerischer Berechnungen wurde das Gesamtmagnetfeld so ausgelegt, dass die Permanentmagnete des Magnetrons und die Spulen der ECR-Quelle eine Minimum-B-Struktur erzeugen, welche einen effektiven Elektroneneinschluss nach dem magnetischen Spiegelprinzip ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig wird durch eine geschlossene ECR-Fläche, mit der magnetischen Resonanzflussdichte von 87,5 mT, eine optimale Heizung der Plasmaelektronen realisiert. Die mithilfe einer Doppel-Langmuir-Sonde gemessene Elektronentemperatur steigt in Richtung Quellenmitte an und beträgt maximal 11 eV. Geheizte Elektronen erlauben die effiziente Stoßionisation der Al-Atome, welche mit einer Rate von über 1E18 Al-Atome/s eingespeist werden und eine höchstmögliche Dichte von 2E10 1/cm³ aufweisen. Die MECRIS erzeugt hauptsächlich einfach geladene Ionen des gesputterten Materials (Al+) und des Prozessgases (Ar+). Der Al+-Ionenextraktionsstrom ist über die Erhöhung der Prozessparameter Sputterleistung, Mikrowellenleistung, Spulenstrom und Extraktionsspannung um eine Größenordnung bis auf maximal 135 μA steigerbar, was einer Stromdichte von 270 μA/cm² über die Extraktionsfläche von rund 0,5 cm² entspricht. Dies steht im Einklang mit der Prozessparameterabhängigkeit der anhand der Sonde bestimmten Plasmadichte, welche einen größtmöglichen Wert von etwa 6E11 1/cm³ annimmt. Das Verhältnis von extrahiertem Al+- zu Ar+-Ionenstrom kann durch Optimierung der Prozessparameter von 0,3 auf maximal 2 angehoben werden. Sondenmessungen des entsprechenden Ionendichteverhältnisses bestätigen diesen Sachverhalt. Um möglichst große Extraktionsströme und Al+/Ar+-Verhältnisse zu generieren, muss die ECR-Fläche demnach in dem Bereich der höchsten Al-Atomdichte in der Targetebene lokalisiert sein. Gegenüber dem alleinigen Magnetronplasma (ohne Mikrowelleneinspeisung) können mit dem MECRIS-Plasma um bis zu 140 % höhere Al+-Ionenströme produziert werden. Aus Sondenuntersuchungen geht hervor, dass dies eine Folge der um etwa eine Größenordnung gesteigerten Plasmadichte und der um rund 7 eV größeren Elektronentemperatur des MECRIS-Plasmas ist. Das MECRIS-Plasma wurde außerdem mittels optischer Emissionsspektroskopie charakterisiert und durch ein globales sowie ein zweidimensionales Modell simuliert. Die gewonnenen Prozessparameterabhängigkeiten der Plasmadichte, Elektronentemperatur sowie Al+- und Ar+-Ionendichte stimmen mit den Sondenergebnissen überein. Teilweise treten jedoch Absolutwertunterschiede von bis zu zwei Größenordnungen auf. Die Erhöhung der Sputterleistung und Extraktionsspannung über die derzeitigen Grenzen von 10 kW bzw. 30 kV sowie die Optimierung der Extraktionseinheit hinsichtlich minimaler Elektrodenblindströme bietet das Potential, den Al+-Ionenstrom bis in den mA-Bereich zu steigernAn electron cyclotron resonance ion source working at a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz has been developed in order to generate an intense current of singly charged metal ions. It is loaded with metal vapor by an integrated cylindrical sputter magnetron, which was especially designed for this purpose. The MECRIS (Magnetron Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source) merges ECR ion source technology with sputter magnetron technology in a unique manner representing a new metal ion source concept. By using an Al sputter target, the efficiency of the MECRIS was demonstrated successfully for the example of Al+ ion production. The extractable ion current was measured by a newly developed high-current Faraday cup. On the basis of numerical modeling, the total magnetic field was set in a way that the permanent magnets of the magnetron and the coils of the ECR source are forming a minimum-B-structure, providing an effective electron trap by the magnetic mirror principle. Simultaneously, optimal electron heating is achieved by a closed ECR-surface at resonant magnetic flux density of 87.5 mT. Electron temperature increases towards the center of the source to a maximum of about 11 eV and was measured by a double Langmuir probe. Due to the heated electron population, efficient electron impact ionization of the Al atoms is accomplished. Al atoms are injected with a rate of more than 1E18 Al-atoms/s resulting in a maximum Al atom density of 2E10 1/cm³. The MECRIS produces mainly singly charged ions of the sputtered material (Al+) and the process gas (Ar+). The Al+ ion extraction current is elevated by one order of magnitude to a maximum of 135 μA by increasing the process parameters sputter magnetron power, microwave power, coil current, and acceleration voltage. Related to the extraction area of about 0.5 cm², the highest possible Al+ ion current density is 270 μA/cm². A corresponding process parameter dependency was found for the plasma density showing a peak value of about 6E11 1/cm³, which was deduced from probe measurements. The ratio of the extracted Al+ ion current to the Ar+ ion current can be enhanced from 0.3 to a maximum of 2 by optimization of the process parameters. This was confirmed by probe investigations of the appropriate ion density ratio. In conclusion, the ECR-surface needs to be located in the area of the highest Al atom density in the target plane in order to improve the extraction current and Al+/Ar+ ratio. The MECRIS plasma produces an Al+ ion current, which is up to 140 % higher compared to that of the sole sputter magnetron plasma (without microwave injection). As revealed by probe measurements, this effect is due to the higher plasma density and electron temperature of the MECRIS plasma, leading to a difference of one order of magnitude and 7 eV, respectively. Additionally, the MECRIS plasma has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy and simulated by a global and a two-dimensional model. Retrieved process parameter dependencies of plasma density, electron temperature, Al+ ion density, and Ar+ ion density coincide with probe findings. Although a discrepancy of the absolute values of partly up to two orders of magnitude is evident. Potentially, the Al+ ion current can be enhanced to the mA-region by optimizing the ion extraction system for minimal idle electrode currents and by rising sputter magnetron power as well as acceleration voltage above the actual limits of 10 kW and 30 kV, respectively
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Barate, Philippe. „Génération et détection optique d'ondes de spin dans les puits quantiques CdMnTe dopés n“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587167.
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Durant cette thèse, on utilise des impulsions lasers pour générer et détecter des excitations dans des puits CdMnTe dopés n dont la concentration en Mn est très faible. La technique employé est une technique pompe-sonde qui permet de suivre temporellement les excitations générées. On identifiera les ondes de spin de vecteur d'onde nul et on essaiera de les caractériser. On verra que l'on excite et que l'on observe un mode d'excitation inattendu lié aux spins des électrons du manganèses. On développera un modèle qui permettra d'expliquer ce nouveau mode et d'avoir accès à une caractéristique du gaz 2D d'électrons : ça polarisation. Cette caractéristique est fortement liée aux interactions coulombiennes dans le gaz, et nos mesures sont comparées aux dernières théories sur le sujet. Nos mesures et notre théorie sont compatibles avec ces théories et d'autre mesures effectués par d'autres techniques.
26
Sarrouj, Hiba. „DNP/solid state NMR probehead for the investigation of oriented membranes“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01038015.
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Helical membrane proteins comprise one third of the expressed proteins encoded in a typical genome. Other membrane proteins are typically beta sheets. Their function varies from pore formation, signaling to antimicrobial activity. They are also capable of transporting large cargo such as proteins or nucleic acids across the cell membrane. Recently, peptides have emerged as promising tools in drug delivery. Membrane proteins can be synthesized chemically or expressed and isotopically labeled in bacteria, isolated, purified and reconstituted into fully hydrated lipid bilayers. The bilayer orientation is kept mechanically by putting them between glass plates. While interacting with these bilayers they exhibit a variety of configurations depending on the lipids composition and thickness. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) on oriented bilayers is one way to access the topology of peptides associated with phospholipid membranes. Oriented membrane protein are difficult to study with analytical techniques because of their poor solubility outside the lipid membrane, difficulty of expression in bacteria in big quantities, difficulty to crystallize, and they are too large for solution NMR study. The intensity of an NMR signal depends on several factors such as polarization P and magnetic field magnitude B0. One of the major drawbacks of NMR spectroscopy is low sensitivity. This is caused by the small magnetic moment of the nuclear spins which results in a modest Zeeman splitting of the nuclear spin energy levels and therefore in a limited Boltzmann Polarization. The aim of this project is to obtain a better signal from membrane proteins. Thus a Low temperature (LT) solid state NMR with Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) probe head was created. DNP is an ingenious technique that is used to transfer polarization from highly polarized targets to less polarized nuclei using microwave irradiation. Microwaves will excite selectively the electron spins which will transfer their polarization to the pool of proton nuclei, the proton NMR signal can be enhanced by 660 times. A probe head for DNP enhanced solid state NMR at 100 K and 9.4 T is described. A probe head includes the mechanical piece that holds the sample in the magnetic center of the NMR magnet. It is a tunable antenna that irradiates and detects the rf fields used in NMR. The centerpiece of the probe is the solenoidal or saddle coil surrounding the sample. The feasibility of such a DNP experiment is proven on magic angle oriented sample spinning. These experiments are conducted on oriented samples wrapped into a rotor. Through their orientation with regards to B0 is lost, enhancement values as high as 17 are obtained. [...]
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Dimopoulos, Georges. „Etude, caractérisation et modélisation des micromagnétodiodes à grille en silicium sur saphir“. Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0015.
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Apres avoir presente une revue des divers capteurs de champ magnetique a semiconducteur integrables, nous rappelons le principe de l'effet magnetodiode et en verifions experimentalement les lois theoriques relatives aux caracteristiques courant-tension, aux dimensions des dispositifs et a leurs sensibilites au champ magnetique pour des micromagnetodiodes a grille en silicium sur saphir (sos). Nous etudions ensuite l'influence de la grille; nous donnons une interpretation qualitative des resultats, et comparons les performances obtenues pour differentes micromagnetodiodes sur sos, mais aussi pour les premieres magnetodiodes sur simox. Nous effectuons une modelisation de l'influence de la grille a partir d'une simulation a une dimension qui permet de comprendre et de decrire correctement le fonctionnement des macromagnetodiodes a grille; nous presentons aussi differents modeles (l'un analytique et l'autre numerique) de la sensibilite magnetique de nos dispositifs. Enfin des mesures de bruit permettent de completer la caracterisation de ces capteurs, de confirmer l'origine volumique du bruit en 1/f dans les magnetodiodes et d'obtenir les lois reliant le niveau de bruit aux polarisations
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Pavlova, Anastasia. „Préparation et études des propriétés des films magnétiques nanostructures pour des applications en dispositifs magnéto-acoustiques et spintroniques“. Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0010/document.
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Aujourd'hui, les structures basées sur les matériaux ferromagnétiques sont largement utilisées pour différentes applications: mémoires magnéto-résistives à accès non séquentiel, capteurs magnétiques et également nouveaux composants électroniques et dipositifs spintroniques. La tendance générale de l'électronique moderne est une réduction de la dimension des éléments à l'échelle submicronique. Ainsi, les nanostructures magnétiques sont d'un grand intérêt et leurs méthodes de fabrication et propriétés sont étudiées activement.Le but principal de ce travail est la préparation et la recherche expérimentale et théorique des propriétés de nanostructures magnétiques pour applications aux composants magneto-résistifs et phononiques. La lithographie à sonde locale (SPL) et la lithographie par faisceau d’électrons (EBL) ont été utilisées pour la fabrication des nanostructures. De premiers pas ont également été réalisés en fabrication des cristaux phononiques sensibles au champ magnétiqueNowadays, structures based on ferromagnetic materials are largely used for different applications: random access magneto-resistive memories, magnetic sensors, and also new electronic components and spintronic devices. The general trend of modern electronic is the reduction of dimensions down to submicronic scales. Therefore, the magnetic nanostructures are of great interest and their methods of fabrication and properties largely studied.The main goal of this work is the preparation and experimental and theoretical research on properties of magnetic nanostructures for applications in magnetoresistive and photonic devices. The Scanning Probe Lithography (SPL) and Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) were used for the nanostructures fabrications. First steps were also achieved in fabrication of phononic cristals sensitive the magnetic field
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Adenot, Sébastien. „Etude de capteurs magnétiques de position angulaire“. Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00531702.
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Dans une grande variété d'applications, les capteurs de position sont requéris pour contrôler un processus. Pour ce type de capteurs, il existe plusieurs, technologies: codeurs optiques, -potentiomètres électriques et capteurs magnétiques. Toutes ces technologies ont leur champs d'applications et aussi leur prix. Quand un faible prix et une production en très grande série sont requéris beaucoup de ces technologies de capteurs ne respectent ces conditions. Par exemple, le potentiomètre donne un signal bruité par le contact électrique glissant et a une faible durée de vie. Par contre, les capteurs magnétiques sont intéressants par leur fonctionnement sans contact. On commence par exposer les principes des capteurs magnétiques. Les principales structures de capteurs magnétiques sont présentées. Une nouvelle structure de capteur à aimants permanents et à sondé de Hall est proposée. Ces nouveaux capteurs ont une faible sensiblité aux défauts de réalisation des pièces du circuit magnétique (aimant, pièces ferromagnétiques) et une faible sensibilité à la température. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous comparons les résultats d'une modélisation numérique (éléments finis) et analytique avec ceux mesurés sur un prototype.
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Oliveira, Joana. „Modeling the magnetic field of mercury“. Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/15860.
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In this thesis work I have been concerned with modeling the magnetic eld of planet
Mercury. With this goal in mind, I tested a new method for modeling the time
dependent magnetic eld of a planet, the Time Variable Equivalent Source Dipole
method. I showed that in the case that applies to Mercury, namely a concentration
of observations over the northern hemisphere, this method gives better results than
the standard Spherical Harmonic method.
The main conclusion of this thesis is that, assuming that the secular variation
of Mercury is around one tenth of its main eld, in amplitude, the new developed
method will allow to recover it from MESSENGER data. This has very important
consequences for the understanding of the core dynamics and in particular of the
dynamo mechanism that generates Mercury magnetic eld.
This work is nished, but the problem is not solved. Nevertheless, it clari ed
di erent questions that will make it easier to continue for the analysis of the true
measures of MESSENGER spacecraft.
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Wolny, Franziska. „Magnetic properties of individual iron filled carbon nanotubes and their application as probes for magnetic force microscopy“. Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25672.
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Iron filled carbon nanotubes (FeCNT) can be described as carbon nanotubes which contain an iron nanowire of several micrometers length and a diameter of approximately 10-100 nm. The carbon shells protect the iron core from oxidation and mechanical damage thus enabling a wide range of applications that require a long-term stability. The magnetic properties of the enclosed nanowire are in part determined by its small size and elongated shape. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements show that the iron wire exhibits a single domain behavior. Due to the large shape anisotropy it is magnetized along the long wire axis in the remanent state. Two magnetic monopoles of opposing polarity are located at the wire extremities. Depending on the structure and geometry of the individual nanowire, switching fields in the range of 100-400 mT can be found when the external field is applied along the FeCNT’s easy axis. Cantilever magnetometry shows that the switching can be attributed to a thermally assisted magnetization reversal mechanism with the nucleation and propagation of a domain wall. The defined magnetic properties of individual FeCNT combined with their mechanical strength make them ideal candidates for an application as high resolution high stability MFM probes. The fabrication of such probes can be achieved with the help of a micromanipulation setup in a scanning electron microscope. FeCNT MFM probes achieve a sub 25 nm lateral magnetic resolution. MFM measurements with FeCNT MFM probes in external fields show that the magnetization of these probes is exceptionally stable compared to conventional coated MFM probes. This greatly simplifies the data evaluation of such applied field MFM measurements. The emphasis of this work was put on the calibration of FeCNT probes to enable straightforward quantitative MFM measurements. The defined shape of the magnetically active iron nanowire allows an application of a point monopole description. Microscale parallel current carrying lines that produce a defined magnetic field are used as calibration structures to determine the effective magnetic moment of different MFM probes. The line geometry is varied in order to produce multiple magnetic field decay lengths and investigate the influence on the effective probe moment. The results show that while the effective magnetic monopole moment of a conventional MFM probe increases with an increasing sample stray field decay length, the effective moment of a FeCNT MFM probe remains constant. This enables a MFM probe calibration that stays valid for a large variety of magnetic samples. Furthermore, the fitted monopole moment of a FeCNT probe (in the order of 10E-9 Am) is consistent with the moment calculated from the nanowire geometry and the saturation magnetization of iron.
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Weichsel, Tim. „Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle mit integriertem Sputtermagnetron für die Erzeugung intensiver Strömeeinfach geladener Aluminiumionen: Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle mit integriertem Sputtermagnetron für die Erzeugung intensiver Ströme einfach geladener Aluminiumionen“. Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29657.
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Es wurde eine Elektron-Zyklotron-Resonanz-Ionenquelle mit einer Mikrowellenfrequenz von2,45 GHz für die Produktion intensiver Ströme einfach geladener Metallionen entwickelt. Deren Beladung mit Metalldampf erfolgt über ein integriertes zylindrisches Sputtermagnetron, welches speziell für diese Aufgabe entworfen wurde. Die entstandene MECRIS, engl. Magnetron Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source, vereinigt die ECR-Ionenquellentechnologie mit der Magnetron-Sputtertechnologie auf bisher einzigartige Weise und verkörpert so ein neues Metallionen-Quellenkonzept. Unter Verwendung eines Al-Sputtertargets konnte die Funktionsfähigkeit der MECRIS an dem Beispiel der Al+-Ionenerzeugung erfolgreich demonstriert werden. Der extrahierbare Al+-Ionenstrom wurde über einen neuartigen, im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelten, Hochstrom-Faraday-Cup gemessen.
Auf Basis numerischer Berechnungen wurde das Gesamtmagnetfeld so ausgelegt, dass die Permanentmagnete des Magnetrons und die Spulen der ECR-Quelle eine Minimum-B-Struktur erzeugen, welche einen effektiven Elektroneneinschluss nach dem magnetischen Spiegelprinzip ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig wird durch eine geschlossene ECR-Fläche, mit der magnetischen Resonanzflussdichte von 87,5 mT, eine optimale Heizung der Plasmaelektronen realisiert. Die mithilfe einer Doppel-Langmuir-Sonde gemessene Elektronentemperatur steigt in Richtung Quellenmitte an und beträgt maximal 11 eV. Geheizte Elektronen erlauben die effiziente Stoßionisation der Al-Atome, welche mit einer Rate von über 1E18 Al-Atome/s eingespeist werden und eine höchstmögliche Dichte von 2E10 1/cm³ aufweisen.
Die MECRIS erzeugt hauptsächlich einfach geladene Ionen des gesputterten Materials (Al+) und des Prozessgases (Ar+). Der Al+-Ionenextraktionsstrom ist über die Erhöhung der Prozessparameter Sputterleistung, Mikrowellenleistung, Spulenstrom und Extraktionsspannung um eine Größenordnung bis auf maximal 135 μA steigerbar, was einer Stromdichte von 270 μA/cm² über die Extraktionsfläche von rund 0,5 cm² entspricht. Dies steht im Einklang mit der Prozessparameterabhängigkeit der anhand der Sonde bestimmten Plasmadichte, welche einen größtmöglichen Wert von etwa 6E11 1/cm³ annimmt. Das Verhältnis von extrahiertem Al+- zu Ar+-Ionenstrom kann durch Optimierung der Prozessparameter von 0,3 auf maximal 2 angehoben werden.
Sondenmessungen des entsprechenden Ionendichteverhältnisses bestätigen diesen Sachverhalt. Um möglichst große Extraktionsströme und Al+/Ar+-Verhältnisse zu generieren, muss die ECR-Fläche demnach in dem Bereich der höchsten Al-Atomdichte in der Targetebene lokalisiert sein. Gegenüber dem alleinigen Magnetronplasma (ohne Mikrowelleneinspeisung) können mit dem MECRIS-Plasma um bis zu 140 % höhere Al+-Ionenströme produziert werden. Aus Sondenuntersuchungen geht hervor, dass dies eine Folge der um etwa eine Größenordnung gesteigerten Plasmadichte und der um rund 7 eV größeren Elektronentemperatur des MECRIS-Plasmas ist.
Das MECRIS-Plasma wurde außerdem mittels optischer Emissionsspektroskopie charakterisiert und durch ein globales sowie ein zweidimensionales Modell simuliert. Die gewonnenen Prozessparameterabhängigkeiten der Plasmadichte, Elektronentemperatur sowie Al+- und Ar+-Ionendichte stimmen mit den Sondenergebnissen überein. Teilweise treten jedoch Absolutwertunterschiede von bis zu zwei Größenordnungen auf.
Die Erhöhung der Sputterleistung und Extraktionsspannung über die derzeitigen Grenzen von 10 kW bzw. 30 kV sowie die Optimierung der Extraktionseinheit hinsichtlich minimaler Elektrodenblindströme bietet das Potential, den Al+-Ionenstrom bis in den mA-Bereich zu steigern.An electron cyclotron resonance ion source working at a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz has been developed in order to generate an intense current of singly charged metal ions. It is loaded with metal vapor by an integrated cylindrical sputter magnetron, which was especially designed for this purpose. The MECRIS (Magnetron Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source) merges ECR ion source technology with sputter magnetron technology in a unique manner representing a new metal ion source concept. By using an Al sputter target, the efficiency of the MECRIS was demonstrated successfully for the example of Al+ ion production. The extractable ion current was measured by a newly developed high-current Faraday cup. On the basis of numerical modeling, the total magnetic field was set in a way that the permanent magnets of the magnetron and the coils of the ECR source are forming a minimum-B-structure, providing an effective electron trap by the magnetic mirror principle. Simultaneously, optimal electron heating is achieved by a closed ECR-surface at resonant magnetic flux density of 87.5 mT. Electron temperature increases towards the center of the source to a maximum of about 11 eV and was measured by a double Langmuir probe. Due to the heated electron population, efficient electron impact ionization of the Al atoms is accomplished. Al atoms are injected with a rate of more than 1E18 Al-atoms/s resulting in a maximum Al atom density of 2E10 1/cm³. The MECRIS produces mainly singly charged ions of the sputtered material (Al+) and the process gas (Ar+). The Al+ ion extraction current is elevated by one order of magnitude to a maximum of 135 μA by increasing the process parameters sputter magnetron power, microwave power, coil current, and acceleration voltage. Related to the extraction area of about 0.5 cm², the highest possible Al+ ion current density is 270 μA/cm². A corresponding process parameter dependency was found for the plasma density showing a peak value of about 6E11 1/cm³, which was deduced from probe measurements. The ratio of the extracted Al+ ion current to the Ar+ ion current can be enhanced from 0.3 to a maximum of 2 by optimization of the process parameters. This was confirmed by probe investigations of the appropriate ion density ratio. In conclusion, the ECR-surface needs to be located in the area of the highest Al atom density in the target plane in order to improve the extraction current and Al+/Ar+ ratio. The MECRIS plasma produces an Al+ ion current, which is up to 140 % higher compared to that of the sole sputter magnetron plasma (without microwave injection). As revealed by probe measurements, this effect is due to the higher plasma density and electron temperature of the MECRIS plasma, leading to a difference of one order of magnitude and 7 eV, respectively. Additionally, the MECRIS plasma has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy and simulated by a global and a two-dimensional model. Retrieved process parameter dependencies of plasma density, electron temperature, Al+ ion density, and Ar+ ion density coincide with probe findings. Although a discrepancy of the absolute values of partly up to two orders of magnitude is evident. Potentially, the Al+ ion current can be enhanced to the mA-region by optimizing the ion extraction system for minimal idle electrode currents and by rising sputter magnetron power as well as acceleration voltage above the actual limits of 10 kW and 30 kV, respectively.